ARTS

Unit 1: WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS

Standards
Introduction
Objectives
Pre- Assessment
Content Proper
Paintings
• Painting from the Pre-Historic Era
• Painting from Ancient Egypt
• Paintings from the Classical Greek Era
• Byzantine Painting
• Romanesque Painting
• Paintings from the Gothic Era
Sculptures
• Sculptures from the Pre- Historic Era
• Sculptures from the Egyptian Era
• Roman Sculptures
• Byzantine Sculptures
• Romanesque Sculptures
• Gothic Sculpture
Architecture
• Pre- Historic Architecture
• Egyptian Architecture
• Greek Architecture
• Roman Architecture
• Byzantine Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
What to Process
What to Understand
Summative Test
Summary
Glossary
References
In this module you will learn that:
Even before humans learned to read and write they were already
artists as manifested by the different archeological discoveries from the
different parts of the world. Each and every civilization of the world has its
distinct art forms depending on its aesthetic and utilitarian needs.
Pre-historic art is classified into three periods such as; Paleolithic (Old
Stone Age), Mesolithic(Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic (New Stone Age)
Eras. Egyptian civilization was one of the early civilizations that have greatly
contributed in the development of art, religion, science, and technology
of the world. Egyptian art is primarily religious in nature.
Ancient Greek art depicts naturalism. They portray human forms in a
realistic and anatomically correct manner. Their art has a conservative
form with a very complex detail.
Roman art developed as a new source of artistic creativity much
more progressive than the conservative Greek art. The diversity of its form
and its variety inspired the modern attitude in art.
Byzantine art was purposely made to glorify the Christian religion and
to express its mystery. It is filled with spiritual symbolism, illustrates a love of
splendor. It was a combination of Eastern (decorative art forms) and
classical Western art (naturalistic art).
Romanesque art was characterized by its very vigorous style in
painting and sculpture, lavishly decorated manuscripts, and retained
many basic features of Roman architectural styles. It was also greatly
influenced by Byzantine art with a highly innovative and coherent style.
The basic characteristics of Gothic art styles reinforce symbolic
meanings. The church symbolizes the transcendence of the soul, and the
underlying philosophy is to create buildings of height and light. Different
eras different styles, different characteristics and functions of the arts
occurred but all of those contributed in the development and establishing
the importance of arts in our lives today.
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
• Analyze art elements and principles in the production of work
following the style of Ancient art (Pre-historic and Egyptian Art),
Classical Art (Greek and Roman Art), Medieval Art ( Byzantine,
Romanesque, Gothic)
• Identify distinct characteristics of arts during the different art periods.
Identify representative artists from various art periods
reflect on and derive the mood, idea or message emanating from
selected artworks
• Determine the effectiveness of artworks by evaluating its utilization
and combination of art elements and principles
• use artworks to derive the tradition/history of an art period
• Compare the characteristics of artworks produced in the different art
periods
• Create artworks guided by techniques and styles from different art
periods
• Describe the influence of iconic artists belonging to western Classical
art on the evolution of art forms
• Apply different media techniques and processes to communicate
ideas, experiences and stories showing the characteristics of Western
Classical art traditions
• Evaluate works of art in terms of artistic concepts and ideas using
criteria from the Western Classical art tradition
• Show the influence of Western Classical art traditions to Philippine art
form
LEARNING AREA STANDARD
The learner demonstrates an understanding of basic concepts and
processes in art through appreciation, analysis and performance for his/her
self-development, celebration of his/her Filipino cultural identity and
diversity, and expansion of his/her world vision.

KEY - STAGE STANDARD

The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of arts of
the Philippines and the world, through appreciation, analysis, and
performance, for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural
identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision.

GRADE LEVEL STANDARD

The learner demonstrates understanding of salient features of Western
arts from different historical periods, through appreciation, analysis, and
performance for self-development, the celebration of Filipino cultural
identity and diversity, and the expansion of one’s world vision.

CONTENT STANDARDS
The Learner:
demonstrates understanding of art elements and processes by
synthesizing and applying prior knowledge and skills demonstrates
understanding that the arts are integral to the development of
organizations, spiritual belief, historical events, scientific discoveries, natural
disasters/ occurrences and other external phenomenon
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The Learner:
performs/ participates completely in a presentation of a creative
impression (verbal/ nonverbal) of a particular artistic period
recognizes the difference and uniqueness of the art styles of the different
periods (techniques, process, elements and principles of art)

LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Analyzes art elements and principles in the production of work following
the style of a western and classical art
2. Identifies distinct characteristics of arts during the different art periods
3. Identifies representative artists from various art periods
4. Reflects on and derives the mood, idea, or message from selected
artworks
5. Discusses the use or function of artworks by evaluating their utilization
and combination of art elements and principles
6. Uses artworks to derive the traditions/history of an art period
7. Compares the characteristics of artworks produced in the different art
periods
8. Creates artworks guided by techniques and styles of Western Classical
art traditions
9. Describes the influence of iconic artists belonging to Western Classical
art on the evolution of art forms
10. Applies different media techniques and processes to communicate
ideas, experiences, and stories showing the characteristics of Western
Classical art traditions
11. Evaluates works of art in terms of artistic concepts and ideas using
criteria from the Western Classical art traditions
12. Shows the influences of the Western Classical art traditions to Philippine
art form
I. PRE-ASSESSMENT:
From the choices below, write the letters corresponding
to the pictures on the Eras where they should belong.

