TANVIR ANJUM

ROLL: 6413

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TERM PAPER
PROGRAM : B.Sc. In Civil Engineering
COURSE TITLE : Open Channel Flow

COURSE NO : CE 801

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO :
MD. TANVIR ANJUM ENGR.RABINDRA
RANJAN SAHA
ID NO. :WUB 10/18/75/6413
PEng. Associate Professor and Head
BATCH :75/A ;ROLL :6413 Department of Civil Engineering

SEMESTER : 7TH World university of Bangladesh

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11TH DECEMBER 2020

Page 1 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413

TERM PAPER
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
CE801
1.0. INTRODUCTION:
Open-channel flow, a branch of hydraulics and fluid mechanics, is a type of
liquid flow within a conduit or in channel with a free surface, known as a
channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types
of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: the free
surface. Open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not.

1.1. OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this course is to introduce Open Channel Flow to students,
explaining the types of open channel and their behaviours, the causes and
principles of such behaviours, and applications open channels, enabling the
students to identify the open channels, and to analyse, design and manage
some of the types.

1.2. OUTCOME OF THE COURSE:

 Ability to develop the open channel flow equations from the basic
conservation equations.
 Ability to explain the terms of the open channel flow equations and
explain the interactions among the terms
 Ability to solve open channel flow problems through the selection and
use of appropriate equations.
 Ability to explain the physical mechanisms of hydraulic jumps, surges,
and critical, uniform, andgradually-varying flows.
 Ability to explain and apply mathematical relationships for hydraulic
jumps, surges, and critical,uniform, and gradually-varying flows
 Ability to design culverts.

2.0. BODY OF THE TERM PAPER

Page 2 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
2.1. Hydraulic engineering:
Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned
with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One
feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force
to cause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is
intimately related to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and
levees, and to both sanitary and environmental engineering.

2.2. Application:
Common topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic
structures such as dams, levees, water distribution networks, water
collection networks, sewage collection networks, storm water management,
sediment transport, and various other topics related to transportation
engineering and geotechnical engineering. Equations developed from the
principles of fluid dynamics and fluid mechanics are widely utilized by other
engineering disciplines such as mechanical, aeronautical and even traffic
engineers.
Related branches include hydrology and rheology while related applications
include hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood management
plans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection,
and flood alleviation.

2.3. Open channel flow:

Open channel flow is a type of fluid flow with at least one free surface
subjected to the surroundings. The pressure is considered to be constant at
the surface and hydraulic streamlines are at the surface of fluid in open
channel flow. The water in the open channel is not fully covered by the rigid
boundaries. This is because a minimum of a single portion of channel will be
of free surface which is visible to the atmosphere. The open channel flows
are established in both small and large-scale applications.
The open channel flow is dependent of below properties,
• Cross-section of the channel
• Velocity of fluid flowing inside a channel
• Depth of flow

2.4. APPLICATION:

Page 3 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
 Rivers.
 Streams.
 Canals.
 water flowing through a culvert running underneath a street.
 flows in sewers.
 tunnels water treatment plants.
 storm sanitary sewer systems.
 industrial waste applications.
 sewage treatment plants.
 and irrigation systems.

2.5. CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:

Open-channel flow can be classified and described in various ways based
on the change in flow depth with respect to time and space.The fundamental
types of flow dealt with in open-channel hydraulics are:

 Time as the criterion

o Steady flow:

The depth of flow does not change over time, or if it can be assumed to be
constant during the time interval under consideration.

o Unsteady flow:The depth of flow does change with time.

 Space as the criterion

o Uniform flow:The depth of flow is the same at every section of the
channel. Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on whether
or not the depth changes with time, (although unsteady uniform flow is
rare).
o Varied flow:The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel.
Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady. Varied flow can
be further classified as either rapidly or gradually-varied:

Page 4 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
 Rapidly-varied flow

The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance.Rapidly

varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic
jump and the hydraulic drop.

