Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

DRUG ABUSE
2019
PREVALENCE SURVEY
DRUG ABUSE
PREVALENCE SURVEY
2019
RESEARCH, DATA, AND INFORMATION CENTER

NATIONAL NARCOTICS BOARD
2020
ISBN : 978-623-93034-4-0
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

Copyright @2020
Editorial Board :
Supervisor : Drs. Agus Irianto, S.H., M.Si, M.H.
Advisor : Dwi Sulistyorini, S.Si., M.Si
: Drs. Masyhuri Imron, M.A
Chief Editor : Siti Nurlela Marliani, SP., S.H., M.Si
Team Members : Dr. Fajri Alihar
Drs. Ari Wahyono, M.Si
Dr. Robert Siburian, S.E, M.Si
Devi Asiati, M.S.
Dewi Harfina, S.Si, M.Si
Usman, S.Ag, M.A.
Muhammad Nur Prabowo,M.Phil
Muhamad Saefulloh Rahman, S.S, M.H.
Sri Lestari, S.Kom., M.Si
Novita Sari, S.Sos., M.H
Erma Antasari, S.Si
Sri Haryanti, S.Sos., M.Si
Quazar Noor Azhim, A.Md
Tri Sugiharto, S.Kom
Cover & Content Designer : Indoyanu Muhamad
All rights reserved.

It is prohibited to quote or reproduce parts or all of the contents of this book
without written permission from the Publisher.
Publisher :
Research, Data, and Information Center
National Narcotics Board of the Republic of Indonesia
MT. Haryono Road No. 11 Cawang, East Jakarta
Email : puslitdatin@bnn.go.id.
Call Center : 184
SMS Center : 081221675675
Website : www.bnn.go.id

Foreword
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

May peace be upon us.
T he development of drug abuse handling in

Indonesia currently has been illustrated in
drug abuse prevalence rate which is measured
periodically. The handling of drug abuse requires
an evident based-policy through the Prevention
and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit
Trafficking (P4GN) program. One of the elements
to formulate this program is an accurate
research data which can describe the current
complex and dynamic drug issue. One of the data is the prevalence rate
as the result of the survey carried out by National Narcotics Board and
Research Institute.
In 2019, National Narcotics Board in cooperation with Culture and

Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) has
carried out a National Survey on Drug Abuse in 34 Provinces in 2019.
For the publication of this research, the book of Drug Abuse Prevalence
Survey 2019 is written.
The essence of this book is the situation and condition of drug

abuse in Indonesia in 2019 including the drug abuse prevalence rate (ever
used and current use) in national and provincial level. Furthermore, the
book also contains information on drug abuse such as the influencing
factors, risky behaviors, drug related knowledge, and the Prevention and
Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking program intervention.
Through this book, I have the expectation that all stakeholders

both the Ministries/Institutions and society would understand the latest
situation of drug abuse in Indonesia and could utilize the survey data
to support the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit
Trafficking program. Therefore, the policy framework in the Prevention
and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking implementation will
have the impact in reducing drug abuse prevalence rate.
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 i

Foreword
In this opportunity, I would like to convey our gratitude to Indonesian

Institute of Sciences as the supervisor of research functions and all
related stakeholders taking the role in formulating this survey book for all
the efforts that enable us to publish the book on time.
Thank You.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Jakarta, February 2020

Head of National Narcotics Board
Drs. Heru Winarko, S.H
ii Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

Preface
Praise be to God the Almighty for his grace and guidance to us for
completing the Book Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019. This book is
written based on the National Survey of Drug Abuse in 34 provinces in
2019. The survey is the cooperation between Center of Research, Data
and Information of National Narcotics Board and Culture and Society
Research Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).

The book contains a complete result of Drug Abuse National Survey
in 34 Provinces in 2019. The survey involves regional government and
related institution, university, school and community. We would like
to convey our gratitude to all related parties for the contribution in
the research. We would like to deliver our gratitude as well to Head of
Provincial Narcotics Board (BNNP) and Head of Regency/City Narcotics
Board (BNNK) in all regions in Indonesia for the support in the survey.

We do hope that this book would contribute to stakeholders in
improving the Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit
Trafficking (P4GN) program in Indonesia.
Jakarta, February 2020
Editorial Board
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 iii

iii
Table of Contents
FOREWORD i
PREFACE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF GRAPHICS xiv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background 3
1.2. Issues 9
1.3. Objective 10
1.4. Theoritical Framework 10
1.5. Methodology 18

CHAPTER II. RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS 25
2.1. Status of Respondents 27
2.2. Respondent’s Residence 33
2.3. Parents’ Background 36
CHAPTER III. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY OF

THE DANGER OF DRUGS 43
3.1. Drug Prone Neighborhood 45
3.2. Drug Prone Location and Occupation 56
CHAPTER IV. THE PERCEPTION OF DRUGS AND ATTITUDES

TOWARD DRUG ABUSE AND DISTRIBUTION 61
4.1. Perception of Drugs 63
4.2. Attitudes Toward Drug Abuse 68
4.3. Attitudes Toward Drug Illicit Trafficking 84
CHAPTER V. DRUG ABUSE AND RISKY 107

5.1 Drug Abuse Prevalence 109
5.1.1. National Prevalence Rate 111
5.1.2. Provincial Prevalence Rate 121
5.2. Types of Consumed Drugs 140
5.3. Reason in Using Drugs 144
5.4. Sources to Obtain Drugs 146
5.5. Place to Use Drugs 153
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Table of Contents
5.6. Impact of Drug Abuse 153

5.7. Risky Behavior Towards Drug Abuse 164
5.8. The Attitudes of Drug Users If Being Entangled by The Law 168
CHAPTER VI. INTERVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT

TRAFFICKING PREVENTION AND ERADICATION
PROGRAM (P4GN) 171
6.1. Knowledge about P4GN Program 174
6.2. Involvement and Understanding of the P4GN Program 191
6.3. P4GN Program Implementation 207
6.4. Knowledge about The Rehabilitation Center 224
CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 233

7.1 Conclusion 235
7.2 Recommendation 241
7.2.1 Prevention 241
7.2.2 Community Empowerment 242
7.2.3 Rehabilitation 243
APPENDICES 247
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 v

List of Tables
Table 1.1 Survey Location, Number of Cluster and Sample Size

in 34 Provinces 20
Table 2.1. Respondents According to Gender 27
Table 2.2. Respondents According to Age 28
Table 2.3. Respondents’ Marital Status 29
Table 2.4. Respondents According to Their Status in the Household 30
Table 2.5. Level of Education Completed by Respondents 31
Table 2.6. Respondents’ Main Activity 32
Table 2.7. Respondents’ Residence Pattern 33
Table 2.8. Respondents Residence 34
Table 2.9. Proximity of Respondents’ Residence to the Market or
Bus Terminal 35
Table 2.10. Proximity of the Workplace to the Market or Bus Terminal 35
Table 2.11. Parental Status 37
Table 2.12. Parents’ Educational Level 38
Table 2.13. Parents’ Employment 40
Table 2.14. Emotional Relationships with Others 41
Table 2.15. Communication with Parents or Siblings 42
Table 3.1. Social Problems Around the Residence 46
Table 3.2. Drug Abuse Potential Due to Social Problems in The
Environment 47
Table 3.3. The Existence of Community Members Around The
Residence Who Use Drugs 49
Table 3.4. The Existence of Community Members Who Become
Drug Dealers in The Neighborhood 50
Table 3.5. The Existence of Drug Couriers in The Neighborhood 51
Table 3.6. The Existence of Community Members in The
Neighborhood Who are Dealing with Law Enforcement
Officer Due to Drug Problems 52
Table 3.7 . The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Users 53
Table 3.8. The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Dealers 53
Table 3.9. The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Couriers 54
Table 3.10. The Existence of Friends Who Deal with Law Enforcement
Officer Because of Drug Problems 55
Table 3.11. Hang Out with Peers 55
Table 3.12. The Habit of Hanging Out with Friends Outside Working
Hours 56
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vi Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019
List of Tables
Table 3.13. Places Considered to be Drug Prone Use Based on

Respondent Residence 57
Table 3.14. Occupations that are Considered Prone to Drug Use and
Distribution Based on Respondents’ Residence 59
Table 4.1 Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Residence 65
Table 4.2. Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Gender 66
Table 4.3. Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Education
Level 67
Table 4.4. Attitude If Offered to Use Drug Based on Urban-Rural Area 69
Table 4.5. Attitude When Offered to Use Drugs According to Gender 70
Table 4.6. The attitude if offered to Use Drugs According to Education
Level 71
Table 4.7. Attitude If Offered to Use Drugs According to Age 72
Table 4.8. Attitude If Offered Drugs for Free According to Residence 73
Table 4.9. Attitude if Ofered Drugs for Free According to Gender 74
Table 4.10. Attitude If Offered Drugs for Free According to Education 75
Table 4.11. Attitude If Offered Drugs for Free According to Age 76
Table 4.12. Attitude If There Are Friends Using Drugs According to
Residence 77
Gender 77
Table 4.14. Attitude If There Are Friends Using Drugs According to Age 78
Table 4.15. Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Use Drugs
According to Respondents’ Residence 79
Table 4.16. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Use
Drugs According to Gender 80
Table 4.17. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Use
Drugs According to Education Level 81
Table 4.18. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Using
Drugs According to Age 82
Table 4.19. Attitude If Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs According to Urban/
Rural Area 82
Table 4.20. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs According to Gender 83
Table 4.21. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs According to Age 83
Table 4.22. Attitudes When Requested to Deliver Drugs to Others
According to Urban and Rural Area 85
Table 4.23. Attitude If Asked to Deliver Drugs to Others According To
Gender 86
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 vii

vii
List of Tables
Table 4.24. Attitude If Asked To Deliver Drugs to Others According

to Level of Education 87
Table 4.25. Attitude If Asked To Deliver Drugs to Others According
to Age Group 88
Table 4.26. Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others.According to
Urban and Rural Areas 90
Table 4.27. Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others According to
Gender 91
Level of Education 92
Age Group 93
Table 4.30. Attitude If There Are Friends Who Become Drug Dealers
According To Gender 94
According To Education Level 95
Table 4.32. Attitude to Friends Who Become Drug Dealers
According To Age Groups 96
Table 4.33. Attitude If There Are Friends Who Become Drug Couriers
According To Residence 97
According To Level of Education 98
According to the Age Group 99
Table 4.37. Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Become Drug
Dealers According to Residence 100
Dealers According to Gender 101
Dealers According to Level of Education 102
Table 4.40. Attitudes If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Become Drug
Dealers According to Age 103
Table 4.41. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who
Become Drug Couriers According to the Urban or Rural
Area 104
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viii Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019
List of Tables
Table 4.42. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who

Become Drug Couriers According to Age 105
Table 4.43. Attitude If Spouse/Lover Becomes a Drug Dealer
According to Urban-Rural Area 106
Table 4.44. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Becomes a Drug Dealer
According to Gender 106
Table 5.1. Education Level of Ever Used and Current User Students 117
Table 5.2. The Amount of Pocket Money of Ever used and Current
Use Students 118
Table 5.3. Prevalence Rate According to Province, 2019 122
Table 5.4. Estimation of Ever Used and Current User Population
According to Province and Gender 132
Table 5.5. Estimation of Ever Uses and Current User by Province
and Residence, 2019 134
Table 5.6. The Age First Time Using Drugs by Province 137
Table 5.7. How to Use Drugs in Current User by Province, 2019 139
Table 5.8. Types of Drugs Used in the Past Year 142
Table 5.9. Origins of Respondents to Obtain Drugs for the First Time 146
Table 5.10. The Sources of Drug Acquisition 147
Table 5.11. How Respondents Obtain Drugs 149
Table 5.12. Ownership of Computer and Laptop Connected to the
Internet 150
Table 5.13. Ownership of Mobile Phones 151
Table 5.14. Mobile Phone and WA, FB, Instagram and Internet
Connection 151
Table 5.15. Psychic Symptoms that Have Been Felt by Drug Users
According to Residence 154
Table 5.16. Physical Symptoms by Society According to Residence 156
Table 5.17. How to Obtain Drugs When Having Financial Difficulties
Based on Residence 159
Table 5.18. Sanctions Provided by Work Friends/School or As a Result
of Drug Use Based on Residence and Gender, 2019 161
Table 5.19. Sanctions Given by Lovers or Spouses Due to Drug Use
According to Residence and Gender, 2019. 162
Table 5.20. Risky Behavior towards Drug Abuse in Indonesia 167
Table 5.21. Stop Using Drugs if Proceeding Legal Case According to
Residence and Gender 169
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 ix

ix
List of Tables
Table 6.1. Media Seen/Heard/Followed by Respondents in the

Past Year Based on Urban-Rural 176
Past Year Based on Gender 177
Past Year Based on Education Level 178
Past Year By Age 180
Past Year Based on Main Activities 181
Table 6.6. Respondents’ Understanding on Information About the
Danger of Drug in Various Media Based on Rural-Urban 182
Table 6.7. Respondents’ Understanding on the Information of the
Danger of Drug in Various Media Based on Gender 183
Danger of Drug in Various Media Based on Education
Level 184
Danger of Drug in Various Media Based on Age Groups 185
Danger of Drug in Various Media Based on Main
Activities 186
Table 6.11. Attitudes of Respondents After Understanding the
Information About the Danger of Drugs Based on Rural
and Urban Areas 187
Table 6.12. Attitude of Respondents After Understanding the
Information About the Danger of Drugs Based on Gender 188
Information About the Danger of Drugs Based on
Education Level 189
Information About the Danger of Drugs Based on Age
Groups 190
Information About the Danger of Drugs Based on the
Main Activities 191
x Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

List of Tables
Table 6.16. Involvement of Respondents in Drug Prevention

Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on Urban
and Rural Areas 192
Table 6.17. Respondents’ Understanding of the Message Delivered
in Drug Prevention Activities/Programs Based on
Urban/Rural Areas 194
Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on Gender 195
in Drug Prevention Activities/Programs Based on Gender 196
Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on
Education Level 197
in Drug Prevention Activities/ Programs Based on
Education Level 198
Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on Age 200
in Drug Prevention Activities based on Age Groups 201
Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on the Main
Activities 203
in Drug Prevention Activities/Programs Based on the
Status of Activities 205
Table 6.26. Institutions That Have Carried Out Drug Prevention
Activities According to the Rural-Urban 209
Activities According to Gender 210
Activities According to Main Activities 211
Table 6.29. Distribution of Respondents’ Perceptions About Drug
Prevention Activities Most Appropriate in Rural-Urban
Areas 212
Prevention Activities Most Appropriate According to Gender 214
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 xi

xi
List of Tables
Table 6.31. Distribution of Respondents’ Perceptions About

Drug Prevention Activities Most Appropriate
According to Age of Respondents 215
Prevention Activities Most Appropriate According to
Respondent Activities 216
Table 6.33. Media That Is Considered the Most Appropriate for
Delivering Drug Prevention Programs According to
Rural-Urban 217
Table 6.34. Media That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To
Deliver Drug Prevention Programs According To Gender 218
Deliver Drug Prevention Programs By Education Level 219
Deliver Drug Prevention Programs According to The
Age of respondent 220
Table 6.37. The Media That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To
Deliver Drug Prevention Programs According To Main
Activities 221
Table 6.38. Actions That Are Considered The Most Appropriate
To Deliver Drug Prevention Programs According To
Respondents Residence (Rural - Urban) 223
Table 6.39. Action That Is Considered The Most Appropriate
To Deliver A Drug Prevention Program According To
Gender 224
Table 6.40. Action That Is Considered The Most Appropriate For
Handling Drug Users According To The Age Group of
Respondents 225
Table 6.41. Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/Therapy That
Are Considered the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers
According to Respondents’ Residence 229
Table 6.42. Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/Therapy That Are
Considered the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers
According to Gender 230
Considered the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers
According to Education Leve 230
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xii Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019
List of Tables

Considered The Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers
According to Age Group 231
Table 6.45. Religious Activities Considered The Most Appropriate
for Drug Prevention According to Residence, Gender
and Age Group 232
Table 6.46. Religious Activities that are Considered Most
Appropriate For Drug Prevention Based on Education
Level 232
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 xiii

xiii
List of Graphics
Graphic 1.1. Stages of Research Sampling Technique 22

Graphic 5.1. Drug Abuse Prevelance Rate of Ever Used Drugs
and Current Users 111
Graphic 5.2. Drug Abuse Prevalence by Gender (Rural-Urban) 112
Graphic 5.3. Drug Abusers by Education Level (Rural-Urban) 113
Graphic 5.4. Drug Abuser Prevalence by Age Group (Rural -
Urban) 114
Graphic 5.5. Drug Abuse Prevalence by Main Activities (Rural-
Urban) 115
Graphic 5.6. Drug Users According to Marital Status (Rural - Urban) 119
Graphic 5.7. Drug Users by Residence (Rural - Urban) 120
Graphic 5.8. Drug Users According to Proximity of Residence to
Market/Bus terminal (Rural-Urban) 121
Graphic 5.9. Types of Drugs Consumed in the Past Year by Drug
Abusers (urban-rural) 142
Graphic 5.10. The Reason in Using Drugs for The First Time
Graphic 5.11. Content That is Often Accessed Through Mobile
Phones, in Urban and Rural Area 152
Graphic 5.12. The Place to Use Drugs 153
Graphic 5.13. Psychic Symptoms According to Gender, 2019 155
Graphic 5.14. Physical Symptoms Ever Perceived by Society
According to Gender, 2019 157
Graphic 5.15. The Participation of Drug Abusers in The Rehabilitation
Program and the Perceived Benefits 163
Graphic 5.16. The Reason That Rehabilitation Program is Not
Useful According to Drug Users 164
Graphic 6.1. Knowledge of The Existence of Rehabilitation
Center According to Gender and Residence 225
Graphic 6.2. Knowledge of the Existence of Rehabilitation
Centers According to Education Level and Gender 226
Graphic 6.3. Knowledge of the Existence of Rehabilitation
Centers According to Age Group and Gender 227
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xiv Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019
I
INTRODUCTION
source : shutterstock
Gadang House, West Sumatra Province

source : stockphoto
Gadang House, West Sumatra Province
2 Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

I
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
As a heterogeneous society, Indonesian people have different

lifestyles. In addition to being influenced by the social environment, the
lifestyle of the community is also influenced by the family environment.
However, social norms tend to be more relaxed. Thus, social control is less
viable. In such conditions, society is easily trapped in certain lifestyles,
which sometimes are in the contrary to the existing social norms
One of the lifestyles which influences people is drug abuse which

has become a serious issue to Indonesia. Despites of various efforts to
eradicate it, drug abuse is always a scourge to Indonesia currently. Drug
abuse also threatens the life of the nation in the future due to its negative
impact to the next generation.
Drug distribution occurs in various regions in indonesia. Drug

distribution does not only occur in urban areas, but also in rural areas.
Given the massive drug distribution, drugs have become a serious threat
in several areas in indonesia. No region in indonesia in which the society
is not exposed to drugs. Hence, drug abuse needs to be an attention to
all parties.
Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 3

An increasing drug trafficking can be seen on the existence of kr
villages indicated as drug villages (National Narcotics Board and Culture
and Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences,
2018). They are called drug villages as people are free to do a drug deal.
Drug villages are found in Jakarta, such as: Kampung ambon (Permata
Komplek) in West Jakarta, Kampung Berlan in East Jakarta, Johar Baru in
Central Jakarta, Kampung Boncos in Palmerah, Central Jakarta, Kampung
Bahari in North Jakarta, Kampung Peninggaran in South Jakarta, and so
on. Besides in Jakarta, drug villages are also spread in other areas, such
as Kampung Beting in Pontianak; Kampung Aceh, Muka Kuning, Tanjung
Piayu and Simpang Jam in Batam, and so on.
Raids have often been carried out by drug enforcement officials in

drug villages, but they never seem to be deterred. Ironically, in every raid
conducted by the authorities, they seemed to know in advance. Thus, it
is often that the officers failed to make arrests of the perpetrators. Such
conditions have led to strong suspicions among the public that there is
a game or intrigue between certain law enforcement officials and drug
lords, who always leak information on any arrest operations. In several
cases, drug lords seem to be challenging law enforcement officials in
drug transaction.
The growing drug villages in various areas is inline with the increasing
drug abuse. In accordance with law on market, increasing demand will
lead to increasing supply. This is what happens with drugs. The drug
market never seems to recede since more people are using drugs for
various reasons. The reason for trial is often someone’s main reason in
taking drugs. The reason is maybe cliché, but this is the fact in the field
(National Narcotics Board and Culture and Society Research Center of
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2018). What they did not realize is that
the behavior to initially try drugs is used by the dealers to serve them.
They then become addicts. In such conditions, drugs becomes a need
that is difficult to be neglected. Not to mention those who have other
reasons, such as to increase stamina. In this case, drugs are used as
substitute for vitamins and other stimulant substances. All of these are
factors that increase the demand for drugs, which are responded well by
drug dealers. All of these are factors that increase the demand for drugs
which are responded well by drug lords.

At present, drug abuse in Indonesia tends to increase. In 2013, the
number of drug users in Indonesia was estimated at around 4 million
(Satibi 2013). Then, the Head of the National Narcotics Board (2015-
2018), Budi Waseso said that the number of drug users in June 2015 has
reached 4.2 million. In fact, the number in November 2015 has increased
to 5.9 million people (Rahmawati 2016).
This condition is certainly inseparable from the trend of drug abuse

internationally. In 2014, UNODC noted that one out of twenty adults
consumed one type of drug and resulted in 201,400 fatalities (UNODC
2016). In 2016, UNODC noted that around 13.8 million (5.6%) of the
population aged between 15-16 used cannabis (UNODC 2018).
This trend shows that Indonesia has become a target market for
drug producers and dealers. Indonesia is very likely to have become the
largest market in Southeast Asia. As a result, drug abuse has penetrated
all levels of society, both pupils and students, artists, traders, public
transportation drivers, street children, officials and so forth.
It is more alarming since the target of drug dealers is mainly young

people in the age range of 11 to 24 years old. Therefore, it is not surprising
that drug abuse is mostly carried out by younger generation or those in
the school age range between Junior High School to University/College.
Common reasons in using drugs are for trial, being persuaded by friends,
to follow the lifestyle of young people and to forget the problems. The
implications are that young generation will be weaker since drugs destroy
their health, mental, and critical power. For example, when a meth user
does not consume it, he will feel restless, unable to think rationally, lazy
to work, get tired quickly, depressed that he is easily angry and tend to act
on his own will. He can even act irrationally. If this condition affects the
younger generation as the next generation, it will in turn threaten the life
of the nation in the future.
Various efforts have been made to overcome the problem of

drugs, both through anti-drug campaigns, information sharing session,
empowerment, and law enforcement against drug offenders. Law Number
35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics also provides a threat of severe criminal
sanctions against narcotics users. However, various efforts to prevent

the spread of drug trafficking are still ineffective because in reality the
use and distribution of drug trafficking continues. Furthermore, drug
crime is now at emergency stage.
The increasing drug cases can be seen in the number of drug cases
that have been successfully revealed by National Narcotics Board along
2017 with 46,537 drug cases in Indonesia and 58,365 suspects, including
34 money laundering suspects. During 2017, National Narcotics
Board also seized hundred tons of drugs from the perpetrators known
as drug lords to drug syndicates in Indonesia, namely 4.71 tons of
methamphetamine, 151.22 tons of marijuana, 2,940,748 of ecstasy pills
and 627.84 kilogram of liquid ecstasy. National Narcotics Board has also
secured money laundering evidence from drug crimes such as motor
vehicles, property, land, jewelry, cash and money in accounts with a total
of 105 billion rupiah.1
In 2018, National Narcotics Board has also succeeded in revealing

914 narcotics/narcotics precursors cases with 1,355 suspects and 53
money laundering cases with 70 suspects with total assets of Rp 229
billion. Meanwhile, the National Police succeeded in revealing 33,060
narcotics/narcotics precursor cases with 43.320 suspects and 7 money
laundering cases with 8 suspects.
Among these cases, at least 20 types of narcotics were successfully

confiscated by National Narcotics Board. Along 2018, National Narcotics
Board and National Police have confiscated 8,231,252.42 grams of
methamphetamine, 41,266,746.86 grams of marijuana, 59.5 hectares
of cannabis plantation, 1,047,915 stems of cannabis trees, 1,594,083.8
ecstasy pills, 2,314.29 grams of ecstasy powder, 65,461.88 grams
amphetamines, and 8,385.5 grams cocaine (Indonesia Drugs Report,
2019).
The large number of drug cases can also be seen in the number
of drug case inmates in various correctional facilities in Indonesia.
Based on the explanation from the Minister of Law and Human Rights,
1
https://news.idntimes.com/indonesia/fitang-adhitia/sepanjang-tahun-2017-bnn-ungkap-46537-
kasus-narkoba/full

in 2018, among the drug case inmates, 1,296 inmates were producers;
18,579 inmates were drug lords; 68,669 inmates were drug dealers; 3,790
inmates were collectors and 21,313 inmates were drug users (Indonesia
Drugs Report, 2019). From these data, it can be seen most inmates are
drug users.
Despite that the data above shows the critical danger of drugs, the
prevalence is quite pleasing because since 2011, the level of drug abuse
in Indonesia tends to decrease. Although the prevalence rate increased
significantly from 2008 to 2011 of around 0.24% or 911,805 abusers, the
prevalence rate decreased in 2011 to 2014 by 0.05% or around 251,555
abusers. This decline continues until 2017 where the prevalence rate has
decreased by 0.14% per year. (Health Research Center of the University of
Indonesia and National Narcotics Board, 2017).
The results of the National Narcotics Board in collaboration with the

Culture and Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences
in 2018 showed that the trend of drug abuse prevalence in Indonesia
among pupils and university students as a whole in the past year was
3.2%, or equivalent to 2,297,492 people. The prevalence rate among
Senior High School students who have ever used drugs is the highest
compared to Junior High School students and university students. At the
level of Senior High School students, the prevalence rate of Senior High
School students who ever used and used drugs in the past year is 6.4%
(for ever used respondents) and 3.5% (for current user respondents).
The prevalence rate of Senior High School students ranks the highest
compared to Junior High School students and university students.
The prevalence rate of ever used-university students is below the

prevalence rate of Senior High School students of 5.0%. The next rank
is Junior High School students at 4.8%. Meanwhile, the sequence after
the Senior High School students, the prevalence rate of current users is
Junior High School students at 3.3%. The prevalence rate of drug use
among university students in the past year is 2.6%. (National Narcotics
Board and Culture and Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute
of Sciences, 2018).

Almost all of the prevalence rate of drug abuse in the past year is
smaller than the ever used-prevalence rate. This means that many pupils
and university students are no longer consuming drugs. However, among
the three groups of respondents, the decrease in drug abuse prevalence
of Junior High School students is very small compared to Senior High
School and university students. This indicates that ever used-Junior High
School students have not decreased significantly in the past year.
From the use of drugs and other addictive substances in the past year
in 13 cities of the surveyed provinces, the cities like Surabaya, Jogyakarta,
Bandung, Medan and Samarinda have the highest prevalence of drug
abuse and non-drug addictive substances among Junior High School
students compared to other regions. In sequence, the prevalence rate
is 7.6%, 6.9%, 6.9%, 5.0%, and 5.0%. The prevalence rate for Senior High
School students is 9.4% in Surabaya, 6.3% in Jakarta, 5.2% in Samarinda,
4.7% in Yogyakarta and 3.4% in Palembang. Meanwhile, the prevalence
of drug abuse and non-drug addictive substances among university
students is 5.5% in Surabaya, 5.4% in Samarinda, 5.4% in Makassar, 4.0%
in Bandung, and 3.6% in Batam.
The national prevalence rate among workers shows that the number
of workers who have ever used drugs is 248 people or 4.80% of the total
surveyed workers. Among them, 6.50% is male and 2.30% is female. From
the prevalence of drug use in the past year, the number of workers who
have used drugs was 108 people or 2.10%. In other words, the prevalence
rate of the tendency to use drugs among workers in the past year is
relatively high. According to gender, more men use drugs than women
with a ratio of 2.70% for men and 1.10% for women. (National Narcotics
Board and Culture and Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute
of Sciences, 2018).
As for the provincial prevalence rate, it can be seen that the total
prevalence rate among workers who have used drugs in 13 cities of
the surveyed province is relatively high, amounting to 4.80%. These
13 provincial cities are Banda Aceh (Aceh), Medan (North Sumatra),
Palembang (South Sumatra), Batam (Riau Islands), Jakarta (DKI Jakarta),
Bandung (West Java), Yogyakarta (Special Region of Yogyakarta),
Surabaya (East Java), Denpasar (Bali), Samarinda (East Kalimantan),

Pontianak (West Kalimantan), Makassar (South Sulawesi), and Jayapura
(Papua).
The highest prevalence rate (8.30%) among 13 provincial cities for

workers who have used drugs is West Java, followed by South Sumatra
(7.50%), South Sulawesi (6.50%), East Java and DKI Jakarta (5.50%).
Meanwhile, the highest prevalence rate of current user-workers is in West
Java with 5.50% followed by South Sumatra with 3.50%, East Java with
2.80%, and South Sulawesi with 2.50%. The highest prevalence rate for
current user-workers in the past year is in West Java. It is similar to the
highest prevalence rate for workers who have used drugs which is also
found in West Java. This linear condition also occurs in current user-
workers where South Sumatra is in first and second position.
The lowest prevalence rate for ever used-workers among the

13 cities of the surveyed provinces is in Bali and Papua with 1.50%.
However, this position is not linear with the prevalence rate for current
user-workers which occurs in West Kalimantan with 1.00%. Despite that
it is not significantly different from the lowest position, Bali and Papua,
Riau Islands, and D.I. Yogyakarta are in the second lowest position after
West Kalimantan.
The declining prevalence rate is one of government’s efforts to

reduce drug trafficking. In this case, National Narcotics Board carries out
the effort through the Prevention and Eradication of Illicit Drug and Drug
Precursor Abuse and Trafficking (P4GN) program. To run the program
effectively, it needs comprehensive data on drug abuse in Indonesia.
1.2. Issues
Drug abuse is very dangerous because it gives negative effect on

physical and mental damage to anyone who consumes it other than
for medical needs and dosage. The negative impact is that the user’s
family also suffers socially, such as feeling ashamed in their social
environment. Psychologically, the family will have such disappointment,
anger or despair. Economically, the impact is losing money and property
because they are sold either by drug abusers or for the sake of taking

care of the healing and legal problems. Another impact occurs in a wider
social environment since the social environment will be vulnerable
to iillicit drug abuse and trafficking, crime and violence (Culture and
Society Research Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences 2018,
Poltekkes 2017).
Given the magnitude of the danger of drugs, it is necessary to

have strategic efforts and programs to eradicate drug abuse. In order
to design and implement strategies program efficiently and effectively,
data is needed as a basis for policy making by Bappenas in developing
the main targets for the development of the Defense and Security
Sector, specifically related to drug abuse prevalence rate. The survey
results can also be used as material in making international reports,
such as in the CND Assembly, ASOD Assembly, Global Smart and forms
filled out in Dainap, ARQ and so on.
Considering the importance of utilizing the results of the survey,

a comprehensive survey of drug abuse is needed in all provinces in
Indonesia. In connection with this, the research questions in this study
are:
1. How is drug abuse in Indonesia?
2. How high is the prevalence of drug abuse in Indonesia?
3. What types of drugs are consumed?
4. What are people’s attitudes and perceptions about drug abuse?
5. What is the influence of risky behavior and social environment to
drug abuse?
6. How is the implementation of P4GN Program?
1.3. Objective
In general, this study aims to carry out drug abuse mapping at the
national and provincial levels in Indonesia. Specifically, some of the
objectives of this study are
1. Analyzing drug abuse, including:
a) National and provincial level prevalence rate,
b) Types of drugs consumed