Timeline Photo:
Choices:

a. Cave of b. Calyx-crater c. Enthroned d. Hieroglyphics

Lascaux ( mixing bowl ) Madonna
and Child

e. Venus of f. Rose window g. The Morgan h. Aphrodite

Willendorf Leaf ( fresco )
 MODULE FOR GRADE 9
ARTS QUARTER 1

Lesson: 1 Time Allotment: 2 Hours

WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS

I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is expected to:
A. Identify the art works during different eras.
B. Decorate their own vase using the Greek Design
C. Value the importance of art in our life.

II. COMPETENCIES:
1. Analyze art elements and principles in the production of work
following the style of Ancient art (Pre-historic and Egyptian Art),
Classical Art (Greek and Roman Art), Medieval Art
( Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic)
2. Identify distinct characteristics of arts during the
different art periods.
3. Identify representative artists from various art
periods.

Things to ponder:
1.How did you classify the different artworks into their respective periods?
2. What was your basis of classification?

WHAT TO KNOW:
In this lesson, you will learn about the different characteristics,
functions and types of art forms (painting, sculpture, architecture)
from Pre - Historic (including ancient Egyptian art forms), Classical
(Greek and Roman) up to Medieval era (Baroque and Romanesque
art forms.) Try to analyze each art form and discover how they
develop in every period.
 WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS (PAINTINGS)
PRE – HISTORIC ERA
Pre-historic includes all human existence before the emergence of
writing. Their art is of interest not only to the art historians but also to
archeologist and anthropologist, for whom the art is only one
clue- along with fossils, pollens and other finds to an understanding of early
human life and culture.
PAINTINGS FROM THE PRE-HISTORIC ERA
Their paintings were found inside the caves which may have been
their way of communicating with each other. It may also be for religious or
ceremonial purposes.
These paintings may be more an artifact of the archeological
evidence than a true picture of humans’ first created art.
Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in proportion.

Cave of Lascaux, 1
5000 – 10000 B.C. – Stone Age Image from
Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library

The dominant features in the painting were large animals native in

the region. It was discovered on 12 September 1940 and given statutory
historic monument protection. The painting has nearly 2,000 figures
composed mainly of animals, human figures and abstract design. Some
sections have been identified inside the cave such as: The Great Hall of
the Bulls, The Lateral Passage, The Shaft of the Dead man, The Chamber of
Engravings, The Painted Gallery, and the Chamber of Felines.

PAINTINGS FROM ANCIENT EGYPT

The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife
place pleasant. With this in mind, themes include journey to the underworld
introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld by their
protective deities.
It emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation
of the knowledge of the past.
Most paintings were highly stylize, symbolic, and shows profile view of
an animal or a person. The main colors used were red, black, blue , gold
and green taken derived from mineral pigments that can withstand strong
sunlight without fading.

The paintings of the walls on the tomb shows events of the life of the
king while he was still on earth and the scenes he expects to encounter in
the underworld after his death.

Paintings from Sarcophagus of Tutankhamen XVIII Dynasty

1362 A.D. – 1253 B.C
( Images from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library )
 PAINTINGS FROM CLASSICAL GREEK ERA
Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in
vases, panels and tomb. It depicts natural figures with dynamic
compositions. Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological
figures, and everyday scenes. It reveals a grasp of linear perspective and
naturalist representation.
Most common methods of Greek painting:
1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied
plaster usually on a wall
surfaces. Colors are made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry
and set with a plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal for
murals, durable and has a matte style.
2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot
wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Soon pigments (colors) was added and
used to paint a wax hull.

Judgement of Paris
( 370 – 330 B.C. )
(Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library )
VASE PAINTING
Kerch Style- also referred to as Kerch Vases are red figured pottery named
after the place where it was found.
Shapes commonly found are:

Pelike- ( wine container)

Lekanis- (a low bowl with two horizontal

handles and a low broad foot)

Lebes gamikos- ( with high handles and lid

use to carry bridal bath)

krater-(bowl use for mixing wine and

water)
 Most common motifs were mostly scenes from the life of women
(often exaggerately idyllic), mythological beings that were popular
among the people of the black sea, or a scene form mythical story or
event. It
used a technique called polycromy, combination of different colors
specially the brilliant one in an artistic manner.

PANEL PAINTING
There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small,
single piece or several panels joined together. Most of the panel paintings
no longer exist because of its organic composition.
The earliest known panel painting is the:

Pitsa Panel
(Archaic Period between 540 and 530 B.C.E)
(Image from treasures of the World,1961 CCP Library)

TOMB / WALL PAINTING

Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the classical period. It
uses the method frescos either tempera (water-base) or encaustic (wax).
It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it uses water-
based materials, very few samples survived.
 The image was painted using a true fresco technique with a
limestone
mortar. It depicts a symposium scene on the wall.
In tomb paintings, artists rely on the shade and hues of paint to
create depth and life-like feeling.

PAINTINGS FROM THE ROMANTIC ERA

Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated from Hellenic
Greek paintings. Fresco technique was used in brightly colored
backgrounds; division of the wall into a multiple rectangular areas (tic-tac-
toe design); multipoint perspective; and a tropme-l’-oeil effect.
Roman paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday
life, still life, mythological subjects, portraits and landscapes.
The development of landscape painting is the main innovation of
Roman painting from Greek painting.
MOSAIC
It is an art process where an image is created using an assemblage
of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials.
This technique used for decorative art or interior decorations.

The full image is a Roman floor mosaic in the House of Fun Pompei,
dated 100 B.C.The whole mosaic depicts the battle between the armies of
Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia.
 Head of Alexander
( Image from the Treasures of the
World,
1961 CCP Library)

Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries

Pompeii 80 BC

This fresco painting was believed to

depict a ceremonial rite, either
marriage or an initiation of a woman
in a mystery cult.

