TUNNEING TECHNIQUES

CENG 7025

Dr.-Ing. Henok Fikre

Dec. 2020
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
COURSE CONTENT
 Concept
 Geotechnical Investigations
 Detailed design
 Design procedures
 Geometric Considerations
 Stress around openings
 Design methods
 Construction methods and procedures
 Post Construction Considerations
 Building Response Analysis
 Applications with software
 Case Histories
TUNNELING
DETAILED DESIGN – LINING

 3rd stress field (with support)

 Design methods
 Empirical methods
 Analytical (closed form)
Approach
 Numerical Approach
 Observational Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Analytical methods
• Bedded Beam-Spring Models
• Continuum Method
• Convergence-Confinement Method
• Limit-Equilibrium Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Bedded Beam-Spring Models
• the tunnel will be modelled as elastically bedded circular
structure
• The elastic bedding (soil-structure contact) will be
modeled using radially (and in special cases tangentially)
arranged springs
• Important parameters: Es, K0
• Es spring stiffness
• K0 loading
• Calculation – elastic
• Quick results
• No output about the stress-strain
relationships
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Bedded Beam-Spring Models
• For the case of tunnels at shallow depth (h<2D), the top
part (crown) will be free of bedding
• For tunnels at great depth (h>3D) the resistance of the
crown will be considered
• In between – according to the engineering-geological
conditions at hand
• Better for tunnels in granular soils
(weak rocks)
• Good for preliminary design
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Case i) h<2D - Basic assumptions
• Horizontal and straight tunnel with circular cross section

• Plane strain condition for the tunnel

• Ideal elastic ground condition with radial stiffness kr=Es/r

• Ideal elastic lining

• Strain free lining (EA→∞)

• Lining properties uniform throughout the cross section

• Thin walled section for the tunnel lining

• Consideration of the end condition after construction of the

tunnel (no construction stages)
• Non load bearing crown - loosening of the soil with ϕ≈45o

• Earth pressure according to next figures

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DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models :
 Case i) h<2D
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models :

Initial stress
Used earth pressure
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o To be calculated (reactions)
• Bending moment: M = f (Es, EI, r, p)
• Normal force : N = f (Es, EI, r, p)
• Deformation : w = f (Es, EI, r, p)

o To be proved
N M
    all
A w
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
I. Transformation of the stresses in polar coordinates _ _
pr = 0.5 γ [h+(h+r)k0]+ 0.5 γ [h−(h+r)k
_ 0] cos 2ϕ = p r 0 + p r 2 cos 2ϕ
pt = 0.5 γ [h-(h+r)k0] sin 2ϕ = p t 2 sin 2ϕ
• Ex. Derive that relation

II. Determination of capacity of the lining material

III. Calculating N, M and w using coefficients from charts as a
function of β
kr r 4

EI
 The calculation follows acc. to the following procedure
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
• 1st order theory
Moment M = mi ⋅ pbieg ⋅ _r2 _
with: pbieg = 2 p r 2 + p t 2
i = First(crown), Ulm(wall), Sole (floor)
Normal forces _
NF=(- p r 0 +0.5p_ t2+nF_pbieg)r
NU=N90_ =(- p r 0 +0.5 _ p t 2 +n90opbieg)r
NS=(- p r 0 +0.5 p t 2+nSpbieg)r
where: _
p_ r 0 = 0.5
_ γ [h+(h + r)k0]
p r 2 = p t 2 = 0.5 γ [h−(h + r)k0]
Radial crown deformation 4
r
wF   F pbieg
EI
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
• Theory of the second order will be approximately considered
using the charts in which the increase in the bending moment
at the crown and side wall are given.
 The bending moment at the floor and normal forces are
not significantly affected
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Solution mechanism – spring models:
o Solution procedure acc. to Ahrends, Lindner, Lux
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1
• For the given tunnel section of the longitudinal profile
shown, make preliminary design using the methods of
Ahrends, Lindner, Lux