2. Analyzing people’s attitudes and perceptions about drug abuse.
3. Analyzing the impact of risky behaviors and social environment on
drug abuse
4. Analyzing the implementation of P4GN Program
1.4. Theoritical Framework
NARCOTICS terminology (narcotics, psychotropic substances

and other addictive substances) is a term commonly used by law
enforcement officials such as the police (including the National
Narcotics Board), prosecutors, judges and correctional officers.
Meanwhile, health practitioners often use the term NAPZA (Narcotics,
Psychotropics and Addictive Substances). The term narcotics or drug
is not found in the legislation. Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning
Narcotics only states about Narcotics, as substances or drugs derived
from plants or non-plants, both synthetic and semi-synthetic, which can
cause a decrease or change of consciousness, loss of taste, reduce to
eliminate pain and can cause dependency.
Synthetic narcotics is a type of narcotics that requires synthetic

processes for medical and research purposes as painkillers/analgesics.
The examples are amphetamine, methadone, dextropropakasifene,
dexamphetamine and so on. The semi-synthetic narcotics are
substances/drugs that are produced by means of isolation, extraction
and others such as heroin, morphine, codeine and others. Outside that
category are called natural narcotics, which are substances and drugs
that can directly be used as narcotics without the need for fermentation,
isolation and other processes first because they can be directly used
with a few simple processes. The examples of natural narcotics are
cannabis and coca leaves.
Based on Article 6 Paragraph 1 of Law on Narcotics, narcotics are

classified into three categories, namely narcotics category I (narcotics
which are allowed to be used for the benefit of science development
and cannot be used in theraphy, having very high potential of causing
dependency), narcotics category II (narcotics that are beneficial

for medication as the final option and can be used in theraphy and/
or for the development of science, having high potential of causing
dependency), and narcotics category III (narcotics which are purposed
for medication and used a alot in theraphy and/or for the development
of science, having low potential of causing dependency).
Unlike narcotics, psychotropic is regulated in Law No.5 of 1997

on Psychotropic. Article 1 of the Law on Psychotropic states that
psychotropic is substance or drug, both non drugs-natural and synthetic,
with psychoactive benefit through selective influence in central nerves
system which causes typical change in mental and behaviour activity.
Psychotropic is grouped into 4 categories, namely psychotropic

category I (psychotropic which can only be used for the purpose
of science and can not be used in theraphy, but it has very strong
potential to cause dependency syndrome), psychotropic category II
(psychotropic which is used for medication and can be used in therapy
and/or for the purpose of science, having strong potential to cause
dependency syndrome), psychotropic category III (psychotropic wich is
used for medication and is used alot in theraphy and/or for the purpose
of science, having moderate potential to cause dependency syndrome),
and psychotropic category IV (psychotropic which is used for medication
and widely used in theraphy and/or for the purpose of science, having
light potential to cause dependency syndrome). Based on the effect, it
can be divided into three psychotropic categories namely: stimulants,
depressants (sedatives), and hallucinogens (causing hallucinations).2
The addictive substances are all chemicals that can cause

addiction to the user. Since narcotics and psychotropic substances are
substances that cause addiction to users, both of them are included
in the category of addictive substances. Besides narcotics, addictive
substances include: inhalasin (derived from volatile solutions such as
2
The difference between narcotics and psychotropic substances is the main ingredients used.
Narcotics are made from Papaper Somniferum (opium plant), Erythroxyion coca (cocaine plant), and
cannabis sativa (cannabis leaf ), which are used individually or combined. While the main ingredients
used in the manufacture of psychotropics are artificial chemicals. Psychotropic products are usually
in the form of finished products either pills, powders or capsules, such as ecstasy, Demerol, speed,
shabu, megatons, and others.

spray paint, hairspray, glue, air freshener, nitrous oxide gas (laughing
gas) and anesthetics (tranquilizers), alcohol, nicotine and caffeine .
Based on the narcotics and psychotropic categories above,

drug abuse can be defined as drug use other than for the treatment
based on doctor’s recommendation and the purpose of scientific
development. Drug abuse can be categorized into three, namely new
initiation/experiment, regular use, and dependency. Ritter & Anthony in
PPKUI (2017) defines experiment (new initiation) as the frequency of
6 times usage or less per year. Whereas Todorov et al. (PPKUI, 2017)
defines regular users if they use drugs every day for at least 2 weeks.
Meanwhile, Meyer (PPKUI, 2017) defines dependency as drug use of
more than once a day in a period of 10 to 14 days or more. SAMHSA
(PPKUI, 2017) divides drug use behavior into three categories, namely:
1) at least once using drugs in a lifetime (ever used), 2) having used it
in a past year (past year use), and 3) ever using drugs in the past one
month (past month use).
Prevalence concept is used to find out the number of drug abusers

as stated by Shiel Jr.: “the proportion of individuals in a population having
a disease or characteristic. Prevalence is a statistical concept referring to
the number of cases of a disease that is present in a particular population
at a given time”. In this context, drug abuse prevalence can be said as the
number or percentage of drug users in a certain time associated with the
population.
The phenomenon of drug abuse in this study will be analyzed

with social control and risk behavior theory. Social control theory is a
concept which states that social factors have an influence and as a
control of the emergence of deviant behavior, including narcotics abuse
behavior. According to Hagan (in Paulus Hadisuprapto, 2004), this
theory departs from the assumption that individuals in the society have
the same tendency, being ‘good’ or ‘bad’. The tendency to be good or
bad completely depends on the society. Someone becomes good if the
community shapes it so. On the contrary, someone becomes bad when
the community shapes it so.

Hirschi (in Kusumatuti and Hadjam 2004) also states the same
thing that drug abuse by a person can be influenced by the lack of social
control of the person’s environment. Social control has the potential
to influence one’s behavior in accordance with social norms in the
environment. Therefore, someone who has a strong social control will
not make deviations that violate the norm. From the perspective of this
theory, drug abuse is more like a deviant behavior that is more directed
at the issue of obedience or adherence to social norms. Individuals
who have low self-control are not stimulated by the environment to
act impulsively, to take risks, and to easily shape one’s personality.
Some are losing emotional control because they are easily frustrated.
Someone who is losing social ties with the environment will have no
social control that he/she is “free” to conduct deviations.
The understanding on drug abuse behavior can be traced from the

explanation of why a person is not obedient to social norms. Furhmann
(1990) states that the process of individual involvement in using drugs
is through several stages, namely: a) getting acquainted with drugs, b)
trying to use drugs, c) using drugs regularly because they are in the user
environment, d) using drugs for pleasure, and e) using drugs regularly,
because of the element of dependency, both physical and mental
dependence. Therefore, drug abuse is a high-risk behavior. This risky
behavior is very dependent on the interaction of a person with his social
environment.
Family and peer groups or peers are factors that can explain the
occurrence of drug abuse (Espelage, D. et al .: 2003). Family is the most
important social unit in community. Family as the smallest unit in social
life has a very important role in shaping one’s defense against social
disease attacks from an early age. Parents who are busy with their
own activities and give no attention to their children is the beginning
of the fragility of the child’s defense against social disease. Thus, the
function of family is very important in educating children, starting
from the beginning until the period where the child’s personality is
shaped. Children must obtain information from their parents about the
values and prohibition, what is good and bad, what is appropriate or
inappropriate, and so on.

Peer groups will allow individuals to interact with each other, get
along and give spirit and motivation to other peers emotionally. Thus, the
presence of peer groups can have an influence on youth growth, including:
• Giving positive and negative influences on youth growth.
• Body image (self display).
• Consumptive behaviour.
• Social development (friendship and romantic relationships).
According to Erikson (in Gunarsa 2004), youth is a period of finding

self-identity, where self-identity is shaped from youth psychosocial
relationships with other individuals such as friends and best friends. The
psycho-social relationships among teenagers in identifying themselves
and feeling comfortable are referred to as peer groups (Larson & Richard
in Papalia 2005). The emotional bonds within peer groups bring major
influences on individuals in the group. Compared to teenagers who do
not have peer group relationships or negative peer group relationships,
teenagers who have positive peer group relationships are able to cope
with stress because of the support of their peers.
The character of someone that influence the decision to make

a friend with will greatly affect the growth of the teenagers. Positive
peer group relationships will result in academic achievement and
involvement in school activities. This aspect of cognitive development
is seen from the point of view of the social construction approach.
Vygotsky (in Santrock 2011) emphasizes on the social context of
learning and that knowledge is built together. Engagement with others
opens opportunities for young people to obtain information, evaluate,
and improve their understanding when meeting other people’s thoughts
and when they participate in groups.
In addition to social control, drug abuse is also one of the high-

risk behaviors. Risk behavior is highly dependent on one’s interaction
with others and the behavior, including motivation to take drugs.
Individual or community members’ motivation to take drugs also varies.
Cornwel and Cornwel’s (1987) study based on the results of a survey
of Americans aged 16 to 65 years old states that people’s motivation
to take drugs: about 55% of respondents who take drugs one and two
times are those who are just curious, whereas respondents who use

drugs with a frequency of once a week or a month with a percentage
of about 40% are those who experience boredom or due to pressure,
spiritual search, peer influence, and social isolation. As the rest 5% are
those who use drugs every day are due to psychological isolation, lack
of self-identity, and apathetic people.
Tim Rodes (1997) in his various readings concluded that on the

one hand, risky behavior is conceptualized as a product of individual
cognition, decisions and related actions. On the other hand, risky behavior
is considered a product of mutual influence between individuals, the
actions of other individuals, their communities, and social environment.
In other words, the risky actions do not arise only from individuals but
are also influenced by the environment that shapes them, including
the various communities that they follow. Mutual influence between
individuals and social is the factor that can produce risky behavior. If
the community that is followed is a community of good individuals, then
the main tendency is that someone will behave well. Conversely, if the
individual becomes part of a community where the members behave
badly, there is a great tendency that the individual will behave badly too.
Socially, one community wants the social status of the community

it participates to be higher than that of other people’s communities.
Therefore, solidarity among community members needs to be
maintained so that social cohesion or attachment of one member to
another member is higher. An example is the community of drug users.
The use of the same syringe interchangeably between drug users is
a behavior that symbolizes the way users to maintain social relations
between them (Tim Rodes 1997). In other words, competition between
communities also influences related to drug consumption. In fact, the
use of the same syringe can alternately spread the HIV virus between
them. In addition to maintaining solidarity among community members,
it is also possible that risky behavior is intended to show the identity of
individuals or groups of the community itself.
Identity as stated by Erikson (1968 cited by Verkooijen 2006)

is “as ‘a sustained sense of self - a subjective perception of who we
are in the eyes of other people’” (as “a feeling of self-sustainability - a
subjective perception of who we are in the eyes of others “). Individual

or community identity is shown through risky behavior, because
individuals or communities are not sure of their existence in the midst
of society. The level of confidence in themselves and their communities
is low so that there is a desire to increase self-confidence through risky
behavior, by taking drugs. Erikson calls such feelings that individuals or
communities have with an identity crisis.
According to Erikson, building self-identity in youth (i.e. the

transition from children to adulthood) is important because youth
wants an identity that reduces their dependence on parents and
reflects more on themselves as a stronger person. By Verkooijen
(2006), identity is seen as a product of past behavior rather than as an
actual (ongoing) case. The process of building self-identity is facilitated
by the members of the community that it follows, so that the role of
community members (friends) that drive the development of individual
identity becomes important. The decision of a youth (individual) to take
risky behavior depends on the importance of that behavior to build or
shape the identity of a group or community. If the behavior is relevant
to the individual or community and the identity of the individual or
community becomes prominent, a teenager is expected to adopt the
behavior. When teenagers engage in risky behavior, teenagers know the
consequences of these risks. It means that teenagers actually know
the negative consequences of risky behavior, but they take that risk
since they want to have more positive results (Romer 2003 cited by
Savi-Çakar, Tagay, and Ikiz 2015).
Teenagers who are members of one community can be a peer

group that replaces the role of parents as social references. The time
given to peers and the friendships, including their form of alienation
become very strong. Peers and friendships with peers are key who
play an important role in making an individual (teenager) behave risky
(Verkooijen (2006: 8). Meanwhile, Carson-DeWitt (2002) states that
scientists often identify the cause of injury as a combination of risky
behavior and dangerous environment. Risky behavior and injury often
occur in teenager and young adulthood. Drug use contributes to injury
because it has a negative effect on perception, judgment, and reaction
time. A young person under the influence of drugs also lack of respect
to oneself and others.

Related to the concept of risk, Trimpop (1994) defines “Risk taking is
any consciously, or non-consciously controlled behavior with a perceived
uncertainty about its outcome, and/or about its possible benefits or costs
for the physical, economic, or psycho-social well-being of oneself or
others”. Trimpop added that by that definition, what is referred is conscious
and unconscious behavior; outcomes and consequences of uncertainty;
benefits and losses; rewards (wages) received both intrinsically and
extrinsically; individual and social risks; and subjective experience of
risk. The impact of risky behavior, both on physical health, economic, and
social. According to Green and Kreuter (2005 cited by Lestary and Sugiharti
2011), there are three factors that cause or influence risky behavior, in
this case among teenagers. First, predisposing factors or factors that
are inherent or motivating, which originate from within a teenager who
motivates him to do a behavior. Included in this factor are knowledge,
beliefs, values, attitudes, beliefs, capacity, age, gender, and education.
Second, factors that enable a behavior to be carried out. These factors
include the availability and affordability of health resources, priorities,
and community/government commitment to health, health-related skills,
residence, economic status, and access to information media. Third,
reinforcing factors or factors that can strengthen behavior, determined
by third parties or other people including family, peers, teachers, health
workers, community leaders and decision makers.
Subhandi (2015) mentions three ways to prevent crime, including drug

abuse, namely: pre-emptive, preventive and repressive. Pre-emptive crime
prevention is the initial efforts made to prevent the occurrence of criminal
acts, by instilling good values/norms so that the norm is internalized
in a person. With pre-emptive efforts, the intention factor is lost even
though there is an opportunity. Preventive action is intended to eliminate
opportunities for committing crimes, by minimizing opportunities. The
repressive prevention in the form of law enforcement is carried out when
a criminal act/crime occurs.
1.5. Methodology
1.5.1. Research Approach
This research uses a quantitative and qualitative approach with a

cross sectional design in the form of a survey. The survey was conducted
to obtain the prevalence rate and estimated number of drug abusers
in Indonesia. The quantitative approach is carried out at the individual
level. Meanwhile, a qualitative approach is taken to support information
related to drug abusers, abuser parents and related stakeholders.
1.5.2. Population
The population of this study is the population aged 15 to 64 years,

with households as the sample unit. The household is the smallest unit
in the community, where a group of people live together and eat from the
same kitchen, whether the members have family ties or not. Meanwhile,
the observation and research analysis unit are household members
aged 15 to 64 years (individuals) who live in the sample household.
1.5.3. Survey Location
The survey was conducted in 34 provinces of Indonesia. The survey

is conducted in one city and one regency to represent urban and rural
communities in each province. The selection of cities and regencies in
each province is carried out randomly.
1.5.4. Sampling Technique
In general, the sampling method in this study is Stratified Three

Stage Sampling. Initial stratification is done by differentiating between
urban and rural areas. Urban areas are represented by cities, while rural
areas are represented by regencies. The sample unit of this study is
household members representing residents in each regency and city.
Household sampling is taken in a cluster with three stages. Cluster as
Primary sampling unit is a village/ urban village randomly selected,
based on the number of population aged 15-64 years in each village/
urban village. The number of clusters in each regency/city is adjusted
to the proportion of population aged 15-64 years in urban and rural
areas in each province. Thus, many clusters in each survey location are
not the same. Cluster selection process (first stage) is carried out at the
central level using C-Survey software. The number of clusters in each
survey location can be seen in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1. Survey Location, Number of Cluster and Sample Size
in 34 Provinces
Number
Total
Co- Co- Co- household
Province City District Total
de de House- Sam- de Vil-
hold
Sample
ple lage
11 ACEH 71 Banda Aceh 12 480 8 Aceh Besar 8 320 800
12 NORTH 75 Medan 15 600 12 Deli Serdang 10 400 1000
SUMATERA
13 WEST 71 Padang 12 480 6 Padang 8 320 800
SUMATERA Pariaman
14 RIAU 71 Pekanbaru 12 480 6 Kampar 8 320 800
15 JAMBI 71 Jambi 12 480 4 Batanghari 8 320 800
16 SOUTH 74 Palembang 9 360 5 Musi 6 240 600
SUMATERA Banyuasin
17 BENGKULU 71 Bengkulu 12 480 6 Seluma 8 320 800
18 LAMPUNG 72 Metro 12 480 3 Lampung 8 320 800
Selatan
19 BANGKA 71 Pangkal 12 480 3 Bangka 8 320 800
BELITUNG Pinang
21 RIAU 71 Batam 12 480 2 Bintan 8 320 800
ISLANDS
31 DKI 74 West Jakarta 15 600 600
JAKARTA 75 North Jakarta 15 600 600
32 WEST JAVA 73 Bandung 19 760 14 Purwakarta 12 480 1,240
33 CENTRAL 74 Semarang 18 720 26 Pekalongan 12 480 1,200
JAVA
34 DIY 71 Yogyakarta 12 480 1 Kulon Progo 8 320 800
35 EAST JAVA 71 Surabaya 18 720 11 Malang 12 480 1,200
36 BANTEN 73 Serang 18 720 2 Tangerang 12 480 1,200
51 BALI 71 Denpasar 12 480 4 Gianyar 8 320 800
52 NTB 71 Mataram 12 480 1 Lombok Barat 8 320 800
53 NTT 71 Kupang 12 480 13 Timur Tengah 8 320 800
Selatan
61 WEST 71 Pontianak 12 480 4 Kuburaya 8 320 800
KALIMANTAN
62 CENTRAL 71 Palangkaraya 18 720 4 Barito 12 480 1,200
KALIMANTAN Selatan

Number
Total
Co- Co- Co- household
Province City District Total
de de House- Sam- de Vil-
hold
Sample
ple lage
63 SOUTH 71 Banjarmasin 18 720 3 Banjar 12 480 1,200
KALIMANTAN
64 EAST 71 Samarinda 12 480 3 Kutai Kar- 8 320 800
KALIMANTAN tanegera
65 NORTH 71 Tarakan 9 360 2 Bulungan 6 240 600
KALIMANTAN
71 NORTH 71 Manado 12 480 2 Minahasa 8 320 800
SULAWESI
72 CENTRAL 71 Palu 12 480 10 Sigi 8 320 800
SULAWESI
73 SOUTH 71 Makkasar 12 480 6 Gowa 8 320 800
SULAWESI
74 SOUTHEAST 71 Kendari 12 480 5 Konawe 8 320 800
SULAWESI Selatan
75 GORONTALO 71 Gorontalo 9 360 4 Bone Bolango 6 240 600
76 WEST 4 Mamuju 9 360 1 Majene 6 240 600
SULAWESI
81 MALUKU 71 Ambon 9 360 3 Maluku 6 240 600
Tengah
82 NORTH 71 Ternate 9 360 1 Halmahera 6 240 600
MALUKU Barat
94 WEST PAPUA 71 Sorong 9 360 7 Sorong 6 240 600
91 PAPUA 71 Jayapura 9 360 4 Jayapura 6 240 600
442 17,680 274 10,960 28,640
Source: Drug Abuse Survey National Narcotics Board - Indonesian Institute of Sciences , 2019
In the second stage, each cluster (village/urban village) selects

4 (four) neighborhood units (RT) or the smallest administrative unit in
a simple random manner. In the last stage, in each neighborhood, 10
households were chosen systematically at random. For this purpose, a
mapping of the number of households in each RT was defined as (N).
The amount of interval is calculated in each RT, which is the value of N
is divided by 10 with rounding up. The determination of the first number
of households is done randomly based on a random table between the

number 1 and the interval number. In the next step, households are
chosen with the interval. The selected households are households that
have the members aged 15 to 64 years. The sample size in each cluster
is 3 to 4 RT multiplied by 10 households equal to 40 households. In each
household selected as a sample, 1 (one) person was chosen randomly
using the Kish Table. Thus, in each cluster, 40 individuals was selected.
Graphic 1.1. below is the stages of research sampling technique
Graphic 1.1 Stages of Research Sampling Technique
4 RT (Neigbor- 1 RT = 10
Urban C1 District Households
hood Units)
Province
4 RT (Neigbor- 1 RT = 10
Rural C2 Village Households
hood Units)
By using the sampling technique above, the sampling calculation

is done using the MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys) formula.
Since the 90s, MICS has been used by UNICEF to assist countries in
collecting and analyzing data to address gaps in data on the condition
of children and women through household surveys. This method
successfully estimates valid statistics from various indicators in the
fields of health, education, child protection and HIV/AIDS as a basis for
policy making and program interventions. The following is the MICS
formula version 5:
Note :
ME (Margin of error) = 0.08
ANR (Antisipasi Non respon/Non response anticipation) = 1.1
Deff = 2
r (drug prevalence) = 1.77 %
p (population aged 15 to 64 years proportion) = 0.683
(the average number of household members) = 3.9
that n ≈ 28.640

1.5.5. Data Collection
There are two types of collected data, namely quantitative and

qualitative data. Quantitative data collection is done through structured
interviews using questionnaires. Each sample of the house choose
one respondent randomly using the Kish Grid table. Respondents are
household heads or household members aged 15 to 64 years chosen
randomly. Qualitative data collection uses in-depth interviews in 34
provinces. The key informants as the resources in-depth interviews at
each study location were abusers, non abusers, abuser households,
non-abusers households, community/religious leaders, village/urban
village heads, police, Provincial Narcotics Board and City/Regency
Narcotics Board.
1.5.6. Data Analysis
The quantitative data was analyzed descriptively. The descriptive

analysis is aimed to obtain the prevalence rate of drug abuse in
Indonesia and in provincial level. Meanwhile, the qualitative data was
analyzed thematic descriptively (Vaismoradi Turenen & Bondas, 2013).
The information obtained is selected and grouped based on themes
arranged with the research findings.

II
RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS
source : indonesia.go.id
Limas House, South Sumatra Province

source :googlesites
Limas House, South Sumatra Province

II
RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS
2.1. Status of Respondents
Gender
As a whole, there are differences in the proportion of gender

between male and female respondents. The proportion of female
respondents reached 53.1%, while male respondents were only 46.9%.
Thus, the representation of female respondents is slightly greater than
male respondents.
The same thing happened in urban and rural areas where the
number of female respondents is higher than men respondents. In
urban areas, the proportion of female respondents was 53.7% and male
respondents were only 46.3%. In rural areas, it also showed the same
characteristics as urban areas with the proportion of 52.2% female and
47.8% male (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1. Respondents Acoording to Gender
Gender Urban Rural Total

Male 46.30 47.80 46.90
Female 53.70 52.20 53.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

Age

The age group is one of the very significant variables in each
research. This is because all community activities are very dependent on
their age. The younger age groups are certainly more energetic than the
older ones. In the demographic age structure, there are three age groups
namely young population (less than 15 years old), productive population
group (15-64 years old), and elderly population group (over 65 years old).
Respondents in the research are residents aged 15 to 64 years old.

This is considering that at that age, the population can be categorized
as productive residents that they are can understand various social
economic conditions. Besides, they also understand various questions
in the questionnaire asked by the interviewer. Overall, the results of the
study show that the majority of respondents is in the age of 25 to 59 years,
with a total of 74.8%. The same proportion of age is also found among
respondents in urban and rural areas of 74.7% and 75% (Table 2.2).
The large proportion of respondents aged between 25 to 59 years

indicates that the majority of respondents are in a productive age and are
employed. Meanwhile, some respondents under the age of 25 years are
mostly pupils and university students. The group of students is a group
that is very vulnerable to drug exposure. Respondents of productive
age (25-59 years) may not always have less risk to be exposed to drugs
since drug addiction does not depend on age. Usually, respondents of
productive age tend being exposed to drugs as well, especially due to tight
work demands.
.
Table 2.2. Respondents According to Age
Age Group Urban Rural Total
< 25 18.30 18.20 18.30
25 – 59 74.70 75.00 74.80
60+ 7.00 6.70 6.90
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

Marital Status

Most respondents are married (70.9%). Respondents with not
married status are only 21.9%. The large proportion of respondents
with married status is related to the research methodology where
respondents aged between 15-64 years are selected. With that age
range, most of them may be married.
There is no difference in terms of marital status between

respondents who live in urban areas or those in rural areas. However, the
proportion of married respondents in rural areas is greater than in urban
areas (73% vs. 69.5%) (Table 2.3). The number of married respondents
in rural areas is likely as a result of the marriage process at a young age.
It is common in rural areas where children who have entered adulthood
(over 15 years) are immediately married with a view to alleviating the
burden on parents. The process of early marriage occurs because the
level of community education in rural areas is relatively lower than
in urban areas. Thus, there is no need to postpone the marriage until
completing the higher education level
Table 2.3. Respondents’ Marital Status
Marital Status Urban Rural Total

Not married 23.10 20.00 21.90
Married 69.50 73.00 70.90
Divorced 7.40 7.00 7.30
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Respondent Status in the Household
The results of this study indicate that 39% of respondents are the
heads of the household. Respondents with the status of the head of the
household are similar in urban and rural areas, respectively 38.1% and
40.4%. (Table 2.4).

Apart from being the head of the household, the proportion
of respondents as husband/wife status is also quite large (35.4%).
Furthermore, according to urban and rural areas, there were no
significant differences, namely 35.1% in urban areas and 36% in rural
areas. The number of respondents with husband/wife status with the
head of the household can be understood because the respondents
in this study targeted household members aged 15-65 years. Thus,
the probability of respondents in married status is quite large. The
proportion of respondents as children or son/daughter-in-law in relation
to the head of the household is also quite large, of 22.3%. Among them
are students or married household members who are still living in the
parents’ house.
Table 2.4. Respondents According to Their Status in the Household
Status in Household Urban Rural Total

Head of household 38.10 40.40 39.00
Wife/husband 35.10 36.00 35.40
Child or son/daughter 22.90 21.40 22.30
in law
Grand children 0.60 0.50 0.60
Parents/parents in law 0.90 0.70 0.80
Other siblings 1.70 0.70 1.30
Others 0.70 0.30 0.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Education
Education is a barometer for measuring the quality of human

resources in an area. If the level of education is high, it can be concluded
that the quality of human resources in the area is also high. Overall, the
education level of respondents in this study is mostly grouped at the
level of Senior High School/Vocational School amounting to 39.2%. It
is expected that with this level of education, respondents’ knowledge

about drug abuse is also high. There is a significant difference in the
education level of Senior High School/Vocational School respondents in
urban and rural areas. The proportion of Senior High School/Vocational
School graduate respondents in urban areas is 44.5%, while those
rural areas is only 31% (Table 2.5). The high proportion of Senior High
School/Vocational School graduate respondents in urban areas does
make sense in relation to educational infrastructure. In urban areas,
facilities and infrastructure are more complete than in rural areas.
The second largest proportion of respondent education is at the

level of Junior High School/MTs or equivalent, with a total of 21.4%. As
it is known, students at Junior High School/MTs are the most vulnerable
groups to drug exposure. The results also show that the proportion of
respondents with Junior High School/MTs graduate is higher in rural
areas than in urban areas of about 24.6% and 19.4%, respectively.
Table 2.5. Level of Education Completed by Respondents
Completed Education
Urban Rural Total
Level (506)
No education 1.70 3.20 2.30
Not/not yet graduated 3.40 6.80 4.70
from Elementary School
Elementary School/MI 13.30 27.20 18.70
Junior High School/MTs 19.40 24.60 21.40
Senior High School/MA 44.50 31.00 39.20
Academy/University 17.80 7.10 13.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Main Activity

The status of the main activities referred to in this study were the
respondents’ activities of in the past week, whether they were working,
looking for work, managing the household, going to school or others.

The results of this study indicate that in the past week before the survey
was conducted, more than half (57.4%) of respondents were working.
Respondents who were taking care of households reached 27.5% and
respondents who were going to school were relatively only 9.9% (Table
2.6).

There is no significant difference between respondents whose
main activities is working, both those who live in urban and rural
areas. Respondents whose main activity are working in urban areas
are amounting to 56.7%, while those in rural areas are 58.5%. Similarly,
respondents with the main activity of managing households also are
not significantly different both those who live in urban and rural areas,
namely 27.2% and 28% respectively. Whereas respondents with the
main activity of going to school in urban areas are slightly higher than
those in rural areas, namely 10.7% and 8.6% respectively.
The large proportion of respondents are those who work because

most of them are heads of households. As heads of households, they
are required to have jobs in order to support their household members.
The respondents who work also have a high level of education. It
is expected that with a high level of education, they have broader
knowledge about the danger of drugs. Meanwhile, with the status of
working, respondents are expected not to be easily tempted to get
involved in the drug business network.
Table 2.6. Respondents’ Main Activity

Main Activity Urban Rural Total
Working 56.70 58.50 57.40
Going to school 10.70 8.60 9.90
Managing household 27.20 28.00 27.50
Others 5.40 4.90 5.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

2.2. Respondent’s Residence
Residence Pattern

The pattern of residence shows whether the respondent lives
alone or lives together with others. The results show that almost three-
quarters (67.9%) of respondents live with parents/family, and there
were no significant differences between respondents in urban and
rural areas who live with parents/families, namely 68.4% and 67.1%
respectively (Table 2.7). The large proportion of respondents who still
live with their parents or family indicates the possibility that they are
pupils and students or respondents who are not married.
The number of respondents living alone is only 29.3%. The number

of respondents who live alone in rural areas is slightly greater than in
urban areas, namely 31% in rural areas and 28.2% in urban areas.
Table 2.7. Respondents’ Residence Pattern
Current residence pattern Urban Rural Total

Living alone 28.20 31.00 29.30
Living with parents/family 68.40 67.10 67.90
Living with siblings/relatives 2.90 1.70 2.40
Living with other people 0.50 0.20 0.40
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Current Residence

The current residence refers to the house occupied by the
respondent, whether the respondent lives in his own house or another
place. The results show that overall respondents in this study mostly
live in their house (80.2%). Based on residence, more respondents in
rural areas live in their house than respondents in urban areas, namely
87.5% and 75.2% respectively (Table 2.8). This phenomenon is easily

understood because the chances of respondents to have a house in
rural areas are higher than in urban areas since the price of houses or
land in rural areas is relatively cheap or affordable.
The number of respondents living in boarding house or rented

house is small of 7.90%. However, in urban areas, the number is five
times that of those living in rural areas. It is 10.6% in urban areas and
2.1% in rural areas. This can be understood because housing prices
in urban areas are relatively expensive. Therefore, those who have not
been able to have their house rent a house or boarding house. Those
who rent a house are generally married, while pupils and university
students live in boarding house.
Table 2.8. Respondents Residence
Current residence Urban Rural Total

Own house 75.2 87.5 80.2
Relative’s house 9.40 5.70 7.90
Boarding house/rented house 10.60 2.10 7.20
Others 4.80 4.70 4.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17.,56 11,196 28,552
The Distance of Residence and Market/Bus Terminal
Market and bus terminal are the centers of the crowd where many
people gather. The large number of people who gather in a place causes
the place to be less controlled which leads to high potential crime.
The distance between the residence and the market or bus terminal
also shows the level of interaction between the community and its
environment.
The results show that more than half of respondents (53.6%) live
far from markets and bus terminals, while the rest (46.4%) lives close to
the market or bus terminal (Table 2.9). Respondents who live far from

markets and bus terminals are larger in rural areas of 70.8% compared
to those in urban areas of 42.5%. On the other hand, the number of
respondents in urban areas near the market or bus terminal is greater
than in rural areas, namely 57.5% and 29.2% respectively.
Table 2.9. Proximity of Respondents’ Residence to the Market or Bus

Terminal
Distance of Respondents’ Urban Rural Total
Residence and Centers of
Activity
Yes 57.50 29.20 46.40
No 42.50 70.80 53.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,556
In addition to the proximity of the residence to the market or bus

terminal, the proximity of the workplace to the market or bus terminal
also shows the level of community interaction with the environment.
In this regard, the results of this study indicate that most respondents’
workplaces (63.8%) are not close to markets or bus terminals.
Nevertheless, there are 36.2% respondents whose workplace is close
to the market or bus terminal. Respondents whose workplace is not
close to the market or bus terminal are 44.8% in urban areas and 76.8%
in rural areas.
Table 2.10. Proximity of the Workplace to the Market or Bus Terminal
Workplace to the Market Urban Rural Total

or Bus Terminal
Yes 44.8 23.2 36.2
No 55.2 76.8 63.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
N 9,819 6,533 16,352

2.3. Parents’ Background
Parents’ Status

Regarding parental status, the discussion is focused on the
question of whether the respondent’s parents are still alive or passed
away. The question is very important to find out the respondents’
emotional relationship with their parents. Psychologically, someone
who still has parents is assumed to have a different character from
those who do not have parents. That’s because people who still have
parents will have a place to ask questions and to share problems.
This is certainly different from those who do not have parents. Such
differences are expected to affect the way they respond if they have life
problems, especially if they face the temptation of drug abuse.
As a whole, the results of the study show that the number of

respondents whose fathers are still alive was smaller than those who
had died, of 48.50%. Respondents whose mothers are still alive are
greater of 61.30%. In this case, there is no significant difference between
respondents who live in urban and rural areas related to parental status
(Table 2.11).
Psychologically, those who do not have a father means that they

have no place to depend on. A father is not only the head of the household,
but also plays an important role in eraning the living in the family. As
the head of the family, a father definitely plays a role in directing family
members to avoid undesirable things. Whereas for respondents who do
not have mothers, it certainly influences the affection for their family
members. A mother is certainly very influential in creating the warmth
of a household, so that household members feel comfortable staying at
home. If someone feels comfortable staying at home, he/she will most
likely avoid the influence of drug abuse.
.

