Laboratory Manual: Gujarat Technological University Bachelor of Engineering

Silver Oak Group of Institutes
Silver Oak College of Engineering & Technology

Aditya Silver Oak Institute of Technology
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

(2160602)
6th SEMESTER
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Laboratory Manual
(APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS) PRACTICAL BOOK
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PREFACE
Applied Fluid Mechanics is becoming more and more versatile in its own way as a subject and a
field of engineering itself. The main aim of studying this subject is to develop basic
understanding for solving field problems related to fluid flow through
pipes, open channels, turbo-machines and perform model analysis.
After successful completion of the course the students shall be able to:
1. Analyze fluid flow through pipes in series, parallel and pipe networks under laminar and
turbulent flow conditions
1. Analyze and design streamlined objects considering boundary layer effects.
2. Analyze open channel flow and design optimal sections; calculate forces on sluice gates
considering specific energy and momentum principle.
3. Understand, analyze and study the performance characteristics of hydraulic machines
4. Carry out model studies for fluid flow problems
The laboratory work would comprise of qualitative, physical and analytical techniques which
would be used to measure the parameters of above given categories.
ii
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Attend the lab hours regularly, because ultimately the practical work is a great resource
to knowledge.
2. Each and every student must have separate laboratory manuals with them. Students
without the laboratory manuals would not be allowed in the laboratories.
3. Maintain the utmost discipline within the laboratories.
4. Handle the instruments with utmost care as they are very delicate and sensitive.
5. Any losses and damage to laboratory belongings has to be borne by the respective
student/s.
6. Use the laboratory equipments and instruments as per the instructions given to assure the
safety of equipments as well as students and faculties.
7. Submit the lab manuals punctually in stipulated time. Late submissions would not be
entertained.
iii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr./Ms.......................................................................................................................
with enrolment no. ................................................................ has successfully
completed his/her laboratory experiments in the Applied Fluid Mechanics
(2160602) from the department of ................................................................ during
the academic year ............... -........
Date of Submission: ......................... Staff in charge: ...........................
Head of Department: ...........................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No
Marks
Sr. Date of Date of
Experiment Title Sign (out of
No Start Completion
10)
To From
1 Rectangular Notch
2 Triangular Notch (V – Notch)
3 Venture Flume
4 Broad Crested Weir
5 Spillway
6 Electrical Analogy Apparatus
Hydraulic Jump Apparatus

7 (Standing Wave Flume
Apparatus)
Losses In Pipe Fitting

8
Apparatus
v
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
RECTANGULAR NOTCH
1.1 AIM
Study and calibrate the given Rectangular notch.
1.2 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
Measurement of flow in flume is essential for better management of supplies of water.

Hydraulic structures such As weirs are emplaced in the channel. They are used to determine
the discharge indirectly from measurement of the flow depth.
A notch is an opening in the side of measuring tank or reservoir extending above the free
surface. A weir is a notch on a large scale, used, for the measurement of discharge in free
surface like a river. A weir is an orifice placed at the water surface so that the head on its
upper edge can be different shapes-rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal etc. A triangular weir
is particularly suited for measurement of small discharge.
1.3 RECTANGULAR NOTCH
The discharge over an submerged rectangular sharp- crested notch is defined as:
Q = ×Cd× (2g)0.5 ×H3/2

1.4 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
The pump sucks the water from the sump tank, and discharges it to a large flow channel. The
notch is fitted at the end of channel. All the notches and weirs are interchangeable. The water
flowing rate over the flow channel can be measured using flow meter and simple stop watch
provided.
The following notch is provided with the apparatus:
Rectangular notch (Crest length L = 0.100m)
1.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1) Fit the required notch in the flow channel.

