On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules

relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of
atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed macroscopic, meaning that
which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural
elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.
Select one:
True
False
At room temperature, the fracture toughness of glass is greater than nylon.
Select one:
True
False
Whenever a new material is developed, its potential for harmful and toxicological
interactions with humans and animals must be considered. Small nanoparticles have
exceedingly large surface area–to–volume ratios, which can lead to high chemical
inertness.
Select one:
True
False
Many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (that is, plastic), which means
they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively active
chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments. One major drawback to
the polymers is their tendency to soften and or decompose at modest temperatures,
which, in some instances, limits their use.
Select one:
True
False
Unlike these other materials, nanomaterials are not distinguished on the basis of their
chemistry but rather their size; the nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these
structural entities are on the order of a nanometer ( 10−910−9 meters)—as a rule, less
than 100 nanometers (nanometer; equivalent to the diameter of approximately 100
atoms).
Select one:
True
False
alumina aluminum
At room temperature, is stiffer than .
At room temperature, the tensile strength of carbon steel is greater than that of a 24
carat golden ring.
Select one:
True
False
materials scientist
From a functional perspective, the role of a is to develop or synthesize
materials engineer
new materials, whereas a is called upon to create new products or
systems using existing materials, and or to develop techniques for processing
materials scientist
materials. wanted to know how the composition and microstructure
materials engineer
affect the superconducting behavior. would find a way to make long
materials scientist
wires for power transmission. would examine steel at a microscopic
level to determine if its properties can be altered to meet all of these
materials scientist
requirements. also would have to process this material into a car
chassis in a cost-effective way.

At room temperature, the fracture toughness of concrete is greater than aluminum alloy.
Select one:
True
False
sensor
Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of (which detects
actuator
an input signal) and an (which performs a responsive and adaptive
actuator
function). may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or
mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and or
magnetic fields.

Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace
diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances
and must be compatible with body tissues (that is, must not cause adverse biological
reactions). Semiconductors— may be used as biomaterials.
Select one:
True
False

Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between those of

conductors metals insulators
electrical (that is, ) and (that is, ceramics
polymers
and ).
 Check

Poly(vinyl chloride has ______ electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.

Select one:
a. low
b. high
Polymers materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (that is,
have low electrical conductivities), and are more resistant to high temperatures and
harsh environments than metals.
Select one:
True
False
Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the
thousands that are available. The final decision is normally based on several criteria.
Probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished
product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is
prohibitively expensive. The cost of a finished piece also includes overhead cost to
produce the desired shape.
Select one:
True
False
mechanical metals
With regard to characteristics, are relatively stiff and

strong, yet are ductile (that is, capable of large amounts of deformation without

fracture), and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their widespread use in

structural applications.
Check

materials scientist
From a functional perspective, the role of a is to develop or
materials engineer
synthesize new materials, whereas a is called upon to create new
products or systems using existing materials, and or to develop techniques for processing
materials.
At room temperature, density of rubber is greater than that of PVC.
Select one:
True
False
In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in
the science and engineering of materials—namely, processing and
performance. Performance refers to different ways for shaping materials into useful
components or changing their properties.
Select one:
True
False

PS and silicone rubber materials typically have low densities, whereas their mechanical
characteristics are generally dissimilar to those of the metallic and ceramic materials—
they are not as stiff or strong as these other material types.
Select one:
True
False
Prior to the advent of nanomaterials, the general procedure scientists used to
understand the chemistry and physics of materials was to begin by studying large and
complex structures and then investigate the fundamental building blocks of these
structures that are smaller and simpler. This approach is sometimes termed up-down
science.
Select one:
True
False
Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, common ceramic
materials include alumina, silicon dioxide, carborundom, silicon nitride and, in addition,
what some refer to as the traditional ceramics those composed of clay minerals such as
porcelain, as well as cement and glass.
Select one:
True
False
titanium aluminum
At room temperature, is stiffer than .
Another technologically important material is the carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (C F R
P) composite—carbon fibers that are embedded within a polymer. These materials are
stiffer and stronger than polystyrene–reinforced materials but more expensive.
Select one:
True
False
Carbon nanotubes are used to store data on magnetic tapes.
Select one:
True
False

Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most
frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, common ceramic materials
.include alumina,, silica and, in addition, what some refer to as the traditional
ceramics—those composed of clay minerals porcelain, as well as cement and glass.
Select one:
True
False

With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—
metals and ceramics
stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the .
Check

The notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are
exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen
subjected to forces will experience deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect
light. It means a description of the arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of
detail. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a
specific imposed stimulus.
Select one:
True
False
Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term
materials of the future (that is, smart materials and nanoengineered materials). These
advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been
enhanced and also newly developed, high-performance materials.
Select one:
True
False
All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what
transparent
we call a single crystal—that is, has a high degree of perfection—which is .
The center one is composed of numerous and very small single crystals that are all connected;
the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the
translucent
printed page, which makes this material optically . Finally, the specimen on
the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large
number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected
opaque
light and render this material .
At room temperature, density of concrete is greater than that of glass.
Select one:
True
False

One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small glass
fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester). The
glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle), whereas the polymer is more
flexible. Thus, fiberglass is relatively stiff, strong, and flexible. In addition, it has a high
density.
Select one:
True
False

piezoelectric ceramics
expand and contract in response to an applied electric field

(or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are

altered.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner, and in
comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively light.
Select one:
True
False

With the development of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of

individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to design and build new
structures from their atomic-level constituents, one atom or molecule at a time (that is,
“materials by design”). This ability to arrange atoms carefully provides opportunities to
develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise
possible. We call this the top-up approach.
Select one:
True
 False

Structure is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the
structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with
their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or
molecules relative to one another.
Select one:
True
False
Metallic
materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these

electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of these materials are

directly attributable to these electrons.

At room temperature, the tensile strength of a 24 carat golden necklace is greater than
glass.
Select one:
True
False
Nanocomposite grains that are used for hard disk drives.
Select one:
True
False
iron glass
At room temperature, is stiffer than .