Table 2.11. Parental Status
Alive father/ Alive father Alive mother

mother Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Yes 47.80 49.70 48.50 61.30 61.30 61.30
No 52.20 50.30 51.50 38.70 38.70 38.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552 17,356 11,196 28,552
Parents Educational Level

Parents’ educational level is very influential in shaping the character
of household members. Educated parents are expected to become
role models for their family members. Besides, parents also play a role
in directing family members in addressing changing environmental
conditions.

The results show that the education of the respondents’ parents
from the father’s side with the Senior High School/MAN level and higher
is dominant than the mother’s education in the same level (33.4% vs.
25.6%) (Table 2.12). The proportion of father’s education is higher than
mother’s education due to a gender bias in education despite that
currently the opportunity for education is equal between male and
female. The high education of the respondent’s father certainly plays a
role in shaping the character in a family.

Table 2.12. Parents’ Educational Level
Father/mother Father Mother

educational Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
level
No education 5.30 10.50 7.30 8.30 14.10 10.50
Not/Have not 7.10 11.00 8.60 8.60 13.00 10.30
graduated from
Elementary School
Ekementary 30.40 45.10 36.10 34.00 46.70 38.90
School/MI
Junior High 15.00 14.00 14.60 16.00 12.60 14.70
School/MTs
Senior High 31.60 16.10 25.60 26.30 11.00 20.40
School/MA
Academy/ 10.70 3.30 7.80 6.90 2.60 5.20
Unversity
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 8,889 5,634 14,532 10,948 6,851 17,799
Parents’ Employment

Indirectly, parents’ employment shows the extent of their
involvement in economic activities, especially the number of those who
work. The results show that most of the respondents’ mothers are not
working. It reaches 65.2%. The respondents’ fathers who are not working
are only 20.4% (Table 2.13). The data shows a common phenomenon
in Indonesia since the economic responsibilities of a household are
handed to fathers than mothers. However, mothers have an important
role in educating their children because they stay at home more. The
touch of a mother’s hand is a fortress for a household to prevent her
children from being involved in drug abuse. A household with busy
parents will be lack of attention to the education and coaching of their
children. Usually, children who receive no supervision tend to be have

free social interaction and are easily influenced to do bad things, such
as drug abuse.
The respondents’ parents, especially working fathers, are mostly

in the agricultural sector reaching 35.9%. Meanwhile, the respondents’
mothers who work in the agricultural sector are only 16.2%. Other
occupations of the respondents’ parents are in community, social, and
personal service sectors consisting of 15.85% of respondents’ fathers
and 6.5% of respondents’ mothers (Table 2.13). Both fathers and
mothers working in the agricultural sector are residing in rural areas.
This can be understood because the agricultural sector is indeed the
dominant sector in rural areas. As for the parents working in the field of
social, social, and individual services are mostly those who live in urban
areas.
Emotional Relationship with Parents

The parents’ various economic activities will not only influence
the attention in taking care of the household, but also the emotional
relationships in the family. This means that parents who stay more
often at home have a closer emotional relationship with their children
than parents who are seldom at home. The closeness of the emotional
connection is very necessary for children who are just experiencing a
transition phase especially those who are still in Junior High School
and Senior High School. This group of household members should
receive special attention from parents because they are very vulnerable
to negative influences from other groups, such as fighting, drinking and
conducting drug abuse.


Table 2.13. Parents’ Employment
Father/mother Father Mother

employment Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total
Agriculture 21.60 58.30 35.90 9.50 27.10 16.20
Mining 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.10 0.30 0.20
Processing industry 2.60 1.70 2.30 0.70 0.90 0.80
Electricity, Gas and 0.70 0.40 0.60 0.10 0.00 0.10
Water
Building 6.70 4.50 5.90 0.20 0.20 0.20
Trade, Restaurant and 15.20 7.20 12.10 11.40 7.60 9.90
Hotel
Transportation, 4.60 2.00 3.60 0.20 0.10 0.20
warehousing, and
communication
Finance, Insurance, 3.80 1.20 2.80 1.00 0.30 0.70
Rental services and
company services
Community, social 20.30 8.60 15.80 8.10 4.00 6.50
and individual
services
Unemployed 23.60 15.20 20.40 68.70 59.60 65.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 8,759 5,575 14,334 10,932 6,859 17,791
The results of this study indicate that only 29.30% of respondents

claim to have closer emotional relations with their parents (father and
mother). This close emotional relationship generally occurs in small
families with less tha five family members compared to households with
large number of members. The closeness of emotional relationships in
the family is important to be taken into account in this study because
families with a close emotional relationship is predicted to give positive
impact in fostering household members as each family member cares
for each other. The number of respondents who claim to have a closer

emotional relationship with mother is greater than with father, namely
25.2% and 6.7% (Table 2.14). This can be understood because mothers
are generally taking care of the household rather than working outside.
The number of respondents who have the closest emotional

relationship with people outside the household is also quite large, of
25%. This shows that many respondents do not have close relationship
with other family members. These respondents are easily affected by
negative influences by their social environment.
Table 2.14. Emotional Relationships with Others
The closest person with emotional Urban Rural Total

relationship
Father and mother 29.10 29.70 29.30
Only father 6.40 7.00 6.70
Only mother 26.00 23.90 25.20
Sibling 11.60 12.30 11.90
Friend 2.00 1.90 2.00
Others 24.90 25.20 25.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Besides having an emotional connection, the social communication

among family members also needs to be built in a household. The
closeness of the child with both parents is realized in the form of intensive
communication between them. Thus, when facing any problems, their
parents will be able to know immediately. The communication within the
household will create a harmonious household and all family members
will receive proper attention from their parents.

The results show that the number of respondents who frequently
communicate with their parents or siblings are quite high, reaching
85.7% (Table 2.15). Thus, in terms of communication, the respondent’s
relationship with parents or siblings runs smoothly. This is the expected
communication where each family member in a household can share

the problem and find a solution with other family members. With good
communication, it is hoped that it will be able to prevent household
members from drug abuse.
Respondents who only occasionally communicate with parents

or siblings are relatively small (10.9%). The number of those who rarely
communicate is very small at 3.4% (Table 2.15). Respondents who
sometimes or rarely communicate with their parents or siblings do not
mean that they have problems in the household, but it is likely that many
parents or siblings work outside the city that the family members rarely
meet.
Table 2.15. Communication with Parents or Siblings
Communication frequency Urban Rural Total

Often 86.00 85.30 85.70
Sometimes 10.70 11.20 10.90
Rarely 3.30 3.50 3.40
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

III
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY

OF THE DANGER OF DRUGS
Source : pesona.travel
Badui House, Banten Province

Source : pinterest
Badui House, Banten Province

III
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
VULNERABILITY OF THE DANGER
OF DRUGS
Social vulnerability is a condition that endanger a group

and influences the group’s ability to respond (Cutter et al., 2003).
According to Tunstall et al. (Lee, 2014), social vulnerability includes
social, economic, political and institutional factors, which represent a
state that cannot be separated from the state before an event.
Wisner in Dunning and Durden (2013) explains that social

vulnerability refers to the characteristics of a person or group and their
conditions that affect their capacity to anticipate, overcome, reject or
recover from the impact of danger. Thus, social vulnerability shows
the potential for loss of special risk elements that refer to the human
condition, along with accompanying conditions such as age, gender,
educational background, economic background or other factors that
can cause them to be in a vulnerable condition.
3.1. Drug Prone Neighborhood
Amsyari (1986) states that the social environment are people in

the surrounding environment, such as neighbors, friends, and strangers

who can give an influence to that person. Or according to Stroz (1987),
the social environment is all conditions that affect a person’s behavior,
including growth and development which can also be seen as preparing
the environment for other generations.
The social environment has a big influence on a person’s life. Hagan

(2013) for example, describes how the community maintains social
control and failures that occur in the form of deviations. Therefore, an
individual who grows up in a permissive social environment will behave
differently from those who are raised in a social environment with strict
social control. In order to explain the public’s exposure to the danger of
drugs, the social problems in the neighbourhood need to be known first.
As we know, there are several social problems that exist in the

community, such as liquor/alcoholic drink, brawl, gambling, prostitution,
drugs, theft and others. The survey results show that the social problems
around the respondent’s residence that are considered the most dominant
are theft and liquor, with 30.60% and 29.50% respectively. It is followed by
the problem of drugs (15.50%) and gambling (12.80%). The dominanation
of social problems is similar both in rural and urban areas. The difference
is that in urban areas the problem of alcoholism is ranked the second
(29.40%) after theft (33.50%), while in the village the problem of liquor is
the most dominant problem (29.50%). Another difference is that if in urban
areas the problem of drugs is more dominant (17.50%) than the problem
of gambling (12.70%). In rural areas, the problem of gambling (13%) is
greater than drugs (12.30%) with slight difference.
Table 3.1. Social Problems Around The Residence

Social Problems Urban Rural Total N
a) Alcoholic drink 29.40 29.50 29.50 8,412
b) Brawl 8.30 5.50 7.20 2,051
c) Gambling 12.70 13.00 12.80 3,653
d) Prostitution 2.70 1.50 2.20 626
e) Drugs 17.50 12.30 15.50 4,416
f) Theft 33.50 26.10 30.60 8,746
g) Others 2.20 1.10 1.80 506

There is a tendency that a social problem wil be correlated with
other social problems. In relation to this, it is necessary to know
whether the existing social problems have the potential of drug abuse.
The results show that more than half of the respondents (54.3%) stated
that the existing social problems had the potential of drug abuse.
However, there are differences between those who live in urban and
rural areas. In urban areas, those who have such a greater perception
is 57.2%, whereas in rural areas those who have such perception is
smaller of 49.8%.
It is interesting to know why more people in urban areas have

the view that the existing social problems have the potential of drug
abuse, while in rural areas those who hold such views are fewer. This
is related to the problem of social control in the urban environment
which is less strict than in rural areas. Because social control is more
loose, the community will be more easily influenced by the social
environment around it. The loosening social control occurs because
life in the city, especially in big cities tends to be individualistic. Thus,
people are ignorant about other people’s business. This is different
from in villages where social controls are relatively more stringent.
Table 3.2. Drug Abuse Potential Due To Social Problems In The

Environment
Drug Abuse Potential Due To Social Urban Rural Total

Problems
Yes 57.2 49.8 54.3
No 42.8 50.2 45.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

Drug problems in the neighborhood are not only related to drug
abuse, but also related to the presence of dealers, couriers and people
who have dealt with the law because of drugs. If many people stated that
there are drug problems in social environment, it is assumed that the
social environment is vulnerable to the danger of drugs.
The influence of the social environment on drug abuse can be seen

from the confession of one of the residents of Narcotics Correctional
Institution in Yogyakarta who said that he was involved in drug use after
seeing many students living in his parents’ boarding house using drugs.
It was almost every day that he saw such a scene that his curiosity to
try drugs arose. He was initially given drugs by children who lived in his
parents’ boarding house. Starting from experiment, he eventually became
addictive. That also happened to his brother, whom he discovered to use
drugs when they were using drugs together with other boarding house
residents.
To find out whether any respondents in the neighborhood abuse

drugs is not easy because drug abuse is a prohibited act and it is generally
carried out secretly. This is different from smoking, for example, which
can be clearly seen when people smoke a cigarette. It often happens that
a drug addict is not known by his family, and they realize that there is a
family member who abuses drugs after being arrested by the police.

Based on these reasons, it is not surprising that the majority
of respondents (63.4%) states that there are no drug users in their
neighborhood. Such perceptions occurr both in rural and urban areas
despite that the number of respondents in rural areas is higher of 69.6%,
while respondents who lived in urban areas are only 59.5% (Table 3.3). The
large proportion of respondents in rural areas who say that there are no
drug users in their neighborhoods may be because the main target of drug
dealers and drug lords tends to be in urban areas.

Table 3.3. The Existence of Community Members Around The Residence
Who Use Drugs
Family Members Who Use Drugs Urban Rural Total

Exist 17.0 12.5 15.2
Not Existed 59.5 69.6 63.4
Do Not Know 23.5 17.9 21.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
The respondents in rural areas confess that in their neighborhoods

there are residents who use drugs. This shows that currently the
distribution of drugs occur not only in urban areas, but also in rural
areas. The existence of drug users in rural areas is also strengthened
by observations which show that some of the residents of rehabilitation
center and Narcotics Correctional facility are from villages. At first they
claim to consume drugs as a shortcut to forget the burden of life, but in
the end they become addicts.
The existence of drug users in rural areas occurs because generally

young people in rural areas are no longer interested in working in the
agricultural sector, while at the same time there are no other alternative
jobs. Finally, many young people are unemployed and hanging out on the
roadside with their peers. Such conditions are used by dealers as their
target.
Similar to drug abuse, drug trafficking is also very difficult to be

revealed by the public because the network system is very closed. This
can be understood because drugs are related to legal issues. For example,
there is a village in a certain city known as a drug trafficking center. But
when the survey was conducted, people generally did not know that their
village had become a center for drug trafficking. It is not because people
in the area have been threatened. It is because the drug distribution
system is very closed. When being asked about the problem of drug
distribution, community leaders always answered with the words “don’t

know”. They perhaps know about it, but they keep silent as there may be
family members involved in drug abuse.

In line with the description above, the results of the study show the
same phenomenon. Nearly three-quarters of respondents (68%) said that
no one in the neighborhood lived as a drug dealer. Only a small proportion
of respondents know that there are drug dealers in their neighborhoods
(5.9%). If respondents who know the existence of drug dealers are asked
further, they will not tell the mentioned drug dealers as they are worried
with the safety of their family.

There are more respondents in rural areas who know the existence
of drug dealers in their neighborhoods (73.1%) than respondents in urban
areas (64.7%) (Table 3.4). This can be understood because of the close
relations in the village community where any deviations will be quickly
recognized by other community members.
Table 3.4. The Existence of Community Members Who Become Drug

Dealers In The Neighborhood
Community Members Who Become Urban Rural Total
Drug Dealers
Yes 6.60 4.60 5.90
No 64.70 73.10 68.00
Don’t Know 28.70 22.20 26.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Besides dealers, the existence of drug couriers is also a problem in

the community. Drug courier is someone who is told to deliver narcotics
by dealers or lords to other people. The interview with several informants
reveals that many drug couriers actually come from users. They become
couriers because they run out of money to buy drugs, while they have
become addicts. Therefore, the only way to continue using drugs is to
become a drug courier. By becoming a courier, a double benefit will be
gained. Besides being able to get money from drug sales, at the same
time they can also enjoy the drugs that they sell.

Similar to drug dealers, the existence of couriers is also very
rarely known by the public. Therefore, the respondent’s knowledge on
drug couriers is apparently not much different from the knowledge
on the existence of drug dealers. As shown in table 3.5, the majority of
respondents (68.5%) did not know at all that there was a drug courier in
their neighborhood. Only 4.1% said that there were drug couriers in their
neighborhood and 27.4% said that they did not know whether there was a
drug courier in their neighborhood or not.
The same pattern also occurs when respondents are distinguished

by the residence. Both respondents in urban and rural areas know that
there are few drug couriers around their residence, namely 4.9% in urban
areas and 2.80% in rural areas. The number of respondents in urban and
rural areas who stated that there were no drug couriers around their
residence was 64.90% in urban areas and 74% in rural areas.
There are differences in the number of respondents in urban and

rural areas stating that more respondents who live in rural areas do not
know the existence of drug couriers in their neighborhoods than in urban
communities (64.9% vs 74%) (Table 3.5).

Compared to drug dealers, the respondents’ knowledge about drug
couriers is slightly smaller, at only 4.1%. This shows that it is very difficult
to know the existence of drug couriers because the network is closed
and the numbers are relatively small. Meanwhile, respondents who live
in urban areas know more about the existence of drug couriers than in
rural areas (4.9% vs. 2.8%). That is because there are many drugs in urban
areas that people gradually learn little by little about the actions of drug
offenders, such as drug lords and couriers.
Table 3.5. The Existence of Drug Couriers In The Neighborhood

The Existence of Drug Couriers Urban Rural Total
Existed 4.9 2.8 4.1
Not Existed 64.9 74.0 68.5
Don’t know 30.2 23.1 27.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

Considering the increasing use of drugs both in urban and rural
areas, the efforts to eradicate drug abuse are greatly encouraged by law
enforcement officials. Therefore, the existence of community members
who deal with the law due to drug problems can be used as an indicator
of social vulnerability in the neighborhood. In this regard, the results of
the study show that almost three-quarters (71%) of respondents said
there were no members of the community in their neighborhood who
were dealing with law enforcement related to drug cases. However, on
the other hand, there are around 11.5% of respondents who know that
there are among community members who use drugs and deal with law
enforcement. Respondents who live in urban areas (13.4%) said there were
among groups of people who deal with law enforcement mainly because
they were involved in drug use, while respondents who live in rural areas
were only 8.6% (Table 3.6).
Table 3.6. The Existence of Community Members In The Neighborhood

Who are Dealing with Law Enforcement Officer Due to Drug Problems
Community Members Dealing With Urban Rural Total
Law Enforcement Officer Due to
Drug Problems
Yes 13.40 8.60 11.50
No 67.00 77.10 71.00
Don’t Know 19.60 14.30 17.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
In addition to the environment around the neighborhood, friendship

is also very influential on one’s behavior. Therefore, the presence of friends
who are involved in drug problems in someone’s life should be watched.
The research shows that more than three-quarters of respondents (82.5%)
said that they did not have friends who use drugs. However, this does not
mean that they have no friends who are drug users. It is likely that they
have friends who use drugs, but it is not known because drug users will
hide their identity as users. More respondents in rural areas (85.50%)
stated that they did not have friends who were drug users compared to
respondents in urban areas (80.60%) (Table 3.7). Conversely, respondents

in urban areas who have friends as drug users are slightly larger (6.60%)
than respondents in rural areas (3.80%).
Table 3.7. The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Users

Friends Who Become Drug Users Urban Rural Total
Yes 6.60 3.80 5.50
No 80.60 85.50 82.50
Don’t Know 12.80 10.70 12.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,192 28,552
An individual’s vulnerability in relation to drugs is not only having

friends who are drug abusers but also having friends who are drug
dealers. Correspondingly, the results of the study show that more than
three quarters of respondents (86%) stated that they had no friends who
were drug dealers. There are two possibilities related to their confession,
whether they really do not know that their friends are drug dealers or
there are friends as drug dealers but they do not dare to tell the truth.
Nevertheless, some respondents admitted that there were friends who
became drug dealers, but the number of these respondents is few of only
1.5% (Table 3.8). This confession is said more by respondents in urban
areas (1.80%) than respondents in rural areas (1%).
Table 3.8. The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Dealers
Friend Who Become Drug Dealers Urban Rural Total

Yes 1.80 1.00 1.50
No 84.80 87.70 86.00
Don’t Know 13.40 11.30 12.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

An individual’s vulnerability to drugs is also related to the
presence of friends who become drug couriers. Similar to friends
involved in drug trafficking, most respondents also stated that none
of their friends became couriers. The number reaches 86.2%. There is
no significant difference in the number of respondents in urban and
rural areas, reaching 85% in urban areas and 87.90% in rural areas
respectively. The respondents with such statement is high in number
because they do not want to take the risk if they have tell the truth that
there are friends who become drug couriers. However, even though
the number is small, some respondents said that there were friends
who became drug couriers of 1.10%.
Table 3.9. The Existence of Friends Who Become Drug Couriers
Friends who become drug couriers Urban Rural Total

Yes 1.40 0.70 1.10
No 85.00 87.90 86.20
Don’t know 13.60 11.30 12.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Concerning the existence of friends who deal with law

enforcement officer because of drug problems, more than three fourth
(85.4%) respondents said that they did not have friends who deal
with law enforcement officer because of drug cases. Their number
is the majority, both in urban and rural areas. That is certainly very
encouraging because it is expected that respondents or members of
community groups do not have friends or relatives who are involved
in legal problems due to drugs. However, the results of this study also
show that there were respondents who stated that they had friends
who were dealing with law enforcement officer because they were
involved in drug cases. The number of these respondents is very small
of only 3% (Table 3.10).

Table 3.10. The Existence of Friends Who Deal with Law Enforcement
Officer Because of Drug Problems
Friends Who Deal With Law Urban Rural Total

Enforcement Officer Due to Drug
Problem
Yes 3.80 1.90 3.00
No 83.70 87.90 85.40
Don’t Know 12.50 10.20 11.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
The existence of friends who become drug users, couriers

or dealers will give negative impacts to the individual, especially
if the individual likes to hanging out with friends. It is because the
individual’s behavior is greatly influenced by the social environment.
Related to this, the results of the study show that the majority of
respondents (92.3%) confessed to have no habit of hanging out with
peers. Only 7.7% of respondents stated to have the habit of hanging
out with peers. The same condition occurrs both in rural and urban
respondents, although the percentage is different. In rural areas, the
number of respondents who have the habit of hanging out with peers
is smaller than in urban areas. It is 6.50% in rural areas and 8.5% in
urban areas..
Table 3.11. Hang Out With Peers
Hang out habit Urban Rural Total

Yes 8.50 6.50 7.70
No 91.50 93.50 92.30
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

In the neighborhood someone is faced with socialization with peers,
while in the work place someone has the habit of hanging out with his
friends outside working hours. Such habits are also predicted to affect
drug abuse if friends are drug abusers. In this regard, the results of the
study show that more than half of the respondents (51.70%) stated that
they had the habit of hanging out with friends outside working hours.
Respondents in urban areas who have the habit of hanging out with friends
outside working hours are even greater of 52.80%. Whereas in rural areas,
the number of respondents who have a habit of hanging out with friends
outside the working hours and who do not have the habit of hanging out
with friends outside the working hours is equal, 50% each.
Table 3.12. The Habit of Hanging Out with Friends Outside Working Hours
Hanging Out Outside Working Urban Rural Total

Hours
Yes 52.8 50.0 51.7
No 47.2 50.0 48.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
N 9,854 6,546 16,400
3.2. Drug Prone Location and Occupation
Drug-prone location and occupation are places that are perceived

to be often used as locations for drug use. The drug-prone occupations
are jobs which have the potential to lead the employed people to be
exposed to drugs. The survey shows that there are 5 (five) prominent
drug-prone locations, namely entertainment places (discotheques, bars,
pubs, karaoke, billyard and cafe) (90.50%), then followed consecutively by
hotel/inn/apartment/flat (78.20%), boarding house/dormitory (66.90%),
quiet street/alley (60.90%), and internet/game café (40.80%). There is no
significant difference between urban and rural respondents in viewing
drug-prone areas.
In urban areas, the order of drug prone locations is: entertainment

places (discotheque, bar, pub, karaoke, billyard and cafe) in the first place

with 93.20%, followed by hotel/inn/ apartment/flat with 81.30 %, boarding
house/dormitory with 71.10%, quiet street/alley with 64.90%, and
internet/game café with 45.10%. The sequence is the same as perceived
by respondents in rural areas but the percentage is different, namely
entertainment places (discotheque, bar, pub, karaoke, billyard and cafe)
in the first place with 86.10%, followed by hotel/inn/apartment/flat with
73.40%, boarding house/dormitory with 60.50%, quiet streets/alleys with
54.70%, and internet/game café with 34.20%.
Table 3.13. Places Considered to be Drug Prone Use

Based on Respondent Residence
Drug Prone Places Urban Rural Total N

a) Night entertainment places (disco-theque, 93.20 86.10 90.50 25,826
bar, pub, karaoke, billyard and cafe)
b) beauty shop, sauna/SPA, massage 38.70 29.00 34.90 9,956
c) Herbal stall/angkringan/burjo 30.30 25.00 28.20 8,057
d) internet/game cafe 45.10 34.20 40.80 11,658
e) Hotel/inn/apartment/flat 81.30 73.40 78.20 22,327
f) Boarding house/dormitory 71.10 60.50 66.90 19,112
g) School/campus 36.30 30.60 34.00 9,719
h) Working place 28.60 25.00 27.20 7,775
i) Quiet street/alley 64.90 54.70 60.90 17,388
j) Others 4.10 3.20 3.70 1,065
The existence of boarding house as a drug prone place makes sense

because boarding house residents are generally pupils and university
students from out of town or workers from other places who are far from
the monitoring of parents and family. In such conditions, there is no control
over their behavior. In addition, the boarding house conditions also give
impact. Boarding house residents who stay in the same house with the
owner get more attention on their behavior. Thus, there is social control.
While in the boarding house which is separated from the owner’s house,
the residents will be free to do whatever they want as noone prohibit and
social control is not implemented.

If we take a look at current boarding houses, most of them are
separated from the owner. The boarding house has become a business
where many people build houses as boarding houses. In the boarding
house, there are workers who take care of the cleanliness of the boarding
house, but they do not care about the behavior of the occupants. This
causes boarding house as drug prone place.
In Yogyakarta, for example, the condition is different from the 1980s.

At that time, the owner rented the boarding house not solely for business
orientation. The boarding house owner also functions as a landlady
who has been given responsibility by parents to supervise and guide the
occupants. If there is a problem with the occupants, the landlady will be
happy to help. In this way, the occupants’ behavior can be monitored.
In addition to certain drug-prone locations, there are also certain

types of work that, if people work there, are considered to have the
potential to be exposed to drugs. The order of the top five jobs whose
workers are considered to have the most potential exposure to drugs are
bar waiter/bartenders with 73.30%, followed by song guide with 69.50%,
billyard guide with 57.90%, drivers with 55% and artist with 54.60%. The
top five drug-prone occupations are the same in urban and rural areas.
However there are differences in order according to urban and rural areas.
If the total number of respondents who stated that working as

a driver is in the fourth place to have the potential to be exposed to
drugs, then the order is slightly different when viewed according to the
respondent’s residence. The order of the top five drug prone jobs according
to respondents living in urban areas are: bartenders with a percentage of
77.10%, followed by a song guide with a percentage of 73.70%, a billyard
guide of 62.50%, artist with a percentage of 58.70%, and driver with 57.50%.
The order is different from the choice of respondents living in rural areas.
In urban areas, driver is the fifth place, while in rural areas it is in the third
place. Thus, the top five drug prone occupation according to respondents
in rural areas are: bar stewards (bartenders) with 67.40%, song guides
with 63.10%, drivers with 51.10%, billyard guides with 50, 80%, and artist
with 48.20%.

Table 3.14. Occupations That Are Considered Prone to Drug Use and
Distribution Based on Respondents’ Residence
Drug Use and Distribution-Prone Urban Rural Total N

Occupations
a) Song Guide 73.70 63.10 69.50 19,850
b) Bar Waiter/Bartender 77.10 67.40 73.30 20,934
c) Masseur 36.30 25.70 32.10 9,174
d) Artist 58.70 48.20 54.60 15,584
e) Beauty Shop Worker 30.90 22.70 27.70 7,910
f) Driver 57.50 51.10 55.00 15,711
g) Pilot 37.20 25.80 32.70 9,336
h) Billyard Guide 62.50 50.80 57.90 16,538
i) Night Shift Worker 55.80 45.90 51.90 14,816
j) Ship Crew/Fisherman 32.70 27.40 30.60 8,741
k) Plantation Worker 19.40 15.00 17.70 5,053
l) Mining Worker 29.80 23.80 27.40 7,836
m) Porter 30.10 22.20 27.00 7,705
n) Parking Officer 34.20 23.60 30.10 8,583

IV
THE PERCEPTION OF DRUGS AND ATTITUDES

TOWARD DRUG ABUSE AND DISTRIBUTION
sumber: :pesona.travel
Source tmii
Kebaya House, Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province

Source : romade.decade
Kebaya House, Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province

IV
THE PERCEPTION OF DRUGS AND

ATTITUDES TOWARD DRUG ABUSE
AND DISTRIBUTION
4.1. Perception of Drugs
Public perceptions about drugs will affect their way and attitudes
towards drugs. If people have a perception of drugs are dangerous
substances, they will stay away. Conversely, if they see those drugs are
beneficial, then they will not hesitate to use drugs.
In general, people have the correct knowledge and understanding

of drugs. It can be seen from the results of a survey on respondents’
perceptions of drugs as shown in table 4.1. The majority of respondents
consider drugs as illicit/illegal drugs (97.30%). Drugs are also considered
as addictive drugs (93.20%). The results of this survey reflect that the
majority of people understand that drugs are goods/substances that
should not be consumed and can cause dependence. Meanwhile, the
types of drugs that are widely known are marijuana, ecstasy and meth,
that is as seen in the survey results that 90.8% of respondents know that
drugs are a type of marijuana, ecstasy, meth and others as the third most
common answer. This possibility is influenced by the number of arrest,
both the cases of use and distribution of marijuana, ecstasy, and meth. The

understanding of drugs as devil/poison powder, pills that makes drunk,
psychotropic substances and other addictive substances is answered by
88% of respondents.
The same trend also occurs in urban and rural areas. In urban areas,
respondents who answer drugs as illicit drugs reach 97.90%, followed by
respondents who perceive drugs as addictive substances with 95.30%.
Marijuana, ecstasy, methamphetamine and other narcotics and drugs
as pills that cause drunk/fly become the answer by a lot of respondents,
namely 93.2% and 91.00% respectively. The perception of drugs as
narcotics, psychotropic substances and other additive substances, and
drugs as devil/toxic powder is the answer of respondents with 89.90%
and 87.60%. In rural areas, people’s perception of drugs as illicit drugs
is 96.30%. Perceptions of drugs as devil/toxic powder, and drugs as
narcotics, psychotropic substances and other addictive substances are
answered by about 80% of respondents or smaller than in cities (Table
4.1).
The survey results above show that in general the community, both
in rural and urban area, considers that drugs are substances that must
not be consumed and prohibited by religion. The fact that drugs cause
addiction/dependence is also known by the majority of the community.
However, drugs with negative impact with drunk/fly effect or as poison
are more widely known by urban society. Similarly, drugs as narcotics,
psychotropic and addictive substances are more widely known by urban
society. This possibility is caused by information and the number of drug
cases in urban areas.