 Gradually-varied flow

The depth changes over a long distance.

o Continuous flow

The discharge is constant throughout the reach of the channel under

consideration. This is often the case with a steady flow. This flow is
considered continuous and therefore can be described using
the continuity equation for continuous steady flow.

o Spatially-varied flow

The discharge of a steady flow is non-uniform along a channel. This

happens when water enters and/or leaves the channel along the course
of flow. An example of flow entering a channel would be a road side
gutter. An example of flow leaving a channel would be an irrigation
channel. This flow can be described using the continuity equation for
continuous unsteady flow requires the consideration of the time effect
and includes a time element as a variable.

2.6. STATE OF FLOW:

The behavior of open-channel flow is governed by the effects
of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow. Surface
tension has a minor contribution, but does not play a significant enough role
in most circumstances to be a governing factor. Due to the presence of a
free surface, gravity is generally the most significant driver of open-channel
flow; therefore, the ratio of inertial to gravity forces is the most important
dimensionless parameter.The parameter is known as the Froude number,
and is defined as:

Fr =
Page 5 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
where U is the mean velocity, D is the characteristic length scale for a
channel's depth, and g is the gravitational acceleration. Depending on the
effect of viscosity relative to inertia, as represented by the Reynolds number,
the flow can be either laminar, turbulent, or transitional. However, it is
generally acceptable to assume that the Reynolds number is sufficiently
large so that viscous forces may be neglected.

2.7. ENERGY AND BERNOULLI’S THEOREM:

The Bernoulli equation is an expression of the work–energy theorem: the

work done by the fluid pressure is equal to the change in kinetic energy of
the flow. Remember that, in cases like this, if the change in kinetic energy is
reversible a quantity called potential energy is defined as minus the work
done, and then the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy, often called
mechanical energy, is unchanged or conserved. Forces for which this is
true, like the fluid pressure in this case, are said to be conservative forces.
Gravity is a good example: a ball thrown upward gains potential energy on
its way up at the same rate it loses kinetic energy, if the frictional resistance
of the air is ignored. Frictional forces, on the other hand, degrade
mechanical energy into thermal energy (more commonly called heat or heat
energy).

The expanded Bernoulli equation the mechanical energy per unit volume of
fluid moving along a streamline, v2/2 +p + g h is constant. This can be
written a little more conveniently for our purposes as energy per unit weight
of fluid Ew. Because weight equals volume multiplied by ρg

E = v2/2g + / +h
2.8. CRITICAL FLOW WITH CRITERIA:
For a given specific energy and discharge per unit width q, there are two
possible (real) depths of flow, and that transition from one depth to the other
can be accomplished under certain situations. These two depths
represented on the two different limbs of the E-y curve separated by the
crest c, are characteristic of two different kinds of flow; a rational way to
understand the nature of the difference between them is to consider first the
flow represented by the point c. Here the flow is in a critical condition,
Page 6 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
poised between two alternative flow regimes, and indeed the word “critical "
is used to describe this state of flow; it may be defined as the state at which
the specific energy E is a minimum for a given q.

The criteria of critical flow are

(i) The specific energy and specific force are minimum for the given
discharge.

(ii) The Froude number is equal to unity.

(iii) For a given specific energy the discharge is maximum at the critical
flow.

(iv) The velocity head is equal to half the hydraulic depth in a channel of
small slope.

(v) The velocity of flow in a channel of small slope with uniform velocity
distribution, is equal to the celerity of small gravity waves (C gh = ) is
shallow water caused by local disturbance.

(vi) Flow at the critical state is unstable.

Critical flow may occur at a particular section or in the entire channel, then
the flow in the channel is called "Critical flow". y f A,D c = ( ) for a given
discharge.

For a prismatic channel for a given discharge the critical depth is constant
at all sections of a channel. The bed slope which sustains a given discharge
at a uniform and critical depth is called "Critical slope Sc". A channel slope
causing slower flow in sub critical state for a given discharge is called "sub
critical slope or mild slope". A slope greater than the critical slope is called
steep slope or super critical slope.