Boscotrecase, Pompeii

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pompejanischer_Maler_um_10_20_001.jpg
 PAINTINGS FROM THE MEDIEVAL ERA
BYZANTINE PAINTING
The lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and
Rome lived on in Byzantium but this time for Christian subjects.
By the 11th century, the Greek and Oriental styles seem to blend
together in magnificent, imposing images, which adorned the churches
in large and small forms.

The court of Empress

Theodora, mosaic
6th century AD San
Vitale,
Ravena

Theodora was an Asian Queen

with dark eyes and hair with fierce
expression;

Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries

Pompeii 80 B.C.
(Images from Treasures of the World,
1961 CCP Library

ROMANESQUE PAINTING
These are largely placed mosaics on the walls of the churches that
follows a strict frontal pose.
 It has a remarkable variety of artistic traditions such as modeling and
treatment of faces and draperies that follow Byzantine convention while
the refreshingly decorative feeling comes from southern French styles. It
also shows traces of Mozarabic influence (Arabize influence) through
elongated oval faces, large staring eyes and long noses, figures against
flat colored bands and heavy outlining.

Christ in Majesty
Painting from the Church of
Saint Clemente, Tahull,
Lerida Spain, c. 1123 Musue
Nacional d’Art de
Catalunya, Barcelona
Image from Treasures of the
World, 1961 CCP Library

Christ wears a greyish, white robe with a blue mantle. Underneath the
Mandorla (Italian word for Almond, in painting, it is used to described an
enclosure surrounding holy figures) is a black band with white writing. Each
side of the center window are three arches resting on columns of capitals
in green, red and black in between of figures of Virgin Mary and five saints
are columns with wavy line patterns going vertically. This mural painting
has been moved to Barcelona and replaced by a replica.

PAINTINGS FROM THE GOTHIC ERA

Paintings have been confined in the illumination of manuscript
pages and the painting of frescoes on the walls of churches in
cosmopolitan style, elegant, mannered and sophisticated.
 Lady and the Unicorn tapestry,
1506- 1513
Image from Treasures of the World,
1961 CCP Library

Subjects usually depicts popular legends and love stories, patterns

like “mille fleur” or thousand flowers show influence which may have
been due to the Crusades.

Rose window from the North transcept, about 1230

Image from Treasures of the World,1961 CCP Library

Stained glass windows were created to transform the vast stone

interiors with warm and glowing color and at the same time to instruct
Christians in their faith.
 The Shepherd David,
13th century, Gothic manuscript
illustration Image from Treasures of
the World,1961 CCP Library

The paintings show some realistic

details and shows naïve naturalism.

Activity 1: FILL ME!!!

To know how much you have learned from the
discussion about the paintings of the Early Age, fill in the
box with the characteristics and functions that would
best describe the painting in every era/period.

Period/Era Characteristics Functions

Ancient Paintings

Pre – historic

Egyptian

Classical Paintings

Greek

Roman
Medieval Paintings

Byzantine

Romanesque

Gothic

Activity 2: Identify the era asked in each item, write your answer on space
provided before each number.
_________________1. Paintings in this era is to make the deceased place
pleasant after death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.
_________________2. Paintings were found inside the caves which may have
been their way of communicating with each other.
_________________3. Paintings in this era were copied or imitated from
Hellenic Greek painting
_________________4. Paintings during this era were most commonly found
in vases, panels and tomb.
_________________5. Paintings in this era are largely placed mosaics on the
walls of the churches that follows a strict frontal
pose.
Activity 3: DECORATE YOUR OWN DESIGN
In this activity decorate your own design in Greek
Vase.
Lesson 2 Time Allotment 1 Hour

WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS (SCULPTURES

FROM THE PRE-HISTORIC ERA & EGYPTIAN ART)

I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the characteristics of sculptures from the Pre-
historic and Egyptian period.
2. Valuing the importance of artworks to derive the
tradition and history of the Pre-historic period.
3. Develop appreciation of Pre-historic and Egyptian art.

II. COMPETENCIES:
4. Reflect on and derive the mood, idea or message emanating
from selected artworks
5. Determine the effectiveness of artworks by evaluating its
utilization and combination of art elements and principles

1. Give some example of paintings of

the Ancient Period.
2. What are the distinct characteristics
of arts in terms painting during the
Three Periods?

PRE-HISTORIC SCULPTURES
▪
Materials used in sculptures vary according to region and locality.
▪
Archaeologists believe that their sculpture is a result of natural
erosion and not of human artistry.
▪
Frequently carving may have mythological or religious significance.

Venus of Willendorf
(28,000 B.C.E. – 25,000 B.C.E.)
– it is carved from limestone with
excessively heavy breast and
abdomen used as charm to ensure
fertility.

https://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2018/march/01/facebook-censors-the-venus-of-willendorf/
Venus of Brassempouy
(25,000 years old) – a
sculpture of a lady with the hood.
It is a fragmentary ivory figurine
from the Upper Palaeolithic era
that realistically represents the
human face and hairstyle.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ve
nus_of_Brassempouy.png

EGYPTIAN ART SCULPTURES

▪
Symbolic elements such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size,
location, materials, color, actions, and gestures were widely used.
▪
Their tombs were required the most extensive use of sculpture.
▪
Wood, ivory and stones are most common materials used.
▪

Characteristics of Sculptures:
1. Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the gods.
2. Relief compositions were arranged in horizontal lines to record an
event or represent an action.
3. Most of the time the gods were shown larger than humans, the kings
larger than their followers, the dead larger than the living.
4. Empty spaces were filled with figures or hieroglyphics.
5. All individual components were all brought to the plane of
representation and laid out like writing.