Table 4.1 Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Residence
Perceptions of Drugs Urban Rural Total N

Illicit Drugs 97.90 96.30 97.30 27,718
Drugs That Cause Addiction/Dependence 95.30 90.10 93.20 26,557
Devil/Toxic Powder 87.60 80.50 84.80 24,150
Pill That Can Make Drunk/Fly 91.00 85.40 88.80 25,262
A Type of Marijuana, Ecstasy, Meth and 93.20 87.10 90.80 25,860
Others
Narcotics, Psicotropics, and Other 89.80 80.80 86.20 24,547
Addictive Substances
Others 10.30 9.20 9.90 2,632
Based on gender, in general, there are no significant differences

between male and female in terms of perception of drugs. Drugs as
illegal/illicit drugs were answered by the majority of male and female
respondents, namely 97.3% each, followed by drugs as drugs that cause
dependence of around 93.6% male and 92.9% female (Table 4.2). Male
know more about the types of drugs than female. Narcotics as a type
of marijuana, ecstasy, methamphetamine and others, Narcotics as a pill
that causes drunk/fly, and Narcotics, psychotropic substances and other
addictive substances are answered more by male than female, despite
that the difference in percentage is not too large. Meanwhile, drugs as
devil/poison powder were answered by few male and female.

Table 4.2. Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Gender
Perceptions of Drugs Male Female Total N

Illicit/illegal drugs 97.30 97.30 97.30 27,718
Drugs That Cause Addiction/Dependence 93.60 92.90 93.20 26,557
Devil/Toxic Powder 84.50 85.10 84.80 24,150
Pill That Can Make Drunk/Fly 89.40 88.20 88.80 25,262
A Type of Marijuana, Ecstasy, Meth and 92.00 89.80 90.80 25,860
Others
Narcotics, Psicotropics, and Other 87.40 85.20 86.20 24,547
Others 10.10 9.70 9.90 2,632
The understanding of drugs varies depending on several things.

One of them is the background of education. The survey results in table
4.3 show that most respondents in all educational backgrounds, from
those who did not go to school to those who were graduated from
academy/university, understand that drugs are illicit/illegal drugs.
Drugs as substances that can cause addiction/dependence and
drugs as types of marijuana, ecstasy, meth are the second and third
largest answer. The higher the level of education shows the greater of
percentage of those who answered these three perceptions. Narcotics
as illicit drugs is perceived by 90% of respondents who do not go to
school, 95.2% of respondents who are not/have not graduated from
elementary school, 95.1% of Elementary school graduates, 97.8% of
Junior High School/MTS graduates, 98.3 % of Senior High School/MA
graduates and 97.6% of Academy/University graduates (Table 4.3)
Drugs as narcotics, psychotropic and addictive substances are less

known by respondents with low education. They are 0.9% by those who
are not going to school, 74.6% by those who have not graduated from
Elementary School, and 77.3% by Elementary School/MI graduates.
Respondents with low education are possibly parents who stay more
at home that they feel of hearing the term psychotropic or addictive
substances.

The results of this survey indicate that the higher the level of
education, the understanding of drugs is better. It can be seen from the
large percentage of respondents who answered each perception. This
can be understood because with higher level of education, knowledge
and access to information related to drugs is more open. In addition,
relationships with friends at school such as Senior High School or
college increasingly open the access to information about drugs and
many of them are tempted to use drugs. BNN-LIPI research results in
13 Provinces in 2018 show that drug use among students is quite high.
The prevalence rate of ever used among Senior High School students is
6.4% and university student is 6%.
Table 4.3. Community Perceptions of Drugs Based on Education Level
Not/
Have’nt Ele- Junior Senior
Not Acad-
Perceptions of Grad- men- High/ High/
Going emy/
uated tary/MI MTs MA Total N
Drug to Univer-
From Gradu- Gradu- Gradu-
School sity
Elemen- ate ate ate
tay
Illicit/illegal Drugs 90.00 95.20 95.10 97.80 98.30 98.60 97.30 27,718
Drugs that Can Cause 81.00 85.90 87.20 93.90 95.80 97.80 93.20 26,557
Addiction/Dependence
Devil’s/Poison Powder 75.90 76.80 78.70 84.70 87.20 90.80 84.80 24,150
Pills that Can Cause 76.80 80.40 82.80 89.10 91.40 94.20 88.80 25,262
Drunk/Fly
Types of marijuana, 77.50 82.20 83.60 91.40 93.60 96.90 90.80 25,860
ecstasy, meth and
others
Narcotics, Psicotrop- 70.90 74.60 77.30 86.30 89.60 95.40 86.20 24,547
ics, and Other
Others 9.70 7.00 7.90 9.00 10.80 12.20 9.90 2,632

Even though most respondents have negative perceptions about
drugs, what is more alarming is when a drug user who was undergoing
rehabilitation in Yogyakarta stated that he used drugs in front of his
mother, but it was ignored because his mother did not know about
the danger of drugs. This child frankly told his mother that the item
he consumed was methamphetamine. This incident is only a small
example to give an illustration that there are still people who do not
know about drugs and the danger of drugs.
4.2. Attitudes Toward Drug Abuse
4.2.1. Attitudes Toward Drug Offer
Attitude is an illustration of what someone will do when being faced

with a situation related to drug abuse. Respondents show different
attitudes when someone offers them drugs. The respondents’ attitude is
closely related to their socio-economic background, such as education
and employment, both directly and indirectly. The results of this study
indicate that the majority of respondents or 73.8% refused if someone
offer them drugs, 13.6% respondents reported to the authorities if being
offered to drugs, and 12.5% respondents avoided (Table 4.4).
There is no significant difference between the attitudes of

respondents who live in urban and rural areas. Most of them refuse
to be offered drugs. This shows that the community, both in rural and
urban areas, understand the danger of drugs that they do not want to
be involved or consume them. The rejection of most people if offered
drugs is a positive thing for the eradication of drugs in the country. This
means that when more people reject the offer, limited drug trafficking
will be limited and reduced in the community. Some people also have
the attitude to report to the authorities if someone offers them drugs.
This attitude may indicate that respondents may not dare to refuse
openly and are encouraged to report it to the authorities.

Table 4.4. Attitude If Offered to Use Drug Based on Urban-Rural Area
Attitude If Offered to Use Drugs Urban Rural Total

Refusing 74.00 73.50 73.80
Avoiding 12.20 13.10 12.50
Reporting to The Authorities 13.70 13.40 13.60
Buying/Accepting/Delivering/Selling 0.20 0.10 0.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,319 11,179 28,498
Each community group seems to have different attitudes in

dealing with the increasing widespread drug trafficking in the country.
This attitude appears differently, not only by residence, but also by
gender. By gender, female respondents were more likely to be resistant
if someone offered drugs than male respondents, namely 74.5% women
and 72.9% men (Table 4.5).
The large proportion of female respondents who dare to refuse

someone’s offer to use drugs is based on maturity in thinking. Female
respondents are more calm in making decisions than male respondents.
Conversely, male respondents were more daring to avoid than female
respondents if someone came to offer drugs, namely 14.2% of men
and 11.1% of women. The data can be understood because male
respondents are more mobile than female respondents when there is
pressure. Meanwhile, female respondents who are mostly in the house
tend to be passive, but they are more willing to openly refuse if someone
comes to offer drugs. Female respondents with all their calmness report
more to the authorities if someone offers drugs than male respondents
(14.4% compared to 12.7%).

Table 4.5. Attitude When Offered to Use Drugs According to Gender
Attitude When Offered to Use Drugs Male Female Total

Refusing 72.90 74.50 73.80
Avoiding 14.20 11.10 12.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,370 15,128 28,498
It has been explained that the level of education is very influential

on a person’s attitude in relation to drug abuse. The data shows that
overall respondents (73.8%) refused if someone came to offer drugs.
Respondents who did not go to school (75.4%) and Academy/University
graduate respondents (74.8%) were more courageous to refuse if
someone came to offer drugs (Table 4.6). The number of respondents
who reported to the authorities was slightly higher than respondents who
avoided offering drugs (13.6% vs. 12.5%). It appears that respondents
with higher education (Academy/University graduates) are more willing
to report to the authorities (14.3%.) if someone comes to offer drugs.
The level of education is definitely very influential on their knowledge
of law related to drug abuse. It is expected that respondents with such
education can become a driving force in rejecting drug abuse in the
community.

Table 4.6. The Attitude If Offered to Use Drugs According to Education Level
Attitude When Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acade- Total

Offered to Use going to Haven’t tary/MI High/ High/MA my/Uni-
Drugs school Grad- Gradu- MTs Gradu- versity
uated ate Gradu-
ate
From El- ate
ementay
Refusing 75.40 72.70 73.50 73.90 73.50 74.80 73.80
Avoiding 11.70 13.10 12.70 12.80 12.80 10.80 12.50
Reporting to The 12.80 14.00 13.60 13.00 13.60 14.30 13.60
Authorities
Buying/Accepting/ 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20
Delivering/Selling
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,347 5,341 6,111 11,168 3,881 28,498
Demographically, age determines a person’s attitude. The older

groups certainly have more extensive knowledge than the younger
groups, especially those related to attitudes towards drug trafficking
which have been increasing lately. As it is known, the concept of
respondents in this research is individual aged between 15-65 years.
Respondents in this group are in productive age. These productive age
groups usually have extensive knowledge in responding wisely to be
able to avoid drug abuse.
The research shows that the proportion of respondents who refuses

if offered drugs is almost the same in all age groups (Table 4.7). This
shows that respondents have understood the negative effects of drug
abuse. Reporting to the authorities is responded more by respondents
aged over 65 years (16.2%) compared to respondents aged less than
25 years (12.3%) and above 65 years (13.6%). This phenomenon shows
that respondents aged over 60 years have a lot of life experience and
the courage to report to the authorities. Besides that, it is impossible for
them to sacrifice their family members only for a drug problem. One of
the ways to refuse reject drugs is by reporting it to the authorities.

Table 4.7. Attitude If Offered to Use Drugs According to Age
Attitude When Offered < 25 25 – 59 60+ Total

to Use Drugs
Refusing 73.50 73.90 72.50 73.80
Avoiding 13.90 12.30 11.20 12.50
Reporting to The Authorities 12.30 13.60 16.20 13.60
Buying/Accepting/Delivering/Selling 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,209 21,323 1,966 28,498
Various methods are used by drug lords and dealers in distributing

drugs. One of them is by giving drugs for free. As explained earlier, the
majority of respondents firmly refuse if offered to buy drugs. The results
also show that the majority of respondents (73%) refuses if offered
or given free of charge. There is no significant difference between
respondents who live in urban and rural areas who refuse if offered
drugs for free, namely 73.8% in urban areas and 73.2% in rural areas.
This shows that the public’s knowledge about the impact of drug
abuse is already good. Many respondents firmly refuse though being
offered drugs for free and they would not even buying it. The respondent’s
attitude could be used as a fortress to be disseminated to the public so
that they are always careful and refuse firmly if there is an offer to use
drug for free. Meanwhile, many respondents report to the authorities
if offered drugs for free. This attitude is almost similar in urban and
rural areas with the percentage of 13.6% for respondents living in urban
areas and 13.2% for respondents living in rural areas. The respondent’s
attitude needs to be appreciated because at least they consistently and
firmly reject the offer even though they are offered for free.

Table 4.8. Attitude If Offered Drugs For Free According to Residence
Attitude When Offered Urban Rural Total

to Use Drugs For Free
Refusing 73.80 73.20 73.60
Avoiding 12.40 13.50 12.80
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,322 11,178 28,500
Female are more resistant (74.6%) than male (72.5%) if offered

for free. Free giving is one of the strategies carried out by dealers in
selling drugs. At first they were given drugs for free, after being addicted
they would become permanent buyers. Free drug deals are usually
done when gathering or hanging out with peers. One example occurs
in Padang with a culture of smoking marijuana in “a circle” where one
rolled marijuana is inhaled alternately. Those who take part in “a circle”
are those who join the hanging out without any force. Those who had
not smoked marijuana before but joined the hangout began to get
trapped because they were given free and considered members. They
gradually become addicted and dependent. Female respondents who
report to the authorities if there is someone who offers drugs for free is
larger than male respondents (14.1% vs. 12.7%). However, respondents
who avoid being offered free drugs are larger in male than female
respondents (14.5% vs. 11.3%).

Table 4.9. Attitude If Offered Drugs For Free According to Gender
Attitude When Offered Male Female Total

To Use Drugs For Free
Refusing 72.50 74.60 73.60
Avoiding 14.50 11.30 12.80
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,371 15,129 28,500
Based on the level of education, the results of the study shows

that the majority of respondents refuse to be given drugs for free, but
the proportion of respondents who refuse with relatively high education
(Junior High School and above) is greater than respondents with
elementary school education and below. Nearly three-fourth (74.8%) of
respondents who are Academy/University graduates dared to refuse if
offer drugs for free, while respondents who are Elementary School/MI
graduates are 72.9%. In relation to drug abuse, those with high education
have more extensive knowledge in rejecting illicit goods than those with
low education. They understand and know better the negative impact of
drug abuse on themselves and their families. Similarly, respondents who
felt the need to report to the authorities if offered drugs for free were more
likely to be addressed by respondents who had an Academy/University
education (14.2%). Respondents who are highly educated has knowledge
on the negative impact of drug abuse to the society that encourage them
to immediately report it to the authorities. Meanwhile, the proportion of
respondents with elementary school education or equivalent who report
to the authorities is around 13%

Table 4.10. Attitude If Offered Drugs for Free According to Education
Attitude when Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total

offered to use going to have not tary/MI High/ High/MA emy/
drugs for free school gradu- MTs gradu- Univer-
ate gradu-
ate sity
ate
Refusing 72.90 73.50 72.90 74.20 73.30 74.80 73.60
Avoiding 13.50 12.30 13.10 13.30 13.10 10.80 12.80
Reporting to The 13.40 13.90 13.90 12.30 13.50 14.20 13.40
Authorities
Buying/ 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20
Accepting/
Delivering/Selling
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,341 6,110 11,169 3,881 28,500
The results of this study indicate that the proportion of respondents

who refuse if someone offers free drugs is almost the same, namely
73.8% in the age group 25-59 years, 73.4% in the age of less than 25
years, and 71.9% in the age group above 60 years (Table 4.11). The large
proportion of respondents aged 25-59 years who refuse offers of drugs
for free may be related because it is likely that most of them are highly
educated. Thus, they refuse the offer of drugs for free because they
understand the negative impact of drug abuse.
Meanwhile, respondents who avoid being offered drugs for free are
dominated by the age group below 25 years with 14.3%. Respondents
who report to the authorities are mostly aged over 60 years. Respondents
in this age group do not want to take the risk. They choose to report it to
the authorities if there is someone who offers drugs for free rather than
to refuse or avoid.

Table 4.11. Attitude If Offered Drugs For Free According to Age
Attitude When Offered < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

To Use Drugs For Free
Refusing 73.40 73.80 71.90 73.60
Avoiding 14.30 12.50 11.90 12.80
Buying/Accepting/Delivering/ 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20
Selling
Total 100.00 100.00 100.0 100.00
N 5,210 21,324 1,966 28,500
4.2.2. Attitudes Towards Friends Who Use Drugs
Friendship is one of the factors that can influence drug use. This
section looks at the attitude if there are friends who use drugs. There
are four (4) answers, namely: Prohibiting, advising, reporting to the
authorities and participating in/circulating/becoming a courier. The
results of the study in table 4.12 show that advising is the attitude most
respondents take if there are friends who use drugs, which is equal to
54.8%. The percentage of respondents who gives advice in urban areas
is slightly higher than in rural areas, namely 55% in urban areas and 54%
in rural areas. Furthermore, prohibiting is the second highest answer
after advising with 34.7%. Prohibiting friends who use drugs in the rural
areas is slightly higher than in the urban areas, namley 35.1% in the
rural areas and 34.4% in the urban areas. The percentage of reporting
to the authorities is 10.4%. Those who participated were almost non
existent, only in the city of 0.1%.

Residence
Attitude If There Are Friends Using Urban Rural Total

Drugs
Refusing 34.40 35.10 34.70
Avoiding 55.00 54.60 54.80
Reporting to the authorities 10.50 10.20 10.40
Participating in/circulating/becoming a 0.10 0.00 0.10
courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,303 11,180 28,483
According to gender, the percentage of respondents who gives

advice to friends who are using drugs is higher in male respondents than
female respondents, namely 56.60% male and 53.30% female. It is likely
that most respondents are young people who often gather with peers.
By advising, the friendships can be more protected. On the other hand,
prohibiting is answered more by female than male with 35.7% and 33.5%
each. Similarly, reporting to the authorities is answered more by female
respondents with 11.00% and male respondents with 9.8%.
Table 4.13. Attitude If There are Friends Using Drugs According to

Gender
Attitude If There Are Friends Using Male Female Total

Drugs
Refusing 33.50 35.70 34.70
Avoiding 56.60 53.30 54.80
Participating in/Circulating/Becoming A 0.20 0.00 0.10
Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.0
N 13,369 15,114 28,483

The factor of age affects a person’s attitude. The results show that
respondents aged 25-59 years are more likely to advise friends who use
drugs or equal to 55.5%, while respondents aged less than 25 years and
60 years and older who give advise are 54.3% and 48.2% (Table 4.14).
The large proportion of the group aged 35-59 years who gives advise are
possibly to have high education so that they have careful consideration to
advise friends who use drugs. Prohibiting drug use is more responded by
respondents aged over 60 years with 39%, respondents aged less than 25
years with 35.5% and aged 25-59 years with 34.1%. Respondents aged 60
years and over are mostly parents who are more assertive in responding,
including prohibiting friends who use drugs. Attitude to report to the
authorities is still low by aged less than 25 years with 10%, aged 25 to 59
years with 10.30% and above 60 years with 12.80%. Older people tend to
have a better attitude than young people because they already have a lot
of knowledge and experience both through trial and error and from the
example of community leaders. Thus, the older’s are usually more willing
to prohibit, advise and report drug users to the authorities.
Table 4.14. Attitude If There Are Friends Using Drugs According to Age
Attitude If Friends Using Drugs < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total
Refusing 35.50 34.10 39.00 34.70

Avoiding 54.30 55.50 48.20 54.80
Participating in/Circulating/ 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
Becoming A Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,203 21,314 1,966 28,483
4.2.3. Attitudes Towards Parents/Sibling /Relatives Who Use Drugs
The following is the attitude of the respondent if parents/relatives/

relatives use drugs. The results show that in general the majority of
respondents forbid parents/relatives relatives from using drugs, with a
percentage of 49.7%, while 4.5% respondents give advise. The number of

respondents who report to the authorities is relatively small of 8.7% (Table
4.15). This can be understood because by reporting to the authorities, the
parents/family will be subject to legal sanctions. The tendency of the same
answer occurs based on the residence where the majority of respondents
in urban area of 50% will prohibit parents/siblings/relatives from using
drugs, while 49.2% respondents in rural area will prohibit parents/
siblings/relatives from using drugs. Respondents who advise are 41.3%
in urban area and 41.9% in rural area. Respondents who answered would
report to the authorities were 8.7% in rural cities and 8.8% in villages. No
respondents answer using/circulating/becoming a courier both in urban
and rural areas. This shows that urban and rural communities whose
closest persons are using drugs will not follow the behavior.
Table 4.15. Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Use Drugs

According to Respondents’ Residence
Attitude If Parents/Siblings/ Urban Rural Total

Relatives Use Drugs
Refusing 50.00 49.20 49.70
Avoiding 41.30 41.90 41.50
Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,322 11,181 28,503
Based on gender, prohibiting is the attitude chosen by the majority

of male and female respondents with almost the same percentage,
namely 50.4% male and 49.0% female. Followed by the second largest
answer is advising with a percentage of 41% male and 42% female
(Table 4.16). The answer of reporting to the authorities is the third
highest answer with the percentage of 8.90% female and 8.50% male.
Participating/circulating/becoming a courier is not chosen by both
male and female respondents. This shows that both male and female
do not like if their closest persons become drug users.

Table 4.16. Attitude If There Are Parents/Siblings/Relatives
Who Use Drugs According to Gender
Attitude If Parents/Siblings/ Male Female Total

Relatives Use Drugs
Refusing 50.40 49.00 49.70
Avoiding 41.00 42.00 41.50
Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,373 15,130 28,503
Furthermore, according to the educational background, the total

respondents are 28,503 people consisting of not going to school (650
respondents), not/have not graduated from elementary school (1,349
respondents), Elementary/MI graduates (5,341 respondents), Junior
High School/MTs graduates (6.110 respondents), Senior High School/
MA graduates (11,172 respondents), and Academy/University (3,881
respondents). The majority of respondents answer that they prohibit
parents and families to be involved in drug abuse. The survey results
show that “prohibiting” is the most answer by the group of respondents
who “are not/have not graduated from elementary school” with a
percentage of 52%, then followed by the group of respondents “not
going to school” by 51.40%, the group of Senior High School/MTs
respondents by 50.10%, Senior High School/MA graduates by 50%,
Academy/university graduates by 50%, Elementary school/MI group by
47.50%. Advising is answered mostly by elementary/MI respondents
group with 43.40%, followed by Academy/University group with 41.30%,
Junior High School/MTs with 41.30%, Senior High School/MA with
41.20%, not going to school with 39.40% and finally respondents who
are not/have not graduated from elementary school with 39.10%.
Respondents who report to the authorities are in small proportion of
less than 10%. No respondents answer joining/circulating/becoming
a courier, except those who are not completed elementary school and
academy by 0.1%.

Table 4.17. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives
Who Use Drugs According to Education Level
Attitude if Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total

Parents/ Going to Haven’t tary/MI High/ High/MA emy/
Siblings/ School Grad- Gradu- MTs Gradu- Univer-
uated ate Gradu-
Relatives Use From El- ate
ate sity
Drugs ementay
Refusing 51.40 52.00 47.50 50.00 50.10 50.00 49.70
Avoiding 39.40 39.10 43.40 41.30 41.20 41.30 41.50
Reporting to the 9.20 8.80 9.00 8.70 8.60 8.70 8.70
Authorities
Participating 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
in/Circulating/
Becoming A
Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,341 6,110 11,172 3,881 28,503
Based on age group, the answer of prohibiting is answered more

by young age group respondents (<25 years old) with 51.5%. The
percentage is getting smaller for the older age group ie 49.4% in aged
25-59 years old and 47.8% in age 60 years and above. It seems that
young respondents know well about the danger of drugs that prohibiting
parents or relatives is the attitude taken by most of them. Advising is
the attitude most taken by respondents aged 25-59 years old, i.e. 42.1%
followed by the percentage of respondents aged 60 years old and over
and those under 25 years with 9.20%. Reporting to the authorities is
answered most by respondents aged over 60 years old with 11.10%,
followed by the age group under 25 years old with 9.20%, respondents
between the ages of 24-59 years old with 8.40%.

Table 4.18. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Using Drugs
According to Age
Attitude If Parents/Siblings/ < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Relatives Use Drugs
Refusing 35.50 34.10 39.00 34.70
Avoiding 54.30 55.50 48.20 54.80
Participating in/Circulating/ 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
Becoming A Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,203 21,314 1,966 28,483
4.2.4. Attitudes towards Spouse or Lover Who Use Drugs
Spouses are couples who have a bond based on a marriage,

while lover (boyfriend/girlfriend) is a very close friend before binding
in a marriage. The bond in spouses or lovers seems to be similar to the
bond of kinship. Prohibiting is a prominent attitude by respondents if
one of their spouses uses drugs, followed by an attitude of advising
and reporting to the authorities. The tendency of urban and rural
respondents’ attitudes towards drug abuse remains the same as shown
in Table 4.19 below.
Tabel 4.19.Attitude If Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs

According to Urban/Rural Area
Attitude If Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs Urban Rural Total

Refusing 55.80 55.40 55.70
Avoiding 34.00 35.20 34.50
Participating in/Circulating/Becoming A Courier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,315 11,172 28,487

Table 4.20 shows that there is no significant difference between
attitudes towards drug abuse by spouses/lovers in female and male
respondents.
Table 4.20. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs According to Gender
Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs Male Female Total

Refusing 56.10 55.30 55.70
Avoiding 34.60 34.30 34.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,364 15,123 28,487
The respondent’s age has no relationship with the attitude of

the respondent if their partner uses drugs. The table below shows the
attitude of prohibiting, advising, and reporting to the authorities in each
age category is relatively the same, namely the attitude of prohibiting at
the age of less than 25 years with 55.70%; at the age of 25-59 years with
55.90%, over 60 years with 55.60%. In the attitude of advising, respondents
aged less than 25 years reach 32.30%; at the age of 25-59 years reach
34.80% and over 60 years reach 36.70%. Meanwhile the attitude to report
to the authorities is responded by respondents aged less than 25 years by
12.00%; at the age of 25-59 years by 9.20% and above 60 years by 10.80%.
Table 4.21. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs According to Age
Attitude if Spouse/Lover Uses Drugs < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Refusing 55.70 55.90 52.60 55.70
Avoiding 32.30 34.80 36.70 34.50
Participating in/Circulating/Becoming A Courier 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,205 21,319 1,963 28,487

4.3. Attitudes Toward Drug Illicit Trafficking
In-Law No. 35 concerning Narcotics, Narcotics and Narcotics

Precursors Criminal Acts cover every activity or series of activities in the
context of trade, non-trade or transfer other than for the interest of health
services and scientific development. The narcotics trafficking includes
distribution or delivery. Meanwhile, the definition of illicit trafficking of
narcotics and narcotics precursors is any activity or series of activities
carried out without rights or against the law that are determined as narcotic
and precursor narcotics crime. According to Law No. 35 of 2009, narcotics
in the form of finished drugs can be circulated after obtaining a marketing
authorization from the minister, where further provisions regarding the
terms and procedures for licensing the distribution of narcotics in finished
drugs are regulated by a Ministerial Regulation. Besides marketing
authorization from the Minister, a distribution permit for narcotics in the
form of finished drugs must be registered in the Drug and Food Control
Board (BPOM). Further provisions regarding the procedure for registration
of narcotics in the form of finished drugs are also regulated by Regulation
of the Head of Drug and Food Control Board. Whereas narcotics class
II and III in the form of raw materials, both natural and synthetic, which
are used for drug productions are regulated by Ministerial Regulation.
Activities related to narcotics transactions are offering to sell, submit,
receive, become intermediaries in buying and selling or exchanging. The
pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical wholesalers, and government
pharmaceutical inventory storage facilities that can carry out narcotics
distribution activities must have a special permit first. Outside the
provisions, trafficking and distribution of narcotics are illegal including
the couriers.
This section explains about attitudes towards illicit drug trafficking,

namely delivery, sales, and courier. The respondent’s attitude will be seen
based on differences in the actors who carry out illegal trade, namely
friends, parents/family/relatives themselves.
4.3.1. Attitudes Towards Drug Delivery
In the previous description, most respondents refuse the offer

of drugs either by buying or being offered for free. Similarly, from the

attitude of respondents if offered to deliver drugs to someone, almost
one third of respondents refuse to do it, amounting to 72.4%. There is
no significant difference related to the attitude of respondents who live
in urban areas (72%) and rural areas (72.4%) in refusing offers to deliver
drugs to someone (Table 4.22).
Respondents who live in urban areas apparently have less

courage to report to the authorities if there is someone who asks to offer
drugs than those who live in rural areas (16.7% compared to 15.3%).
The data is likely related to legal understanding which is usually higher
in people who live in urban areas than those who live in rural areas.
Meanwhile, the flow of information available in urban areas makes
the community have extensive knowledge related to law enforcement
issues of drug abuse.
Table 4.22 Attitudes When Requested to Deliver Drugs to Others

According to Urban and Rural Area
Attitudes When Requested Urban Rural Total

to Deliver Drugs
Refusing 72.00 72.40 72.10
Avoiding 11.20 12.20 11.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,322 11,180 28,502
Committing drug crimes carries a large risk, especially related to

legal issues. On average those who are involved with drug abuse sooner
or later can certainly be arrested by the Law Enforcement Officials
(APH), both the police and National Narcotics Board. The phenomenon
that occurs a lot today is that there is no significant gender-related
difference in those involved in drug abuse. This is supported by a recent
drug abuse case in Banda Aceh City, where the local police made an
arrest at a hotel in a drug party. All those involved in the drug party were
university students (Serambi Indonesia 2019).


In connection with the above data, female also have high resistance
to fight against drug abuse. This can be seen from the large proportion
of female who refuse to become drug couriers amounting to 72.8%,
while male respondents amounting to 71.4% (Table 4.23). The large
proportion of female who refuse to become drug couriers is because
respondents feel the world of drugs is a strange thing to them. If there
are female who are involved in drug crimes, it is usually because they
are trapped by drug mafias.
Meanwhile, respondents who avoid of becoming drug couriers

and respondents who report if being asked to become drug couriers
are relatively similar in number between male and female. Male
respondents who avoid of becoming drug couriers are 12.8%, while
female respondents are 10.5%. Male respondents relatively have the
ability to avoid being offered to become drug courier because they
have the courage to move. Whereas female respondents have greater
courage than male respondents in reporting to the authorities if there is
an offer to become a drug courier (16.7% compare to 15.6%). The data
above shows that female respondents tend not to want to be involved
in activities related to drug abuse with the risk of dealing with law
enforcement officers.
Table 4.23. Attitude If Asked to Deliver Drugs to Others

According To Gender
Attitudes If Asked to Deliver Drugs Male Female Total

Refusing 71.40 72.80 72.10
Avoiding 12.80 10.50 11.60
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,372 15,130 28,502

Education might increase one’s knowledge to understand the
social, economic and environmental conditions of people in certain
areas. The sensitivity of a community group to observe environmental
changes that occur whether due to social changes within the community
or because of external influences. The increasing drug abuse currently
can not be separated from external influences. Thus, the community
fortress to fight against drug abuse must be through knowledge from
education.
The results of this study indicate that the majority of respondents

refuses if they are asked to become drug couriers (above 70%) and there
is no difference in terms of education level. However, the proportion of
respondents with a Senior High School/MAN degree and academy/
university degree reports more to the authorities if there is someone
who asks to become a drug courier with 16.7% and 17.8% respectively
(Table 4.24). With higher education, many respondents are aware
of the high risk of trafficking drugs especially when dealing with law
enforcement officials, especially when police agencies and the Army
have declared war on drugs and provide strict sanctions in the form of
dismissal if their members are caught in drug abuse.
Table 4.24. Attitude If Asked To Deliver Drugs to Others

According to Level of Education
Not/ Ele- Junior Senior Acad-

Attitudes If Not haven’t men- High/ High/MA emy/
Asked to Deliver Going to Graduated tary/MI MTs Total
Gradu- Univer-
Drugs School From Ele- Grad- Gradu-
mentay uate ate ate sity
Refusing 71.50 72.70 72.50 72.50 71.80 71.90 72.10
Avoiding 12.30 10.70 12.00 12.30 11.50 10.30 11.60
Reporting to The 16.20 16.30 15.30 15.00 16.70 17.80 16.20
Authorities
Buying/ Accepting/ 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Delivering/ Selling
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,341 6,109 11,171 3,882 28,502

Age is a demographic variable that is very important in someone’s
decision making process. As people grow older, they will usually be more
mature in taking actions or decisions. As explained earlier, almost three-
quarters (72.1%) of respondents based on all variables refuse to become
drug couriers. The data shows that the respondents’ resistance is very
high in refusing someone’s invitation to be involved as a drug courier.