h = 20.0 m
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – given:
• Ground condition – sandy clay stone with no ground water
• Unit weight – 21 kN/m3
• Deformation modulus – 50 MN/m3
• Poisson’s ratio – 0.2
• Static earth pressure coefficient – 0.5
• Overburden – 20 m
• Tunnel diameter – 10.8 m
• Unit weight of tunnel, g = 110 kN/m(very small)
• Radius to system axis: rs = 5.30 m
• Steel lining: A=0.0311 m2 /m, I=2.625 ⋅10−4 m4 /m, E=1.725·105 MN/m2
Wa = 2.650 10− 3 m3 /m, Wi =1.865 10− 3 m3 /m
бall,c = 280 N/mm2 , бall,t = 240 N/mm2
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DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
• h < 2d = 2⋅10.8 ≅ 22 m
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
I. Determination of stresses
• pv = γ ⋅ h + g/d = 21*22+110/10.6 =472 kN/m3

• ph = k0 γ ⋅ (h + r) = 0.5 ⋅ 21(22+ 5.3)= 287 kN m3

 In polar coordinates:
_ _
• pr = 0.5 γ [h+(h + r)k0]+ 0.5 γ [h−(h + r)k0] cos 2ϕ = p r 0+p r 2 cos 2ϕ
= 0.5*21*[22+(22+5.3)0.5]+0.5 *21[22−(22+5.3)0.5] cos 2ϕ
= 374 + 88 cos 2ϕ _
• pt = 0.5 γ [h-(h+r)k0] sin 2ϕ = p t 2 sin 2ϕ
= 0.5*21
_
[22-(22+5.3)*0.5] sin 2ϕ = 88 sin 2ϕ
with p r 0 =374 kN/m2
_ _
p r 2 = p t 2 = 88 kN/m2
 pbieg = 2 pr2 + pt2 = 2 ⋅ 88 +88=264 kN/m2
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
II. Section capacity

ES = 50 MN/m2
 kr=Es/r = 9.4 MN/m3

EI =1.7⋅105 ⋅0.2625⋅10-3 = 44.625MNm2 /m

k r r 4 9.4 * 5.34
   166
EI 44.625
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
III. Determination of internal forces
a) 1st order theory
Bending moment
MF = mF ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = 0.032* 264*5.30 = 237 kNm/m
MU = mU ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = -0.02* 264*5.30 = -148 kNm/m
M90 = m90 ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = -0.01* 264*5.30 = -74 kNm/m
MS = mS ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = 0.01* 264*5.30 = 74 kNm/m
Normal_ forces_
NF=(- p r 0 +0.5 p t 2+nFpbieg)r=(-374+0.5 *88+0.23*264)5.3=-2072 kN
N900 =(-pro-0.5pt2+n90opbieg)r =(-374-0.5 *88+0.27*264)5.3=-2592 kN
NS=(-pro+0.5pt2+nSpbieg)r= (-374+0.5 *88+0.26*264)5.3=-2115 kN
Radial deformation at crown
r4 5.634
wF   F pbieg  0.01* 264*  0.047m  4.7cm
EI 44.625
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
III. Determination of internal forces
b) 2nd order theory
Increment factors for MF and MU
M II
for( pv  400)  1.14 M II
for( pv  600)  1.18
MI MI

M II
for( pv  472)  1.16
MI

MFII = 1.16* 237 = 275 kNm/m

MUII= 1.16* (-148) = -172 kNm/m
M90II= 1.16* (-74) = -86 kNm/m
wFII= 1.16* 4.7 = 5.5 cm
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
IV. Checking allowable stresses
N M
    all
A w
Crown (First)
2.072 0.275
• Outside o      171MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.072 0.275
• Inside i      80 MPa  240MPa
0.0311 0.001865

Side wall (Ulm)

2.592 0.172
• Outside o      18 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.072 0.172
• Inside i      175 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
IV. Checking allowable stress
N M
    all
A w
Floor (Sole)
2.115 0.074
• Outside o      10 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.115 0.074
• Inside i      3 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 1 – Solution:
V. Force diagrams
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Analytical methods
 Bedded Beam-Spring Models
• Continuum Method
• Convergence-Confinement Method
• Limit-Equilibrium Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 (Semi) Continuum method
• Idealizing the ground where the tunnel being constructed as
infinitely extending shell structure

• Stress-deformation outputs can be achieved and construction

steps can be simulated
• Important parameter is the Young’s modulus of elasticity Ek
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum method
 Case i) h < 2D
• Like in the case of the bedded spring method, the reaction
of the ground for load bearing in the first zone will be
ignored – called Semi-continuum method.