Queen Nefertiti (18th Dynasty, 1375 – 1357 B.C.E)

realistic, with heavy lidded eyes, slender neck,
determined chin and pure profile under her
heavy crown.
Queen -refers to the Great Royal wife of the
Egyptian pharaoh.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti
 The Pharaoh Menkaure and his Queen
(4th Dynasty, 2548 – 2530 B.C.E) – an example
of portraits presented in rigid postures and
were simple and powerful with extraordinarily
little show of private emotion.
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure

Did You Know That…..

✓ Most of the sculpture of ancient Egypt was worshipful or
funerary.
✓ Temples were the resting places of gods whose statues
stayed in the temple.
✓ Low relief sculpture used on walls depicted the customs of the
culture such as sports, household chores, hunting, fishing, and
farming.
✓ Sculptors used natural materials such acacia and sycamore
wood, limestone, sandstone, granite, alabaster, basalt,
diorite, and porphyry.
✓ Artisans also worked with ebony, ivory, silver, and gold as well
as precious stones.
✓ The Egyptians also became skilled at bronze and copper
sculpting using the lost wax process.

Prehistoric art covers a period from the Stone Age through to

around 10,000 BC.
✓ Cave painting, rock engraving and small sculptural carvings
are the most common finds. ...
✓ Small, hand-held female figures are the first evidence
of sculpture. Usually carved in stone, bone or ivory
 COMPARE & CONTRAST

Choose sculptures from Pre-historic era and sculptures from

Egyptian era. Write your answer inside the box. Compare
and Contrast each artwork.

The use of
elements of The
Period & Era arts in the distinctive
Name of Materials
when it was sculpture characteristic
Sculpture used
created (lines, shape, of the
color, sculpture
texture)

Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/ancient-egyptian-sculptures-paintings-innovation-examples.html
https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/prehistoric-sculpture/
Lesson 3 Time Allotment: 2 Hours

SCULPTURES FROM GREEK & ROMAN ART

I. OBJECTIVES:
A. Identify the different sculpture from Greek and RomanArt
B. Describe the Western Classical Art
C. Valuing the importance of artworks to derive the western classical
art traditions.
A. COMPETENCIES:
6. Reflect on and derive the mood, idea or message emanating
from selected artworks
7. Determine the effectiveness of artworks by evaluating its utilization
and combination of art elements and principles
8. Use artworks to derive the tradition/history of an art period
9. Compare the characteristics of artworks produced in the different
art periods

Answer the following questions from our past lessons, write your
answer on the spaces provided for.
4. Give some example of paintings of the prehistoric
and Egyptian art.
___________________________________________________
5. What are the distinct characteristics of arts in terms
sculpture of Egyptian art?
___________________________________________________

SCULPTURES FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

GREEK Sculptures
Early Greek sculptures were tense and stiff, their bodies were hidden
within enfolding robes. After three centuries of experiments, Greek
sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the points of human
anatomy and proportion.
 One of the most popular styles of the greek sculptures was the
Hellenistic style. Hellenistic denotes a preference in sculpture for more
elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups, and
an emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic effects.
Greek Sculpture

MYRON; THE DISCOBULUS

-Shows attitude of maximum tension, full of
compressed energy, and about to
explode an action.

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/CJMi4pWqMqbfYTcuHAzanEGb5-
iGNAwWOYpg2RC9cUT79Fc6XJpg_0RtwnFUrsNNEPCBm8sVN_6Xwb80WJyh27UPDm577tC0HrIPSMUOmUCGXpCoqss3D41zrxexsebe

ROMAN SCULPTURES
Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra-cotta. They
did not attempt to
compete with the free
standing Greek works of
history or mythology but
rather they produced
reliefs in the Great Roman
triumphal columns with
continuous narrative
reliefs around. The
Portonacio Sarcophagus
between 180-190 BCE
Museu Nationale
Romano Image from
Treasures of the World,
1961 CCP Library
Used for the burial of Roman General involved in the campaign of
Marcus Aurellius - The best known and most elaborate of all “sarcophagus”
(It is a box-liked funeral receptacle for a dead body.
 Comes from a Greek word “sarx” meaning flesh and “phagein”
meaning “to eat”) - It depicts battle scenes between Romans and
Germans - Carved in marble
Sarcopagus, from
cervetiri, c. 520 BCE,
Museo Nazionale de
Villa Giulia, Rome
Image from Treasures
of the World, 1961
CCP Library
-Made of Terra Cotta -
length 6’7” (2.06 m) -
https://www.google.com/search?q=Sarcopagus%2C+from+cervetiri&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjst-PT7PHpAhWsm0sFHbHsBQ0Q2-
a husband and wife
are shown reclining
cCegQIABAA&oq=Sarcopagus%2C+from+cervetiri&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAA6BwgjEOoCECdQ65oDWOqqA2CLsANoAXAAeACAAZEBiAGRAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEK&sclient=img&ei=T
_3dXqzUKKy3rtoPsdmXaA&bih=674&biw=1536&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH834PH834#imgrc=tn96Il6ayflaPM

comfortably, as if they
were on a couch

BYZANTINE SCULPTURES
The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are religious, everyday life
scenes, and motifs from nature. Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer,
peafowl) while some had acrostic signs (form of writing in which taking the
first letter; syllable or word of different lines and putting them together it can
be read a message) that contained a great theological significance.