The results of this study indicate that there is no significant age
difference between respondents who refuse to become drug couriers.
However, respondents who refuse to be drug couriers in the group of under
25 years and between 25-59 years are slightly namely 72.4% and 72.3%
respectively (Table 4.25). The large proportion of respondents in the two
age groups (under 25 years and 25-59 years) is because they understand
better that the goods offered are dangerous goods and the risk is very
large when it comes to dealing with law enforcement officials.

On the other hand, respondents aged over 60 years old report more if
someone offers to become a drug courier with 18.5%, while respondents
aged under 25 years and between 25-59 years the proportions are 14.8%
and 18.5%. Group of respondents aged over 60 years old are residents in the
category of individuals who have a mature thought in deciding something.
Their maturity is very important in reporting to the authorities if there are
people who try to offer to be a drug courier not only to themselves, but
also to residents in their neighborhood.
Table 4.25. Attitude If Asked To Deliver Drugs to Others

According to Age group
Attitudes if Asked To Deliver Drugs < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Refusing 72.40 72.30 70.40 72.10
Avoiding 12.70 11.40 10.90 11.60
Buying/ Accepting/Delivering/ Selling 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,211 21,325 1,966 28,502

4.3.2. Attitudes Towards Drug Sales
The results of previous surveys show that the public’s knowledge

and understanding of drugs as illicit and prohibited goods is already
good. Therefore, refusing is the attitude taken if asked to sell drugs of
which 72.4% respondents refuse when asked to sell drugs. In addition to
refusing, 16.5% of respondents report to the authorities. This shows the
respondents’ awareness that drug sales cases need to be reported to
the authorities to prevent greater drug distribution in the neighborhood.
Reporting to the authorities is the second biggest answer after refusing.
Avoidance is the attitude taken by 11% of respondents when asked to
sell drugs.
In this section, the respondent’s attitude will be known if offered

to become a drug seller. As has been explained, drug business is an
attractive business and can easily make large amounts of money
without working hard. Large profits are always the main attraction for
someone to be involved in drug trafficking, either as a courier or a seller.

Table 4.26 shows that there is no significant difference between
respondents who live in urban and rural areas who refuse to be asked
as drug sellers, amounting to 72% and 72.8% respectively. Like the
previous data, respondents who refuse to be intermediaries or drug
couriers turned out to be those who refused to become drug dealers
mostly know that drug business is a dangerous business and againsts
the law. They are fully aware that it is better to refuse to be involved in
the drug business network than to deal with law enforcement officials.

While respondents who immediately report to the authorities if
offered as drug traffickers were greater in urban areas than in rural
areas (17.1% compared to 15.6%). The large proportion of respondents
in urban areas shows that they tend to have more extensive knowledge
and law relating to drug abuse.

Table 4.26 Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others
According to Urban and Rural Areas
Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs Urban Rural Total

Refusing 72.00 72.80 72.40
Avoiding 10.70 11.50 11.00
Buying/ Accepting/Delivering/ Selling 0.10 0.10 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,311 11,177 28,488
Almost all community groups are targeted by drug lords in carrying

out their actions. They do not look at their residence, age, occupation,
education or gender. The phenomenon today is a lot of children are
recruited to become drug dealers or sellers. Children in a housing
complex in Sumatra are not reluctant and do not have a fear to offer
drugs to guests who come to visit the complex. Many women are used as
drug couriers. Some of drug arrest cases are mostly women regardless
of whether they are trapped or not to be used as drug couriers.

The results of this study indicate that there is no significant
difference between male and female respondents who are resistant
when asked as drug traffickers with 71.8% and 72.8% (Table 4.27). The
female respondents are slightly higher to refuse because usually they
tend not to be able to easily accept invitations from strangers. Thus, the
resistance of female respondents is greater than male respondents. The
results of this study are also supported by data that female respondents
report to the authorities if there is someone who offers them to be a
drug dealer (17.1% compared to 15.9%). Male respondents are more
likely to avoid if someone offers them to be sellers (12.2% and 10%).
Usually men have high mobility, so they easily avoid the drug lord trap.

Tabel 4.27. Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others According to Gender
Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs Male Female Total

Refusing 71.80 72.80 72.40
Avoiding 12.20 10.00 11.00
Buying/ Accepting/Delivering/ Selling 0.20 0.10 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,365 15,123 28,488
As has been explained, victims of drug abuse do not look at the

level. Community resilience to drug abuse is highly dependent not only on
community resilience, but also on family resilience. Family as the smallest
unit of the community plays an important role in fostering family members
to avoid drug abuse.

Public knowledge about the danger of drugs is almost evenly
distributed among community groups. This is supported by the research
which shows that the majority (above 70%) of respondents rejects if
there is someone who ask them to be drug seller. There is no significant
difference according to the education of respondents in the attitude of
always refusing if there are those who invite as drug traffickers with an
average proportion of 72.5%. Even the proportion of respondents who did
not go to school refused to act if there was an offer to become a drug
seller, with 72.6%.

The large proportion of educated respondents who refuse an
invitation to become a drug seller is presumably related to their extensive
knowledge related to the negative impacts of drug abuse. With this
knowledge, they easily prevent parties who try to offer drugs in various
ways. While respondents who report to the authorities if there is an offer to
become a drug seller are dominated by those who are educated at the high
school and university level with 17% and 18.4% respectively. The high level
of education, of course, is very influential in increasing their knowledge
about the spread of drugs and their impact on the socio-economic life
of the community. However, respondents who are not/have not finished

elementary school and do not attend school are quite large in refusing
when other community groups invite them as drug dealers amounting to
16.4% and 16.2% respectively. The data indirectly shows that information
about the negative effects of drug abuse has been widely spread in the
community, both through printed and electronic media.
Table 4.28. Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others According to Level

of Education
Respondents’ Not Not/Have Elemen- Junior Senior Acade- Total

not Gradu- tary/MI High/
Attitudes Going High/MA my/
ated from Grad- MTs
to Elementay Gradu- gradu- Univer-
uate
School ate ate sity
Refusing 72.60 73.00 72.60 72.90 72.10 71.80 72.40
Avoiding 10.90 10.40 11.70 11.70 10.80 9.80 11.00
Reporting to the 16.20 16.40 15.50 15.40 17.00 18.40 16.50
authorities
Buying/ Accepting/ 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Delivering/ Selling
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 649 1,347 5,339 6,108 11,165 3,880 28,488
A person’s life experience is very influential in decision making. This

means that older people certainly have more knowledge and experience
than younger people. Therefore, based on this life experience, many of
the community groups learn to live a life with challenges, especially
in getting a job. For those who are not strong enough to fight against
temptation, it may be possible to fall into actions that are against the
law, such as being involved in drug abuse, both as a user, courier or
dealer.

In this regard, the results of the study show that there is no striking
difference between respondents according to age group if viewed from
their attitude of refusing to be asked as drug traffickers. Respondents
aged less than 25 years who refuse to be drug traffickers are 72.9%,
respondents aged between 25-59 years are 72.4%, while those aged
60 years and older are 70.4% (Table 4.29). The equal distribution of

respondents’ attitude in rejecting the offers to become drug traffickers
shows that information about the danger and handling of drugs has
touched various levels of society, both in urban and rural areas.

Meanhile, respondents aged 60 years and over who refuse to be
drug traffickers are 19%. Respondents aged less than 25 years are 15.3%
and respondents aged 25-59 years are 16.6%. The large proportion of
respondents aged 60 years and over who refuse as drug traffickers is
understandable because they live longer so that their experience and
knowledge is broader than younger respondents.
Table 4.29. Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs to Others According to Age

Group
Attitude If Asked to Sell Drugs < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Refusing 72.90 72.40 70.40 72.40
Avoiding 11.70 10.90 10.40 11.00
Buying/ Accepting/Delivering/ Selling 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,207 21,316 1,965 28,488
4.3.3. Attitudes Towards Friends Who Become Drug Dealers
National Narcotics Board and Provincial Narcotics Board always

carry out information sharing session on drug eradication every year
to reduce the number of drug users in Indonesia. However, this is not
enough because the number of National Narcotics Board and Provincial
Narcotics Board employees in Indonesia is very small compared to the
number of drug abusers in Indonesia. That is one of the causes that
drug eradication is less optimal in Indonesia. Another obstacle faced
by National Narcotics Board is the lack of public attention to report
to the authorities if there are drug abusers in the environment. This
is confirmed by the results of the study from the table above. Table
4.30 shows that the reporting obligations to the authorities are still
low, around 17% in male respondents and 19% in female respondents.
This might be because the drug problem is a disgrace in the family so

that if they are arrested by the authorities it will certainly dishonor the
good name of the family. In contrast to the proportion of reporting, the
number of giving advice is higher. A number of 49% male respondents
advises drug dealers, while 46.20% female respondents advice also.
Respondents who have the courage to prohibit are 33% male and
34.70% female.
According To Gender
Attitude If There Are Friends Who Male Female Total

Become Drug Dealers
Prohibiting 33.00 34.70 33.90
Advising 49.90 46.20 48.00
Participating/Circulating/Becoming A Courier 0.10 0.00 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,370 15,114 28,484
Based on the level of education, advising is the attitude taken

by the majority of respondents at all levels of education. With higher
level of education, the percentage of respondents who are advising
is getting bigger, namely Not Going to School by 43.50%, Junior Hig
School by 44.00%, Elementary School by 47%, Junior High School by
48%, Senior High School by 49% and University by 48%. (Table 4.31).
The education side also shows that the obligation to report to the
authorities is still minimal, namely not attending school by 16.80%, not
completing or not completing school by 17.50%, elementary school
or Madrasah Ibtidaiyah by 18%, Junior High School/MTs by 18.30%,
Senior High School by 17.90% and Academy/ University by 18.80%.
Ironically, respondents with a proportion of 0.10% are participating in/
distributing drugs at the level of elementary, Junior High School and
University. Education is defined as a conscious and planned effort to
create an atmosphere of learning so that students actively develop their
potential, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by
themselves, society, nation and country and to have spiritual strength
and self-control. Meanwhile, the purpose of education is to develop the

potential of students to become human beings who believe in and fear
God, have noble, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent,
and become democratic and responsible citizens. The responsibility
here includes the courage to report to the authorities if there are acts of
drug abuse and trafficking in the environment.
According To Education Level
Not/ Junior
Attitude If There Haven’t Elemen- Senior
Not High/ Acade-
Are Friends Who Gradu- tary/MI High/MA
Going to MTs my/Uni- Total
Become Drug ated Gradu- Gradu-
School From Ele- Gradu- versity
Dealers ate ate
mentay ate
Prohibiting 39.80 38.30 35.00 33.60 33.10 32.80 33.90
Advising 43.50 44.00 47.00 48.10 49.00 48.20 48.00
Reporting to the 16.80 17.50 18.00 18.30 17.90 18.80 18.10
Authorities
Participating/ 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.10
Circulating/
Becoming A Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 649 1,346 5,335 6,108 11,167 3,879 28,484
Older respondents tend to have the attitude of prohibiting friends to

become drug dealer. It can be seen from the proportion of respondents
aged over 60 years that is greater than other age groups (Table 4.32).
The attitude of advising not to become a drug dealer is mostly done by
respondents between the age range of 25-59 years by 48.80%, while
the age of 60 years is only 43.10% and at the age of less than 25 years
is 46.30%. Attitudes to report to the authorities are still low, namely in
less than 25 years at 18.90%, in aged 25 to 59 years at 17.80% and
in aged over 60 years is 18.50%. Older people tend to have a better
attitude than someone with a younger age because they already have a
lot of knowledge and experience both through trial and error and from
the example of community leaders. Thus, older people tend to be more
willing to prohibit, advise and even report drug dealers to the authorities.

Table 4.32. Attitude to Friends Who Become Drug Dealers
According To Age Groups
Attitude To Friends Who < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Become Drug Dealers
Prohibiting 34.70 33.30 38.30 33.90
Advising 46.30 48.80 43.10 48.00
Participating/Circulating/Becoming 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.10
A Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,204 21,314 1,966 28,484
4.3.4. Attitudes Towards Friends Who Become Drug Couriers
Currently, drug trafficking is increasing. It can be seen from the

increasing number of arrests from drug boss/big dealers, dealers to
couriers. Couriers are the spearhead of drug sales because they are the
direct delivery man of drug orders to buyers. Therefore, couriers often
become victims of arrest by the authorities during a raid. Most couriers
are also drug abusers as well as small-scale drug dealers. Drug courier
is increasing and they come from various groups, such as workers,
students and unemployed. This study also looks at the respondent’s
attitude if their friends became drug couriers. In Table 4.33, it can be
seen that the majority of respondents (47%) advises their friends to
stop being a courier, about 34.1% prohibits and 18.7% reporst to the
authorities. The same trend occurs in respondents who live in urban and
rural areas with the majority of giving advice. The attitude of prohibiting
if friends become drug courier in urban areas is 33.90% or higher than
in rural areas at 34.30%. While the attitude to report to the authorities
in urban areas has a percentage of 19.00% and in rural areas is 18.20%.

According To Residence
Attitude If There Are Friends Who Urban Rural Total

Become Drug Couriers
Prohibiting 33.90 34.30 34.10
Advising 47.00 47.40 47.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.0
N 17,301 11,180 28,481
Female respondents have a tendency to be more assertive in

prohibiting if there are friends who become drug couriers at 34.90% while
male at 33.20%. But in terms of advising, the percentage of male is higher at
49.10%, while female is at 45.40%. Female are more concerned in reporting
to authorities, namely 19.70% while male are 17.60% (Table 4.34).
According To Gender
Attitude If There Are Friends Who Male Female Total

Prohibiting 33.20 34.90 34.10
Advising 49.10 45.40 47.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,368 15,113 28,481
Based on the level of education, the attitude of prohibiting is

mostly done on those who have secondary education and above.
More than 47% respondents with secondary education and above will
advise friends who become drug couriers. Respondents with lower

level of education show lower percentage in giving advise. This can be
understood because repondents with higher level of education have
better knowledge of narcotics and the impact so it is easier to give
advice to friends involved in drug couriers.
Most of the prohibited attitudes were carried out by respondents with

low education, namely 40.2% by not attending school graduates and 38%
by of those who are not/have not graduated from elementary school. The
lowest proportion for prohibiting attitudes is respondents with Academy/
university degree by 32.9%. After advising and prohibiting, reporting to the
authorities is the attitude chosen by the respondent. Respondents with
an Academy/university degree have the highest percentage to report to
the authorities amounting to 19.60%, then followed by the Secondary/
MTs gradutaes amounting to 19%. Participating/circulating/being a
courier is the answer least chosen by the respondent with a percentage
of only 0.10% of all answers. It was chosen by the group not graduated
from elementary school by 0.20%, followed by Junior High School/MTs,
Senior High School/MA, and Academy/University by 0.10% each. No
“Participating/circulating/being a courier” answer in group of not going to
school and elementary/MI.
According To Level of Education
Attitude If There Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total

Haven’t tary/MI High/ High/MA emy/
Are Friends Who Going to
Graduated Gradu- MTs
Become Drug School From El- Gradu- Gradu- Univer-
ate
Couriers ementary ate ate sity
Prohibiting 40.20 38.00 35.10 33.70 33.30 32.90 34.10
Advising 42.50 43.80 46.40 47.20 48.10 47.40 47.10
Reporting to the
17.30 18.10 18.50 19.00 18.50 19.60 18.70
Authorities
Participating/
Circulating/ 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Becoming a courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 649 1,346 5,335 6,107 11,165 3,879 28,481

Based on age group, advising friends who become drug couriers is
the attitude chosen by most respondents and the largest is in the age
group of 25-59 years by 48%. Whereas the prohibition attitude is chosen
mostly by respondents aged 60 years and over, of about 38.5%. Older
people tend to be more assertive in behaving towards something that
is not allowed by prohibiting. The concern is that there are respondents
who answer taking part in becoming a drug courier by 0.10%, even
though the number is very small.
According to the Age Group
Attitude If There Are Friends Who < 25 25 – 59 60+ Total

Prohibiting 34.90 33.50 38.50 34.10
Advising 45.40 48.00 42.10 47.10
Participating/Circulating/Becoming A Courier 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,204 21,311 1,966 28,481
4.3.5. Attitudes Towards Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Become

Drug Dealers
Parents/siblings/relatives are the closest people to us in life both

emotionally and kinship. Prohibiting is the majority attitude chosen by
the respondent if parents/siblings/relatives become drug dealers. It
is shown in the survey results in Table 4.38 that the majority or 48%
of respondents answer forbidding, followed by 37.9% advising. Both
of these attitudes are chosen because basically they did not want the
family to be involved in drug trafficking. Respondents who chose to
report to the authorities were quite large at 13.7%. This answer was
chosen possibly because of the assumption that drug abuse can only
be stopped if the perpetrators are kept away from accessing narcotics
goods, one of which is by reporting it to the authorities, even though
the risk is that their loved ones are arrested by the police. The survey
results also show that in general public understand the danger of

drug trafficking cases, as evidenced by the absence of respondents
participating in parents/family/relatives in distributing drugs.
There was no significant difference in attitude between

respondents living in urban and rural areas. Prohibiting is the attitude
most chosen by respondents in urban and rural area with a percentage
of 48.3% and 48.4% respectively. Urban and rural communities
understand the importance of prohibiting a person, especially parents/
siblings/relatives, from engaging in drug abuse. Advising is the second
largest answer with a very small difference between in urban and rural
area, which is 38.10% in urban and 37.60% in rural. Reporting to the
authorities is the third highest answer, both in urban and rural area with
the smallest difference, namely 13.60% in urban and 13.90% in rural
area. People in rural area are a little more courageous to report to the
authorities if there are parents/siblings/relatives who become drug
dealers. Communities in urban and rural area are already aware of the
negative effects of drug trafficking. There were no respondents who
answered to participate/distribute/become drug dealers.
Table 4.37. Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Become Drug Dealers

According to Residence
Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Urban Rural Total

Become Drug Dealers
Prohibiting 48.30 48.40 48.30
Advising 38.10 37.60 37.90
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,323 11,180 28,503
Based on gender, the total respondents are 28,503 consisting of male

respondents (13,372 respondents) and female (15,131 respondents). The
survey results show that the percentage of male forbid parents/ family/
relatives in the distribution of drugs that is equal to 49.20%, greater than
female (47.60%). In this case, it appears that male are more courageous to

directly prohibit if there are parents/siblings/relatives who become drug
dealers. Conversely, advising parents/siblings/relatives who become drug
dealers is done more by female (38.20%) than male (37.60%). Likewise,
reporting to the authorities is more chosen by female respondents if the
parents/siblings/relatives become drug dealers with a percentage of
14.20%, while men of 13.7%. This can be seen that there is a difference
in the courage of the community in reporting to the authorities if parents/
siblings/relatives become drug dealers in terms of gender. Female are
generally more willing to report to the authorities because they think the
act is wrong.

According to Gender
Attitude If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Male Female Total

Become Drug Dealers
Prohibiting 49.20 47.60 48.30
Advising 37.60 38.20 37.90
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,372 15,131 28,503
Based on the educational background of the respondents, the

total respondents are 28,503 people consisting of not going to school
(650 respondents), not graduated from elementary school (1,349
respondents), Elementary/MI graduates (5,340 respondents), junior
high school/MTS graduates (6,110 respondents), Senior high school/
MA graduates (11,172 respondents), and Academy/University graduate
(3,882 respondents). Prohibiting is the answer with the highest
percentage with a total answer from all respondents of 48.30%. Based
on the level of education, prohibiting is chosen by respondents with low
education, namely not yet graduated from elementary school by 51.1%
and not going to school by 50.60%, followed by respondents who have
an Elementary school/MI graduate by 46.50%, Junior High School/
MTS by 48.6%, and Senior High School/MA and Academy/university

graduate respectively 48.50%. It is likely that respondents with primary
education and below are mostly parents who are classified as old. The
protective attitude towards the family is more prominent by prohibiting
family members from being involved in the distribution of drugs.
Advising is the answer with the second highest percentage,

amounting to 37.90% of all respondents. Advising is answered more
by respondents with elementary/MI degree amounting to 39.80%, and
the lowest is by respondents who are not/have not graduated from
elementary school amounting to 35.70%. Respondents with other
education respond almost the same percentage of more than 37%.
Respondents who report to the authorities is the lowest in the group
of who are not/have not graduated from elementary school with a
percentage of 13.10%. With higher level of education, the percentage is
slightly greater.

According to Level of Education
Attitude If There Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total

Are Parents/ going to have not tary/MI High/ High/MA emy/
Siblings/ school gradu- gradu- MTs gradu- Univer-
ated ate gradu-
Relatives Who from ate
ate sity
Become Drug
Couriers
Prohibiting 50.60 51.10 46.50 48.60 48.50 48.50 48.30
Advising 37.50 35.70 39.80 37.60 37.60 37.70 37.90
Reporting to The 11.80 13.10 13.70 13.70 13.90 13.80 13.70
Authorities
Participating/ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Circulating/
Becoming A Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,340 6,110 11,172 3,882 28,503

Based on age group, prohibiting is the answer most chosen by the
group of respondents under the age of 25 years with a percentage of
50%, then followed by the group of respondents aged 25-59 years which
is 48%, and the group of respondents aged over 60 years by 47.50%.
Advising is chosen more by the age group at 25-59 years by 38.40%,
then followed by the age group over 60 years by 38.20%, and under
25 years by 35.90%. While the answers to report to the authorities are
chosen more by the age group of respondents above 60 years which is
at 14.20%, then followed by the age group under 25 years at 14.10%, and
the age group of respondents aged 25-59 years at 13, 60%.
Table 4.40 Attitudes If Parents/Siblings/Relatives Become Drug Dealers
According to Age
Attitude If There Are Parents/ < 25 25 – 59 60+ Total

Siblings/Relatives Who Become
Drug Couriers
Prohibiting 50.00 48.00 47.50 48.30
Advising 35.90 38.40 38.20 37.90
Participating/Circulating/Becoming A 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
Courier
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,210 21,327 1,966 28,503
4.3.6. Attitudes towards Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Become

Drug Couriers
Kinship are social units consisting of several families who have blood
relations or marital relations. Kinship consists of father, mother, child, son-
in-law, grandson, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother
and so on. Social solidarity formed by kinship is stronger than non-
kinship ties as social groups based on economics, sports hobbies, and
so on. Therefore, kinship-based social groups should be able to provide
awareness to its members, especially children, to adapt to the rules or
values in society to prevent violations of values or norms such as drug
abuse.

Drug couriers are part of the drug trafficking network. Couriers are
messengers who are often given service fees to deliver these prohibited
goods. The problem is how big is the tolerance of social groups based on
kinship ties in addressing their members who become drug couriers. Being
a drug courier is an act that violates social values. National Narcotics
Board 2019 survey’s shows that prohibition is the most prominent attitude
when a family member becomes a drug courier, followed by an attitude
of advising and an attitude to report to the authorities. The last attitude
is not prominent when compared to the two attitudes. This attitude is
rarely chosen due to the perception that reporting to the authorities
means sending his relatives to be punished or imprisoned. In reality,
family members who are affected by drugs are required to report to the
authorities to be treated or rehabilitated as mentioned in Narcotics Act.
The attitude mostly chosen by respondent if the parents/siblings/

relatives become drug courier is prohibiting, followed by advising and
reporting to the authorities. The percentages in urban areas are 48.30%,
37.30%, 14.30% and in rural areas are 48.70%, 36.90%, and 14.30% (Table
4.41).
Table 4.41 Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Become

Drug Couriers According to the Urban or Rural Area
Attitude If There Are Parents/Siblings/ Urban Rural Total

Relatives Who Become Drug Couriers
Prohibiting 48.30 48.70 48.50
Advising 37.30 36.90 37.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,321 11,176 28,497
The respondents’ age is not related to attitudes towards the

existence of drug dealers. The results show the percentage of
respondents who would prohibit if there are drug couriers in their
environment, namely respondents under 25 years by 53.10%, 25-59
years by 54.10%, and over 60 years by 51.70%. Likewise, the group of

respondents who wants to give advice ranked second in the number
of percentages and shows no contrasting differences when compared
with other response attitudes, namely for respondents under 25 years
of 29.60%, 25-59 years of 31.80%, and over 60 years of 33.90%.
Table 4.42 Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who Become

Drug Couriers According to Age
Attitude If There Are Parents/ < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Siblings/Relatives Who Become Drug
Couriers
Prohibiting 53.10 54.10 51.70 53.70
Advising 29.60 31.80 33.90 31.60
Participating/Circulating/Becoming A Courier 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,205 21,314 1,963 28,482
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the

prominent responses of respondents is prohibiting, followed by giving
advice, and very few reporting to authorities, i.e. 17.20% for respondents
under 25 years, 14.10% for respondents 25 to 59 years, and 14.30%
for respondents over 60 years. If the two acts are against the law, the
respondent’s attitude to the residents in their neighborhood who use
drugs is also a question. This is because drug users can be categorized
as not violating the law if no evidence is found as a courier or possessing
goods. On the other hand, drug user can be reported to the authorities
for requesting a rehabilitation as stated in the Narcotics Act.
4.3.7. Attitudes Toward Spouse or Lover Who Become Drug Dealer
The bond between spouses or close friends seems not much

different from the bond of kinship. In the context of respondents’
attitudes toward spouses who become drug couriers, it is also similar.
Prohibiting and advising remains a prominent attitude both in urban
and rural areas, namely 53.50%; 31.20% in urban areas and 54.20%;

32.10% in rural areas. Reporting to the authorities is the attitude of the
least choice of respondents (urban, 15.30%; rural 13.80%).
Table 4.43. Attitude If Spouse/Lover Becomes a Drug Dealer

According to Urban-Rural Area
Attitude If Spouse/Lovers Urban Rural Total

Becomes Drug Dealer
Prohibiting 53.50 54.20 53.70
Advising 31.20 32.10 31.60
Participating/Circulating/Becoming a courier 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,313 11,169 28,482
The same thing happens when respondents are grouped by gender.

Reporting to the authorities remains the final choice (male 13.30%;
female 15.50%). This means that drug abuse can not be seen as a crime.
In various cases, there are wives who deliberately let their husbands use
drugs to increase working stamina. Prohibiting and advising remains
a prominent attitude, both for male and female respondents, namely
(54.50%; 31.60%) and (53.00%; 31.20%).
Table 4.44. Attitude if Spouse/Lover Becomes a Drug Dealer
According to Gender
Attitude If Spouse/Lovers Male Female Total

Becomes Drug Dealer
Prohibiting 54.50 53.00 53.75
Advising 31.60 31.20 31.40
Participating/Circulating/Becoming a courier 0.60 0.30 0.45
Total 100,00 100,00 100.00
N 13,363 15,119 28,482

V
DRUG ABUSE AND RISKY BEHAVIOUR
Source : 99.co
Betang House, Central Kalimantan Province

Source : republika
Betang House, Central Kalimantan Province

V
DRUG ABUSE AND RISKY BEHAVIOUR
This chapter explains about drug abuse at the national and

provincial level and the factors that influence it. Drug use at the
national and provincial levels includes a description of the prevalence
of drug abuse consisting of ever used and current users, age of first
use, frequency of use, type of drug used, reasons for using drugs and
participation in rehabilitation programs and so on. Furthermore, the
factors that influence drug abuse are explained from the relationship
of risky behaviors (such as smoking, drinking alcohol, hanging out at
night, going to nightclubs and so on) with drug use in the past year. This
section also explains the sources of drug acquisition.
5.1. Drug Abuse Prevalence
Prevalence is the number of people using drugs at a certain time

period and is associated with a large population of cases from which it
originates. Drug abuse prevalence rates can be measured in two time
terms, that is ever used and current use. Ever used are those who have
used drugs in their lifetime, without referring to their use time references.
While the current use are those who have used drugs in the past year.
The prevalence rate here refers to society nationally.
Prevalence calculation in this study uses weighting to obtain

results that are close to real conditions in the field. Weighting is carried
out based on the sampling scheme created at the time of determining
the number of samples for 34 provinces throughout Indonesia. The
sampling schemes used in this survey are as follows:

Total Unit In Sample Sampling
Unit Chance
Population Sample Technique Fraction
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Regency/City Nh 1 SRS-WR 1/Nh 1/Nh
Village/District Mhi mhi Systematic 1/Mhi mhi/Mhi
Neigborhood Unit Lhij 2-4 Systematic 1/Lhij 2 - 4/Lhij
Households Ohijk 10 - 14 Systematic 1/Ohijk 10 - 14/Ohijk
Based on the sampling scheme, the weighting for prevalence is based
on the formula below
w = 1/f = N x M x L x O / 40 m
h h hi hij hijk hi
In this research, the weighting is carried out up to the provincial level so

that the weighting formula becomes
Wh =N/2 x Mhi x Lhij x Ohijk/ 40 mhi
Note :
wh = weighting province to h
Nh = number of regencies/cities in the province h
Mhi = number of urban village in province h, regency/city i
mhi = number of sample regency/city to i, in province h
Lhij = number of neighborhood in urban village to j, in regency i, and
in province h
Lhij = number of neighborhood in urban village to j, regency/city to i,
and province to h
Ohijk = number of households in neighborhood to k, urban village to j,
regency/city to i and province to h
Before weighting, the number of respondents collected from this

national survey, after deducting the number of respondents who
answered incompletely, was 28,552 respondents (N). In calculating
the prevalence after weighting for each province, the N number will
be 186,616,874. This number will then be the divider in calculating the
prevalence at the national level.