2.9. CHEZY’S FORMULA FOR OPEN CHANNEL FLOW:

Page 7 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
In fluid dynamics, the Chézy formula describes the mean flow
velocity of turbulent open channel flow. The formula is

V= C (RS)
Where V=mean velocity
R=hydraulic radius
S= slope of the energy line or bed slope and
C= a factor called Chezy’s

2.10.THE MANNING’S FORMULA:

In 1889 the Irish Engineer’ Robert Manning presented a formula for design
of channel in FPS which is latter modified as well known form:
V=(1/n)(R2/3 S1/2)in SI unit
Where, v=mean velocity in mps
R=Hydraulic radius in meter
V=(1.49/n)(R2/3 S1/2) in FPS

Where, V=mean velocity in fps,

R=hydraulic radius in ft and
S=bed slope of channel
n=coefficient of roughness,specially known as Manning’s n

Relation between Chezy’s and Manning’s formula

As per Chezy,V=C

Again as per Manning,V= (1/n)(R2/3 S1/2)

Where,n=Manning’s n

Hence combining Manning’s and Chezy’s formula

(1/n) (R2/3 S1/2)= C

C=[1/n{(R2/3 S1/2)]/

C=[1/n]R(-)1/

Page 8 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
2.11.NORMAL DEPTH, NORMAL VELOCITY AND NORMAL
DISCHARGE:

2.11.1. NORMAL DEPTH :

The depth of water in an open conduit that corresponds to uniform velocity

for the given flow. It is a hypothetical depth under conditions of steady
nonuniform flow, the depth for which the surface and bed are parallel; also
termed the neutral depth.

2.11.2. NORMAL VELOCITY:

The Normal Velocity adds an inward normal velocity vn(t) or specify the
acceleration v0(t) of the boundary. The part in the normal direction is used to
define the boundary condition. The condition is very similar to the Normal
Acceleration condition having the acceleration given by the time derivative of
the velocity an(t) = ∂vn(t)/∂t. This feature represents an external source term.
It can also be used to manually couple acoustics with a structural analysis
for modeling acoustic-structure interaction.
2.11.3. NORMAL DISCHARGE:

The discharge maintained due to the normal depth in a channel is called

normal discharge

Determination of the normal depth and velocity

Manning’s formula in FPS unit [A R2/3= nQ/(1.49 S)] is used for computation
of normal depth & normal velocity by using algebraic method.

2.12.Example :5-3
A channel having a bottom width 20 m, side slopes 2:1 , a depth of water 6
m and channel slope, S = 0.005 but a discharge of 3400 m3/s is observed
under given conditions (Figure below). Compute the values of Kutter’s n and
Manning’s n .

Page 9 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413

Y=6
m
B=20

Solution :
Given,
b = 20 m ,
y=6m ;
side slope, z = 2
discharge, Q = 3400 m3/s
S = 0.005

(a)To be calculated Manning’s and Kutter’s n

For the given trapezoidal section.
A = ( b + zy)y
A = (20 + 2×6)×6 = 192 m2
P = b + 2y √(1+z2) = 20+12 √(1+22 ) = 46.88
R = A / P = 192/46.88 = 4.10
Q = AV
V = Q/A = 3400/192 = 17.7 mps

(1) Calculation of Kutter’s n

We know the G.Kutter’s Formala as below:

Page 10 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
C = [ 23 + 0.00155/S + 1/ n] / [1+ {23 + 0.00155 / S}× {n/ √ R)}]
Again , C = V/√(RS) = 17.7/(√(4.10 × 0.005) = 123.62,
say C = 124
Putting the respective values of S, R and C in the above equation
= [ 23 + 0.00155/0.005 + 1/ n] / [1+ {23 + 0.00155 / 0.005}× {n/ √ 4.1)}]
124 = ( 23 + 0.31 + 1/n)/ {1+(23 + 0.31)(0.49n)
124 = ( 23.31+ 1/n) / (1 + 11.42 n
124 (1+ 11.42n) = (23.31n +1)/n
124 (n + 11.42n2) = 23.31 n+ 1
100.69 n + 1416.08 n2 - 1 = 0
1416.08 n2 +100.69 n - 1 = 0
The equation is a quadratic equation and has two values of n), like
ax2 + bx +c =0
x = [- b ± √ ( b 2– 4ac) ]/2a
n = [- 100.69 ± √ {100.692 – 4×1416.08 × (- 1)}]/
[2 x 1416.08]
n1 = [- 100.69 ± 125.71] /[ 2 x 1416.08]
n1 = [ -100.69 + 125.71]/[2832.16] = 0.009
n2 = [ - 100.69 – 125.71 ]/ [2832.16] = - 0.08
The value of n2 can not be negative
Hence the value of Kutter’s n = 0.009