2) Fill up the water in the sump tank.
3) Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water starts flowing over the
notch.
4) Take down the initial reading of the crest level (sill level)
5) Let the water level become stable and note down the height of water surface at the
upstream side by scale.
6) Take the reading for different flow rates.
1.6 OBSERVATIONS
Sr No Still level reading ‘s’ Water height on upstream side ‘h’ Discharge
meter meter Qa
3
m / sec
Silver Oak college of Engineering & Technology Page 7

1) Head over the notch,
H= ‫ ׀‬h – s ‫ ׀‬m
2) Actual Discharge,
Qa = m3 / sec.
Crest length of notch, L = 0.25 m
3) Now Theoretical Discharge,
Qth = Q = ×Cd× (2g)0.5 ×H3/2
4) Co-efficient of discharge
Cd = =
1.7 CONCLUSION
Average Cd given rectangular notch is

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 2
TRIANGULAR NOTCH (V- NOTCH)
2.1 AIM
Study and calibrate the given V Notch.
Measurement of flow in flume is essential for better arrangement of supplies of water.
Hydraulic structures such as weirs are emplaced in the channel. They are used to determine
the discharge indirectly from measurements of the flow depth.
A notch is an opening in the side of a measuring tank or reservoir extending above the free
surface. A weir is a notch on a large scale, used, for the measurement of discharge in free
surface flows like a river. A weir is an orifice placed at the water surface so that the head on
its upper edge is zero. Hence, the upper edge can be eliminated, leaving only the lower edge
named as weir crest. Weir can be different shapes- rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal etc. A
triangular weir is particularly suited for measurement of small discharge.
2.3 TRIANGULAR NOTCH
The rate of flow over a triangular weir mainly depends upon the head H, relative to the crest
of the notch; measured upstream at a distance about 3 to 4 times H from the crest. For
triangular notch with apex angle Ꝋ, the rate of flow Q is obtained from the equation,
Q = Cd×( ) ×(2g)0.5 ×tan( ) H5/2.

Here, Cd is termed the coefficient of discharge of triangular notch.

The pump sucks the water from the sump tank, and discharges it to a large flow channel. The
notch is fitted at the end of channel. All the notches and weirs are interchangeable; the water
provided.
The following notch is provided with the apparatus:

Triangular notch (Notch angle - 600)
1) Fit the required notch in the flow channel.

2) Fill up the water in the sump tank.
3) Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water starts flowing over the
notch.
4) Take down the initial reading of the crest level( sill level)
upstream side with scale.
2.6 OBSERVATION
Sr. Sill level reading ‘s’ Water height on upstream side Discharge Qa (m3/sec)
No meter ‘h’ meter

2.7 CALCULATIONS

H= ‫ ׀‬h – s ‫ ׀‬m
Qa = m3 / sec.
3) Theoretical discharge,
0.5
Qth = Q = Cd×( ) ×(2g) ×tan( ) H5/2
4) Co-efficient of discharge,
Cd =
2.8 COCLUSION
Average Cd of given Triangular notch is .

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 3
VENTURI FLUME
3.1 AIM
Find the discharge trough given Venturi-meter.
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

The experimental setup consists of tilting flume.
Wide = 25 cm
Deep = 30 cm
Stabilizing tank = 40 cm (2 no)
Total length of flume = 3m
Visual observation test section = 2200 mm
3.3 VENTURIMETER

Where,
C= Co-efficient of discharge through venture = 0.92
Δρ = ρa - ρb
ρ = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Da = Diameter at inlet = 25 mm = 0.025 m
Aa = 4.906× 10-4 m2
Db = Diameter at outlet = 15 mm = 0.015 m
Ab = 10766× 10-4
Q= m3/sec.
3.4 CONCLUSION
Discharge through Venturimeter is