5.1.1. National Prevalence Rate
Drug Abuser Prevalence Rate
Based on the above calculation, the survey results show that

the number of current user respondents are 342 respondents. After
weighing, it is 3,419,188. Thus the national drug abuse prevalence rate
for current user is 3,419,188 / 186,616,874x 100 percent = 1.8 percent.
Graphic 5.1.Drug Abuse Prevelance Rate of Ever Used Drugs

and Current Users
2.5 2.4
2 1.8
1.5
0.5
0
Ever Used Current User
The prevalence rate of ever used drug abuser (lifetime prevalence),

is those who have used drugs at least once in their lifetime, is 2.40%
or around 240 out of 10,000 population. This figure is equivalent to
4,534,744 Indonesian population aged 15-64 years. The prevalence rate
in current user is 1.80% or 180 out of 10,000 population aged 15-64
years. This number is equivalent to 3,419,188 Indonesians aged 15-64
(Graphic 5.1). The prevalence rate in the current user is smaller than
the prevalence rate of ever used, indicating that many people aged 15-
64 years who have used drugs are no longer use it in the past year.
When compared with the national prevalence rate of current user in
2017 of 1.77%, an increase in prevalence rate is 0.03%. That means the
number of drug users has increased. According to the Head of National
Narcotics Board, the increase in the number of drug users is due to the
high level of drug trafficking at the international level. It was triggered

by the drug business which was very profitable, because it was not
taxable and there was no inflation.3
Indonesia is one of the countries targeted for international drug

business circulation because of its large population, so that it is potential for
drug marketing. The entry of drugs in to Indonesia through many entrances
namely through land, sea and air. Most drugs circulating in Indonesia come
from Malaysia. The types of drugs that enter are meth and ecstasy. From
Malaysia, drugs are smuggled through Sumatra and Kalimantan. From Port
Klang, Malaysia, drugs are imported into North Sumatra via Tanjung Balai
Karimun by sea, and from Penang into Aceh. Furthermore, from Aceh and
North Sumatra, methamphetamine and ecstasy were smuggled by road
to provincial cities in Sumatra, even crossing to Java. Drugs imported into
Kalimantan through Nunukan to cities in Kalimantan. Then from Nunukan
also entered by sea to Makassar and Mamuju, then circulated to other
cities in Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua.
Drug Abuser Profile
This section sees the background and characteristics of drug

abusers from gender, residence, level of education, marital status and
activities undertaken. The discussion is focused on the current use
because it better describes the current condition of drug abuse.
Graphic 5.2: Drug Abuse Prevalence by Gender (Rural-Urban)

6.0
5.0 4.8
5.0 4.6
4.0 3.9 3.7
3.4
3.0
2.0
1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.0
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Urban Rural Urban + Rural
3
https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4811183/temui-mahfud-md-bnn-laporkan-progres-
pemberantasan-narkoba-di-indonesia

From the gender, male who use drugs are greater than female, both
in ever used and in current use. The prevalence of male in ever used
is 4.8%, while female is 0.4%. As for the prevalence of the current use,
male is 3.7% and female is 0.2% (Graphic 5.2).
From the residence, the prevalence rate of male in urban area is

greater than in rural area. In urban area, the prevalence of male in ever
used group is 5.0%, while in rural area it is 4.6%. Likewise the prevalence
of current use male in urban area is 3.9% and in rural area is 3.4%. This
trend also occurs in female, namely the prevalence rate of female in
urban area is slightly higher than in rural area. The survey results show
that residents aged 15-64 years who live in urban area are more exposed
to drugs than in rural area. Male are more exposed to drugs than female,
both in urban and rural area. Social/friendship environmental factors
greatly influence drug abuse. The social environment of male is broader
than that of female and association with drug users contributes to
being affected by drug use. Male prefer to hang out or gather with fellow
friends than female.
Graphic 5.3: Drug Abusers by Education Level (Rural-Urban)
4.20%
3.70% 3.70%
2.40%
2.00% 2.10%
1.80%
1.10%
0.60%
0.20% 0.10% 0.20%
Elementary School
& Below
Junior High School
Senior High
School & Above
Total
Elementary School
& Below
Junior High School
Senior High
School & Above
Total
Elementary School
& Below
Junior High School
Senior High
School & Above
Total
Male Female Male + Female

Based on the background of the education level, the prevalence
rate of drug abusers who have a high school education or above is
2.1%, slightly higher than the junior high school education level, which
is 2%. This data shows that drug users are almost evenly distributed
to all populations at all levels of education, even drug users with an
elementary education are quite large at 1.1%. The prevalence of male
abusers is much higher for all levels of education compared to women.
The prevalence rate of men at the high school level and above is
highest at 4.2%, followed by 3.7% for junior high schools and 2.4% for
elementary schools. Female prevalence rates are much smaller at all
levels of education. The highest female prevalence rate at the junior
secondary level is 0.6%. The environment and relationships are very
influential on drug use, especially men. At first they only tried together
with school friends or social friends in the neighborhood, but after a
long time they were addicted to becoming drug users.
Graphic 5.4: Drug Abusers Prevalence by Age Group (Rural - Urban)

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
< 24 yr 24-49 yr 50-64 yr < 24 yr 24-49 yr 50-64 yr < 24 yr 24-49 yr 50-64 yr
Urban Rural Total
If the population is grouped into productive age group (25-49 years),

young age group (15-25 years) and old age group (50-64 years), then the
population classified as productive (age 25-49) is more exposed drug
abuse, compared to young population (24 years and under) and old age
groups (50-64 years) (Graphic 5.4). In urban areas, the prevalence of
drug abuse in the last year of the population is very productive above
2%, the age group of young and old the prevalence of drug abuse in the
past year is almost the same around 1.5%. The figures above show that
drug use in all age groups is quite high. While in rural areas, drug use is

very prominent in the population of very productive age (25-49 years)
with a prevalence of the last year of use above 2.5%. The prevalence of
young people and old people is relatively small, under 1%.
People in urban areas have easier access to drugs, because there

are more drug networks and dealers in urban areas. The existence of
places that are commonly used as places for drug transactions are
mostly found in urban areas, such as discotheque /karaoke places that
are visited by many men. However, recently there is a tendency for drug
trafficking to rural areas to increase. Drug dealers spread their wings
trying to find prey to rural areas, because drugs can bring huge profits.
Smooth transportation and communication in rural areas making it easier
for villagers to interact with others, also makes it easier for drug mafias
to reach rural areas. Advances in internet technology open up greater
opportunities for people to access information through internet media.
Graphic 5.5: Drug Abuse Prevalence by Main Activities (Rural-Urban)

4
0
Work Student Household Unemployed Work Student Household Unemployed Work Student Household Unemployed
Urban Rural Urban+Rural
Productive age population who are highly exposed to drugs are

likely those who work in jobs that are vulnerable to drugs, such as
trafficking, informal, and those who are unemployed, who have access
to drugs from relationships and friendships. Graphic 5.5 shows that
those who are working are more exposed to drugs, both in rural and
urban areas. This is understandable because those who work are
better able to buy drugs from their own income. Based on qualitative
data, drug use is mostly done by fishermen, porters, drivers and other
jobs that require strong energy and stamina. For some workers, there

are several occupations that use drugs to support the work they
do. A worker working on transporting garbage in one of the housing
complexes in Makassar admitted using meth with the aim to increase
energy. According to his testimony, smoking meth before working
enables him to take garbage up to 3 neighborhoods, but if not he can
only take garbage in 1-2 neighborhood. Another job that also many drug
users is a driver. For example in West Sumatra, travel transportation is
one of the most important means of transportation for people in West
Sumatra from and to the airport. Most of the travel drivers use drugs to
have the courage and concentration in carrying travel cars with a high
enough speed, to arrive on time.
Strengthening stamina is not the sole purpose of a worker taking

drugs. A worker who is a head of household in Yogyakarta, for example,
claims to take drugs to forget the problem. At, he was drinking coffee,
smoking, to drinking alcohol. However, the relaxed atmosphere to forget
the problem was not obtained, until one day was offered a friend to try to
use marijuana. From the narrative, after smoking marijuana, the feeling
is very calm that he becomes addicted.
In urban areas, drug users among those who do not work

(unemployed) are quite high with a prevalence of over 2%, followed by
those who are in school and take care of the household. While in rural
areas, besides those who work, drug abuse among school children is
also quite high. It seems that drug trafficking in rural areas is targeting
many school children. Inhaling glue mostly done by junior high school
students because the price is cheap and easy to get. They inhale glue
together outside of school time in their neighborhood, as is the case in
Padang Pariaman Regency. In Medan, many elementary school children
in Belawan use meth. Based on information from Medan Plus NGO,
school children buy meth like buying peanuts because it’s so easy to
get it. Methamphetamine was obtained from his friend who was a user
and seller. Methamphetamine is the current trend of drug use because
the price of methamphetamine is more affordable considering there
is a small package priced at Rp.50,000. With this price, many school
children can afford it.

In table 5.1, it can be seen students who have used drugs starting
from Junior High School/MTs, Senior High School/MA, and Academy/
university. Meanwhile, elementary school students in this survey have
not been found to have used drugs because the age of respondents
surveyed starting from the age of 15 years was the lowest and the
highest age was 64 years, while elementary school students were
under that age. The table also shows that there are already students
at the Junior High School/MTs who have been exposed to drug abuse.
The high level of student exposure is in line with the results of the
prevalence of students in 13 Indonesian Cities in 2018 conducted by
National Narcotics Board in collaboration with Indonesian Institute or
Science.
Table 5.1. Education Level of Ever Used and Current User Students

Education Level
N % N %
1) Elementary School/MI 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
2) Junior High School/MTs 12,193 4.90% 12,193 6.80%
3) Senior High School/MA 118,922 47.70% 102,700 57.40%
4) Academy/University 118,334 47.40% 64,021 35.80%
The estimated number of ever used-junior high school/MTs

students reaches 12,193 people or around 4.90%. From this number,
around 12,193 students are current users. Meanwhile, in the the level
of Senior High School/MA, the number of ever used-students was
around 118,922 people or around 47.70%. From this number, around
102,700 people are still using drugs in the past year. The number is
around 57.40% of all students at the Senior High School/MA. At the
academy/university level, around 118,334 students or about 47.40% of
the total number of students have used drugs. Around 64,021 university
students who have used drugs are current users.
Although in the table above, respondents who have an elementary

school education do not use drugs but the results of an interview with an
informant stated that drug users at the student level are not only at the

high school level but are already widespread in elementary school children.
This shows how vulnerable the community is to the threat of drugs.
One that affects the high number of students who have used
drugs, both ever used and current user, is the amount of pocket money.
The average amount of pocket money for drug abuser student ranges
from Rp.10,000 to Rp. 20,000. Greater pocket money means that more
money can be set aside to buy drugs because the price of drugs such
as meth is relatively expensive. Inhaling glue becomes a type of drug
abuse which is quite common among middle school students. It is easy
to obtain Aibon glue. Thus, several schools impose a prohibition on
selling Aibon glue in the canteen or school cooperative.
Table 5.2. The Amount of Pocket Money of Ever Used and

Current Use Students
Drug Use Mean Median Minimum Maximum

Ever used 20,472.38 20,000 10,000 50,000
Current user 16,972.47 10,000 10,000 50,000
Table 5.2 shows that the average pocket money of ever used-
students is more than twenty thousand rupiah. The amount of pocket
money is higher than of current user students. Meanwhile, the lowest
pocket money, both those ever used and current user students, is the
same amounting to ten thousand rupiah. Likewise, the largest amount
of pocket money for the two categories of drug users is also in the same,
which is fifty thousand rupiah. The results of the Drug Abuse Survey
among Pupils and University Students in 2016 in Sari (2019: 127) show
that the pocket money is used as the main source for buying drugs for
39% respondents.

Graphic 5.6: Drug Users According to Marital Status (Rural - Urban)
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Single/Not Divorced Single/Not Divorced
Married Married
Married dead/alive Married dead/alive
Urban Rural
Male 26.70% 68.50% 4.80% 22.10% 73.70% 4.20%
Female 18.30% 70.40% 11.30% 14.20% 74.40% 11.40%
Drug abuse is mostly carried out by those who are married, both
male and female (Graphic 5.6). This tendency occurs both in rural
and urban areas. About 70% of drug users are married. The second
proportion is single where male are slightly larger than female both in
rural and urban areas. It may be because they are still in school and
unemployed. Male students use drugs more than female.
Residence Pattern of Drug Users
This section looks at the patterns of residence of drug users,

whether they live alone or with other families, and whether their
residence is close to the market/bus terminal. In graphic 5.7, it can be
seen that in urban areas, most drug users live with parents/family of
70.9%. The high number of drug users who still live with their parents/
family shows that living together with their family does not mean that
they are not affected by drug abuse. Drug users living alone in cities
are quite large, at 58.7%. That is because in the city, many boarding
houses or apartments are rented out for workers or those who are still
students, while those who live alone are far from the supervision of
parents. Furthermore, in rural areas, there were more drug users living

with other people, namely 69.8%, followed by living with relatives at
54.9%. Meanwhile, drug users living alone and living with parents were
relatively small of 41.3% and 29% respectively.
Graphic 5.7. Drug Users by Residence (Rural - Urban)

120
100 100 100 100
100
80 70,9 69,8
58,7 54,9
60
41,3 45,1
40 29,1 30,2
20
0
Living Alone Living With Family/Parents Living with other families Living with other people
Urban Rural Total
Drug use can be influenced by access and ease of obtaining

drugs. Public places such as markets and bus terminals are often
used as places for drug transaction and using drugs. Those who live
close to markets and bus terminals are considered to have greater
access to drugs. The survey results show that 75% of drug users in
the city live near markets and bus terminals. Conversely, in rural area,
the majority (58.4%) of drug users did not live near markets or far from
markets and bus terminals (Graphic 5.8). In urban areas, there are many
types of markets ranging from large markets that have malls, modern
and traditional shopping centers, and temporary markets that exist at
certain hours. These markets have a crowd and a variety of buying and
selling activities, one of them is the sale and purchase of drugs that are
carried out in secret.

Graphic 5.8. Drug Users According to Proximity of Residence to Market/
Bus Terminal (Rural-Urban)
80.00% 75.80%
70.00%
60.00% 58.40%
50.00%
41.60%
40.00%
30.00%
24.20%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Urban Rural
Live near markets/bus terminal Did not live near markets/bus terminal
5.1.2. Provincial Prevalence Rate
This survey describes the prevalence rate of ever used (life

time prevalence) and current user in the past year in five provinces
with the highest prevalence rate and four provinces with the lowest
prevalence rate. The five provinces with the highest prevalence rates
are: North Sumatra, South Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, Central Sulawesi and
DI Yogyakarta, while the four provinces that have the lowest prevalence
rates are: East Nusa Tenggara, East Kalimantan, Maluku and North
Maluku. The prevalence rates of the five provinces with the highest
prevalence rates and the four provinces with the lowest prevalence
rates, both ever used and current user can be seen in table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Prevalence Rate According to Province, 2019
Ever used Current use

Province
Estimated N % Estimated N %
1. ACEH 82,415 2.80% 56,192 1.90%
2. NORTH SUMATRA 1,707,936 7.00% 1,585,941 6.50%
3. WEST SUMATERA 85,204 1.50% 63,903 1.10%
4. RIAU 96,452 0.90% 55,115 0.50%
5. JAMBI 7,271 0.50% 5,453 0.40%
6. SOUTH SUMATRA 359,363 5.50% 326,694 5.00%
7. BENGKULU 19,698 1.30% 13,789 0.90%
8. LAMPUNG 31,811 0.90% 31,811 0.90%
9. BANGKA BELITUNG 4,145 0.90% 2,961 0.60%
10. RIAU ISLANDS 4,620 0.40% 3,080 0.30%
11. DKI JAKARTA 195,367 4.90% 132,452 3.30%
12. WEST JAVA 95,259 0.60% 68,042 0.40%
13. CENTRAL JAVA 341,392 2.30% 195,081 1.30%
14. DI YOGYAKARTA 29,132 3.60% 18,082 2.30%
15. EAST JAVA 1,038,953 2.50% 554,108 1.30%
16. BANTEN 48,664 1.40% 31,489 0.90%
17. BALI 10,779 0.60% 4,312 0.30%
18. NTB 9,426 0.50% 4,713 0.30%
19. NTT 4,875 0.10% 4,875 0.10%
20. WEST KALIMANTAN 33,550 0.80% 16,775 0.40%
21. CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 10,108 0.70% 6,317 0.40%
22. SOUTH KALIMANTAN 79,370 1.80% 57,723 1.30%
23. EAST KALIMANTAN 16,963 0.50% 4,241 0.10%
24. NORTH KALIMANTAN 5,959 1.70% 4,172 1.20%
25. NORTH SULAWESI 17,239 0.80% 14,366 0.70%
26. CENTRAL SULAWESI 61,857 3.30% 52,341 2.80%
27. SOUTH SULAWESI 77,469 0.90% 55,335 0.60%
28. SOUTH EAST SULAWESI 30,570 1.00% 22,927 0.80%
29. GORONTALO 4,307 1.00% 2,871 0.70%
30. WEST SULAWESI 2,810 0.80% 2,248 0.70%

Ever used Current use
Province
Estimated N % Estimated N %
31. MALUKU 4,989 0.20% 4,989 0.20%
32. NORTH MALUKU 691 0.20% 691 0.20%
33. PAPUA BARAT 4,998 0.30% 4,998 0.30%
34. PAPUA 11,102 0.30% 11,102 0.30%
INDONESIA 4,534,744 2.40% 3,419,188 1.80%
The results of this survey indicate that the highest prevalence of

drug abuse in 34 provinces throughout Indonesia is occupied by the
Province of North Sumatra. The highest prevalence rate is calculated,
both the prevalence rate of ever used or current user. The prevalence
rate of ever used is at 7.00% or equivalent to a population of around
1,707,936 people. The contribution of North Sumatra to the formation
of the prevalence of ever used which is calculated nationally is around
37.66%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of current user decreases 0.50%
from the prevalence rate of ever used, to 6.50%. In other words, among
North Sumatra residents who have used drugs, there are still many who
continue to use drugs in the past year, reaching 1,585,941 people. This
figure is a potential market for drug trafficking in North Sumatra because
there are still relatively many users. The contribution of the prevalence
rate of ever used from North Sumatra to shape the prevalence of
ever used nationally is around 46.38%. In other words, North Sumatra
Province’s contribution to the formation of the prevalence of ever used
and the prevalence of current user is relatively high.
The high prevalence of drugs in North Sumatra both in the category

of ever used or current user occurs because the level of drug distribution
in North Sumatra is relatively high. Drug trafficking is currently targeting
many suburban communities, including targeting children. Elementary
school children in Belawan, for example, have been exposed to
methamphetamine. That’s because the price of meth is very affordable,
only Rp. 50,000 per package, in small packages. With a price of that size,
the children can buy meth and consume it. The area of drug trafficking in
North Suamtera is very widespread, so that almost all areas in Medan are
prone to drugs. Therefore, about three years ago, there was a joke in the

community, especially in Medan: “it is easier to find meth than delicious
fried bananas. It could even be behind Provincial Narcotics Board office
too”. The existing joke illustrates that the circulation of drugs in the city of
Medan is so massive.
The high drug trafficking in North Sumatra cannot be separated

from the strategic position of the area which has a long beach facing
the Malacca Strait in the east. The North Sumatra region is also not
far from the Malaysian state of the Malacca Strait in the west. The
Malacca Strait is often used as a pathway to get drugs from Malaysia
into North Sumatra. Sea route via Port Klan, Malaysia goes to Tanjung
Balai. Circulation of the route is as in the case of the arrest of 8 kg of
methamphetamine in North Sumatra. In addition, North Sumatra region
is also directly adjacent to Aceh, which is one of the drug supply areas
in Indonesia. Until now, Aceh as a drug transit area originating from all
directions, namely land, sea and air which is then circulated to other
regions in Indonesia.
The prevalence of drug abuse ranked the second largest is South

Sumatra Province. The prevalence rate of ever used in South Sumatra
reached 5.5% and the prevalence rate of current user reached 5%. This
figure is far above the national prevalence rate, with the number of
ever used reaching 7.92% of the total ever used in Indonesia, and the
current use reached 9.55% of the total drug users in Indonesia. With this
prevalence, the estimated number of ever used reached 359,363 people,
and current user reached 326,694 people. Although the prevalence rate
between ever used and the prevalence rate of current user is declining,
the national contribution of current user prevalence in South Sumatra
is actually higher than its contribution to the national prevalence of ever
used, of about 1.63%.
The emergence of South Sumatra as the second contributor in the

national prevalence formation is significant to the disclosure of drug
abuse cases in the regional police area (Polda) of South Sumatra in the
last two years. In 2018, for example, seven drug lords were shot dead
by the Narcotics Detective Directorate of South Sumatra Police and the
South Sumatra Narcotics Board (BNNP). The seven drug lords shot dead
would smuggle meth and ecstasy by carrying 5.1 kilograms of meth. In

addition, South Sumatra Narcotics Board also shot dead two drug lords
with the initials H reciding in Barelang and Y residing in Cakung, East
Jakarta. Director of Narcotics Detective (Dirresnarkoba) of South Sumatra
Regional Police admitted that the distribution of drugs in the city of
Palembang began to become a market by the drug lords (Kompas.com,
2018). In 2018, there were also arrests of drug dealers in the Seberang
Ulu I Sub-District, Palembang, South Sumatra, with evidence of a 20 kg
meth package. The disclosure of case by case in South Sumatra Regional
Police area increasingly indicates that the city of Palembang has become
one of the largest drug markets in Sumatra. That reality has changed the
previous paradigm about the South Sumatra region. In the past it was just
a crossing to smuggle meth on Sumatra Island. Now, it has become a
distribution location. One of the factors is the length of the beach which is
used as the entrance to drug trafficking in South Sumatra, so it is difficult
to be monitored by the police or South Sumatra Narcotics Board.
DKI Jakarta is ranked third with a prevalence rate of ever used of

4.90%, and the prevalence of current user of 3.30%. In other words, around
195,367 residents are ever used. Among them are current user which
declined 32.20% to 132,452 people. The contribution of DKI Jakarta to the
formation of a national prevalence rate of ever used is around 4.31%. While
the contribution to the national prevalence for drug abuse in the past year
reached 3.87%. In contrast to South Sumatra, which contributed more to
the prevalence of drug abuse in the past year, DKI Jakarta’s contribution
to the national prevalence in the past year was 0.44% lower than the
contribution to the national prevalence of ever used.
DKI Jakarta’s position as the third largest prevalence rate overlaps

with DKI Jakarta’s position as the capital city of the country as well as
a center for business, industry, trade and entertainment. The flow of
urbanization from all corners of the country entering the DKI Jakarta
region with various economic, social and educational levels is also high
in DKI Jakarta, so that the population density level is relatively high as
well, amounting to 15,663 people/Km2 in 2018. The high density level
has led to various social problems, including drug abuse. Therefore, it is
not surprising that in the DKI Jakarta area there are allegedly 113 drug
prone areas, including North Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, West
Jakarta, and Central Jakarta.

The province with the fourth highest prevalence rate, based on the
2019 Drug Abuse Survey, is Central Sulawesi, with a prevalence rate of
ever used around 3.30% or equivalent to a population of 61,857 people.
Meanwhile, the prevalence of current user in Central Sulawesi Province
reached 2.8%, or equivalent to a population of around 52,341 people.
Thus, the number of Central Sulawesi residents who have used drugs
but stopped using them in the past year has only decreased by around
15%. Based on the prevalence rate, both those who have used it and those
who have used it in the past year, their contribution to the formation of a
national prevalence rate of ever using it is 0.64%, and the contribution of
the prevalence of drug use in the past year nationally reaches 0.53%.
The prevalence rate is significant with the level of drug trafficking in

Central Sulawesi, along with the number of cases revealed, including the
large number of dealers in the region. Based on Central Sulawesi Narcotics
Board data, during 2018, drug abuse cases were successfully revealed to
reach 37 cases with a total of 67 suspects, and confiscated evidence of
1,162,36532 grams of meth, and 2639.7865 grams of marijuana. In 2019
until July, Central Sulawesi Narcotics Board and its staff have succeeded
in revealing 27 drug cases involving 43 suspects (37 male and 6 female).
One of the areas suspected to be a center for drug trafficking in Central
Sulawesi is Tatanga Sub District in Palu City. It was based on various
case disclosures that were successfully carried out by Central Sulawesi
Narcotics Board, as stated by the Head of Central Sulawesi Narcotics
Board.
“... Tatanga is central to the distribution of drug sales in Central

Sulawesi. We catch it in Luwuk, originating from Tatanga; we
caught it in Poso, came from Tatanga, we caught it yesterday in
Parigi Moutong; also came from Tatanga ... indicating the drug
business in the region was already so strong because it involved
21 drug dealers with around 400 couriers. The strong network
of narcotics business actors also carried out social actions
that made them gain sympathy and protection from a group of
local residents ... “(Head of Central Sulawesi Narcotics Board,
discussion in Tatanga District, July 26, 2019)

The province ranked fifth in drug abuse is Special Region of
Yogyakarta. The area flowed by Kali (River) Code and also known as
‘Student City’ with many students from all parts of the country studying
in Yogyakarta, apparently has a relatively large prevalence rate. The
survey results show that the prevalence of drug abuse in Special Region
of Yogyakarta is 3.60%, equivalent to the number of people aged 15-64
years who have used drugs ranging from 29,132 people. The prevalence
rate of ever used dropped significantly compared to the prevalence of
current user, at 2.60% or 18,082 people. In other words, the number of
people who have used drugs and still survived using drugs in the past
one year reached 37.93%. Even though the prevalence of drug abuse in
Yogyakarta is the third, based on the results of interviews conducted by
researchers that in Yogyakarta Regional Police area there are no major
drug lords because drugs traded there are included in the “economical
package”. The number of evidence revealed by Special Region of
Yogyakarta Narcotics Board in the last two years has also dropped
dramatically. In 2017, the number of seized methamphetamine was
around 4,723.65 grams. In 2018, it dropped dramatically to 1,850.05
grams.
Based on the prevalence rate, the contribution of Special Region

of Yogyakarta in national prevalence rates was 0.64%. While Special
Region of Yogyakarta’s contribution to the prevalence of current user
was 0.53%. The position of the Special Region of Yogyakarta province in
the fifth place out of 34 provinces in Indonesia is caused by the number
of ever used and current user. The equivalent number is relatively small,
namely only 29,132 people and 18,082 people. This is different from
the equivalent number of drug users in North Sumatra Province which
is more than one million people so that its contribution in national
prevalence is also high.
After describing the five provinces that have the highest

prevalence rate, below is an explanation of the four provinces with the
lowest prevalence rate in 2019 drug abuse survey. The two provinces
with the lowest prevalence rates are East Nusa Tenggara and East
Kalimantan. The prevalence rate of current user in the two provinces is
the same, which is 0.10%. The prevalence rate of ever used in East Nusa
Tenggara Province is also 0.10%, while in East Kalimantan Province is

0.50%. The prevalence is small, both those ever used and current user,
so their contribution to the national-level prevalence is also small.
East Nusa Tenggara’s contribution to the national prevalence rate of
ever used was 0.11%, and its contribution to the national prevalence
rate of current user was 0.14%. The contribution of East Kalimantan
in the national prevalence rate of ever used was around 0.37%. East
Kalimantan’s contribution to the the national prevalence rate in
current user was 0.12%. The contribution is relatively smaller than the
contribution made by East Nusa Tenggara, although both provinces
have the same prevalence rate of 0.10%. That is because the absolute
number of people who use drugs in the past year in the two provinces is
different, namely 4,875 people in East Nusa Tenggara and 4,241 people
in East Kalimantan, so that their contribution to the national level is also
different.
The prevalence rate of East Kalimantan Province is unexpected,

because the results of research conducted by the Faculty of Public
Health University of Indonesia in collaboration with National Narcotics
Board in 2017 showed that the prevalence rate in East Kalimantan of
2.1%, was in the third place out of 34 provinces. This difference is also
seen in the results of a survey conducted by the Center for Community
and Cultural Research in collaboration with National Narcotics Board
in 2018, which shows that the position of East Kalimantan is ranked
fifth of the 13 provinces surveyed. This difference occurs because of
different methods are used.
It is no longer a secret among the people who live in the city of

Samarinda and surrounding areas that one of the morning markets in
the city of Samarinda is a center for drug trafficking transactions which
is relatively difficult to eradicate by law enforcement officials. That is
because the level of population density around the market, the number
of small alleys that facilitate dealers to flee when law enforcement
officers conduct operations, and settlements on the banks of the Karang
Mumus River which can easily be used as access for dealers to escape
through the river channel. Not only in the morning market, several other
places in the city of Samarinda are also very rampant in drug trafficking.
To illustrate the increasing drug trafficking in Samarinda City, East
Kalimantan, the Head of the Eradication of Provincial Narcotics Board

of East Kalimantan stated that the arrest of prospective meth buyers
in Samarinda City was carried out on May 9, 2019. The undercover
operation was carried out by Provincial Narcotics Board officials by
pretending to sell meth before 7 pm until 9 pm WITA (Central Indonesian
Time). The undercover was carried out on Jl. Belatuk VII Samarinda. The
number of those arrested reached 91 people. The prospective buyers
were taken to the East Kalimantan Narcotics Board Office by truck. The
prospective buyers were then rehabilitated and some were proceeded
with legal process because ± 500 packages of evidence were found.
The increasing meth trafficking on Jl. Belatuk indicated that the activity
was a move from Jl. Pulau which had been raided, so for the time being
the distribution of meth on Jl. Pulau is considered clean.
Drug trafficking rates are still high in East Kalimantan, correlated

with the arrest of drugs carried out by the East Kalimantan Regional
Police. Based on data from the East Kalimantan Regional Police, in
Semester I of 2018, the number of meth seized in the East Kalimantan
Regional Police area was 14,187.85 grams (14,188 kg) or increased
132.93% to 33,047.15 grams (33,047 kg) in Semester I of 2019. The
increase in the number of meth indicates that demand for meth
continues to increase.
The high drug trafficking in East Kalimantan cannot be separated

from the development of the coal mining industry in the area. Many
workers in the coal mining sector are suspected to be drug users,
especially meth users, because they believe that using meth will increase
stamina. The recognition of the interviewed former meth users said that
after consuming meth, they felt tireless despite of having working for
24 hours. In addition to high consumers who need methamphetamine
in East Kalimantan, the geographical location of East Kalimantan also
makes it easier for dealers to import drugs into this region because
East Kalimantan has a long coastline from north to south, land and sea
borders with Malaysia, and sea border with the Philippines. The border
area is the gateway to drugs in East Kalimantan.
In contrast to East Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara’s lowest position

in drug use is in accordance with the conditions of drug trafficking in the
region which are not too prominent. Interviews show that East Nusa

Tenggara is not a target for drug trafficking in Indonesia. It is only a
transit area or a drug trafficking crossing point. Drug prices in the East
Nusa Tenggara region are relatively expensive, around Rp. 2 million to
Rp. 2.5 million per gram. Therefore, the Head of the Provincial Narcotics
Board of East Nusa Tenggara (Brigadier General Teguh Imam Wahyudi,
SH, MM) said that those who use drugs in East Nusa Tenggara are only
rich people, and they usually use them outside East Nusa Tenggara, like in
Bali, Surabaya and Jakarta. These areas were chosen because drugs are
easily available, people who use them feel safer, and the price is cheaper
than in East Nusa Tenggara. For these reasons, the level of drug abuse
in East Nusa Tenggara is relatively small. Several actions that have been
taken, both by the police and the National Narcotics Board, show that the
volume of evidence found in the form of meth is relatively small, usually
only around zero point and not up to one gram. The drugs were bought in
Surabaya, then taken to East Nusa Tenggara using ships to make it safer,
because if using an airplane, the supervision at the airport is tighter.
Above East Nusa Tenggara and East Kalimantan are the provinces
of Maluku and North Maluku. These two provinces before October
4, 1999, along with the issuance of Law of the Republic of Indonesia
Number 46 of 1999 concerning the Establishment of North Maluku
Province, Buru Regency and West Southeast Maluku Regency, were in
one province namely Maluku Province. The prevalence rate, both ever
used and current user is the same at 0.20%. However, the equal number
in the two provinces differ according to the population in each province.
With a prevalence rate ever used for Maluku of 0.20%, the equivalent
figure is 4,989 people. Likewise, the prevalence rate of current user of
0.20% is equivalent to 4,989 people. In other words, the total ever used
population is also current user.
It is the same case in North Maluku. The prevalence rate of ever

used and current user is the same of 0.20%. However, the equivalent
number of residents in ever used and current user is different from
the equivalent number in Maluku Province. Because the population in
North Maluku Province is relatively less than the population in Maluku
Province, the equivalent number of ever used at the rate of 0.20% is 691
people. It is exactly the same as the equivalent number of the prevalence
rate of current user amounting to 691 people. The same number shows

that those who have used drugs have also used drugs in the past year.
Even though the prevalence rates of the two provinces which were
previously divided are one province, the equivalent is different because
the population is different. The contribution to the national prevalence
rates is also different.
The contribution of North Maluku Province in the national

prevalence rate is 0.0152%, while the contribution of Maluku Province is
slightly higher at 0.11%. The contribution of North Maluku Province has
shaped the prevalence of drug use in the last year at the national level
of around 0.02%. The figure is relatively lower than Maluku Province’s
contribution to the formation of the prevalence rate of current user
contributed by Maluku Province which reached 0.146%.
The prevalence rate, both ever used and current user is relatively
small due to the price of drugs in the region which is relatively expensive.
In Maluku Province, for example, the results of the interviews revealed
that the price of 7 grams of methamphetamine was around Rp. 5 million.
The high price of drugs indicates that drug users only come from the
middle to upper economic class.
Based on gender, out of 4,534,744 Indonesians who have ever used

drugs, around 91.40% or 4,143,380 people are male. Thus, only 8.60%
female use drugs. There are fifteen provinces where the population has
ever used drugs, all of them are male, namely: West Sumatra, Jambi,
Bengkulu, Lampung, Bangka Belitung, Banten, West Nusa Tenggara,
West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Gorontalo,
Maluku, Maluku North, Papua, and West Papua. This condition is
different from the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). In this
province, the population estimated to have used drugs was entirely
female. Although the survey results show that the population who have
used drugs in these provinces are all male, and in NTT all are female. It
does not mean that in these provinces, no other gender consume drugs.
The absence of female drug users in the fifteen provinces above and
the absence of male drug users in NTT Province was caused by the
absence of such cases in survey that took place in these provinces.