Load only
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Semi-Continuum method
• The load sharing nature of the ground with the lining is
considered better than the bedded-spring method
• Not suitable usually for tunnels at great depth, as the load on
the lining increases with increasing depth. With elastic
calculations unrealistically bigger dimensions can be obtained.
 To overcome this problem it is usual to consider only the
load of the loosened zone above the crown.
• Application: shallow tunnel in granular soil - semi continuum
deep tunnel in weak rock – continuum method
• Similar design assumptions, procedures and charts can be
used as the bedded spring method, but with full contact of the
tunnel lining with the ground and
Ek r 3

EI
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
o Use the semi-continuum method for designing the tunnel in
the previous example
o Solution (1   )(1  2 )
Ek  Es
1 
o Given that the Poisson’s ratio is 0.2,
(1  0.2)(1  2·0.2)
Ek  50MPa  45MPa
1  0.2
Ek r 3 45·5.33
   150
EI 44.625
o Values of mi,ni, ηF can be read from the previous charts,
assuming full contact (radial and tangential direction):
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
a) 1st order theory
Bending moment
MF = mF ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = 0.024* 264*5.30 = 178 kNm/m
MU = mU ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = -0.012* 264*5.30 = -89 kNm/m
M90 = m90 ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = -0.013* 264*5.30 = -96 kNm/m
MS = mS ⋅ pbieg ⋅ r2 = 0.012* 264*5.30 = 89 kNm/m
Normal_ forces
NF=(- p r 0 +0.5pt2+nFpbieg)r=(-374+0.5 *88+0.3*264)5.3=-2168 kN
N900 =(-pro-0.5pt2+n90opbieg)r =(-374-0.5 *88+0.25*264)5.3=-2565 kN
NS=(-pro+0.5pt2+nSpbieg)r= (-374+0.5 *88+0.17*264)5.3=-1511 kN
Radial deformation at first
r4 5.634
wF   F pbieg  0.0067* 264*  0.031m  3.1cm
EI 44.625
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
b) 2nd order theory
Having all other parameters similar, and   150  166
We take M II
 1.16
MI
MFII = 1.16* 178 = 206 kNm/m
MUII= 1.16* (-89) = -103 kNm/m
M90II= 1.16* (-76) = -111 kNm/m

wFII= -1.16* 3.1 = 3.6 cm

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DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
Checking allowable stress
N M
    all
A w
First
2.168 0.206
• Outside o      148 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.168 0.206
• Inside i      40 MPa  240MPa
0.0311 0.001865

Ulm (in tension)

2.565 0.111
• Outside o      41 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.565 0.111
• Inside i      143 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
Checking allowable stress
N M
    all
A w
Sole
1.511 0.089
• Outside o      83 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
1.511 0.089
• Inside i      1 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 2
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
• homogeneous isotropic, ideal-elastic material behaviour for
the ground and lining
• Horizontal and straight tunnel with circular cross section

• Strain free lining (EA→∞)

• Lining properties uniform throughout the cross section

• Thin walled section for the tunnel lining

• Consideration of the end condition after construction of the

tunnel (no construction stages)
• Annular ring between the ground and the lining is
completely compressed
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
• Stresses from earth pressure

 as before
_ _
pr = 0.5 γ [h+(h+r)k0]+ 0.5 γ [h−(h+r)k
_ 0] cos 2ϕ = p r 0+ p r 2 cos 2ϕ
pt = 0.5 γ [h-(h+r)k0] sin 2ϕ = p t 2sin 2ϕ