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 4
BROAD CRESTED WEIR
4.1 AIM
To study and calibrate the given broad crested weir.
Measurement of flow in open channel is essential for better management of supplies of water.
Hydraulic structures such as weirs are emplaced in the channel. They are used to determine
the discharge indirectly from measurements of the flow depth.
A flume is an opening in the side of a measuring tank or reservoir extending above the free
surface. A weir is a flume on large scale, used, for the measurement of discharge in free
surface flows like a river. A weir is an orifice placed at the water surface so that the head on
its upper edge is zero. Hence, the upper edge can be eliminated, leaving only on the lower
edge named as the weir crest. A weir can be different shapes- rectangular, triangular,
trapezoidal etc. a triangular weir is suited for measurement of small discharges.
4.3 BROAD CRESTED WEIR
A broad crested weir is flat-crested structure, with a long crest compared to the flow
thickness. When the crest is broad, the streamlines become parallel to the crest invert and the
pressure distribution above the crest is hydrostatic. Practical experience showed that the weir
overflow is affected by the upstream flow conditions and the weir
For measuring discharge we generally use the following formula:-
Q = (1.7) Cd × L×H3/2

The pump sucks the water from the sump tank, discharges it to a large flow channel. The
notch is fitted at the end of channel. All the notches and weirs are interchangeable. The water
provided.
The following weir is provided with the apparatus:
Broad crested weir (Crest length L = 250mm)
1) Fit the broad crested weir in the flow channel.

2) Fill up water in the sump tank.
3) Now start the pump and open the gate valve slowly so that water starts flowing over notch
4) Take down the initial reading of the crest level(sill level)
upstream side by scale.

4.6 OBSERVATION
Sr. Sill level reading ‘s’ Water height on upstream Discharge Qa

No meter side ‘h’ mts m3/sec
4.7 CALCULATIONS

H = ‫ ׀‬h - s ‫׀‬m
Qa = m3/sec.
Crest length of notch L = 0.25 m
3) Theoretical Discharge,
Qth = 1.7.H3/2
4) Co-efficient of discharge ,
Cd =
4.8 CONCLUSION
Average Cd of given broad crested weir is .

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
SPILLWAY
5.1 AIM
Study and calibrate the given spillway.
Measurement of flow in open channel is essential for better management of the supplies of
the water. Hydraulic structures such as weirs are emplaced in the channel. They are used to
determine the discharge indirectly from measurements of the flow depth.
A notch is an opening in the side of the measuring tank or reservoir extending above the free
surface. A weir is a notch on a large scale, used, for the measurement discharge in free
surface flows like a river.
A weir is an orifice placed at the water surface so that the head on its upper edge is zero.
Hence, the upper edge can be eliminated, leaving only the lower edge named as weir crest.
5.3 SPILLWAY
It is a special type of weir, generally used as a spillway of dam as shown in figure. The crest
of an spillway weir slightly rises up from the point (i.e., crest of the sharp-crested weir) and
after reaching the maximum rise and falls in a parabolic form as shown in figure.
Q = √ C×L×H3/2
Where, C= Co-efficient of spillway

The pump sucks the water from the water tank, and discharges it to flow channel. The notch
is fitted at the end of channel. All the notches and weirs are interchangeable. The water
flowing rate over the flow channel can be measured using floe meter and simple stop watch
provided.
The following weir is provided with apparatus:
Spillway weir (Crest length L= 250 mm)
1) Fit the spillway weir in the flow channel.

2) Fill up water on sump tank.
3) Now start the pump and open the valve so that water starts flowing over the open
channel.
4) Take down the initial reading of the crest level (sill level)
5) Let the water level becomes stable and note down the height of water surface at the
upstream side by the sliding depth gauge.
5.6 OBSERVATION
Crest length = 250mm = 0.250m
Sr. Sill level reading ‘s’ Water height on upstream Discharge Qa

No meter side ‘h’ m3/sec

H = ‫ ׀‬h-s ‫ ׀‬m
Qa = m3/sec.
Crest length of notch L = 0.25 m
3) Now theoretical Discharge,
Qth = Q = √ C×L×H3/2
4) Coefficient of Discharge,
Cd =
5.7 CONCLUSION
Average C of given spillway weir is .