The Barberini Diptych

http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Barberini_Ivory

-an early example of

Byzantine Ivory work
- It represents the
emperor as triumphant
victor.
 ROMANESQUE SCULPTURES
Some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals,
crucifixes, and devotional images. Small individual works of art were
generally made of costly materials for royal and aristocratic patrons. These
lightweight devotional images were usually carried in the processions both
inside and outside the churches

https://www.google.com/search?q=last+judgement+sculpture&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH834PH834&sxsrf=ALeKk03kmsfBfoP5TtDkW2pwWPQEtaO0nA:1591922547392&source=ln
ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjC0snPhfvpAhXxILcAHb9ICFAQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1536&bih=674&dpr=1.25#imgrc=c48biQswA3BhRM

The Last Judgment (Gislebertus)

Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library
Tymapnum (an architectural element with in the arch or pediment)
of the west portal, Cathedral of SaintLazare, Autun Burgundy France, c.
1120-35 by Gislebertus
GOTHIC SCULPTURES

Gothic sculptures have a greater freedom of style. They no longer

lay closely against the wall, but began to project outward. Figures were
given their own particular attitudes instead of being set into particular
patterns and are more lively and realistic.

Resurrection of the Virgin

(End of the 12th century Cathedral Amiens)
Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library
 Direction: Identify the different sculptures from
Classical Period. Write your answer on the spaces
provided for.

1._________________ 2._________________ 3.___________________

4._________________________ 5. ______________________
 Myron
Discobolus/Artists
The Discobolus or “discus thrower” is one of the most iconic
artworks of classical antiquity. Originally sculpted in bronze by
an Athenian man called Myron (born in the fortress-city of
Eleutherae in the 5th century BC), the statue has gained fame
largely through its many bronze and marble copies made by
the Romans.
One of the most famous is the Palombara Discobolus from
Rome, now on display in the National Museum of Rome. This
statue was notoriously sold to Adolf Hitler in 1938 as a trophy
of the Aryan race, but returned to Italy in 1948

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Key Points

• Romanesque art is the art of Europe from approximately 1000 CE to

the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century or later, depending on
region.
• Sophisticated precious objects in metalwork, ivories, and enamels
held high status in the Romanesque period.
• Large reliquaries and altar frontals were built around a wooden
frame, but smaller caskets were made entirely of metal and enamel.
A few secular pieces such as mirror cases, jewelry, and clasps have
also survived.
• Most Romanesque sculpture is pictorial and biblical in subject. A
great variety of themes are found on building capitals, including
scenes of Creation and the Fall of Man, the life of Christ, and the Old
Testament.
 • Byzantine art was developed from the arts of the Roman Empire.
This art form embraced classical heritage and was highly influenced
by ancient Greek and Egyptian art. A number of classical sculptures
can be found in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantium during
the medieval era.
• Byzantine arts were mostly concerned with religious expression.
• Byzantine workmanship in metalwork, ivory and enable were highly
prized especially during the middle ages.
• Byzantine art began with the foundation of Constantinople in AD 324
and ended in 1453 following its capture by the Ottoman Turks.
• Gothic sculpture was closely tied to architecture, since it was used
primarily to decorate the exteriors of cathedrals and other religious
buildings
• The earliest Gothic sculptures were stone figures of saints and the Holy
Family used to decorate the doorways, or portals, of
cathedrals in France.

IVORY CARVING

Some important Byzantine sculptures are the diptychs and boxes carved in ivory.
Used for the realization of objects of luxury and religious use, preferred by the elites of
Constantinople, and brought from places such as Egypt and India.
MATERIALS:
➢ Soft bar soap
➢ Sharp tools
➢ Carbon paper

Materials:
➢ Soft bar soap
➢ Sharp tools
➢ Carbon paper

Procedure:
Note: Be careful in doing this activity.

1. Draw your design on a sheet of paper,

actual
size of the soap you are going to use.
Used the first letter of your name as your
subject and establish your design with Byzantine motif
2. Transfer your design to the soap 3. Make sure the carbon paper
by tracing it with a carbon paper and your design are secure so
underneath that, they will move while
tracing your design.
Start craving your design using
sharp tools

Original artwork and image by: J.C. Mendoza 2013

RUBRIC

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Excellent Very Good Fair Poor
Good

1. Composition and design:

➢ Showed the theme and motifs of
medieval stained glass.

2. Process:
➢ Followed the instruction in doing the
activity.
➢ Maintained cleanliness in the working
area.

3. Materials used:
➢ Used proper materials and tools
prescribed in the activity.

4. Behavior:
➢ Established good relationship with
classmates while doing the activity.
➢ Showed enjoyment while doing the
activity.

5. Overall look of the artwork:

➢ Depicts a medieval look on the stained
glass

Total
Lesson 4 Time Allotment 3 Hours

ARCHITECTURE FROM THE EARLY AGE

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Identify Pre-historic Architecture.
B. Describe the three main types of Megalith Stones.
C. Valuing the importance of architecture from the early
age.

II. COMPETENCIES:
8. Creates artworks guided by techniques and styles of
Western Classical art traditions.
9. describes the influence of iconic artists belonging to
Western Classical art on the evolution of art forms
10. applies different media techniques and processes to
communicate ideas, experiences, and stories showing the
characteristics of Western Classical art traditions
11. evaluates works of art in terms of artistic concepts and ideas using
criteria from the Western Classical art traditions
12. shows the influences of the Western Classical art traditions to
Philippine art form
PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURES
Man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths ( a
big rock) from the Greek word lithos (“stone”) and megas (“big”). This
architecture is made of huge stone blocks which were probably intended
for burial.
Megalithic monuments have always ignited man’s imagination. They
provided plenty of legends and superstitions. During this era, stones and
rocks were associated with divinity.
Three Main Types of Megalith Stones
1. Menhir: a huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing
in the middle of the field or arranged in rows. A menhir standing
stone, orthostat, or lith is a large man-made upright stone, typically dating
from the European middle Bronze Age. They can be found solely
as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Menhirs' size can vary
considerably, but they are generally uneven and squared, often tapering
towards the top.