• The corresponding deformations will be

With EA →∞
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
• Loads shall be carried by the ring lining (R) and soil
continuum (S)
R  S
p ro  p ro  p ro
S R 
With EA → ∞ , p ro  0 or p ro  p ro
R  S R  S
pr2  pr 2  pr 2 and pt 2  pt 2  pt 2
S  S S 
pr2 
Ek 1
2 
5  6  w2  (4  6 ) v 2 
r (3    4 )  
S  S S 
pt 2 
Ek 1
2 
 4  6  w2  (5  6 ) v 2 
r (3    4 )  
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
 R
• Load portion p r 0
R
N 0  r p r 0 ; Q0  0; M 0  0
R R
• Load portion p r 2 , pt 2

r R R
N 2  (2 p t 2  p r 2 ) cos 2
3
r R R 6 EI  R
Q2   ( p t 2  2 p r 2 ) sin 2   3 w2 sin 2
3 r
R R
r2   3EI  R
M 2  ( p t 2  2 p r 2 ) cos 2   2 w2 cos 2
3 r
 Finally: N = N0 + N2, Q = Q2, M = M2, w = w2
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
o 2nd order Theory
• To consider the influence of 2nd order theory, the normal
force over the tunnel circumference is assumed to be
constant.
• The normal force will be first estimated based on the
constant part of the stress pro or the 1st order theory and
checked
• Additionally a formwork dependent deformation wv , which
can lead to a change of shape of the circular tunnel shall be
considered
wv=ω· w
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
o 2nd order Theory
• The 2nd order theory is handled with a modified stiffness of
the tunnel lining


• The load portion p r 0 will not be changed due to the infinite
stiffness of the tunnel lining

wv , F
• Check the value of ω : 
w2II
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
o Example 3
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Continuum Method
 Case ii) h > 3D
o Example 3 – calculation model
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – given:
• Ground condition – sandstone and sandy clay stone (but in
the computations only a single layer of claystone assumed)
• Unit weight – 21 kN/m3
• Deformation modulus – 50 MN/m3
• Poisson’s ratio – 0.2
• Static earth pressure coefficient – 0.5
• Overburden – 45 m
• Tunnel diameter - 10.8 m
• Unit weight of tunnel, g = 110 kN/m(very small)
• Radius to system axis: rs = 5.30 m
• Steel lining: A=0.0311 m2 /m, I=2.625 ⋅10−4 m4 /m, E=1.725·105 MN/m2
Wa =2.650 10− 3 m3 /m, Wi =1.865 10− 3 m3 /m
бall,c = 280 N/mm2 , бall,t = 240 N/mm2
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
• Stresses
_
due to earth pressure
p r 0 = 0.5 γ [h+(h + r)k0] =0.5·21[45+(45+5.3)0.5] = 737kN/m2
_ _
p r 2 = p t 2 = 0.5 γ [h−(h + r)k0]
= 0.5*21*[45-(45+5.3)*0.5] = 208 kN/m2

• Elasticity Modulus – soil

(1   )(1  2 )
Ek  Es
1 
(1  0.2)(1  2·0.2)
Ek  50MPa  45MPa
1  0.2
• Lining stiffness: EI = 44.625 MNm2/m
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
o 1st order theory
• Radial deformation

With EA → ∞ :
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
• Lining loads (constant and variable portions)
With EA → ∞ : R
p r 0  737kPa
S  S S 
And p r 2 
Ek 1
2 
5  6  w2  (4  6 ) v 2 
r (3    4 )  
S
pr2 
45000 1
5  6·0.20.046  (4  6·0.2)0.023  355kN / m2
5.3 (3  0.2  4·0.2 )
2

S  S S 
pt 2 
Ek 1
2 
 4  6  w2  (5  6 ) v 2 
r (3    4 )  
S
pt 2 
45000 1
 4  6·0.20.046  (5  6·0.2)0.023  133kN / m2
5.3 (3  0.2  4·0.2 )
2

R  S R  S
p r 2 • p r 2  p r 2  208  355  147kPa and p t 2  p t 2  p t 2  208  133  341kPa
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
• Internal reactions
N 0  5.3·737  3906kN / m; Q0  0; M 0  0
And for the variable portion,
r R R 5.3
N 2  (2 p t 2  p r 2 ) cos 2  (2·341 147) cos 2  945cos 2
3 3
r R R 5.3
Q2   ( p t 2  2 p r 2 ) sin 2   (341 2·147) sin 2  83sin 2
3 3
r2  R R 5.32
M 2  ( p t 2  2 p r 2 ) cos 2  (341 2·147) cos 2  220 cos 2
3 3

