CSE 29362 Structural Steel Design: Dr. H. C. HO Prof. K. F. CHUNG

CSE 29362 Structural Steel Design 1
Beam buckling, lateral torsional buckling,

codified design rules bending strength,
equivalent uniform moment factor mLT ,
effective length coefficient
Dr. H. C. HO
Prof. K. F. CHUNG
Worked Example 1
2
Design of a fully restrained steel beam
Design a steel beam under the following condition:

Span = 10 m (assuming simply supported)
Beam spacing =3m
Loadings
Dead load = 3.0 kN/m2
Superimposed load = 1.0 kN/m2
Live load = 3.0 kN/m2
Try UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355. Check against bending, shear and deflection.
Worked Example 1
3
Summary of beam design
a) Evaluate design load, maximum moment, maximum shear force, and

serviceability load.
b) Try a section of UB.
c) Check for bending first.
d) Check for shear force.
e) Check for deflection.
f) If all pass, confirm the use of the proposed section.
g) If not, re-design with another section and repeat step c) to e).
What happens if the beam is not restrained during construction?

Worked Example 1
4
Solution
Section properties of UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355:

D = 449.8 mm B = 152.4 mm
t = 7.6 mm T = 10.9 mm
r = 10.2 mm ry = 31.1 mm
Zxx = 950 x 103 mm3 Sx = 1096 x 103 mm3

Ixx = 21370 x 104 mm4
Span = 10 m assuming simply supported

Contributive area = 10 x 3 = 30 m2
Worked Example 1
5
i) Loading
Dead load = 3 kN/m2
Superimposed dead load = 1 kN/m2
Live load = 3 kN/m2
Factored load = (3 + 1) x 1.4 + 3 x 1.6 = 10.4 kN/m2
or = 31.2 kN/m for a width of 3 m
Maximum moment, Mmax
= (31.2 x 10) x 10 / 8 = 390.0 kNm
Maximum shear force, Fv
= (31.2 x 10) x 0.5 = 156.0 kN
Try UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355
ii) Check for moment
Mcx = 1.2 x 950 x 103 x 355 x 10-6 = 404.7 kNm
≤ 1096 x 103 x 355 x 10-6 = 389.1 kNm
= 389.1 kNm ≈ Mmax = 390.0 kNm
OK.
Worked Example 1
6
iii) Check for shear

Pv = 0.6 x py x Av Av = 449.8 x 7.9 = 3418 mm2
= 0.6 x 355 x 3418 x 10-3
= 728.1 kN > Fv = 156.0 kN
OK.
iv) Check for deflection

Serviceability load = 3 kN/m2
= 9 kN/m for a width of 3m
5 WL3 L
Δ = 27.8 mm
384 EI 360
5 9 x 10 (10,000)3
= x x
384 205 21370 x 10 4
= 26.75 mm
OK.
Worked Example 2
7
Design of an unrestrained steel beam against LTB
Loading during construction = 1.5 kN/m2

i) Span = 10 m with no intermediate restraint
ii) Span = 10 m with one restraint at mid-span
Other design data are given in Worked Example 1.
Worked Example 2
8
Summary of beam design against lateral torsional buckling
a) Evaluate design load and maximum moment.

b) Try a section of UB.
c) Evaluate the equivalent slenderness ratio, λLT as follows.
λLT = uvλ λ = Le / ry
u from section property table or 0.9 for UB conservatively
1
v = 2
x from section property table
41
λ
0.05
x
d) Evaluate pb and then Mb.

e) Check for structural adequacy
Mb
M
mLT
f) If pass, confirm the use of the proposed section.

g) If not, provide additional restraint. Re-design and repeat steps b) to e).
Alternatively, use a bigger section.
Worked Example 2
9
Solution
a) Construction load
W = 7.2 kN/m w = 1.5 kN/m2 x 1.6

= 2.4 kN/m2
10 m = 7.2 kN/m over a width of 3 m
Factored moment, Mmax = 7.2 x 102 / 8 = 90 kNm