Photo by: historyextra.com

2. Dolmens: The word dolmen

originated from the
expression taol maen, which
means “stone table.” These
structures are in a form of
table consisting of two huge
standing stones supporting a
horizontal giant stone. It is
believed that it served as Photo by: pdphoto.org
grave or as an altar.
A dolmen is a type of single chamber megalithic tomb,
usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat
horizontal capstone or "table". Most date from the early Neolithic (4000–
3000 BC) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form
a tumulus. Small pad-stones may be wedged between the cap and
supporting stones to achieve a level appearance
 6. Cromlech a Brythonic word
where crom means “bent” or
“curved” and llech which means
“slab” or “flagstones”. Literally it is a
circle of standind stones.
Stonehenge: best preserved
megalithic site in Europe, a group
of stones arranged in concentric
circles, with a large external circle of triliths (Greek word meaning “three
stones”), two internal circles built in a similar manner and altar-shaped in
the center. It is a temple where rituals were held. The structure and the
movement of the sun in the sky have a connection in terms of
identifying the change of the seasons which helped the primitive man
on their rituals and on their agricultural practices.

Individual Activity1: ROCK MY WORLD

Experience how the pre-historic people were able to
make an artwork all over the caves, create your own
version of cave art using a stone as your canvass or
working material and another stone as your medium to
make your artwork.
Materials:
• Flat rock of any shape
• Rocks with sharp edges
Procedures:
1. Using the sharp edged rock, scratch the flat rock with your desired design
2. Put a varnish using a mixture of white glue diluted in water to preserve
your design on the rock.
3. Design should reflect the characteristic of a pre-historic artwork.
4. You may also use the themes, motifs or patterns that show your regional
identity
RUBRIC
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Composition and
design: - Shows the
theme and motifs
of medieval
stained glass
2. Process: a.
Follows the
instruction in doing
the activity b.
Maintains
cleanliness in the
working area
3. Materials used:
a. Used proper
materials and tools
prescribed in the
activity

4. Behavior: a.
Establish good
relationship with
classmates while
doing the activity
b. Shows
enjoyment while
doing the activity.
5. Overall look of
the artwork: -
depicts a medieval
look on the stained
glass
Total

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture
1. the structure has thick sloping walls with few openings to obtain stability.
2. The exterior and interior walls along with columns and piers were covered
with hieroglyphics and pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant
colors.
3. Ornamentations were symbolic including scarab (sacred beetle), solar
disk, vulture, and common motifs (palm leaves, buds, flower of lotus and
papyrus plants).
4. Temples were aligned with astronomically significant events like solstices
( comes from the Latin word Sol, meaning “sun” and stitium meaning
“stoppage,” as the sun appears to stand still on the first day of winter)
and equinox (a time or date when day and night are equal length) with
precise measurements required in determining the moment that
particular event
Pyramid of Giza
The Pyramids of Giza are the most substantial ancient structures of the
world.
The three pyramids are the funerary structures of the three kings of the
fourth dynasty (2575 to 2465 BC) namely:
• Khufu (Cheops) whom the Great Pyramid was attributed to ;
• Khafa (Chepren) whom the pyramid next to the Great Pyramid is
attributed;
• and the smallest is attributed to Menkaura (Mycerinus).

Photo by: historyextra.com

These pyramids were made highly confusing and with many tunnels
to create confusion for grave robbers.
Egyptian Temples were built to serve as places of residence for the
gods. They also served as key centers for economic activity. Ancient
temples were made of perishable materials like wood, reed matting,
and mud brick. Their walls were covered with scenes that were carved
onto the stone then brightly painted. Pharaoh fighting in the battles and
performing rituals with the gods were the scenes found on the walls.
 Photo by: Amazingglobaltravel.com

Photo by: historyextra.com

Mastaba
It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular
structure with outward sloping sides. It was made of mud-bricks or stones.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle surrounded
by rows of columns. These buildings were designed in one of three
architectural style or orders.

Photo by: crystal-greekscivilized.weebly.com/art-and-architecture

The Parthenon
447-432 BC, Athens
 The Greatest Classical temple, ingeniously engineered to correct an
optical illusion. The columns were slightly contorted, swollen at the center
and leaning inward to correct what would otherwise have been an
impression of deadness and top heaviness.

Photo by: Britannica.com

Analyze the different columns of the early age architecture.

What are the distinctive characteristics of each column that
shows the features of the era it was spread? Write your answer on the
spaces provided.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Photo by: Britannica.com

 In every era that passed, it leaves a remarkable contribution in
the different forms of art that has shown a noticeable influence in the
arts of the new world.
Try to create an example of art work that shows the influence from the
different eras of the early age art.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
They built sturdy structures both for use and perpetuate their glory.
The emperor erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths
and procession. They built them gigantic arches of stone, bricks and
concreate, or with barrel vaults.