Table 5.4. Estimation of Ever Used and Current User Population
According to Province and Gender
Ever used Current user
Male Female Male Female
Province
N Estima- % N Esti- % N Estima- % N Estima- %
tion mation tion tion
1. ACEH 67,430 81.80 14,985 18.20 44,954 80.00 11,238 20.00
2. NORTH
1,634,739 95.70 73,197 4.30 1,512,744 95.40 73,197 4.60
SUMATRA
3.WEST
85,204 100.00 63,903 100.00
SUMATRA
4. RIAU 82,673 85.70 13,779 14.30 41,336 75.00 13,779 25.00
5. JAMBI 7,271 100.00 5,453 100.00
6. SOUTH
326,694 90.90 32,669 9.10 294,025 90.00 32,669 10.00
SUMATRA
7. BENGKULU 19,698 100.00 13,789 100.00
8. LAMPUNG 31,811 100.00 31,811 100.00
9. BANGKA
4,145 100.00 2,961 100.00
BELITUNG
10. RIAU
1,540 33.30 3,080 66.70 1,540 50.00 1,540 50.00
ISLANDS
11. DKI
165,565 84.70 29,802 15.30 115,896 87.50 16,557 12.50
JAKARTA
12. WEST JAVA 81,650 85.70 13,608 14.30 54,433 80.00 13,608 20.00
13.CENTRAL
317,007 92.90 24,385 7.10 182,888 93.80 12,193 6.30
JAVA
14. DI
28,127 96.60 1,005 3.40 17,077 94.40 1,005 5.60
YOGYAKARTA
15.EAST JAVA 900,426 86.70 138,527 13.30 519,477 93.80 34,632 6.30
16. BANTEN 48,664 100.00 31489 100.00
17. BALI 8,623 80.00 2,156 20.00 2,156 50.00 2,156 50.00
18. NTB 9,426 100.00 4,713 100.00
19. NTT 4,875 100.00 0 0.00 4,875 100.00
20. WEST
33,550 100.00 16,775 100.00
KALIMANTAN
21. CENTRAL
10,108 100.00 6,317 100.00
KALIMANTAN

Male Female Male Female
Province
N Estima- % N Esti- % N Estima- % N Estima- %
tion mation tion tion
22. SOUTH
72,154 90.90 7,215 9.10 50,508 87.50 7,215 12.50
KALIMANTAN
23. EAST
12,722 75.00 4,241 25.00 4,241 100.00
KALIMANTAN
24. NORTH
5,959 100.00 4,172 100.00
KALIMANTAN
25. NORTH
14,366 83.30 2,873 16.70 11,493 80.00 2,873 20.00
SULAWESI
26.CENTRAL
52,341 84.60 9,516 15.40 47,582 90.90 4,758 9.10
SULAWESI
27. SOUTH
66,402 85.70 11,067 14.30 44,268 80.00 11,067 20.00
SULAWESI
28. SOUTH EAST
26,749 87.50 3,821 12.50 19,106 83.30 3,821 16.70
SULAWESI
29.GORONTALO 4,307 100.00 2,871 100.00
30 WEST
2,248 80.00 562 20.00 1,686 75.00 562 25.00
SULAWESI
31 MALUKU 4,989 100.00 4,989 100.00
32 NORTH
691 100.00 691 100.00
MALUKU
33 WEST
4,998 100.00 4,998 100.00
PAPUA
34 PAPUA 11,102 100.00 11,102 100.00
INDONESIA 4,143,380 91.40 391,364 8.60 3,171,443 92.80 247,746 7.20
Table 5.4 above shows that current user by province is seen from
the gender, indicating that there are 16 provinces where all users are
male. The estimated number of male population in current user is
3,171,443 people (92.80%) and women around 247,746 people (7.20%).
The sixteen provinces with 100% male population in current user are:
West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, Bangka Belitung Islands,
Banten, West Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan,

East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Gorontalo, Maluku, North Maluku,
West Papua, and Papua. Whereas all women as drug users in current
user is in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Other provinces where the
percentage of current user women is relatively high, namely Riau
Islands Province and Bali Province. Each region has a percentage of
current user women reaching 50% of all drug users in the province. The
absence of male or female current users does not mean that there are
no gender difference who use drugs in these provinces, but because
there were no cases in the survey.
Based on the residence in each province, the majority of

respondents were drug users residing in urban areas. There are six
provinces where 100% of respondents have used drugs in urban areas,
namely: DKI Jakarta, Jambi, Riau Islands, East Nusa Tenggara, North
Maluku, and Papua. That means that in the six provinces, drug trafficking
in rural areas is relatively more limited than urban areas. Provinces
with the ratio of more ever used respondents living in rural areas are:
Maluku Province (100%), East Kalimantan (75%), Riau (71.40%), North
Kalimantan, West Sulawesi (60%), West Papua (50%), and West Sumatra
(50%). Apart from these provinces, the proportion of respondents who
ever used drugs was dominated in urban areas (table 5.5).
Table 5.5. Estimation of Ever Uses and Current User by Province and
Residence, 2019.

Urban Rural Urban Rural
Province
N Esti- % N Esti- % N Esti- % N Esti- %
mation mation mation mation
1. ACEH 67,430 81.80 14,985 18.20 44,954 80.00 11,238 20.00
2. NORTH
1,024,762 60.00 683,175 40.00 951,565 60.00 634,376 40.00
SUMATRA
3.WEST
42,602 50.00 42,602 50.00 28,401 44.40 35,502 56.00
SUMATRA
4. RIAU 27,558 28.60 68,894 71.40 55,115 100.00
5. JAMBI 7,271 100.00 5,453 100.00

Province
6. SOUTH
228,686 63.60 130,678 36.40 217,796 66.70 108,898 33.00
SUMATRA
7. BENGKULU 17,728 90.00 1,970 10.00 11,819 85.70 1,970 14.00
8. LAMPUNG 22,722 71.40 9,089 28.60 22,722 71.40 9,089 29.00
9. BANGKA
3,553 85.70 592 14.30 2,369 80.00 592 20.00
BELITUNG
10. RIAU
4,620 100.00 3,080 100.00
ISLANDS
11. DKI
195,367 100.00 132,452 100.00
JAKARTA
12. WEST JAVA 81,650 85.70 13,608 14.30 68,042 100.00
13.CENTRAL
182,888 53.60 158,503 46.40 121,926 62.50 73,155 38.00
JAVA
14. DIY 19,086 65.50 10,045 34.50 14,064 77.80 4,018 22.00
15.EAST JAVA 623,372 60.00 415,581 40.00 311,686 56.30 242,422 44.00
16. BANTEN 37,214 76.50 11,450 23.50 22,901 72.70 8,588 27.00
17. BALI 8,623 80.00 2,156 20.00 4,312 100.00
18. NTB 7,070 75.00 2,357 25.00 4,713 100.00
19. NTT 4,875 100.00 4,875 100.00
20. WEST
27,959 83.30 5,592 16.70 16,775 100.00
KALIMANTAN
21. CENTRAL
7,581 75.00 2,527 25.00 3,790 60.00 2,527 40.00
KALIMANTAN
22. SOUTH
72,154 90.90 7,215 9.10 50,508 87.50 7,215 13.00
KALIMANTAN
23. EAST
4,241 25.00 12,722 75.00 4,241 100.00
KALIMANTAN
24. NORTH
1,788 30.00 4,172 70.00 1,788 42.90 2,384 57.00
KALIMANTAN
25. NORTH
14,366 83.30 2,873 16.70 11,493 80.00 2,873 20.00
SULAWESI
26.CENTRAL
45,203 73.10 16,654 26.90 38,066 72.70 14,275 27.00
SULAWESI

Province
27. SOUTH
55,335 71.40 22,134 28.60 44,268 80.00 11,067 20.00
SULAWESI
28. SOUTH EAST
26,749 87.50 3,821 12.50 22,927 100.00
SULAWESI
29.GORONTALO 3,589 83.30 718 16.70 2,153 75.00 718 25.00
30 WEST
1,124 40.00 1,686 60.00 1,124 50.00 1,124 50.00
SULAWESI
31. MALUKU 4,989 100.00 4,989 100.00
32. NORTH
691 100.00 691 100.00
MALUKU
33. WEST
2,499 50.00 2,499 50.00 2,499 50.00 2499 50.00
PAPUA
34. PAPUA 11,102 100.00 11,102 100.00
INDONESIA 2,881,457 63.50 1,653,287 36.50 2,184,553 63.90 1,234,635 36.00
In terms of drug used in the past year, the majority of respondents

lives in urban areas (63.9%). Provinces whose population of current user
have all lived in urban areas: Jambi, Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta, West Java,
Bali, NTB, NTT, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi,
North Maluku, and Papua. These findings do not mean that drug cases
are not found in rural areas, but urban populations are more likely to
have a greater risk of exposure than rural areas. Urban communities
that tend to be heterogeneous with the complexity of the problem can
be one of the factors that trigger drug abuse.
Table 5.6 shows the age of first time using drugs in each province.
On average, the lowest age of using drugs was 19.2 years. Thus, the
average age of the youngest to use drugs is classified as adolescents.
Meanwhile, if the first age is seen by province, the youngest age for the
first time using drugs is in Papua Province, namely at the age of 7 years.
That is certainly very concern, because the age 7 means they are at
elementary school level but they already know and even use drugs. Age

classified as children for the first time using drugs, also found in Special
Region of Yogyakarta. In this province, there are those with the age of
10 years have become drug users for the first time. The next age for the
first time using drugs is 11 years old in the Provinces of North Sumatra,
Lampung, and DKI Jakarta. In their teens, those who first used drugs
became more widespread. Those at the age 12 years who first time
using drugs are in the provinces of South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Bangka
Belitung Islands, East Java, Banten, and Central Sulawesi. Drug users
who first use over the age of 20 years are only found in four provinces,
namely: Riau, East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and North Maluku.
Table 5.6. The Age First Time Using Drugs by Province
Province Mean Median Modus Min Max

1. ACEH 20.1 18 17 13 44
2. NORTH SUMATERA 18.46 17 17 11 45
3. WEST SUMATERA 19.09 20 13 13 25
4. RIAU 16.67 15 14 14 21
5. JAMBI 20.5 20.5 20 20 21
6. SOUTH SUMATERA 19.23 20 20 12 30
7. BENGKULU 16.8 16.5 15 12 21
8. LAMPUNG 17 17 17 11 20
9. BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS 15.86 16 16 12 20
10. RIAU ISLANDS 18.5 18.5 18 18 19
11. DKI JAKARTA 17.89 18 17 11 30
12. WEST JAVA 20 18 15 15 33
13. CENTRAL JAVA 18.33 18 15 13 29
14. SPECIAL REGION OFYOGYAKARTA 18.52 18 18 10 40
15. EAST JAVA 20.83 19.5 25 12 32
16. BANTEN 18.69 18 18 12 35
17. BALI 22.5 18.5 15 15 38
18. NTB 19.25 19 15 15 24
19. NTT 25 25 25 25 25
20. WEST KALIMANTAN 21.17 20 20 18 28
21. CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 22.88 20.5 17 17 32
22. SOUTH KALIMANTAN 21 19 17 13 35

Province Mean Median Modus Min Max
23. EAST KALIMANTAN 15.75 16 13 13 18
24. NORTH KALIMANTAN 19.8 19 19 15 30
25. NORTH SULAWESI 20 21 22 13 27
26. CENTRAL SULAWESI 18.15 17 17 12 34
27. SOUTH SULAWESI 18.57 17 16 16 23
28. SOUTH EAST SULAWESI 19 19 20 15 25
29. GORONTALO 18.17 18.5 19 15 21
30. WEST SULAWESI 22 19 19 18 30
31. MALUKU 42 42 42 42 42
32.NORTH MALUKU 21 21 21 21 21
33. WEST PAPUA 20 20 19 19 21
34. PAPUA 11.5 11.5 7 7 16
Total 19.2 18 17 7 45
Table 5.6 shows that the oldest age for drug use for the first
time is in the Province of North Sumatra, which is 45 years old. The
oldest age to use drugs for the first time (it is the youngest among
drug users in the oldest age group) in Papua is 16 years old. In other
words, the oldest age in Papua that has used drugs for the first time
is 16 years. Specifically in Papua Province, the age range for the first
time using drugs between 7 to 16 years indicates that drug users in
the easternmost regions of Indonesia have been introduced to drugs by
parties who want to damage the younger generation of Papua.
How to consume drugs can be distinguished in several ways,

namely drinking, smoking, inhaling, and injecting into the body. However,
in this survey, drug use was only divided into two methods, by injection
and non-injection. Nationally, around 3,419,188 people are estimated
to have used drugs in the past year. Around 97.10% of them use non-
injection drugs. The remaining around 2.90% or equivalent to 99,591
people use drugs by injection (table 5.7).

Table 5.7. How to Use Drugs in Current User by Province, 2019
Method
Province Non Injection Injection Total
N % N % N %
1. ACEH 56,192 100.00 - - 56,192 100.00
2. NORTH SUMATERA 1,537,143 96.90 48,798 3.10 1,585,941 100.00
3. WEST SUMATERA 63,903 100.00 - - 63,903 100.00
4. RIAU 55,115 100.00 - - 55,115 100.00
5. JAMBI 5,453 100.00 - - 5,453 100.00
6. SOUTH SUMATERA 315,804 96.70 10,890 3.30 326,694 100.00
7. BENGKULU 13,789 100.00 - - 13,789 100.00
8. LAMPUNG 27,266 85.70 4,544 14.30 31,811 100.00
9. BANGKA BELITUNG 2,961 100.00 - - 2,961 100.00
10. RIAU ISLANDS 3,080 100.00 - - 3,080 100.00
11. DKI JAKARTA 129,141 97.50 3,311 2.50 132,452 100.00
12. WEST JAVA 54,433 80.00 13,608 20.00 68,042 100.00
13. CENTRAL JAVA 182,888 93.80 12,193 6.30 195,081 100.00
14. SPECIAL REGION OFYOGYAKARTA 17,077 94.40 1,005 5.60 18,082 100.00
15. EAST JAVA 554,108 100.00 - - 554,108 100.00
16. BANTEN 28,626 90.90 2,863 9.10 31,489 100.00
17. BALI 4,312 100.00 - - 4,312 100.00
18. NTB 4,713 100.00 - - 4,713 100.00
19. NTT 4,875 100.00 - - 4,875 100.00
20. WEST KALIMANTAN 16,775 100.00 - - 16,775 100.00
21. CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 6,317 100.00 - - 6,317 100.00
22. SOUTH KALIMANTAN 57,723 100.00 - - 57,723 100.00
23. EAST KALIMANTAN 4,241 100.00 - - 4,241 100.00
24. NORTH KALIMANTAN 4,172 100.00 - - 4,172 100.00
25. NORTH SULAWESI 14,366 100.00 - - 14,366 100.00
26. CENTRAL SULAWESI 49,962 95.50 2,379 4.50 52,341 100.00
27. SOUTH SULAWESI 55,335 100.00 - - 55,335 100.00
28. SOUTHEAST SULAWESI 22,927 100.00 - - 22,927 100.00
29. GORONTALO 2,871 100.00 - - 2,871 100.00
30. WEST SULAWESI 2,248 100.00 - - 2,248 100.00

Method
Province Non Injection Injection Total
N % N % N %
31. MALUKU 4,989 100.00 - - 4,989 100.00
32.NORTH MALUKU 691 100.00 - - 691 100.00
33. WEST PAPUA 4,998 100.00 - - 4,998 100.00
34. PAPUA 11,102 100.00 - - 11,102 100.00
INDONESIA 3,319,598 97.10 99,591 2.90 100.00
In terms of syringe use, West Java Province is the province with the
largest number of drug users using syringes, reaching 20% of all drug
users in West Java or amounting to 13,608 people, while the remaining
80% or around 54,433 people consume drugs by non-injection. The
second largest province of syringe users is Lampung Province. Of
the total drug users in the last year estimated in Lampung Province,
around 14.30% of them used drugs by injection. In addition to these
two provinces, drug users using needles were also found in seven other
provinces, namely: North Sumatra, South Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, Central
Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Banten and Central Sulawesi. In
addition to the provinces mentioned above, drug users generally do not
use needles when taking drugs.
The use of syringes for drug use certainly has a greater risk
compared to the use by non-injection. In Jendela Data dan Informasi
Kesehatan (the Health Data and Information Window) bulletin published
by the Ministry of Health in 2014, it was mentioned that among
injecting drug users, HIV infection ranged from 50% to 90%. Thus, today
the problem of HIV infection is not only closely related to unsafe sex
intercourse but is very closely related to injecting drug use. HIV/AIDS
infections among drug users can be transmitted through the use of
syringes that are used together or alternately when they use drugs.
5.2. Types of Consumed Drugs
Based on the survey results, the type of drugs most consumed

in the past year is marijuana (65.5%). The relatively cheaper price and

ease to get make marijuana more accessible. Information from several
sources says that marijuana is usually the first type of drug consumed
before trying other types of drugs. Smoking marijuana is done
individually or together with peers when hanging out. A former drug
user in the city of Padang said that marijuana was usually consumed
together called “Circular”. “Circular” culture is the habit of consuming
marijuana together where one marijuana is smoked alternately. Those
who previously did not smoke marijuana joined smoking marijuana for
free and they gradually became addicted. At the time of hanging out, in
addition to smoking, marijuana transactions are also carried out.
Besides marijuana, Benzoziadepin is the most consumed type, of

38%, followed by Meth, Yaba, SS, Tastus, and Ubas (Methamphetamines)
of 33.6%. Another type of drug that is widely consumed is Ecstasy,
amounting to 18.7%. Semi-synthetic types of drugs, such as putau,
morphin, heroin, cocaine consumed little because the price is relatively
expensive and the dependency effects are greater. Syringes that are
used together often have an impact on the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
The magnitude of the risk of using semi-synthetic drugs seems to affect
the decline in the use of this type of drug.
In general, types of drugs can be classified into four categories,

namely natural drugs, semi-synthetic drugs, synthetic drugs and
NPS (New Psychoactive Substances). Based on the survey results, in
general the types that are consumed by drug abuse are natural drugs,
reaching 67% - 71%. The second type which is also widely consumed
is synthetic drugs, reaching 53% - 57%. Both in urban and rural areas,
there have been drug abusers who consume this type of NPS. This type
of narcotics in the past five years began to bloom in Indonesia, even
National Narcotics Board indicated 74 new types of drugs were found
including in the NPS category.4
4
Kompas.com 14/10/2019, https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2019/10/14/155121965/bnn-
minta-waspadai-narkoba-jenis-baru-nps-apa-bahayanya?page=all.

Graphic 5.9. Types of Drugs Consumed in The Past Year by Drug Abusers
(Urban-Rural)
71%
67%
57%
53%
6% 5% 2%
1%
Natural Semi Synthetic Synthetic NPS
Urban Rural
The survey says that 43% abusers consume more than one type
of drug (multiple drugs). At first, drug users began to consume alcohol
or sedatives, then they used types of drugs that have higher narcotics
content. For example, a narcotics user in West Java Province admitted
that he began consuming alcohol because his parents also consumed
alcohol. Starting from alcohol, then he consumed BK pills, marijuana, inex,
heroin and crystal meth. Another informant claimed to use drugs ranging
from Tramadol, Alfrazolam, Inex, and Dextro, then marijuana and gorilla
tobacco.
Table 5.8. Types of Drugs Used in The Past Year
Types of Drugs N %
1 Marijuana (Gele, cimeng, marijuana, gelok) 224 65.5
2 Hasish (marijuana sap) 11 3.2
3 Heroin (putau, etep) 14 4.1
4 Morphine 3 0.9
5 Opium/candu 1 0.3
6 Pethindin 1 0.3
7 Codein 2 0.6
8 Subuxone/Buprenofine 3 0.9
9 Methadone 4 1.2
10 Amphetamin Dexamphetamine/Dex, Adderall 2 0.6

Types of Drugs N %
11 Ecstasy (inex, XTC, cece, happy five) 64 18.7
12 Katinon, Methylkatone, methylone 3 0.9
13 Shabu, Yaba, SS, Tastus, Ubas (Methamphetamines) 115 33.6
14 Luminal, fenobarbital (barbiturat) 2 0.6
15 Benzoziadepin 130 38.0
16 Nipam 17 5.0
17 Koplo, BK, Mbiat, mboti, roda Pill 50 14.6
18 Rohypnol, mogadon 14 4.1
19 Valium 4 1.2
20 Xanax, Camlet/calmlet (alprazolam) 10 2.9
21 Lexotan 13 3.8
22 Dumolid 8 2.3
23 Rivotri 6 1.8
24 Riclona 8 2.3
25 Khat 3 0.9
26 Ritalin 1 0.3
27 Zenith/ Carnophen/ Carisoprodol/ PCC/ Pil Jin/ Soma/(Somadryl) 20 5.8
28 Trihexyphenidyl/Trihex/THP/Pil Kuning/Double L/Double Y 19 5.6
29 Coccaine 4 1.2
30 LSD (acid, black heart) 2 0.6
31 Dextro (Dextromethorpan) fro drunk/fly 22 6.4
32 Ketamine 1 0.3
33 Kecubung /anethyst (Datura) 15 4.4
34 Cactus sap (Mescalin) 1 0.3
35 PCP 1 0.3
36 Mushroom/ mushrooms in cow dung / Psyclocibin 12 3.5
37 Gorilla Tobacco 12 3.5
38 Substances which are deliberately inhaled until drunk / fly 10 2.9
39 Excessive headache medicine to get drunk / fly 14 4.1
40 Excessive headache medicine mixed with soda drink 17 5.0
41 Others 11 3.2

5.3. Reason for Using Drugs
Drug use often begins with a desire to try. This can be seen in
Graphic 5.10 which shows that wanting to try is a reason that many
respondents put forward when they used drugs for the first time. The
desire to try it is used by dealers to trap them by giving drugs for free,
so they become addicted. The reason for trying is mainly done by
male, with a percentage of more than 40%. In addition to trying, friend
invitations or persuasions are the second biggest reason put forward
by male, in explaining their introduction to drugs. As for female, the
invitation of friends is the most stated reason, which is around 30%.
Interview results show that the reasons for trying and inviting friends to
some users are done so that they can be accepted in the community of
friends, both at school and in the neighborhood. The reasons for family
conflict or a relationship that is not harmonious, having fun and stress
are more expressed by women when they used drugs for the first time.
This reflects that drugs are shortcuts taken by women when facing
problems, both family and personal problems.
Graphic 5.10. The Reason in Using Drugs For The First Time
According to gender
Couple/family invitation Female
Neighbourhood have a lot of users
Male
Avalilability/Easy to buy
Stress ....
Having fun
Want to try/trying
Coercion
Friends invitation/persuasions
Family conflict or relationship not
Some family have using
0.0 .... 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

Based on interviews with several former drug users, the ignorance
of the negative effects caused by consuming drugs is one of the factors
that encourage a person to have the desire to try to use drugs. This
shows that although the term drug abuse has often been published in
various mass media reports, public knowledge about drugs is still very
limited.

The disharmonious condition of the family is also recognized by
a resident in a rehabilitation center in Yogyakarta. According to his
confession, he was taking drugs because of tired of seeing the situation
of his parents who always fight at home. To get rid of the fatigue in the
family, he tried to consume drugs and finally he became addicted. Drug
addiction was not only experienced by informants. His younger sister
also experienced the same thing.
Luckily, at this time, his parents had reconciled and had visited
the rehabilitation center occupied by his son. Seeing changes in the
behavior of their children in rehabilitation center encourages parents
to do self-introspection and builds an awareness that disharmony in
the family life has become a trigger for children to be reluctant to stay
home. Finally, his parents apologized and advised that this experience
can be used as a lesson for the future.
Despite that the family is in harmony now, after leaving the

rehabilitation center, the child still does not dare return to his parents’
house due to trauma with his environment. In fact, he felt compelled
to help his fellow drug victims and decided to become a counselor in
a rehabilitation center. To add insight and knowledge, they are willing
to spend personal money to attend training in rehabilitation centers
located in the city and far from where they work as a counselor.
In addition to family disharmony, families who are not attentive

to the problems faced by family members can also be a trigger for
involvement in drug abuse. As told by an inmate in correctional facility,
his initial introduction to drugs was triggered by a business failure. To
change the family’s destiny, all efforts have been made, such as selling
fried catfish and becoming construction labor. The informant had also
been a contractor with the money he had. But the business failed and

he has a debt because he has to pay 29 employees. The accumulated
debt burden creates confusion, and a desire arises to sell the land of his
parents but there is no certificate. When discussing to find solutions
with parents and relatives, all of them do not give satisfying answers.
In a state of confusion, the informant meets a friend who offers drugs.
Without deep thinking and the aim to calm his heart, he started getting
acquainted with drugs.
5.4. Sources to Obtain Drugs
There are several ways to get drugs, whether from friends, lovers,
relatives, or others. Based on the survey results, the majority of drug
user respondents first got drugs from their friends. These respondents
in current user was 92.40%, whereas in ever used was 92.6%. In this
connection, the friendship must be a joint alert.
Table 5.9 Origins of Respondents to Obtain Drugs for the First Time
Origin in Obtaining Drugs Ever Used Current User

For The First Time N % N %
1. Friend 3,851,915 92.60% 2,961,313 92.40%
2. Lover 21,001 0.50% 21,001 0.70%
3. Siblings 10,723 0.30% 8,567 0.30%
4. Parents 2,379 0.10% 2,379 0.10%
5. Spouse 10,890 0.30% 10,890 0.30%
6. Lord/dealer 74,427 1.80% 58,257 1.80%
7. Pharmacy 9,887 0.20% 8,624 0.30%
8. Certain officers 69,921 1.70% 69,921 2.20%
9. Others 106,775 2.60% 64,653 2.00%
Likewise, when asked about the source of drug acquisition, most

current user respondents said that they obtained from friends (89.50%).
Similarly, those who have used drugs, the majority (87.0%) also stated
that they got drugs from their friends. Thus, in terms of drug acquisition,

friendship occurs more than drug dealer/lord. That’s because dealers
usually only deal with certain people who are limited in number.
One thing that needs to be a joint concern is that some users,

although not many in number, claim to get drugs for the first time
from a pharmacy. The results of interviews with several residents of
rehabilitation center in Yogyakarta show that they obtained drugs from
a pharmacy using a doctor’s prescription. The mode used is that they
come to the doctor and complain by pretending to be dizzy, stressed,
unable to sleep, easily tired, or other complaints. Without further
examination and based on the trust in patient complaints, the doctor
then makes a prescription which is then redeemed at the pharmacy.
Before being redeemed, the recipe is duplicated first and is used to
redeem the same medicine at another pharmacy if the drug supply
has run out. Another mode is the request for the drug to be repeated
with the same doctor or different, with the recognition of the same
complaint. The results of an interview with a doctor at a mental hospital
in Yogyakarta shows that it is difficult for a doctor to not trust patient
complaints. Therefore the doctor will give the medicine in accordance
with what the patient complained of, without further examination,
unless the patient’s complaint shows symptoms of a serious illness.
Table 5.10. The Sources of Drug Acquisition

Sources of Drug Acquisition
N % N %
1. Friend 1. Yes 3,945,649 87.00% 3,061,555 89.50%
2. No 285,140 6.30% 178,681 5.20%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
2. Lover 1. Yes 68,004 1.50% 46,844 1.40%
2. No 4,162,785 91.80% 3,193,392 93.40%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
3. Siblings 1. Yes 73,284 1.60% 71,128 2.10%
2. No 4,157,505 91.70% 3,169,108 92.70%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%

Sources of Drug Acquisition
N % N %
4. Parents 1. Yes 0 0.00% 0 0.00%
2. No 4,230,789 93.30% 3,240,236 94.80%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
5. Spouse 1. Yes 17,486 0.40% 17,486 0.50%
2. No 4,213,303 92.90% 3,222,750 94.30%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
6. Lord/dealer 1. Yes 635,071 14.00% 589,197 17.20%
2. No 3,595,718 79.30% 2,651,038 77.50%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
7. Pharmacy 1. Yes 122,862 2.70% 71,677 2.10%
2. No 4,107,927 90.60% 3,168,558 92.70%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
8. Certain officers 1. Yes 110,662 2.40% 95,849 2.80%
2. No 4,120,127 90.90% 3,144,386 92.00%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
9. Others 1. Yes 229,722 5.10% 187,600 5.50%
2. No 4,001,067 88.20% 3,052,636 89.30%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
Drug use usually begins with a desire to try. The drug use for
the first time is usually given free by friends in a drinking or smoking
group. This can be seen from the survey results as shown in the table
below that respondents who answered “given free to get drugs” were
the most answers, which is about 63.3% compared to other ways in
obtaining drugs. Getting free is a characteristic of beginner drug users,
meanwhile, respondents who answered “buying from friends“ with
47.5% are the second most answers. The second group is respondents
who have started to become addicted to drugs by buying drugs from a
group of friends when they first used drugs.
Buying through joint payment and sharing together in a group

of friends is a characteristic of lower-level users who usually buy

methamphetamine drugs at affordable prices. Cheaper package or
known as “pahe” shows that methamphetamine is not luxury goods,
such as ecstasy which can be consumed massively. However, there are
also ways to buy drugs through face-to-face transactions. Respondents
who answered this were the third largest group of respondents,
amounting to 36.5%. Respondents who buy from face to face are part
of the drug trafficking network, but them do not know each other. It can
be assumed that this group of respondents not only needs drugs but it
can be suspected that there is a motive for drug business. This group
of respondents has direct contact with a larger drug lord. Thus, it can
be concluded that there are three of the most prominent ways to obtain
drugs, namely free of charge from friends, joint payment (sharing) and
face-to-face transactions. Meanwhile, other methods as shown in the
table below are not significant. The percentage is around or below 5.0%.
Table 5.11. How Respondents Obtain Drugs

How Respondents Obtain Drugs
N % N %
a) Given for free 1. Yes 2,963,709 65.40% 2,370,269 69.30%
2. No 1,267,080 27.90% 869,967 25.40%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
b) Buying from face to face 1. Yes 1,537,025 33.90% 1,249,699 36.50%
transaction 2. No 2,693,763 59.40% 1,990,537 58.20%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
c) Buying through telephone 1. Yes 188,080 4.10% 165,258 4.80%
2. No 4,042,709 89.10% 3,074,977 89.90%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
d) Buying through online 1. Yes 9,931 0.20% 9.,931 0.30%
media 2. No 4,220,858 93.10% 3,230,305 94.50%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%
e) Sharing with friends 1. Yes 1,877,644 41.40% 1,623,287 47.50%
2. No 2,353,145 51.90% 1,616,948 47.30%
Not answering 303,955 6.70% 178,953 5.20%

Although the number of respondents who claim to obtain drugs by
buying via telephone and online media is small (4.80% by telephone and
0.30% through online media), but this needs serious attention because
it is easy for people to conduct drug transactions using this way. As it
is known, currently information and telecommunications technology is
no longer a luxury item, and many have to interact with other people.
The survey results indicate there are 34.5% of respondents who have a
computer or laptop connected to the internet. Computer facilities that
are connected to the internet has the potential to be used as a tool for
conducting online drug transactions.
Table 5.12. Ownership of Computer and Laptop Connected to The Internet
Ownership of Computer/Laptop Urban Rural Total

Connected to The Internet
Yes 42.40 22.30 34.50
No 57.60 77.70 65.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
In addition to computers and laptops, communication facilities

such as mobile phones that have been connected to the internet have
also been spread everywhere. Almost all community groups in all level
both in urban and rural areas are always seen using a mobile phone.
With the emergence of communication facilities such as WhatsApp, all
community groups use it anywhere and anytime. WhatsApp is not only
used at home, office, but also on the streets where people are busy with
the gadget. The survey results show that 82.30% of respondents owned
mobile phones, namely 87.2% in urban areas and 74.7% in rural areas
(Table 5.13), and almost all mobile phones owned were connected to
the internet network (Table 5.14).

