CE 121

Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 03
Unit I: Sections of Solid
Plan, elevation and views on sections of simple solids like
prisms, pyramids, cones and cylinders. True shape of
sections, sections of simple engineering structures

Semester II, 2018|2019

25 March, 2019 ~ 05 July, 2019
18 May, 2019
 CE 121
Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 03
Unit I: Sections of Solid
Plan, elevation and views on sections of simple solids like
prisms, pyramids, cones and cylinders. True shape of
sections, sections of simple engineering structures

Semester II, 2015|2016

21 March, 2016 ~ 01 July, 2016
18 April, 2016
 CE 121
Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 03
Unit I: Sections of Solid
Plan, elevation and views on sections of simple solids like
prisms, pyramids, cones and cylinders. True shape of
sections, sections of simple engineering structures

Semester II, 2014|2015

21 March, 2016 ~ 01 July, 2016
18 April, 2016
 CE 121
Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 03
Unit I: Sections of Solid
Plan, elevation and views on sections of simple
solids like prisms, pyramids, cones and cylinders.
True shape of sections, sections of simple
engineering structures

Semester II, 2013|2014

10 March, 2014 ~ 20 June, 2014
1
May - June, 2014
 Section Views
Sectional drawings are multiview technical drawings that
contain special views of a part or parts, views that reveal
interior features.
Used to improve clarity and reveal interior features of
parts.
Sectioned technical illustrations are used to describe
interior features of complicated assemblies.
A primary reason for creating a section view is
the elimination of hidden lines, so that a drawing
can be more easily understood or visualized.
 Section Views
• Traditional section views are based on the use of an
imaginary cutting plane that cuts through the object to
reveal interior features.
• This imaginary cutting plane is controlled by the designer
and can (a) go completely through the object (full
section); (b) go half-way through the object (half section);
(c) be bent to go through features that are not aligned
(offset section); or (d) go through part of the object
(broken-out section).
CUTTING PLANE LINES – which show where the cutting plane
passes through the object, represent the edge view of the
cutting plane and are drawn in the view(s) adjacent to the
section view.
In the figure the cutting plane
line is drawn in the top view,
which is adjacent to the
sectioned front view.
Cutting plane lines are thick
(0.7 mm) dashed lines, that
extend past the edge of the
object 6 mm and have line
segments at each end drawn
at 90 degrees and
terminated with arrows.
The arrows represent the direction of the line of sight for the section view and
they point away from the sectioned view. Two types of lines are acceptable
for cutting plane lines in multi-view drawings
Line B-B is composed of alternating long and two short dashes, which is
one of the two standard methods.

The length of the long dashes varies according to the size of the drawing, and
is approximately 20 to 40 mm.

For a very large section view drawing, the long dashes are made very long to
save drawing time. The short dashes are approximately 3 mm long.

The open space between

the lines is approximately
1.5 mm. Capital letters are
placed at each end of the
cutting plane line, for
clarity or when more than
one cutting plane is used
on a drawing.
The second method used for cutting plane lines is shown by line
C-C, which is composed of equal-length dashed lines. Each
dash is approximately 6 mm long, with a 1.5 mm space
between.
If the cutting plane line is in the same position as a center
line, the cutting plane line has precedence.
 Types of Cutting Planes and
Their Representation

• Frontal or Vertical Cutting/ Section Plane

• Horizontal Cutting/ Section Planes
• Profile Cutting / Section Planes
• Auxiliary Section Plane
– Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP)
– Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AVP)
• Oblique Section Plane
In this figure, the
cutting plane appears
as an edge in the
top view and is
normal in the front
view; therefore, it is a
frontal cutting plane
or Vertical Section
Plane.
The front half of the
object is "removed"
and the front view is
drawn in section.
If the cutting plane
appears as an
edge in the front
view and is
normal in the top
view, it is a
horizontal
cutting/section
plane.

The top half of the

object is "removed"
and the top view is
drawn in section.
If the cutting plane
appears as an edge
in the top and front
views and is normal
in the profile view, it
is a profile
cutting/section
plane.