The Colosseum, AD 70-82,

Rome

oogle.com/search?q=The+Colosseum%2C+AD+70-82%2C+Rome+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi1_rzGvvvpAhWqgksFHSJICYoQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=The+Colosseum%2C+AD+70-82%2C+Rome+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQHjoHCCMQ6gIQJ1Dz2mNYl-
tjYPXwY2gBcAB4AIABgQGIAYEBkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQo&sclient=img&ei=JQvjXvXXB6qFrtoPopCl0Ag&bih=674&biw=1536&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH834PH834#imgrc=vI_PCFJwQUthvM

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
It has a lot in common with the early Christian architecture. Mosaic
decoration was perfected by the Byzantines, as was the use of clerestory
to bring light in from high
windows. Byzantine's
advancement in
developing the dome
created a new style in
global architecture.
Hagia Sophia
Istanbul, 537 BC

https://www.google.com/search?q=Hagia+Sophia.+Istanbul%2C+537+BC+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjdnYD2yfvpAhUSbysKHZaQDWAQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Hagia+Sophia.+Istanbul%2C+537+BC+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQHjoHCCMQ6gIQJ1Dd3xlY2O4ZYK72GWgBcAB4AIABsgGIAbIBkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQo&sclient=img&ei=ERfjXp3RI5LerQGWobaABg&bi
h=674&biw=1536&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPH834PH834#imgrc=lGOumTc42W_VrM
 Hagia Sophia means “Holy Wisdom”. It narrates how a magnificent
construction transformed from being a church, into a mosque and what
is now known as the Hagia Sophia museum. One of the biggest domes
ever created with 108 feet in diameter and because of its grand size it
can still be seen from miles away.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The doorways of
Romanesque’s churches are
often grand sculptured portals.
Wood or metal doors are
surrounded by elaborate stone
sculpture arranged in zones to
fit architectural elements.
The groin-vaulted crypt of
Worcester Cathedral
Romanesqeu architecture
displayed solid masonry walls,
rounded arches and masonry vaults.It is the period of great building
activities in Europe, castles, churches, monasteries arose everywhere
ttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Worcester_cathe dral_031_
crop.JPG/165px-Worcester_cathedral_031_crop.JPG

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
This design included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled
builders to construct much higher ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne
on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and
clustered pillars.
Cathedral of Chartres, also known as the Notre dame
Cathedral (1145- 1260)
-Has rich architecture and design
-Splendid stained glass windows
- Thousands of sculptured figures
 WHAT TO UNDERSTAND:
Pre historic to medieval arts has very rich characteristics,
have specific functions in their lives and beliefs, very modern
and accurate in their designs and become the key in
understanding how the people in the early age live their lives.
Try to relate some famous artworks of the early age to some
Philippine artworks and reflect how they have in common or how they
can be associated with each other.
Early Age Art forms Philippine Art Forms

Tutankhamen’s inner coffin from

the tomb of Tutankhamen, Valley Manungul Jar, 895-775 BC
of the Kings Dynasty 18, 1336/5- Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Pt.,
1327 BCE. Palawan Secondary burial jar
Gold inlaid with glass and
semiprecious stones, Height
6’n7/8” (1.85m) Egyptian Museum,
Cairo

Characteristics
Function
 Venus of willendorf , Austria c, Bul- ol Igorot’s carved wood idol
22,000 -21,000 BCE limestone used to guard their crops
height 4 ¾” (11cm) Naturhistorishes
Museum, Vienna Austria

Characteristics:
Function:

Pampanga’s Capiz lantern

Rose Window of Notre Dome

Gothic architectural style and
being divided into segments by
stone mullions and tracery

Characteristics:
Function:

Notre Dame Cathedral, France San Sebastian church

Characteristics:
Function:
 Individual Activity: My Dream House!
If you were given a chance to design your dream house, how would
you like it to be?
Choose from the different architectures that
we discussed and use it as inspiration for your
dream house.
Explain the reason for choosing that style.
What are the distinctive characteristics of that
architectural design that will be visible in your
own dream house?
Draw you dream house in this space.
 I. Identify what art period was being described.
Write your correct answer on the spaces provided
before each number

_____________1. Their paintings were found inside the caves.

_____________2. The emphasis of their arts depicts the importance of life
after death.
_____________3. Their sculptures shows perfect human anatomy and
proportions
_____________4. They developed a form of architecture based on
Megaliths.
_____________5. Temples were designed in one of the three architectural
style or orders
_____________6. In this period emperors erected a huge halls and arenas for
public games, baths and procession
_____________7. Their architectural design in this era depicts pointed arch,
high ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne.
_____________8. The Court of Empress Theodora, mosaic is an example of
artwork from this period.
_____________9. Venus of Willendorf and Venus of Brassempouy is an
sculpture that exist from this Era.
_____________10. The Last Judgment,Tymapnum of the west portal,
Cathedral of Saint-Lazare is an example of sculpture from what era?

II. Multiple Choice: Choose and encircle the correct answer

1. It is method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied
plaster usually on a wall surfaces.
a. Encaustic b. Fresco c. Acrylic d. Tropme-l’-oeil
2. It is a method of applying pigments mixed with beeswax and fixed with
heat after its application
a. Encaustic b. Fresco c. Acrylic d. Tropme-l’-oeil
3. An art process where you create an image using an assemblage of small
pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials
a. Stained glass b. collage c. mosaics d. Tropme-l’-oeil
4. A stone coffin, often inscribed or decorated with sculpture
a. Tomb b. megaliths c. pyramid d. sarcophagus
5. It is a colored glass used to form decorative or pictorial designs
a. Encaustic b. mosaics c. stained glass d. collage