Worked Example 2
10
i) Span = 10 m with no intermediate restraint
b) Try UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355

c) Check for lateral torsional buckling
λLT = uvλ u = 0.859
Ley 10,000 from section property table.
λ = 321 x = 43.9
ry 31.1
1
v
2
λ
4 1 0.05
x
1
2
4 1 0.05
321
43.9
= 0.722
λLT = 0.859 x 0.722 x 321 = 199
Worked Example 2
11
d) pb = 42 N/mm2 for S355 steel
Mb = 42 x 1096 x 103 x 10-6 = 46.0 kNm
Mb 46.0
e) M = 90 kNm > 49.76 kNm
mLT 0.925
Not OK.
Worked Example 2
12
ii) Span = 10 m with one restraint at mid-span
Le = 5 m W = 7.2 kN/m
λ = 5000 / 31.1 = 160.8
1 5m 5m
v = = 0.879
2
41
160.8
0.05 mLT ≤ 1.0
43.9
λLT = 0.859 x 0.879 x 160.8 = 121.4

pb = 103 N/mm2
Mb = 103 x 1096 x 103 x 10-6 = 112.9 kNm
Mb 112.9
M 90 kNm 112.9 kNm (mLT 1.0 conservatively)
mLT 1.0
OK.
with an additional restraint at mid-span.

Worked Example 3
13
Design of a column under axial compression
Factored axial load, Fc = 1000 kN

Effective length, Lex = 9.0 m
Ley = 6.3 m
Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355.

Worked Example 3
14
Summary of column design against lateral buckling
a) Evaluate design load and maximum moment as appropriate.

b) Try a section of UC.
c) Identify effective length for both axes.
d) Evaluate the slenderness ratio for each axis and evaluate pc.
e) Evaluate the axial buckling resistance Pb.
f) If pass, confirm the use of the proposed section.
g) If not, re-design with another section and repeat steps d) and e).
Worked Example 3
15
Solution
Fc = 1000 kN
Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355
Section properties
D = 254.1 mm B = 254.6 mm
t = 8.6 mm T = 14.2 mm
A = 93.1 x 102 mm2
rx = 111 mm ry = 64.8 mm
Lex = 9 m Ley = 6.3 m
λx = 9000 / 111 = 81.1 pc = 208 N/mm2
λy = 6300 / 64.8 = 97.2 pc = 147 N/mm2
pc = 147 N/mm2 or (147 / 355) fy or 0.414fy only due to lateral buckling
Apc= 93.1 x 102 x 147 x 10-3 = 1369 kN
> Fc = 1000 kN
OK.
Use UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355
Worked Example 4
16
Design of a column under combined compression and bending
60 kNm 0
Factored axial load, Fc = 1000 kN
Factored moment, Mx = 60 kNm
My = 0 kNm
Effective length, Lex = 9.0 m
Ley = 6.3 m
Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355. 0 0

Mx My
Worked Example 4
17
Summary of beam-column design with combined compression and moment
a) Evaluate design load and bending moment.

b) Try a section and design for axial force only allowing for flexural buckling.
c) Check for cross-section capacity.
d) Check for member buckling with identification of pc and pb.
The value of pb may be determined according to design of beam against lateral
torsional buckling. The values of n and m may be set to unity conservatively.
e) If pass, confirm the use of the proposed section.
f) If not, re-design with another section and repeat steps c) and d).
Worked Example 4
18
Solution
Fc = 1000 kN
Mx = 60 kNm My = 0 kNm
Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355
D = 254.1 mm B = 254.6 mm
t = 8.6 mm T = 14.2 mm
A = 93.1 x 102 mm2 rx = 111mm
Zx = 898 x 103mm3 Sx = 992 x 103 mm3
Lex = 9 m Ley = 6.3 m
The whole section is semi-compact.
i) Section classification
As T ≤ 16 mm, py = 355 N/mm2 and ε = 0.88
Plastic Compact Semi-compact
b
8.96 7.0 7.9 11.4
T
d
26.2 70.4 88.0 105.6
t
Worked Example 4
19
ii) Cross-section capacity check