The left (or righ) half

of the object is
"removed" and the left
(or right) side view is
drawn in section.
Multiple sections can be
done on a single object, as
shown in the figure. In this
example, two cutting planes
are used: one a horizontal
and the other a profile cutting
plane. Both cutting planes
appear on edge in the front
view, and are represented by
cutting plane lines A-A and
B-B, respectively. Each
cutting plane will create a
section view, and each
section view is drawn as if
the other cutting plane did
not exist.
 Section Line Practices

Section lines or cross-hatch lines are added to a section view to

indicate the surfaces that are cut by the imaginary cutting plane.

Different section line symbols can be used to represent various types

of materials.

However, there are so many different materials used in engineering

design that the general symbol (i.e., the one used for cast iron) may
be used for most purposes on engineering drawings.

The actual type of material required is then noted in the title block or
parts list or as a note on the drawing.

The angle at which lines are drawn is usually 45 degrees to the

horizontal, but this can be changed for adjacent parts shown in the
same section. Also the spacing between section lines is uniform on a
section view.
Material Symbols
The type of section line used to represent a surface varies according to
the type of material.
However, the general purpose section line symbol used in most
section view drawings is that of cast iron.
The specific type of steel to be used will be indicated in the title block or
parts list.
Occasionally, with assembly section views, material symbols are used to
identify different parts of the assembly.
Drawing Techniques The general purpose cast iron
section line is drawn at a 45-
degree angle and spaced 1.5
mm to 3 mm or more,
depending on the size of the
drawing. As a general rule, use
3mm spacing. Section lines
are drawn as thin (.35 mm)
black lines, using an H or 2H
pencil.
The section lines should be
evenly spaced and of equal
thickness, and should be
thinner than visible lines
Also, do not run section lines
beyond the visible outlines or
stop them too short
Section lines should not run parallel or perpendicular
to the visible outline.

If the visible outline to be sectioned is drawn at a 45-

degree angle, the section lines are drawn at a different
angle, such as 30 degrees.
Avoid placing dimensions or notes within the
section lined areas. If the dimension or note must
be placed within the sectioned area, omit the
section lines in the area of the note
Outline Sections

An outline section
view is created by
drawing partial
section outlines
adjacent to all
object lines in the
section view. For
large parts,
outline sectioning
may be used to
save time.
Thin Wall Sections

Very thin parts such as washers and gaskets are not

easily represented with section lines, so
conventional practice calls for representing the thin
part in solid black.

Gasket is drawn solid black to show

that it is sectioned
Section lined
areas are
bounded by
visible lines,
never by
hidden lines,
because the
bounding lines
are visible in
the section
view
 Points of Intersection (POI)

• Whenever a section plane cuts a solid, it

intersects (and or coincides with) the edges
of solids. The point at which the section
plane intersects an edge of the solid is
called the point of intersection (POI).
A section view is created by passing an imaginary cutting plane
vertically through the center of the part. This figure is a 3D
representation of the part after it is sectioned. This section view more
clearly shows the interior features of the part. The corners of the
section view are numbered so that they can be compared with the
orthographic section view.
The line of sight for the section view is perpendicular to the
cut surfaces, which means they are drawn true size and
shape in the section view. Also, no hidden lines are drawn
and all visible surfaces and edges behind the cutting plane
are drawn as object lines.
All the surfaces touched by the cutting plane are marked with
section lines. Because all the surfaces are the same part, the
section lines are identical and are drawn in the same direction.
The center line is added to the counter bored hole to complete
the section view.
 Types of Section Views

• Full sections
• Half sections
• Offset sections
• Broken-out sections
• Revolved sections
• Removed sections
 Full Section View

• In a full section view,

the cutting plane cuts
across the entire
object

• Note that hidden lines

become visible in a
section view
 Full Section View
• Show cutting plane in the top view – New line type –

• Make a full section in the front view

• Note how the cutting plane is drawn and how the
crosshatching lines mark the surfaces of material cut
by the cutting plane.
 Half Section View

• The cutting planes

do not cut all the
way through to the
object.