 Check the values of Q2 and M2 using the radial deformation

 Finally: N =N0+N2 = -3906+945 cos2φ kN/m, Q = -83 sin2φ kN/m
M =220 cos2φ kNm/m, w = 0.046 cos2φ m/m
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
o 2nd order theory
• Deformation

wv = r/200 = 2.65 cm
wv , F 2.65
  II   0.58
w2 4.6
• Equivallent stiffness
= 44.6-3906(1+0.58)5.32/3=-13186kNm2/m
 R
• For the constant load portion p r 0 , the deformations remain
unchanged
R R
• For the variable load part, i.e. p r 2 , p t 2 :
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
o 2nd order theory

• Now check the factor ω

wv , F 2.65
  II   0.52  0.56
wF 5.1
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3 – solution:
o 2nd order theory

wII  w0II  w2  0  0.051cos 2m wFII  0.051m

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3
Checking allowable stress
N M
    all
A w
First
2.961 0.243
• Outside o      187 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.961 0.243
• Inside i      35 MPa  240MPa
0.0311 0.001865

Ulm (in tension)

4.851 0.243
• Outside o      64 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
4.851 0.243
• Inside i      286 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3
Checking allowable stress
N M
    all
A w
Sole
2.961 0.243
• Outside o      187 MPa  280MPa
0.0311 0.00265
2.961 0.0243
• Inside i      35 MPa  240MPa
0.0311 0.001865
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Example 3
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Analytical methods
• Bedded Beam-Spring Models
• Continuum Method
• Convergence-Confinement Method
• Limit-Equilibrium Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• assuming that the tunnel (lining) will resist the
deformations of the ground
• The resistance is idealized as internal pressure and
represented as pa
• pa depends on the deformations, c, φ and E
 for tunnels in rock at great depth
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• Based on the assumptoin of elastic behaviour and Lame’s
solution for thick elastic tube of ri and r0, Kirsch equation
can be written for a support pressure of p

 For :
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• The solution can be given as:

• Integrating:

• Applying boundary conditions and solving:

Due to hydrostatic pressure Due to excavation

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• The solution can be given as:
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
o If the ground is plastified in a range ro< r < re, the relation ship
between P and ground deformation is given by;

o
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method

o When P = 0, for non cohesive soil,- the ground converges

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method

o When P = 0, for cohesive soil there is a finite displacement

oThe relation between P and ground deformation is called ground reaction
curve or Fenner-Pacher Curve
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
Deformation versus support pressure
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
Support action line
o The resistance of support changes with deformation, forces
acting and with the support as shown below,

o A linear relation ship between p and u

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
o Support reaction line, with out delay?

o Since support can not be installed immediately, there will be

a finite distance,
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
o Lack of support at the excavation at support

o Effect of time?
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
Influence of support stiffness’
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
Rock support design
o A given allowable deformation umax

o Stiffness, K (support type –shotcrete, steel arch etc.)

o Installation time, or deformation (u0)

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
o Hoek(1999) proposed a critical support pressure required to
prevent failure of rock mass surrounding the tunnel as
follow:

o If the internal support pressure, Pi is greater than the

critical support pressure Pcr, no failure occurs and the rock
mass surrounding the tunnel is elastic and the inward
displacement of tunnel is controlled.
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
o zero displacement occurs when the support pressure
equals in-situ stress, i.e., Pi = Po.
o Po > Pi > Pcr :- elastic displacement
o Pi < Pcr :- plastic displacement.
o Once the support has been installed and is in full and
effective contact with the surrounding rock mass, the
support starts to deform elastically. Maximum elastic
displacement which can be accommodated by the support
system is usm and the maximum support pressure, Psm is
defined by the yield strength of the support system.
o As shown in Figure b, the tunnel wall displacement has
occurred before the support is installed and stiffness and
capacity of support system controls the wall displacement
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Tunnel liner design

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
Support Systems: (a) Concrete / Shotcrete Lining,
(b) Blocked Steel Set
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Convergence-Confinement Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Exercise
 A tunnel of radius 1.85 m is excavated in rock
subjected to an initial hydrostatic stress field of 20
MPa and provided with a concrete lining of internal
radius 1.70 m. Assuming elastic behaviour of the rock
and lining, calculate the radial pressure and the radial
displacement at the rock-lining interface if:
(a) the lining is installed at the face before any
displacement of the rock has occurred; and
(b) the lining is installed following a radial convergence
of 1 mm.
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 CCM
o Ground action curve
o Support action curve
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• Design criteria is limiting the deformations
• Stress-deformation relation: Fenner-Pacher curve

Crown
settlement
crit

crit crit
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• w<wcrit : the higher the deformation, the smaller the pa,
more load will be carried by the tunnel itself
• w=>wcrit : increased deformations lead to loosening of
the ground and more pa required to keep the tunnel safe
• it would be optimal to find the critical settlement where
the tunnel resistance will be minimum
• The relationship depends on geology (different Fenner-
Pacher curves for different materials)

• EXPERIENCE plays the great role!!!

TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Analytical methods
 Bedded Beam-Spring Models
 Continuum Method
 Convergence-Confinement Method
• Limit-Equilibrium Method
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS
 Limit Equilibrium Methods
• Support requirements for individual wedges can be
calculated by hand or using programs such as UNWEDGE
to provide a graphical presentation of the wedge geometry
and assess the distribution of support
• Similar calculations for a variety of failure mechanisms
can be performed to determine the required thickness of
sprayed concrete between rock-bolts.
• The governing failure mechanism is generally loss of
adhesion to the rock, followed by flexural failure of the
sprayed concrete
ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 Translational rock slope failures-wedge failure
 Wedge failure

Roof fall Sidewall wedge

ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 Translational rock slope failures-wedge failure
 Wedge failure
 The steps which are required to deal with this problem are:
1. Determination of average dip and dip direction of
significant discontinuity sets.
2. Identification of potential wedges which can slide or fall
from the back or walls.
3. Calculation of the factor of safety of these wedges,
depending upon the mode of failure.
4. Calculation of the amount of reinforcement required to
bring the factor of safety of individual wedges up to an
acceptable level.
 Reading assignment: Examples in Pariseau (Wedge
analysis)
ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 Wedge failure – UNWEDGE
 The size and shape of wedges formed in the rock mass
surrounding a tunnel excavation depend upon
geometry and orientation of the tunnel and also upon
the orientation of the joint sets. The three
dimensional geometry problems can be solved by
computer programs such as UNWEDGE.
 UNWEDGE is a three dimensional stability analysis
and visualization program for underground
excavations in rock containing intersecting structural
discontinuities.
 UNWEDGE provides enhanced support models for
bolts, shotcrete and support pressures, the ability to
optimize tunnel orientation and an option to look at
different combinations of three joint sets based on a
list of more than three joint sets.
ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 In UNWEDGE, safety factors are calculated for
potentially unstable wedges and support
requirements can be modeled using various types
of pattern and spot bolting and shotcrete.
 Fig. UNWEDGE Analysis: (a) Wedges Formed
Surrounding a Tunnel; (b) Support Installation
ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 Wedge failure – Exercise
 A tunnel is to be excavated in this rock mass and the cross
section of the ramp is given in the sketch. The axis of the
tunnel is inclined at 15° to the horizontal (or the tunnel axis
plunges at 15°). In the portion of the tunnel under
consideration in this example, the axis runs due north-south
or the trend of the axis is 180°. Major joint sets given:
ROCK MECHANICS
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROCK SLOPES
 Wedge failure – UNWEDGE results
 Critical wedges and supports (rock bolts) provided
TUNNELING TECHNIQUES
DETAILED DESIGN – COMPUTATION METHODS

 Design methods
 Empirical Method
 Analytical Approach
• Observational Method
 Based on observations during tunnel driving

 Numerical Approach-PLAXIS