(2) Calculation of Manning’s n

Using Manning’s Formula-(Unit in SI)
Q = [1/n][ A R⅔ S½ ]

Putting respective values in the above equation : we, get ,

Page 11 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
3400 = [1/n] ×[192 × ( 4.10) ⅔ (0.005)½ ]
3400 n = 1× 192 × 2.561 × 0.0707 = 34.77
n = 34.77/3400 = 0. 010
Ans. Kutter’s n = 0.009 and
Manning’s n = 0.010

2.13.Example 5-6
A trapezoidal channel has base width b = 20 m and side slopes 1 H :1 V.
The channel Manning’s roughness coefficient n = 0.014 and channel bottom
slope S = 0.0002 . Compute

(a) the depth of uniform flow if discharge Q = 430 m3/s

(b) the state of flow

Solution

Given, n = 0.014 S = 0.0002, and Q = 430 m3/s and side slopes; 1: z = 1:1

(a) Calculation of uniform flow depth, y

Manning’s equation may be used

yn

B=20

Q = (1/n) A R⅔ √S

Page 12 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
A R⅔ = nQ/√S
= 0.014 ×430 /(√0.0002)
= 425.68
A = (b+zy)y = (20+y)y
P = b +2y√(1+z2) = 20 + 2y√2
Now LHS = A R⅔
= (b+zy)y [{(b+zy)y} / {b +2y√(1+z2)}]2/3
Using algebraic method, by trial and error
y A P R=A/P(m) R⅔ LHS= RHS Remarks
(m) (m2) (m) A R⅔
5.0 125.00 34.1 3.66 2.37 296.25 425.68 Far
6.15 160.82 37.4 4.30 2.66 427.78 y -
closest

Hence the uniform depth, y = 6.15 m

(b) Computation of State of flow
Using equation of Froude Number, F = Vavg /√gD
For trapezoidal channel, T = b + 2zy , here z = 1
D=A/T; T = b + 2y = 20+ 2×6.15 = 32.3m
A = 160.82 m2
D = 160.82 / 32.3 = 4.98 m
V = Q /A = 430 / 160.82 = 2.67 mps
F = 2.67 / √gD = 2.67/ √(9.81 × 4.98)
F = 0.38 < 1.0

The flow is sub critical

2.14.Example 5- 4(A):

Page 13 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
A trapezoidal channel with b = 20 ft, z = 2, S0 = 0.0016 and n = 0.025,
carries a discharge of 400 cfs. Compute the normal depth and velocity and
critical depth. Hence state the flow properties.

Solution

To be calculated (a)normal depth (b) normal velocity and (c)critical depth (d)
state of flow

As per data given in the question the figure may be as shown

yn

B=20

Given

n = 0.025, S0 = 0.0016, and Q = 400 cfs, z=2

(a) To be computed normal depth, yn

Using Manning’s Formula: section factor, A R⅔

A R⅔ = n Q /(1.49√S) .............................Eq-1

From Eq-1

RHS = n Q /(1.49√S)

putting respective values – in the above Equation

RHS = 0.025* 400 /(1.49√0.0016) = 167.78

LHS = A R⅔

= [( b+ z yn) yn] * [{( b+ z yn) yn }/ {b + 2 yn √( 1 +z2 )}] ⅔..... Eq-2

Page 14 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Using Algebraic Method: Trial and Error method:

1st Trial : yn = 3.00 ft , Putting in Eq -2

LHS =A R⅔

= [(20 + 2*3)*3] * [{(20+ 2* 3) 3}/{20+ 2 * 3 √( 1 +22 )}] ⅔ =137.4

2nd Trial: yn = 3.5 ft

LHS =A R⅔

= [(20 + 2*3) *3] * [{(20+ 2* 3) 3} / {20+ 2 * 3 √( 1 +22 )}] ⅔ =181.0

3rd Trial: yn = 3.30ft

LHS =A R⅔

= [(20 + 2*3.3) *3.3] * [{(20+ 2* 3.3) 3.3} /{20+ 2 * 3.3 √( 1 +22 )}] ⅔

=162.6

4th Trial : yn = 3.36 ft

LHS =A R⅔

= (20 + 2x3.36) *3.36 * [{(20+ 2* 3.36) 3.36}]/[20+ 2 * 3.36 √( 1 +22 )] ⅔

= 168.0

Fill up the following table with trial values and comments:

yn(normal LHS =A R⅔ RHS = n Q Remarks

depth) /(1.49√S)
(ft)
1st trial ,3.00 137.4 167.78 LHS too small
2nd trial, 3.50 181.0 167.78 LHS too large
3rd trial, 3.30 162.6 167.78 LHS -nearer
4th trial ,3.36 168.0 167.78 LHS almost
equal

From the above Table the normal depth, yn = 3.36 ft

(b) Normal velocity

Page 15 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Q = 400 cfs (given) , We know,

Normal velocity, Vn = Qn /A

Putting respective values in the Equation above-

Vn = 400 / (20+ 2*3.36) 3.36 = 4.46 fps

(d) Determination of State of flow

Here, critical depth yc = 2.15 ft < yn (= 3.36 ft)

since we know, yc < yn sub critical

So, the flow is sub critical

2.15.Problems of uniform flow Computation:

Uniform flow Computation Using Two Equations

(1) Continuity Equation

Q=AV

(2) uniform flow formula (Mannings formula)

Manning’s formula involves the followings six variables:

1. Normal discharge Q
2. Mean velocity of flow V
3. Normal depth y
4. Coefficient of roughness, n
5. Channel slope, S
6. Geometric elements that depend on the shape of the channel section,
such A and R When any four of the above variables are
given,remaining two can be computed by using the above two
equations are as cited below:

V= (1.49/n) x Rc 2/3 (Sc)1/2 and Q = AV

Problems of uniform flow Computation are:

Page 16 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
1 To compute the normal discharge: In practical applications, the
capacity of a given channel or form the construction of a synthetic
rating curve of the channel
2 To determine the velocity of flow. It is often required the study of
scouring and silting effects in a given channel.
3 . To compute the confident of roughness: - The computation is used
to ascertain the roughness coefficient in a given channel, the
coefficient thus determined may be used in another similar channel.
4. To compute the channel slope – This is required to adjust the slope
of the given channel
5. To determine the dimensions of the channel This computation is
mainly required for design purposes.

Gradually varied flow:

Nonuniform open-channel flows for which the changes in depth and velocity
are slow enough in the downstream direction that the vertical distribution of
fluid pressure from the free surface to the bottom is not much different from
hydrostatic are called gradually varied flows.

Since, S0 = Channel bed slope for uniform flow depth y0,

dy = Water depth variation for the dx canal reach,
d (V2 /2g) = Velocity head variation for the dx reach.
Writing the energy equation between the cross-sections 1 and 2 in figure
dx+ y+ v2/2g = ( y+dy) + V2 /2g + d( V2 /2g) + Se dx

S0 dx- S edx = dy + d (V 2/2g)

So – Se = dy/dx + d/dx ( V /2g)

dy/dx =( S0 – Se )/1+ d/dy( V2/2g)

Page 17 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413

V2/2g = Q2 / 2gA y2
dA = T (y) dy

[ ]=- =

=- =-

dy/dx =

2.16.Example 7-1
A trapezoidal channel having b=20 m, side slope, 2:1, S0 = 0.0016 and n =
0.025 carries a discharge of 400 cumecs. Compute the backwater profile
created by a dam which backs up the water to a depth of 5 m immediately
behind the dam. The upstream end of the profile is assumed at a depth
equal to 1% greater than the normal depth (4.20 m). The energy coefficient
⍺ = 1.10

Solution:

Given, Channel slope: S0 = 0.0016

Page 18 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
n = 0.025

Q = 400 cumecs

Back water depth = 5 m

⍺ = 1.10

side slope =2:1 (z:1)

To be Calculated backwater flow profile and Length of channel reach, L.

Z
B=20

We know, equation for profile of longitudinal Channel section:

dy/dx = S0 [1 – (Kn / K)2 ] / [1 – ( Z c / Z) 2 ]

It is required to calculate Kn , K , Zc and Z from the following equations

Kn = Q / √S0

K = 1×A R⅔ /n (in SI unit)

Z = √(A3 / T)

Zc = Q/ √(g/⍺)

Hydraulic Radius, R = y( b + zy) / [b+2y {√(1+ z2)}]

Hydraulic Depth, D = A/T

Area A = (b + zy)

For calculation of critical depth, yc

Putting the respective value in the above two equations for D and A, we get

Page 19 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
D = y(10+y)/ (10 + 2y) and A = y(20 + 2y)

V2 = Q2 / A2 = [400 / ( 20+2y)y] 2

Calculation of critical depth, we know,

V2 /2g = D /2

putting the respective value in the above equation, we get

[1/2g] [400 / {(20+2y)y }]2 = [y(10+y)/ (10 + 2y)]/2

By trial and error, yc = 3.1 m (as calculated earlier- Lecture -6

Calculation of critical section factor, Zc

Putting the respective values in equation Zc = Q/√(g/⍺) ,

we get

The section factor Zc = Q/√(g/⍺) = 400 / √(9.81/1.1) =134

Similarly, normal conveyance Kn

Putting the respective values in equation Kn = Q / √ S , we get

Conveyance, Kn = Q / √ S = 400 / √0.0016 = 10.000

Now alculation of cross sections:

Cross section- 1 , for y = 5m

K = 1×A R⅔ /n

Z = √(A3 / T)

T = 20 + 2×2×5 = 40 m , A = 5(20+2×5) = 150 m2

P = b+ 2x5 x √(1+22 ) = 42.36 m

R = A/P = 150/42.36 = 3.54 m

R⅔ = 3.54⅔ = 2.323

Now put the respective values in K = 1×A R⅔ /n for K

K = 1×A R⅔ /n = 1×150 × 3.54⅔ /0.025 = 13937

Page 20 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Similarly,

Z = √(A3 / T) = √(1503 / 40) = 290.49

Hence putting the values of

Kn , Zc Z and K in the following equation

dy/dx = S0 [1 – (Kn / K)2 ] / [1 – ( Z c / Z) 2 ]

dy/dx = 0.0016 [1 – (10000 / 13937)2 ] / [1 – ( 134 / 290.49) 2 ]

dy/dx = 9.92 × 10-4

dx/dy = 1008

Similarly for different values of depth 5m up to 1% greater than the normal

depth yn(4.20m) i.e. 4.20× 1.01 = 4.23 m we can calculate the values of
segment distance x and adding all these segment distance Length of
channel L can be determined. as follows :

Y (m) P (m) A(m2) R (m) R⅔ K Z dX/dy ∆X X (m)

5.00 42.4 150 3.54 2.33 13937 290.49 1008 - -
4.90 41.95 146.02 3.48 2.30 13433 280.40 1069 104 104
4.80 41.50 142.08 3.42 2.27 12901 270.50 1172 112 216
4.70 41.06 138.18 3.37 2.25 12436 260.48 1321 125 341
4.60 40.61 134.32 3.31 2.22 11928 251.21 1500 141 482
4.50 40.16 130.50 3.25 2.20 11484 241.84 1797 165 647
4.40 39.71 126.72 3.19 2.17 10999 232.63 2463 213 860
4.23 38.95 120.38 3.10 2.13 10256 216.93 6458 714 927
4.19 38.82 119.28 3.07 2.11 10067 214.75 - - -

Cross section 1

In between the depth 5m to 4.9

dy = 5 - 4.9 = 0.10m

Elementary distance dx calculation

Page 21 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Average of dx/dy between the depth 5m and 4.9 m

Average of dx/dy = (1008 + 1069)/2 = 1038.5

So, dx = 1038.5x dy = 1038.5 x 0.1 m = 104 m

(2) Cross Section -2 with y = 4.90 m and

y = 4.80 m

Similarly Calculation of dx between the depth 4.9 m and 4.8m

Average of

(dx/dy ) x dy = {(1069+1172)/2} x (4.9 - 4.8)

dx = 112 m

Similarly,

(3) Cross Section-3 with y = 4.80 m and 4.70 m and so on

As per Freeboard criteria when Q > 85 m3/s then Freeboard = 0.90

Here Discharge, Q = 400 m3/s , so use freeboard = 0.90 m

Profile draw

Calculation of vertical (elevation z )

Slope = 0.0016 = 1 / H , H = 1/00016 = 625 m

Length of slope =

square root of ( 625^2 + 1^2) = 625.0008 m

So vertical height(z) for design bed length

= 927/625.0008 = 1.48 m

Page 22 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413

2.17.Local phenomenon: ( add figure)

The change of Sub critical to supercritical flow or vice versa occurs for which
corresponding depth changes from a high stage to low stage and vice versa
frequently in a channel flow and flow is rapidly varied are called local
phenomenon
The phenomenon accomplished by larger scale turbulence, dissipating most
of the kinetic energy of supercritical flow.
Where this phenomenon occurs?
1 in a canal below a regulating sluice
2 at the bottom of a spillway or
3 at a place where a steep channel slope suddenly turns flat.

Types of Local Phenomenon

Local Phenomenon= Two types
Page 23 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
1. Hydraulic drop
2. Hydraulic jump
1.Hydraulic Drop

The rapid changes in depth of flow from high stage to low stage causes
steep depression in the water surface and the phenomenon that causes an
abrupt change in the channel slope or cross section is known as hydraulic
drop.
2. Hydraulic jump

The local phenomenon at which the rapid change in the depth of flow is from
a low stage to a high stage there is abrupt rise of water surface is called the
hydraulic jump

The free over fall

Initial depth: The depth of flow in The special case of the hydraulic drop
that occurs where the bottom of flat channel is discontinued. As the free over
fall enters the air in the form of a nappe, there will be no reverse curve in the
water surface until it strikes some object at a lower elevation.
channel before jump is called the initial depth (y1).

Sequent depth: The depth of flow in channel after the jump is called the
sequent depth(y2 )
Practical application of hydraulic jump
1. To dissipate energy in water flowing over dams , weirs, and other
hydraulic structures.

 To increase weight on an apron and thus reduce uplift pressure under

a masonry structure by raising the depth of water on the apron
 To recover head or rise the water level on the downstream side of a
measuring flume.
 To increase the discharge of a sluice by holding back tail water since
the effective head will be reduced if the tail water is allowed to drown
the jump.

Page 24 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
 To indicate special flow conditions, such as the existence of
supercritical flow or the presence of a control section so that a gauging
station may be located
 To mix chemicals used for water purification
 To aerate water for city water supplies and
 To remove air pocket from water-supply lines and thus prevent air
locking.
 Hydraulic jump in rives are often used as recreation as for examples -
fun/sport by Kayaker (Kayak is a kind of light boat –Kayaker means
kayak race) and canoers i.e. who travels in canoe (a small, light,
narrow boat, pointed at both ends and moved using a paddle)

Types of the hydraulic jump

Two types
1.Undular jump
2.Direct jump

Undular jump:
If the jump is low, that is the change in depth is small, the water will not
rise obviously and abruptly but will pass from the low stage to the high
stage through a series of undulations gradually diminishing in size.
This low jump is called undular jump.

Direct jump:
When the jump is high that is, the change in depth is great, the jump is
called a direct jump. The energy content in the flow after the jump is
appreciably less than that before the jump.

Types of jump according to Froude Number

The hydraulic jump is classified as per USBR (United States Bureau of

Reclamation) depending on Froude number of the incoming flow as 6 (six)
types
Types of Hydraulic Jump (contd.)
(1) F1 = 1, the flow is critical, and hence no hydraulic jump

Page 25 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
(2) F1 = 1 to 1.7, the water surface shows undulations and the jump is called
an undular jump

(3) F1 = 1.7 to 2.5 a series of small rollers develop on the surface of the jump
but downstream water surface remains smooth. The velocity throughout is
fairly uniform and the energy loss is low. This jump may be called weak jump

(4) F1 = 2.5 to 4.5, an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface to
and back again with no periodically. Each oscillation produces a large wave
of irregular period which very commonly in canals, can travel for miles doing
unlimited damage to earth banks and ripraps. This jump may be called an
oscillating jump

(5) For F1 = 4.5 to 9.0 , the downstream extremity of the surface roller and
the point at which the high-velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at
practically the same vertical section. The action and position of this jump are
least sensitive to variation in tail water depth. This jump is well-balanced and
the performance is at its best. The energy dissipation ranges from 45 to 70
%. This jump is called a steady jump

(6) F1 ≥ 9.0, the high velocity jet grabs of water rolling down the front face of
the jump, generating waves downstream and a rough surface can prevail.
The jump action is rough but effective since the energy dissipation may
reach 85%. This jump may be called a strong jump

2.18.Example 12-1

Page 26 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Water flows in a rectangular channel that contains a sluice gate. The
upstream depth of flow is 1.50 m, the sluice gate opening is 0.62 m and the
unit discharge is 1.0 m2/s. Determine the flow depth downstream of the
sluice gate and draw specific energy curve.

Solution

Given; The upstream depth, y1 = 1.50 m ; The sluice gate opening , = 0.62
m

Unit discharge, q = 1.0 m2/s

Since energy is conserved at sluice gate, the upstream and downstream

energies are equal or E1 = E2

To be determined downstream flow depth, y2

The specific energy equation from Bernoulli’s theorem

E = y + (q2/2y2 g )

Now the alternate depth equation

y2 = 2y1 / { -1 + √( 8gy13/ q2)}

y2 = 2 ×1.50 / { -1 + √( 8g×1.503/ 12)}= 0.20 m

Compare specific energies at upstream (y1) and downstream (y2) depths to

demonstrate conservation of energy (E1 = E2)

Specific energy at upstream

E1 = y1 + q2/(2y12 g ) = 1.50 + 12/(2×1.502 g ) = 1.52 m

Specific energy at downstream

Page 27 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
E2 = y2 + q2/(2y22 g ) = 0. 20 + 12/ (2×0.202 g ) = 1.52 m

Hence, E1 = E 2 ; i.e. energy is conserved at upstream and downstream

water.

2.19.Example 12-3
Channel section rectangular, initial depth (y1) 1.20 m. Calculate height of
hydraulic jump and length of jump. Also determine sequent depth. Velocity is
9 m/s.

Solution

Height of jump, hj = ½ y1{√(1+8F12) -3}

F1 = V/√gy1 = 9//√9.81×1.2 = 2.62

y2 = ½ ×1.2{ √(1+8×2.622) -1}= 3.88

hj = y2 –y1 = 3.88 -1.20 = 2.68 m

or

hj = ½ y1{√(1+8F12) -3} = ½ ×1.2×{√(1+8×2.622) -3} = 2.68 m

Page 28 of 29
 TANVIR ANJUM
ROLL: 6413
Length of jump

Lj = 220 ×y1 ×tanh× (z)

F1 = V/√(gy1) = 9 /√(9.81×1.2) = 2.62

F1 > 1 i.e. the flow is supercritical

z = (F1-1) /22 = (2.62 -1) /22 = 0.074

Lj = 220 ×1.2×tanh (0.074) = 19.54 m

3.0. CONCLUSION’S:
After completing this course we have learn about open channel flow and its
classification,Velocity and pressure distributions, energy equations and
specific energy,Critical flow and control, principles of flow measurement and
devices,Concepts of uniform flow, Chezy's and Manning's equations and
their application,Computation of uniform flow, momentum equation and
specific momentum,Hydraulic jump and its,mechanism,Theory and analysis
of gradually varied flow,Computation of flow profile,Design of channel and
hydraulic structures. Now in real life we make full use of this course. After
the completion of this course we will be able
1.to understand flow of water and different flow patterns, flow mechanism
and channel geometry
2. to develop the open channel flow equations from the basic conservation
equation
3. to solve open channel flow problems through the selection of appropriate
equations and apply the physical mechanism of hydraulic jump
4 .to determine gradually varied flow and design channel with hydraulic
structures.

Page 29 of 29