• They cut only half

way and intersect at
the centerline.
 Half Section View

Half Section is used

mainly for symmetric
objects
 Offset Sections

Offset sections are

used to show interior
features that do not
lie along a straight
line
Offset Sections
Offset Sections
 Broken Out Sections

A broken-out
section view is
created by breaking
off part of the
object to reveal
interior features
Broken Out Sections

Hidden lines are used only when

needed for clarity.
 Revolved Sections
Revolved sections show the
shape of an object's cross-section
superimposed on a longitudinal
view

pipe

Beam
Any part with an odd number of spokes or ribs will give an
unsymmetrical and misleading section if the principle of true
projections are strictly adhered to.
1) The spoke is rotated to the path of the vertical cutting plane
and then projected on the side view.
2) Neither of the spokes should be sectioned (hatched).
 Section of solids
• Section plane parallel to VP ( cube)
• Section plane parallel to HP ( prism, pyramid)
• Section plane inclined to VP ( Pyramid, cylinder)
• Section plane for which its true shape is given
• Sectional views for a complex object
 Section plane parallel to VP
Draw the projection
of the solid without
section plane. (i.e. top
view and front view
according to the
given conditions).

Then introduce the

section plane in the
top view. As it is
parallel to the VP, is
seen as a line in top
view.

Carry it to the front

view.
 Section plane parallel to HP
A triangular prism, side of base 30 mm and axis 50 mm long is lying on the HP on one
of its rectangular faces with its axis inclined at 30° to the VP. It is cut by a horizontal
section plane at a distance of 12 mm above the ground. Draw its front view, side view
and sectional top view.

Draw the projections of the un-cut prism. As the section plane is parallel to HP, it will be seen as a
straight line parallel to XY in the front view. Project the section to the top view.
 Section plane parallel to HP…..
A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and axis 65 mm long, has its base
horizontal and an edge of the base parallel to the VP. A horizontal section plane
cuts it at a distance of 25 mm above the base. Draw its front view and sectional top
view.
Section plane Inclined
to VP

A pentagonal pyramid has

its base on the HP. Base of
the pyramid is 30 mm in
side, axis 50 mm long. The
edge of the base nearer to
VP is parallel to it.
A vertical section plane,
inclined at 45 to the VP,
cuts the pyramid at a
distance of 6 mm from the
axis.
Draw the top view,
sectional front view and the
auxiliary front view on an
AVP parallel to the section
plane.
 Sections of Cylinders: Section plan inclined to the base
Problem.1 A cylinder of 40 mm diameter, 60 mm height and having its axis
vertical is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the VP, inclined at 45 to
the HP and intersecting the axis 32 mm above the base. Draw its front
view, sectional top view, sectional side view and the true shape of the
section
 Practice Example-1: A cube of 70 mm long edges has its vertical
faces equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by an AIP in such a way that
the true shape of the cut part is a regular hexagon. Determine the
inclination of the cutting plane with the HP. Draw FV, sectional TV and
true shape of the section.
Step-1 Draw TV and FV of
the cube as shown.
Step-2 As the true shape of
the section is a hexagon,
the cutting plane must cut
the prism at 6 points.
Obviously, the cutting
plane will cut two edges of
the top, two edges of the
base and two vertical
edges. The POIs at two
vertical edges will be
farthest from each other.
These points will represent
the two opposite corners of
the hexagon and the
distance between them will
be equal to b( b1)– d( d1).
Practice Example 2: Example
for a complex object: Draw the
sectional FV, TV and SV of the
object shown in Figure below

A A
 CE 121
Computer Aided Drafting

Lecture 03
Unit I: Sections of Solid
Plan, elevation and views on sections of simple solids like
prisms, pyramids, cones and cylinders. True shape of
sections, sections of simple engineering structures

Semester II, 2015|2016

21 March, 2016 ~ 01 July, 2016
18 April, 2016