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 6
ELECTRICAL ANALOGY APPARATUS

6.1 AIM
Basic aim of this apparatus/setup is to verify the very fundamental flow net rule- ‘flow lines
and the equipotential lines must always intersect at right angles’.
6.2 DESCRIPTION
As we know, ground water flows through the voids in a soil which are interconnected. This
flow may be called seepage, since the velocities are very small. Also such water flows from a
higher energy to a lower energy and behaves according to the general principles of fluid
mechanics.
Energy consideration from fluid mechanics:
H = total head
= pressure head
H = +z
= velocity head
Z = elevation head
6.3 AN ENERGY EQUATION FROM FLUID MECHANICS
The velocities of water flowing through the voids in a soil are very small, and the velocity
head in the previous equation may be neglected. Therefore, for flow of water in soil the
equation is:
H = total head
H= +z = pressure head

Z = elevation head
6.4 A FLOW NET
A flow net is a combination of flow lines and equipotential lines that satisfy Laplace’s
equation and boundary conditions.
6.5 FLOW LINES
A flow line is the path a water particle would follow in moving from upstream head to
downstream head.
6.6 EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
An equipotential line is a line along which the total head, h is a constant value. It is similar to
contour line, except that total head is constant, rather than elevation.
6.7 RULES FOR FLOW NET CONSTRUCTION
1) Draw the situation to scale.

2) Establish the equipotential lines.
3) Establish the flow lines.
4) Flow lines and equipotential lines must always intersect at right angles.
5) Flow lines always follow boundary conditions.
Here, we have provided a very simple set up to demonstrate all above so that students can get
a clear idea about the same i.e. basic flow net.
This setup basically consists of a tank formed using a Perspex or acrylic sheet. Here one can
use distilled water as conducting medium inside the same will remain intact. Here
accommodate the copper plates at two ends as well as in between also. Such arrangement is
based on the fact that velocity potential as well as electrical potential will follow laplace
equation for a rotational flow.

Copper plates are having facility to couple D.C. potential using easy to operate banana pins.
Top of this entire arrangement is having slider trolley type, hand operated arrangement so as
move the potential tracker terminal/ probe in X & Y direction, within the tank area. And such
motion is well guided with scales so as to get the relative X & Y co-ordination.
Also a simple electrical panel is providing with this setup which comprises of a variable
voltage power supply, a digital voltmeter & other misc. Terminals etc.
Before continuing with actual experiment, students are requested to go through the next –
operating operation.
6.8 OPERATING INSRUCTION
1) Following steps are required to be flowed & ensured, before connecting supply mains to
experimental module/chassis.
a) Ensure that acrylic tank is instinct & leak proof.
b) Ensure that is filled with distilled water.
c) Ensure that end or mild copper plates are properly placed and connected on the
electrical set up. One copper plate or +ve voltage terminal and other copper plate to
black or –ve voltage (ground) terminal/ whereas tracker probe to input point/ terminal
on the panel. (Either to use end to mid plates at a time.)

d) Ensure that voltage setting pot is at min. Position.
e) Trolley type tracer arrangement is well fitted and resting at its initial position.
f) Mains on / off switch is off.
2) Connect 230V A.C. -50Hz – mains supply to the panel. This mains supply must be free of
fluctuation and with good earthling.
3) Just once again ensure all the steps given above are followed.
4) Now switch on panel with mains switch – ‘on’.
5) Set @12V using voltage setting pot and digital read out.
6) Now move tracker probe to any nearby end position either on left hand – on axis i.e.
width wise- and note it for – e.g. 120 mm. Always remember that its position we should
be nearby to +ve terminal connected copper plate. And we can assume that currently
other copper plate with –ve terminal is at mid position.
7) Now in mind decide no. Of potential steps you will be following with moving tracker
probe. For example 12 steps.
8) This means across the length of the tank (y-axis) you will be trying to locate 1V volts
difference steps in a sequential meter.
9) Now move the tracker in Y axis you direction and stop at 1st potential step. i.e. 11volts
(12V-v X 1) – and note it for e.g. 12mm.
10) Continue locating all steps till reach your final step. However please do not forget to note
corresponding Y axis reading in mm, keeping X axis constant throughout.
11) Now move tracker probe to any midpoint position for e.g.200 mm. However always
remember that initially we either from left or right hand – on X axis i.e. width wise- and
note it should get back to original starting position time w.r.t Y-axis.
12) Now follow the same steps i.e. from 8 to 10.
13) Now move tracker probe to any other end point position either from left or right hand on
X – axis. i.e. width wise – and note it for e.g. – 280mm. However always remember that
initially we should get back to original starting position every time w.r.t. Y axis.
14) Now follow the same steps i.e. from 8 to 10.
6.9 OBSERVATION
1) Initial test voltage properly adjusted.

2) Note down the respective readings.
6.10 FOR BASIC FLOW NET: USE RECTANGULAR SHAPE
X in mm vs Y in mm vs Voltage step in V
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
 Here always keep co-ordinate constant for each set i.e. ends & mid/center positions &
track Y co-ordinate.
 Resultant graph reflects that –flow lines and equipotential lines always intersect at right
angles.

FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
HYDRAULIC JUMP APPARATUS STANDING WAVE

FLUME APPARATUS)
7.1 AIM
To study the flow characteristics of hydraulic jump in a horizontal rectangular open channel.
In engineering applications, the hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from

spillways or sluice gates where flow velocities are high. In design applications, the engineer
is concerned primarily the occurrence, size and location of the jump.
A hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower
velocity, creating a rather abrupt rise in depth. The rapidly varying water surface is typically
accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying and surface undulations. The international

formation of hydraulic jump in hydraulic structures is to dissipate excess potential energy in
order to safe guard structure against overturning and scouring action.
A parameter that further can be used to characterize critical flow is the Froude number, Fr,
expresses as
F=
Where,
V =velocity of flow
g = gravitational acceleration
y = hydraulic depth
The Froude number further characterizes subcritical flow as follows:
Fr > 1 Supercritical flow
 Disturbances travel downstream

 Upstream water levels are unaffected by downstream controls.
Fr < 1 Subcritical flow
 Disturbances travel upstream and downstream

 Upstream water levels are affected by downstream controls.
7.3 PRACTICAL APPLICATION

1) It is useful to prevent the scouring action in hydraulic structures like spillways, canal,
outlet works, sluice gates etc.
2) It is use to:
 Increase the head in downstream side of canal.
 Reduction of lift pressure.
 Extraction of air from closed conduits.
3) Due to its turbulence, it can also use as mixing device to mix chemicals in chemical
industries, water treatment and waste water treatment plants and colours in textile
industries.

4) It serves as aerator in water and waste water treatment plant.
5) It maintenance the head required on the downstream side of measuring of flume.
6) The site of a jump in a channel is an ideal location for purpose of flow in inlet tank.
7.4 PROCEDURE
1) Switch ON the pump and gradually close bypass valve to allow water flow in inlet tank.
2) Measure the width of channel.
3) Gradually lower the sluice gate and adjust outlet gate so that a stable hydraulic jump
forms on the downstream of the sluice gate.
4) Measure the water levels in channel with the help of external scale just in front of the
hydraulic jump & behind the hydraulic jump at a section where flow is approximately
uniform, (y1 & y2).
5) Measure discharge of flow in the channel .(Q)
6) Calculate velocity of flow before jump V1 =
7) Calculate Froude number for velocity flow Fr1 =
8) Calculate the velocity & Froude number of flow. V2 =
9) Calculate the E1 & E2 of hydraulic jump.

10) Repeat for different discharges.
11) Repeat for different discharge.
7.5 OBSERVATION
Width of channel bed, B = 0.25m

Discharge Q = m3 /sec.
Sr. No Height before jump Y1(m) Height after jump Y2(m)

7.6 CONCLUSION
FOR CALCULATION

EXPERIMENT NO: 8
LOSSES IN PIPE FITTING APPARATUS
8.1 AIM
Determine loss coefficients for different pipe fittings.
8.2 THEORY
While installing a pipeline for conveying a fluid, it is generally not possible to install a long
pipeline of same size all over a straight for various reasons, like space restrictions, aesthetics,
location of outlet etc. Hence, the pipe size varies and it also changes its direction. Also,
various fittings are required to be used. All these variations of sizes and the fittings cause the
loss of fluid head.
Losses due to change in cross- section, bends, elbows, valves and fittings of all types fall into
the category of minor losses in pipelines. In long pipe line, the friction losses are much larger
than these minor losses and hence, the latter are often neglected. But, in shorter pipelines,
their consideration is necessary for the correct estimate of losses.
The minor loses are, generally expressed as
HL= KL (V2/2g)
Where, HL is the minor loss (i.e. head loss) and KL, the loss coefficient, which is practically
constant at high Reynolds’s number for particular flow geometry. V is the velocity of flow in
the pipe (in case of sudden contraction, V is the velocity of flow in the contracted section).
Alternately For an abrupt enlargement of the pipe section, however, use of the continuity
equation, Bernoulli’s equation and Momentum equation yields
HL = ={ ( ) } = KL
Here, V2 and V are the velocities of flow in the larger diameter (=D) and the smaller diameter
(=d) pipes respectively.

8.3 APPARATUS
The experimental setup consists of a pipe of diameter about 24.3 mm fitted with
1) a right angle bend

2) an elbow
3) a Gate Valve
4) a sudden expansion (larger pipe having diameter of about 24.3 mm) and
5) a sudden contraction (from about 24.3 mm to about 13.8 mm)
Sufficient length of the pipeline is provided between various pipe fittings. The pressure taps
on either side of these fittings are suitably provided and the same may be connected to a multi
tube manometer bank. Supply to the line is made through a storage tank and discharge is
regulated by means of outlet valve provided near the outlet end.
8.4 PROCEDURE
1) Fill up sufficient clean water in the sump tank

2) Fill up mercury in the manometer
3) Connect the electric supply. See that the flow control valve and bypass valve are fully
open and all the manometer cocks are closed. Keep the water collecting funnel in the
sump tank side
4) Start the pump and adjust the flow rate. Now slowly open the manometer tapping
connection of small bend. Open both the cocks simultaneously
5) Open air vent cocks. Remove air bubbles and slowly & simultaneously close the cocks.
Note down the manometer reading and flow rate.
6) Close the cocks and similarly, note down the readings for other fittings. Repeat the
procedure for different flow rates.

8.5 OBSERVATIONS
TYPE OF FITTING– ELBOW
Flow rate (time for 10 cm rise in water

Sr. No. Manometer diff. mm of Hg
column) t in sec
TYPE OF FITTING– BEND

column) t in sec
TYPE OF FITTING– VALVE

column) t in sec

TYPE OF FITTING– SUDDEN CONTRACTION

column) t in sec
TYPE OF FITTING– SUDDEN EXPANSION

column) t in sec
8.6 CALCULATIONS
8.6.1 ELBOW
In elbow, there is no change in the magnitude of velocity of water but there is change in the
direction of water, hence head loss exists
Diameter of the elbow, d= 21.34 mm= 0.02134 m
For elbow, mean area A= (π/4) d2= 3.58 × 10-4 m2
Mean velocity of flow, V= Q/A m/s
Where, Q= 0.3× 0.4× 0.1/time m3/ sec
Therefore, Loss of head at elbow
hL= KL(V2 /2g) m of water
Where, hL= Manometer diff (m) × 12.6

8.6.2 PIPE BEND
Similar to elbow, loss of head at bend is due to change in the direction of water. But unlike
the elbow, change of direction is not abrupt hence loss if head is les compared to elbow
Diameter of bend d= 21.34 mm= 0.02134 m
For bend, mean area A= (π /4) d2= 3.58 ×10-4 m2
Mean Velocity of flow V= Q/A m/sec.
Where Q= 0.3× 0.4× 0.1/ time m3/sec
Loss of Head at bend, hL= KL (V2/2g)
Where, hL= Manometer Diff. (m) × 12.6
8.6.3 VALVE
For Gate Valve, mean area A= (π /4) d2= 3.58 ×10-4 m2
Diameter of valve opening d= 21.34 mm= 0.02134 m
Mean Velocity of flow V= Q/A m/sec.
Where Q= 0.3× 0.4× 0.1/ time m3/sec
Loss of Head at bend, hL= KL (V2/2g)
Where, hL= Manometer Diff. (m) × 12.6
8.6.4 SUDDEN CONTRACTION
Inlet size (dia.)= 33.4mm = 0.0334 m
Therefore Ai= 8.76× 10-4 m2
Outlet size (dia.)= 21.34 mm= 0.02134 m
Therefore Ao =3.58×10-4 m2
Where, Q= discharge= 0.3× 0.4× 0.1/ time m3/sec

Ai and Ao= inlet and outlet area respectively m2
In sudden contraction losses are dependent largely on the diameter of smaller pipe i.e., Inlet
diameter
Theoretically, hLc= KL (Vo2/ 2.g)
8.6.5 SUDDEN EXPANSION
Inlet size (dia.) = 21.34 mm= 0.02134 m
Therefore Ai= 3.57 ×10-4 m2
Outlet size (dia.) = 33.4 mm= 0.0334 m
Therefore Ao= 8.76 ×10-4 m2
Where, Q= discharge= 0.3× 0.4× 0.1/ time m3/sec
Ai and Ao= inlet and outlet area respectively m2
In Sudden Expansion losses are dependent largely on the diameter of smaller pipe i.e., Outlet
diameter
8.7 RESULT TABLE
Sudden Sudden
Sr. No. Bend Elbow Valve
Contraction Expansion
hL KL hL KL hL KL hLc KL hLe KL

8.8 CONCLUSION
Average values of the loss co efficient for various pipe fittings, as obtained experimentally,
are as follows:
PIPE FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENT, KL
1) Bend _________________
2) Elbow _________________
3) Valve _________________
4) Sudden Contraction _________________
5) Sudden Expansion _________________

FOR CALCULATIONS

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Silver Oak Group of Institutes

Silver Oak College of Engineering & Technology

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

pipes, open channels, turbo-machines and perform model analysis.

This is to certify that

with enrolment no. ................................................................ has successfully

completed his/her laboratory experiments in the Applied Fluid Mechanics

(2160602) from the department of ................................................................ during

the academic year ............... -........

Date of Submission: ......................... Staff in charge: ...........................

Head of Department: ...........................................

2 Triangular Notch (V – Notch)

4 Broad Crested Weir

6 Electrical Analogy Apparatus

Hydraulic Jump Apparatus

Losses In Pipe Fitting

Study and calibrate the given Rectangular notch.

1.2 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

Measurement of flow in flume is essential for better management of supplies of water.

1.3 RECTANGULAR NOTCH

Q = ×Cd× (2g)0.5 ×H3/2

The following notch is provided with the apparatus:

Rectangular notch (Crest length L = 0.100m)

1.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1) Fit the required notch in the flow channel.

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Qth = Q = ×Cd× (2g)0.5 ×H3/2

Average Cd given rectangular notch is

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2.3 TRIANGULAR NOTCH

Q = Cd×( ) ×(2g)0.5 ×tan( ) H5/2.

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The following notch is provided with the apparatus:

2.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1) Fit the required notch in the flow channel.

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1) Head over the notch,

Average Cd of given Triangular notch is .

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3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

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Discharge through Venturimeter is

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BROAD CRESTED WEIR

To study and calibrate the given broad crested weir.

4.2 INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

4.3 BROAD CRESTED WEIR

For measuring discharge we generally use the following formula:-

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The following weir is provided with the apparatus:

Broad crested weir (Crest length L = 250mm)

4.5 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1) Fit the broad crested weir in the flow channel.

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