III. Matching type: match column A with Column B

A. B.
ARTWORKS PERIOD/ ERA
1. Rose window a Pre-historic
2. Paintings Cave of Lascaux b Ancient Egypt
3 Pitsa Panel painting c. Greek Classical
4 Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries d. Roman Classical
5 Paintings from Sarcophagus e Romanesque
of Tutankhamen f. Byzantine
g Gogthic
 Pre-historic art is not easy to understand. These artworks are clues for
archeologists in understanding the Stone Age civilization. Archeologists are
given a peek into the minds of the primitive people through their art works
and find out what they have experienced to produce those pictures.
The characteristics of Egyptian art are a combination of geometric
regularity and keen observation of nature. Their art were classified into
three: first art used in the home-furniture, jewelry, musical instruments and
many more, second art used in the dead – tombs, masks mummy cases,
and wrapping for the body, third art was created for the gods and their
priest and kings-in temples, paintings, statues.
Greek art style was a taste of Western realism or “naturalism”. Artists
have studied anatomy, physics and optics, as well as techniques of
carving, painting, building, gold-working and ceramics.
Roman artists tried to reproduce the world around them as realistically
as they could. Their architecture was designed to reflect the power of the
city and to create in all people an awe of its imperial power. Roman art is
a reflection of mixture of borrowed cultures fused together with local
traditions to form their own styles and traditions.
Byzantine art was the meeting place for the Greek and oriental
culture.
Romanesque style first evolved in the first third of the 12th century. It is
a complete realization of religious and social functions and had an
architectural program with a wealth of sculptural decoration subordination
to the architectural frame
Ancient – dating from remote period; of great age; very old
Aristocratic – a member of a ruling class or of the nobility
Corinthian- elegantly or elaborately ornate
Dolmens- consisting of two or more large, upright stones set with a space
between and capped by a horizontal stone.
Doric- one of the five classical orders of architecture, typically
characterized by a flute column having as a capital convex circular
molding supporting a square slab or abacus
Elaborated- intricate and rich in details
Encaustic- a paint consist of pigment mixed with beeswax and fixed with
heat after its application
Era- a period of time as reckoned from a specific date serving as the basis
of its chronological system.
Fresco- a technique of painting on a wall using a moist plaster surface with
colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture.
Hellenistic – relating to or a characteristic of the classical Greek Civilization
from the death of Alexander the Great to the accession of Augustus
Hieroglyphics- a system of writing using picture symbols used in ancient
Egypt.
Ionic- one of the five classical orders of architecture, characterized by
fluted columns and capitals with scroll- like ornaments
Mastaba- an ancient Egyptian tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides
and flat roofs.
Medieval – relating to middle ages Megaliths- a very large stones used in
the pre historic architectures
Menhir- an upright monumental stone, standing by itself or in a group Mille
fleur- literally means thousand flowers
Mosaics- a design or decoration made up of small pieces of colored glass,
stone etc.
Mythological figures- creatures, Gods and animals in the Mythology
Naturalism- factual or realistic representation Outline- a line by which a
figure or object is defined or bounded
Pigments- a substance used in coloring, Pillars- a slender, freestanding,
vertical support; a column
Portraits- a painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, or other likeness of
an individual especially the face.
Pyramids- a massive monument of an Ancient Egypt having a rectangular
base and four triangular faces culminating in a singular apex, built over
around a crypt or tomb.
Realistic- relating to representation of objects, action, or social as they
actually are Sarcophagus – a stone coffin, often inscribed or decorated
with sculpture Scarab- sacred beetle
Sophisticated- complex and intricate Stained glass- colored glass used to
form decorative or pictorial designs
Stonehenge – an ancient megalithic monument in Southern England;
probably used in a rituals
Symbolism- use symbols to represent ideas or qualities
Taolmaen – stone tables Terracotta- a type of fired clay, typically of
brownish red color and unglazed, used an ornamental building materials
and in modeling. Tomb- a large vault used for burying the dead.
Triliths- Greek word meaning three stones
Books
Hamlyn, Paul, (1961), Treasures of the World, Hamlyn Publishing Group
Ltd., Hamlyn House, the Center, Feltham, Middlesex London , New York,
Sydney, Toronto, arrangement with Golden Pleasures Books Ltd
Rene Huyghe, (1963), Art and Mankind, Larousse Encyclopedia of
Byzantine And Medieval Art, The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., Hamlyn
House, The Center, Feltham, Middlesex
Websites
http://historyofrchitecture.blogspot.com/2010/12/prehistorian-
architecture.html
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
s/01/17/bf/d9/carnac.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pompejanischer_Maler_um_10_20_0
01.jpg
http://www.colosseum.net/images/colosseum-entrance.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
_Dtc5CI79X0/TeWfaHDFuvI/AAAAAAAAABc/DsPQoXoYHQQ/s320/Hagia+
Sophi+Exterior.j pg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberini_Ivory
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
s/01/17/bf/d9/carnac.jpg
http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A2KJkezWolRS90
YAGIKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTFxa29
hNzk3BHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZAMzZTVkMGQ3N2M5OGFjn
http://www.timeforlearning.net/wp-
content/uploads/2013/07/Stonehenge2.jpg
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III - Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
CORAZON C. AQUINO HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion 3, Gerona, Tarlac

WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS

Grade 9 First Quarter

Prepared by:
Anna Rowena E. Sarmiento
Anthony G. Fontanilla
Brenda Lyn B. Cabalu
Julie Anne Cawigan
Shiella A. Macheca
Ralph Edison Pagaduan
Fe Marie Sandova’
Uhlen Van R. Villa
Norissa Joy V. Villegas
Noted:
CORAZON V. ABELLAR
Principal I

Reviewed by:

DALEN I. ROY
EPS I – MAPEH Dr. BOBBY P. CAOAGDAN
EPS I – LRMDS
Recommending Approval:

Dr. PAULINO D. DE PANO

Chief Curriculum and Implementation Division

Approved:

RONALDO A. POZON, Ph. D., CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent