Processing of Oils and Fats (FPT 339)

Processing of Oils and Fats
(FPT 339)
2020/2021
Lecture 1
Essential oils
Prof. Shahinaz Ahmed Helmy
Agenda
• Theoretical
• 19/11/2020 2 lectures
• 26/11/2020 2 lectures + quiz1
• Practical
• 23/11/2020 2 sections
• 30/11/2020 2 sections + quiz 2
• 3/12/2020
• Final practical exam
• Oral exam
Classification of oils
• Edible oils(fixed).
• Essential oils.
• Mineral oils.
Aromatic plants contain essential
oils, which are:
• A mixture of organic substances found in
different parts of the plant and gives the
distinctive smell (flavor) and may also have
physiological and therapeutic effects,
therefore,
• many of the aromatic plants are also
medicinal plants but not vice versa.
• These "essential" oils are volatile and highly
concentrated substances produced by plants ,
or animals (musk & ambergris).
• Volatile oils evaporate on exposure to air at
ordinary temperature, unlike fixed oils. The
easily evaporated essences give plants their
wonderful scents.
• Volatile oils are extracted from flowers, leaves,
stems, roots, seeds, bark.
• The amount of essential oils found in these
plants varies from 0.01 to 18 % of the total.
That's why tons of plant material are required
for just a few hundred pounds of oil.
• Each plant species originates in certain regions
of the world, with particular environmental
conditions.
Forms of EO
With the exception of oils such as winter green, mustard,

almond, geranium, garlic and jasmine, which are
produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of the
corresponding glycosides, The other oils are
contained largely as such in plant.
Distribution:
Essential oils occur virtually only in higher plants, there are
17,500 aromatic species.
Volatile oils solid at room temperature
Camphor, Asafoetida ‫حلتيت‬Thymol, Menthol
Synonyms
• Essential oils
• Volatile oils
• Ethereal oils
• Aromatic oils
• Fragrant oils
Existence of aromatic oils in
different parts of the plants
‫قشور‬ leaves
Peels bark ‫قلف‬
wood cinnamon
Fruits mint –
(rinds) anise – geranium
‫خشب‬
lemon- cumin –basil
orange sandal ‫أزهار‬
flowers
‫جذور‬roots jasmine – seeds ‫بذور‬
vetiver –licorice rose senna
Tuberose Black cumin
Buds Clove
Clove
Volatile oils
• They are formed as a result of plant metabolism
processes, which are secondary products
stored in special structures ‫(تراكيب خاصة‬glandular
filaments, glands and oil channels).
• Why?
• To protect the plant from the essential oil itself
as it is often harmful to the plant.
Existence (special structures )
‫النعناع‬
‫الكينا‬
‫الفلفل االسود‬
‫الينسون‬
Conifers = ‫الصنوبريات‬
Vittae = glandular tubes ‫انابيب غدية‬

Oil % different plants varies
• Onion (0.01%).
• Jasmine and tuberose (0.02%).
• Cumin (4-5%).
• Clove (12 - 18%).
Importance of essential oils (for plant)
• Some EO have an insect repellent effect such
as citronella & Neem.
• Some EO have an attractive effect on insects
and thus help in cross-fertilization and sexual
reproduction (pollination) in plants.
• Some EO protect plants from damage (fungi -
birds - rodents), in the case of injury of plants or
break part of it.
Essential oils are frequently referred to as the “life force”
of plants, unlike fatty oils.
The blood of the plant
Protects the plant from invaders ‫غزاه‬
Helps the plant to heal from any wounds ‫جروح‬
Modern uses
Cosmetics Cleaning Flavours
Dentistry Essential oils Adhesives
Perfumes Insect
Medical
repellents
These oils have potent:
• antimicrobial factors, having wide range of
therapeutic constituents.
• These oils are often used for their flavor and
their therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a
wide selection of products such as foods,
medicines, and cosmetics.
• Essential oils cannot be substituted with
synthetics.
• Only pure oils contain a full spectrum of
compounds that cheap imitations simply cannot
duplicate.
How do essential oils work?
Essential oils enter the body in
three ways
• Inhaled
• Ingested
• Absorbed through the
skin
Essential oil
• The term essential used here does not mean
indispensable ‫عنه‬ ‫غني‬ ‫ال‬as with the
terms essential amino acid or essential fatty
acid which are so called since they are
nutritionally required by a given living organism.
An oil is "essential" in the sense that it contains
the "essence of" the plant's fragrance
(fragrance characteristic) which it is derived
according to QUINTA ESSENTIA by
Paracelsus (1493). This theory paved the way
for the separation of essential oils.
Wheat (maize, rice) germ oil ‫زيوت جنين‬
Spoilage: Coconut fruits, palm kernel oil and olives ‫ثمار‬
resinification rancidity
Chemically complex
1997 chemist had identified 70,000 different types of aromatic
molecules.
So they are very Concentrated and powerful
Origin and development of
essential oils
• Used for the first time in the Eastern countries
Egypt, Iran and India.
• Turpentine oil was first aromatic oil used via
historical era from (pine trees).
• Descuredis, the Greek scientist, had Greek
armies in his book Medical Materials,
explained that turpentine was used in treatment
of different diseases for 1500 years.
• Until the Middle Ages they used only aromatic
water not essential oil.
• A commercial exchange took place between the
countries of the ancient East and the ancient
Greeks in the odoriferous oils*
• * Aromatic plants soaked in wines or alcohol for
a long time and concentrated to give
concentrated liquid.
The first description of the distillation of
essential oils
• Arnold de Villanova (Italian physician), who surveyed
the oils prepared by distillation, including turpentine,
rosemary and sage, and he introduced the art of
distillation to the perception of European medicine. He
also attended the distilled aromatic water used in
pharmacies in the Middle Ages and later .
‫• اول وصف فعلي لتقطير الزيوت العطرية الطبيب االيطالي ارنولد دي فيالنوفا‬
‫و الذي حصر الزيوت المحضرة بالتقطير منها التربنتين و الحصالبان و‬
‫ كما حضر‬.‫المريمية و هو من ادخل فن التقطير الي ادراك الطب االوروبي‬
‫المياه العطرية المستخلصة بالتقطير و التي استخدمت في الصيدليات في‬
.‫القرون الوسطي و ما بعدها‬
‫باراسيلسس‬Paracelsus 1493
• Ernest Guenther. (The essential oils) six parts,
1947
• With the development of analysis methods , the

components could be recognized and identified
by: UV / IR / GC / GC-MS / HPLC,.
• ‫مع تطور طرق التحليل و التعرف علي المكونات ادي الي التعرف‬
‫التام علي تركيبها‬
• The first systematic investigations of
constituents from essential oils may be
attributed to the French chemist M. J. Dumas
(1800–1884) who analyzed some hydrocarbons
and oxygenated compounds as well as sulfur-
and nitrogen-containing constituents. He
published his results in 1833.
Factors affecting production of
aromatic plants
Factors affecting production of essential oils
1. Availability of appropriate weather conditions.
2. Appropriate soil.
3. Cheaper manpower.
4. Proximity to European markets.
5. Availability of transportation.
6. Easy Marketing.
7. Availability of capital.
8. Availability of experts and technicians.
Availability of appropriate weather conditions.
• The northern temperate zone produces 2/3 of
the total world's production.
• America and Japan: produce peppermint.
• China and Japan: produce camphor.
• France and Bulgaria: produce Jasmine .
California and Florida: produce citrus.
• The warm area : produces sandal wood, cloves
and lemon grass.
• Egypt also produces 2/3 of the world's
production of concrete jasmine and 40%
geranium oil
Cheaper manpower
• Egypt, India and Ceylon: Poor

• South Africa : Medium
Proximity to European markets
: for exportation
Availability of transportation
• Plants that must extract their aromatic oils in

field immediately after harvesting (higher
humidity %- less oil %- the rate of oil loss is
higher during storage), including roses, jasmine
and violet).
Easy Marketing
•Customer satisfaction - the need or desire of
consumers and other industries for certain types
such as peppermint (USA and Japan).
•Trust and the existence of Standards.
The Bulgarian rose oil produced in Bulgaria are
more expensive (twice) than the product in Turkey
and Morocco .
Availability of capital
Location - Production Size - Oil Type - Final Product.
Availability of experts and
technicians
Breeding / Agriculture - Extraction - Marketing –
Advertising.
Can we give up the production of
aromatic plants, by replacing the
synthetic ones ???????
Future of EO industry
1. EO consist of only one component (bitter
almonds – winter green), the cultivation and
distillation were stopped (un-economical
production).
2. EO (mint, geranium and sandalwood), Only
part of their ingredients were identified so they
must be cultivated.
3. Cheap EO (do not attract the attention of
chemists), including camphor – citronella.
4. Very expensive EO, including roses, jasmine
and violet (mixed with artificial ones), unless….
the difference between spice and herb
• Herbs and Spices come from Different parts of
the plant. An herb is the green, leafy part of the
plant. A spice can come from the root, stem,
seed, fruit, flower or bark of the tree or plant.
The difference between spice and allspice

Allspice is the dried and unripe berry from a tropical tree of
Pimenta dioica, native to the Caribbean and parts of the central
Americas. Unlike Allspice‫فلفل افرنجي‬, which is a single spice, Mixed
Spice is a blend of several spices, including Cinnamon, Coriander
Seed, Caraway, Nutmeg, Ginger and Cloves.
allspice
Activity
Petitgrain bigarade
Aromatic Plant Name
Rutaceae
Plant family
Citrus × aurantium subsp.
Scientific name
amara
Steam distillation
Proper extraction method
Part of plant to be used for leaves, (twigs‫اغصان‬, branches)
essential oil extraction
Essential oil (%) 1.3-1.5
Linalyl acetate(45%) , Linalool(20%),
β-Pinene(<10%),
Major constituents of this oil α-Terpineol(6%),
Geranyl acetate(<5%),
cis-β-Ocimene(<5%)
Flavoring agent, production of neroli water
Uses ( food/ medical)
With sources
• Spearmint • Rosemary
• Peppermint • Geranium
• Anise • Caraway
• Star anise • Lemon
• Jasmine • Rose
• Basil • Lavender
• Onion • Violet
• Garlic • Nutmeg
• Clove buds • Ambergris
• Cinnamon (bark, leaf, fruit, • Musk
root)
• Orange

Processing of Oils and Fats (FPT 339)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Processing of Oils and Fats (FPT 339)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Processing of Oils and Fats (FPT 339)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Processing of Oils and Fats

With the exception of oils such as winter green, mustard,

Vittae = glandular tubes ‫انابيب غدية‬

Cosmetics Cleaning Flavours

Dentistry Essential oils Adhesives

• With the development of analysis methods , the

• Egypt, India and Ceylon: Poor

Proximity to European markets

• Plants that must extract their aromatic oils in

The difference between spice and allspice

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.