F Mx My
1
Ap y M cx M cy
Psc = 93.1 x 102 x 355 x 10-3 = 3305 kN

Mcx = 898 x 103 x 355 x 10-6 = 318.8 kNm
1000 60
= 0.303 + 0.188
3305 318.8 = 0.491 < 1.0 OK.
iii) Member buckling check

Fc mxMx myM y
1
Pc p y Zx pyZy
Pc = 1369 kN Fc = 1000 kN
mx = 0.60 Mx = 60 kNm
Zx = 898 x 103 mm3
Worked Example 4
20
iii) Member buckling check

Fc mx Mx 1000 0.60 x 60
Pc p y Zx 1369 355 x 898 x 103 x 10-6
= 0.730 + 0.113
= 0.843 < 1.0 OK
iv) Member buckling check

F m LT M x myM y
1
Pcy Mb pyZy
λLT = uvλ, where λ = λx = 9000 / 111 = 81.1 or λy = 6300 / 64.8 = 97.2

u = 0.849
x = 17.3
1 Mx = 60 kNm
v 0.789
2
4 1 0.05
97.2
17.3 0
mLT = 0.60
Worked Example 4
21
iv) Member buckling check
λLT = 0.849 x 0.789 x 97.2 = 0.67 x 97.2 = 65.1

pb = 239 N/mm2
Mb = 239 x 898 x 103 x 10-6 = 214.6 kNm
Pcy = 1369 kN from Worked Example 3
F mLT M x 1000 0.6 x 60

= 0.730 + 0.168
Pcy Mb 1369 214.6
= 0.898 < 1.0
OK.
Use UC 254 x 254 x 73 x S355

CSE 29362 Structural Steel Design: Dr. H. C. HO Prof. K. F. CHUNG

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CSE 29362 Structural Steel Design 1

Beam buckling, lateral torsional buckling,

Design a steel beam under the following condition:

Summary of beam design

a) Evaluate design load, maximum moment, maximum shear force, and

What happens if the beam is not restrained during construction?

Section properties of UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355:

Zxx = 950 x 103 mm3 Sx = 1096 x 103 mm3

Span = 10 m assuming simply supported

iii) Check for shear

iv) Check for deflection

Loading during construction = 1.5 kN/m2

Summary of beam design against lateral torsional buckling

a) Evaluate design load and maximum moment.

d) Evaluate pb and then Mb.

f) If pass, confirm the use of the proposed section.

W = 7.2 kN/m w = 1.5 kN/m2 x 1.6

Factored moment, Mmax = 7.2 x 102 / 8 = 90 kNm

i) Span = 10 m with no intermediate restraint

b) Try UB 457 x 152 x 52 S355

d) pb = 42 N/mm2 for S355 steel

Mb = 42 x 1096 x 103 x 10-6 = 46.0 kNm

λLT = 0.859 x 0.879 x 160.8 = 121.4

with an additional restraint at mid-span.

Factored axial load, Fc = 1000 kN

Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355.

Summary of column design against lateral buckling

a) Evaluate design load and maximum moment as appropriate.

Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355. 0 0

Summary of beam-column design with combined compression and moment

a) Evaluate design load and bending moment.

Try UC 254 x 254 x 73 S355

ii) Cross-section capacity check

Psc = 93.1 x 102 x 355 x 10-3 = 3305 kN

iii) Member buckling check

iii) Member buckling check

iv) Member buckling check

λLT = uvλ, where λ = λx = 9000 / 111 = 81.1 or λy = 6300 / 64.8 = 97.2

iv) Member buckling check

λLT = 0.849 x 0.789 x 97.2 = 0.67 x 97.2 = 65.1

F mLT M x 1000 0.6 x 60

Use UC 254 x 254 x 73 x S355

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