Table 5.13. Ownership of Mobile Phones
Ownership of Mobile Phones Urban Rural Total

Yes 87.20 74.70 82.30
No 12.80 25.30 17.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552
Table 5.14. Mobile Phone and WA, FB, Instagram and Internet Connection
WA, Facebook, Instagram, etc or Urban Rural Total

connected to internet in Mobile Phones
Yes 77.70 58.50 70.70
No 22.30 41.50 29.30
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 15,834 9,052 24,886
Applications available on mobile phones enable mobile users to do

various things such as playing games, looking for news and information,
making transactions, including buying and selling drugs, and so on.
Based on the survey results, the majority of respondents or 86.9% of
3,4189,188 respondents owned mobile phones. Of all respondents
who have mobile phones, 83.7% have mobile phones equipped with
WA, Facebook, and Instagram connected to the internet. In using
social media, news and information are the content most searched
by respondents, which is around 70%, both in rural and in urban area.
Content that is also widely used is game applications, which are 49% in
urban and 36% in rural followed by buying and selling online, especially
by respondents living in cities (33%) (Graphic 5.11). The use of mobile
phones for online trading is sometimes used also as a means for drug
transactions, both in large quantities at the drug lord level, as well as
buying and selling in small packages. Several cases of narcotics that
are caught are known that they carry out buying and selling transactions
using mobile phones, even from inside the correctional facility.

Graphic 5.11. Content That is Often Accessed Through Mobile Phones, in
Urban and Rural Area
80
70,7
70 69,7
60
49
50
40 36
33
30 26 23,5
20 15,9 15,4
10 5,7
0
Game Porn Sites Online Market Place News & Information Others
Urban Rural
For drug users, obtaining drugs is not a difficult thing. According to

the acknowledgment of several informants in Yogyakarta, only by using
SMS and other social media, a person can get drugs without having
to meet with the person who sold it. An informant said that by typing
t*s* yo*y* on the internet, it would be easy to get one type of drug that
was wanted. By purchasing online, dealers from outside the area will
find it very easy to sell drugs in other areas. That is what causes the
circulation of drugs is difficult to be stopped.
Delivery of drugs to the buyer is carried out in a confidential manner, ie

the courier informs the buyer by placing the goods in a place, for example
under a stone in front of the house, tucked in a tree trunk, sticked to a wall,
sticked to a gutter wall, and so on. Buying and selling transactions are
carried out using banking transactions. The money is paid in advance to
the dealer, then the dealer will check the transaction using SMS banking.
If the funds are in, the dealer immediately notifies the courier to deliver the
goods. The courier’s fee will be transferred by the dealer.
Efforts to deal with drug abuse are not easy because people are
very creative in finding new substances/drugs that can be misused. A
student at a college, for example, deliberately takes cough medicine

over the recommended dosage with the aim of getting drunk. Similarly,
the pills for cows are deliberately taken with the intention to get drunk.
According to him, if you have drunk the body will feel light. Thus, drunk is
used as an intermediate goal to achieve further goals, without realizing
that it can cause dependency.
5.5. Place to Use Drugs
Drug use requires a place that is relatively safe, protected and

far from the crowd so that they are not disturbed or known by others.
Related to that, house/room/apartment is the most preferred place for
consuming drugs. The survey results show that 31% of drug users use
drugs in the house/room/apartment, then 24.7% use an empty house.
Roads or alleys are also widely used as places to use drugs (23.7%),
especially by teenagers when they gather with their friends.
Graphic 5.12. The Place to Use Drugs.

Localization 3,4
Park/Garden/Forest 13,3
Road/Alleys 23,7
Night Entertainment Spots (Cafe/karaoke/ 12,7
Hotel/Inn 5,2
Terminal/Port 4,7
Market/Stall 10,2
School/Campus 6,4
Work Place 7,3
Public Toilet 4,8
Empty House 24,7
House/room/apartment 31
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5.6. Impact of Drug Abuse
In general, there are two impacts of drug abuse that are felt directly
by drug users, namely psychological and physical effects. Psychological
impacts include emotional and psychological changes while physical
impacts include impaired sensory function and other bodily functions.

Psychic Impact
There are three psychological symptoms most felt by respondents

from the results of this survey. The most common is decreased or
even excessive appetite, which is felt by around 53.9% of respondents
who use drugs. After that, disturbed sleep patterns are experienced by
51.7% of respondents, and disruption of concentration or concentration
is experienced by 40.5% of respondent of drug abusers. Other
symptoms are anxiety (38.5%), increase or decrease in emotions
(37.5%), psychotic symptoms (such as smiling alone, hallucinations,
and talking to themselves) (31.45%), excessive fear (28.0%), and
always feel suspicious to others (24.8%). A number of 5.7% drug users
respondents even claimed to have had a desire to hurt themselves. The
variety of psychic symptoms felt by drug users is highly dependent on
the diversity of the types of drugs consumed. In this case, there is no
difference in psychological symptoms experienced by respondents in
urban and rural areas. Nevertheless, the proportion of psychological
symptoms felt by urban respondents is relatively greater than that in
rural areas.
Table 5.15. Psychic Symptoms That Have Been Felt by Drug Users
According to Residence
Psychic symptoms Urban Rural Total N
a) Anxiety 40.70 32.40 38.50 159
b) Excessive fear 27.90 28.20 28.00 115
c) Feel suspicious 25.90 21.60 24.80 101
d) Desire to hurt themselves 6.40 3.60 5.70 23
e) increase or decrease in 39.30 32.70 37.50 153
emotions
f) Sleeping disorders 53.70 46.40 51.70 211
g) Decreased or even excessive 56.00 48.20 53.90 220
appetite
h) Psychotic symptoms (smiling 33.70 25.50 31.40 128
alone, hallucinations, and
talking to themselves)
i) Disruption of concentration 42.40 35.50 40.50 165

The different patterns of psychological symptoms experienced
by drug users are more visible in gender differences (table 5.13). More
female drug users have sleep patterns (58.8%), symptoms of an increase/
decrease in emotions and appetite disorders, 50.0% each. Meanwhile,
in male drug users, the largest proportion experienced eating disorders
(56.0%), disturbed sleep patterns (53.75%) and impaired concentrations
(42.4%). Based on the diversity of psychological symptoms, it can be
concluded that male drug users tend to feel more diverse psychological
symptoms than women. This is strongly influenced by the diversity of
types of drugs consumed and the length of time they consume drugs.
Graphic 5.13. Psychic Symptoms According to Gender, 2019

i) Disruption of concentration
h) Psychotic symptoms (smillling alone, hallucina-
tions and talking to themselves
g) Decreased or even excessive appetite
f) Sleeping disorders
e) Increase or decrease in emotions
d) Desire to hurt themselves
c) Feel suspicious
b) Excessive fear
a) Anxiety
Female
Male 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Source: Drug Abuse Survey National Narcotics Board - Indonesian Institute of Sciences , 2019.
A drug user in Yogyakarta stated that another perceived impact was

a change in behavior, such as becoming disorganized and lazy to work,
likes to be alone, reluctant to be at home, and becomes disobedient,
both in the passive sense as not obeying the commands of parents or
others, or in the active sense like rebelling.

Physical Impact
The impact of other drug abuse in medicall side is a disturbance of

physical symptoms in the five senses and disorders of the reproductive
system. Physical symptoms experienced by former and drug users
include smelling disorders (such as runny nose and sense of smell),
visual disorders (red or nearsightedness), respiratory problems
(coughing or lung disorder), digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, difficulty in defecation), urinary disorders (urinating pain), and
disorders of the reproductive system (irregular menstruation, increased
libido). In general, around 17.1% of respondents claimed to experience
physical disruption as the effects of drug use. The most physical
disturbances felt by drug abusers respondents were visual impairment
(32.4%), respiratory problems (22.2%) and digestive disorders (20.2%).
The disorders that were most rarely felt by former and drug users were
urinary disorders (6.6%) and reproductive system disorders (6.40%).
From the residence, in general there is no difference in physical
symptoms by respondents in urban or rural areas. Symptoms of
physical disorders experienced by drug abusers are very dependent on
the duration and intensity of drug use. The longer the period of use and
intensity of drug use, it is greater for drug abuser in experiencing the
effects of physical disorders.
Table 5.16. Physical Symptoms by Society According to Residence

Physical Symptoms Urban Rural Total N
a) Smelling disorders (runny nose and 15.40 13.50 14.90 61
sense of smell)
b) Visual disorders (red or nearsightedness) 36.10 22.50 32.40 133
c) Respiratory problems (coughing or 22.10 22.50 22.20 91
lung disorder)
d) Digestive disorders (nausea, 21.10 18.00 20.20 84
vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty in
defecation)
e) Urinary disorders (urinating pain) 6.70 6.30 6.60 28
f) Reproductive system disorder 6.70 5.50 6.40 26

In terms of gender, both male and female drug users stated that
visual impairment was the most widely felt physical symptom, with the
proportion of female (35.3%) being relatively greater than male (32.2%).
The respiratory disorders tend to be experienced by female who use
drugs compared to male. In general, there is no different tendencies
pattern from each physical symptom felt by male or female. However,
the biggest difference in proportion is seen in urinary disorders and
reproductive disorders. In general, the proportion of drug users who
experience both physical symptoms is 11.8%, with a difference of
about five percent between male and female. The existence of the same
physical symptom pattern can be stated that there is no difference in
physical symptoms felt by male or female respondents who use drugs.
The difference in physical symptoms is more influenced by the diversity
of types of drugs consumed.
Graphic 5.14. Physical Symptoms Ever Perceived by Society

According to Gender, 2019
f) Reproductive system disorders
e) Urinary disorders (urinating pain)
d) Digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea, difficulty in defecation)
c) Respiratory problems (coughing or lung

disorder)
b) Visual disorders (read or nearsightedness)
a) Smelling disorders (runny nose and sense

of smell)
Female Male 0 10 20 30 40

Several interviewed former users in Yogyakarta stated that there
were no direct effects after using drugs. On the other hand, They felt the
positive effects, such as the body feels light, strong stamina, spiritful,
and so on. The positive impact is what drives a person to become an
addict. The negative effects are felt after repeated use.
Economic Impact
The survey results show that the majority of respondents who use
drugs will take various methods to obtain drugs when experiencing
financial difficulties. Some of the methods used are selling one’s own
goods (25.5%), selling their parents’ belongings (5.4%), and selling other
people’s belongings (2.5%). In addition, there are 4.2% of respondents
who claim to be drug couriers to fulfill their needs to buy drugs when
experiencing financial difficulties. In this case there is no difference
between drug users in urban and rural areas. Selling one’s own goods
is the most common method used by drug users to overcome financial
difficulties to buy drugs, with the proportion of drug users in urban
areas (25.6%) or greater than in rural areas (21.6%).
Another way to overcome financial problems to buy drugs by

drug users in urban areas is to become a drug courier, reaching 5.1%.
Whereas in rural areas, those who become drug couriers to buy drugs
are around 1.8%. The different patterns of how to overcome financial
difficulties to buy drugs can be seen from the gender of drug users.
Male drug abusers tend to overcome financial difficulties to buy drugs
by selling their own goods (32.8%), parents’ belongings (4.8%), or selling
other people’s belongings (2.7%). The same pattern is used by drug user
women to overcome financial difficulties, but the percentage is different,
namely selling their own goods (32.4%), parents’ property (11.8%), or
becoming a drug courier (8.8% ). The proportion of drug user women to
overcome financial problems to buy drugs by becoming a drug courier
is greater than men. This fact shows that drug users have the potential
to become drug couriers or dealers, in order to meet the needs of the
drugs that they will use.

Table 5.17. How to Obtain Drugs When Having Financial Difficulties
Based on Residence
Ways to Residence Gender

Total N
Obtain Money
Urban Rural Male Female
a) Selling parents’
5.4 5.4 4.8 11.8 5.4 22
belonging
b) Selling other people’s
2.7 1.8 2.7 - 2.5 10
belonging
c) Selling own belonging 25.6 21.6 23.8 32.4 24.5 100
d) Becoming drug courier 5.1 1.8 3.7 8.8 4.2 17
Several methods to obtain drugs is facing the financial difficulties

are also admitted by several former users in Yogyakarta. A former user
claimed that along with drug addiction, he often lied to his parents, asking
for money to meet school needs but was used to buy drugs. In addition,
because he was also trusted by his parents to take care of oil palm
plantations, not all income from palm oil is deposited to his parents, but
some is used to buy drugs.
Another informant in Yogyakarta claimed to sell his own and his

parents’ belongings to buy drugs. Furthermore, according to the confession
of an inmate in Narcotics Correctional Institution in Yogyakarta, he had the
desire to sell the land of his parents, even though it was not done because
the certificate was not found.
Another source said that his friend, who was originally rich, had fallen
into poverty because his wealth had been sold to buy drugs. His friend
who originally had a luxury car, a hotel and a boarding house (being a high
official’s son), because of his dependence on drugs, now lives in a boarding
house after all his parents’ inheritance was sold out. Even though he has
fallen into poverty and are experiencing domestic economic difficulties,
due to being addicted to drugs, he still does not stop taking drugs. The
difference is that he now buys drug by joint payment (sharing).

Drug dependence can also trigger crime. A source stated that he
had been imprisoned for stealing a motorcycle and had used the money
to buy drugs. This is done when all goods have been sold while the need
to buy drugs cannot be postponed. According to his testimony, he stole
motorcycle several times, not only once. Based on the acknowledgment
of a source, if his desire to consume drugs has arrived, the fear of the
officers will no longer exist.
Drug use also triggers disharmony in the family. A confession of a

source says that once his parents know that their child is taking drugs,
every time he goes home his parents will lock all the cupboards as they
are afraid that the child will steal money or other jewelry to buy drugs.
Social Impact
Social impact is the impact mostly felt by drug users. It is frequent

that drug users are considered like a virus or disgrace that must be kept
away from the community. This condition creates a feeling of insecurity
and to stay away from the social environment. The survey results show
that 20% of drug users or former drug users feel they are ostracized
by their friends (coworkers or school friends), with a greater proportion
of respondents in urban areas than in rural areas. Not just being
ostracized, 10.8% of respondents who use drugs actually feel isolated
in the workplace or school environment. In addition, 7.3% of drug users
also feel hostile to their environment, and 7.1% have even been bullied.
The more complex behavior of people in urban areas can be seen from
the negative attitudes felt by drug abusers in urban areas compared to
rural areas, both starting from being shunned (21.6%), being opposed
(8.10%), being ostracized (11.3%) and being bullied (6.5%) of the friends
in the school or workplace. While rural communities are more likely to
sanction drug abusers by avoiding (15.8%), isolating (9.60%), bullying
(8.80%) and 5.3% being hostile to them.

Table 5.18. Sanctions Provided by Work Friends/School or As A Result of
Drug Use Based on Residence and Gender, 2019
Residence Gender
Sanction Total N
a) Shunned 21.6 15.8 18.9 32.4 20 85
b) Bullied 6.5 8.8 7.0 8.1 7.1 30
c) Opposed 8.1 5.3 7.0 10.8 7.3 31
d) Ostracized 11.3 9.6 10.8 10.8 10.8 46
In table 5.18, it can also be seen that based on gender, social

sanctions experienced by users or former drug users from work
colleagues or school friends, both male and female, are mostly being
shunned. In this case, the proportion of female who were shunned by
their friends for using drugs was more than male, namely 32.4% female,
while male 18.9%. Other social sanctions experienced by both male and
female who use drugs from their friends are opposed, ostracized and
bullied. Nevertheless, in almost every type of sanction received, the
percentage of female who experienced sanctions from their friends for
using drugs tended to be greater than male. This indicates that drug
use by female is more disliked than by male.
Social sanctions from the closest person, such as from a lover

or spouse are relatively less felt by drug users. Based on the survey
results, 16.4% of respondents said that they get social sanctions by
being shunned by their lovers or spouses because of their habit of
consuming drugs. Only 6.3% are being opposed, and 4.9% are bullied
and/or ostracized by their lovers or spouses. Social sanctions received
from lovers or spouses are more felt by urban communities compared
to rural areas. This can be seen from the percentage of social sanctions
experienced by users or former drug users who are relatively bigger in
urban areas than in rural areas. Shunned is the social sanction mostly
felt by drug abusers both in urban and rural areas, but it is greater in
urban (17.7%) than in rural areas (13.0%).

Table 5.19. Sanctions Given by Lovers or Spouses Due to Drug Use
According to Residence and Gender, 2019.
Residence Gender
Sanction Total N
a) Shunned 17.7 13.0 15.4 27.0 16.4 70
b) Bullied 5.5 3.5 5.4 - 4.9 21
c) Opposed 6.8 5.2 6.7 2.7 6.3 27
d) Ostracized 5.8 2.6 5.4 - 4.9 21
In table 5.19, it can also be seen that sanctions imposed by a lover or

spouse of a drug user respondent are based on gender. The table shows
that 27% of female respondents who consumed drugs were shunned by
their boyfriends or spouses. Other sanctions given by lovers or female
drug use partners are being opposed, but the percentage is very small, at
2.7%. This is different from the sanctions received from a lover or spouse
by male drug users, which is more diverse. Male respondents who used
drugs who claimed to be shunned by their girlfriend or partner for using
drugs were 15.4%, far lower than those stated by female respondents.
This can be understood, because male are generally given more trust and
freedom to behave by their girlfriend or partner. It is often that girlfriends
or spouses can also be involved in the abuse.
In addition to the effects of disharmony in family relationships, drug

use also leads to disharmony in relationships within the community.
A family where a family member is exposed to drugs, the family feels
ostracized from the community, because his neighbors forbid their
children from associating with children who consume drugs. In addition,
peer friends also avoid them. In other words, the impact of drug use can
result in disruption of social relations both at the family level and the
wider community. As a result of the exclusion, a drug user will feel safe if
he associates with other users. Such conditions actually make it difficult
for a user to stop using drugs, because they tend to get along with the
same environment.

In order to be free from drug dependence, users must undergo
a rehabilitation process to cut off user access to drug substances.
Rehabilitation can be done in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, or in
correctional institution that provide rehabilitation programs for inmates.
Based on the survey results, only a small proportion of drug users who
claimed to have participated in rehabilitation, which is 4.6% of the total
4,534,744 respondents who are users. Of those who participated in
rehabilitation, 14.6% stated that rehabilitation that had been followed
had benefits (Graphic 5.15). This shows that the participation of
rehabilitation programs is still very low. The location that is not easy to
reach is a reason that is often raised by 76% of respondents who did
not participate in rehabilitation, followed by reasons of expensive costs
(38%) and the programs offered were less effective. Adequate facilities
and infrastructure (0%) were not used as an excuse by respondents as a
reason for not participating in rehabilitation (Graphic 5.16).
Graphic 5.15. The Participation of Drug Abusers in The Rehabilitation

Program and The Perceived Benefits
120
100 95.4
85.4 Have participated in rehabilitation
80
Rehabilitation program had
60 benefits
40
20 14.6
4.6
0
Yes No

Graphic 5.16. The Reason That Rehabilitation Program is Not Useful
According to Drug Users
Program has been offer less

91.7
effective
Adequate facilities and infra-

100
structure
Yes
Expensive cost 62 No
The Location is not easy to reach 23.9
5.7. Risky Behavior Towards Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is the use of narcotics, psychotropic drugs, and additives
outside thier function. Drug abuse can cause addiction.
Drug abuse behavior is assumed to be related to a variety of

risky behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and unsafe sexual
intercourse. Behavior can be categorized as risky behavior if it has the
potential to encourage drug abuse for example, sexual intercourse before
marriage. This behavior is classified as risky because the results of the
study show that around 61.3% of drug addicts have had sexual intercourse
with their lovers (Rico Januar Sitorus, 2016: 2). Thus, risky behavior for
drug abuse is a variety of behaviors that are suspected to be related to
drug abuse.
The results of this survey indicate that smoking is a risky behavior

towards drug abuse. In table 5.19, it can be seen that respondents who
have used drugs of 73.5% have smoking habits, and 79.5% of respondents
who have used drugs in the past year also have smoking habits. Although
the survey results show that the majority of drug users have smoking
habits, it cannot necessarily be concluded that smoking is the initial stage
before people use drugs.

The relationship between risky behavior and drug abuse as shown
in table 5.19 shows the similarity of patterns between smoking and
consuming drugs. Both of these behaviors are carried out by inhaling.
Severe smoking cigarettes and drugs causes addiction. Cigarette
addiction is the mild addiction, while drug addiction is the most severe
addiction. Those who are addicted to cigarettes tend to have difficulty to
quit as well as drug addictions (health.detik.com/merokok-hugs drugs
191219). Thus, smoking habits that have been acute can potentially
increase drug abuse in the community. Considering that the prevalence
of smokers in Indonesia is quite high, reaching 23.1% (Ministry of Health,
2016), so it needs to be aware. One effort that can be done is to socialize
drug abuse together with socialization about the danger of smoking.
Smoking is not the only risky behavior for drug abuse, because drug
use is influenced by many factors. Based on interviews with drug user
informants, it can be seen that in general drug use begins with trying or
being offered a drug by a friend. This means that social environmental
factors are a major factor when people want to try using drugs. Therefore,
in the context of explaining risky behaviors to drug abuse, hanging out
at night is a risky behavior against drug abuse which is quite important
after smoking behavior. The results of this survey show that about 25.6%
of ever used respondents and 26.6% of current user respondents have
a habit of frequently hanging out at night. Even though the percentage
is not too large, if it is combined with the percentage of respondents
who answer “sometimes” hanging out at night, the percentage shows
above 50% (56.6% of ever used respondents), and (58.5% of current user
respondents).
Hanging out at night or often known as staying up late is hanging out

with friends outside the home, without any clear purpose. It is generally
done by men. In the past in rural areas, hanging out at night was part of the
habits of the community during a wedding celebration or other celebration.
But today, night hanging out is carried out without any particular event that
accompanies it. In urban areas such as Palembang, night-time hangouts
are carried out all night while listening to single organ music. Performing
a single organ is used to consume drugs together, especially teenagers,
both men and women. Night-time hangouts are also often accompanied
by drinking alcoholic beverages made from traditional ingredients, such

as the habits of young people in North Sulawesi and Ambon, by drinking
“cap tikus”.
Risky behavior for other drug abuse that need to be taken into
attention is playing games, which by WHO is classified as behavior that
can interfere with mental health because playing games can cause
addiction. So there are similarities with smoking and consuming drugs,
in terms of being addictive. The results of this survey show about 21.2%
of respondents who have used drugs often play games, and if added to
those who sometimes play games the number becomes 37.4%. While
current user respondents who claimed to frequently play games are 23.1%
(often). If added to the occasional game play, the number becomes 39.7%.
Drinking alcohol does not seem to be prominent as risky behavior for

drug abuse compared to smoking, hanging out at night and playing games.
The group of respondents who used drugs and often drank alcoholic
beverages was only around 6.3%, or 31.0% when combined with those who
often and sometimes drank alcoholic beverages. Whereas the number of
respondents who used drugs in one year was 8.1% of respondents who
frequently drank alcoholic beverages, or 34.7% of respondents if they
were combined frequently and who sometimes drank alcoholic drinks.
Alcoholic drinks can not be categorized as drug use behavior, but the
effects of drinking alcoholic drinks are the same as in drugs, which are
harmful to body health until death, especially if alcoholic drinks are mixed,
namely alcoholic beverages mixed with other ingredients such as spiritus
and other medicines.
Risky behaviors for drug abuse other than those mentioned above
can be said to be very small. Smoking using vapping, visiting karaoke,
nightlife and prostitution can be said to be less risky for drug abuse. In
table 5.20, it can be seen that ever used and current user respondents are
generally under 5% who answered “often” doing these activities. Karaoke
places that have become places for transactions or drinking drugs
apparently are not so significant as risky behavior towards drug use. This
can be understood because the type of drugs most widely consumed is
methamphetamine, where the transaction or use of drugs is done not at
a karaoke place. Karaoke places are usually done by those who consume
ecstasy-type drugs.

Table 5.20. Risky Behavior Towards Drug Abuse in Indonesia.
Risky Behavior
N % N %
a) Smoking 1. Never 923,702 20.40 542,181 15.90
2. Sometimes 276,909 6.10 157,178 4.60
3. Often 3,334,133 73.50 2,719,829 79.50
b) Vaping 1. Never 3,844,634 84.80 2,890,385 84.50
2. Sometimes 494,830 10.90 402,159 11.80
3. Often 195,280 4.30 126,644 3.70
c) Drinking alcoholic 1. Never 3,129,642 69.00 2,231,597 65.30
beverages 2. Sometimes 1,120,267 24.70 910,588 26.60
3. Often 284,835 6.30 277,003 8.10
d) Night hangout 1. Never 1,967,446 43.40 1,385,764 40.50
2. Sometimes 1,406,188 31.00 1,145,412 33.50
3. Often 1,161,110 25.60 888,012 26.00
e) Visiting karaoke 1. Never 3,753,171 82.80 2,818,018 82.40
2. Sometimes 744,757 16.40 568,679 16.60
3. Often 36,817 0.80 32,491 1.00
f) Clubbing 1. Never 4,157,696 91.70 3,100,011 90.70
2. Sometimes 310,686 6.90 253,533 7.40
3. Often 66,362 1.50 65,644 1.90
g) Visiting bilyard 1. Never 3,858,120 85.10 2,907,441 85.00
2. Sometimes 479,751 10.60 395,085 11.60
3. Often 196,872 4.30 116,662 3.40
h) Visiting prostitution 1. Never 4,465,256 98.50 3,353,730 98.10
2. Sometimes 47,531 1.00 43,502 1.30
3. Often 21,957 0.50 21,957 0.60
i) Playing game 1. Never 2,840,578 62.60 2,061,957 60.30
2. Sometimes 732,951 16.20 567,305 16.60
3. Often 961,215 21.20 789,927 23.10

5.8. The Attitudes of Drug Users If Being Entangled by the Law
Drug use is an illegal act that is prohibited by law, except for the
benefit of medication recommended by doctors and for the development
of science. The utilization outside these purposed is included in the
category of abuse, which resulted in legal process if being caught. In
table 5.21, it is known that only 40% of respondents who use drugs feel
deterrent and will stop using drugs if they are caught by law. This shows
that criminal sanctions are not feared by drug users, especially those
who are addicted to using drugs.
Basically, a drug addict does not want to stop using drug addicts.
However, to stop using drugs is not easy to do, because the suggestion
is very strong. A meth user admitted that he really wanted to leave, but
he was physically unable to follow, so that if his desire arises he will feel
nauseous and heartburn Furthermre, when he hears the name ‘meth’ or
sees the inhaling tool, he will be affected to use meth and nausea and
heartburn will appear.
Rejection by the body, despite that an addict has realized to leave

meth, is justified by a resource person who works as a doctor. According
to him, there are three triggers for additive methamphetamine, namely:
people, place and thing, which is often abbreviated to PPT. Therefore, a
person can only recover from drugs if they are kept away from the user’s
environment, moved to another place, and prohibited to see the object
again, even if only part of the object.
The same conditions occur both in urban and rural areas, as well as
those who are male or female. In rural areas, the number of respondents
who said they did not stop using drugs if they were caught in a legal
case was greater than in urban areas, namely 76.9% in rural areas and
53.1% in urban areas. Meanwhile, from the gender, male respondents
were 61.40% who stated they would not stop using drugs even though
they had been processed by the law, while 100% female respondents
would stop using drugs if they were processed by the law.

Table 5.21. Stop Using Drugs if Proceeding Legal Case
According to Residence and Gender
Variable Yes No N
Residence:
Urban 46.90 53.10 41
Rural 23.10 76.90 18
Total 40.00 60.00 59
Gender:
Male 38.60 61.40 53
Female 100.00 0.00 6
Total 40.00 60.00 59

VI
INTERVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE

AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING PREVENTION
AND ERADICATION PROGRAM (P4GN)
Source : 99.co
Tongkonan House, Toraja, South Sulawesi Province

Source : pesona.travel
Tongkonan House, Toraja, South Sulawesi Province

VI
INTERVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE AND

ILLICIT TRAFFICKING PREVENTION AND
ERADICATION PROGRAM (P4GN)
The drug prevention program in Indonesia is carried out through

the implementation of the Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Prevention
and Eradication Program (P4GN). The mandate to implement the
program was given to National Narcotics Board as a vocal point. In
order to run P4GN, National Narcotics Board divides it into three
categories namely: 1) Primary Prevention, namely prevention for young
people who have never abused drugs. Primary prevention activities are
mainly carried out in the form of counseling, information sharing, and
education; 2) Secondary Prevention, namely prevention for younger
generation who have started trying to abuse drugs. Secondary
prevention is done through education and counseling to people
who have tried to use drugs to stop and follow healthier behaviors,
provide services, care, recovery, encourage abusers to use services,
motivate abusers to continue to follow treatment and recovery, and
encourage the family to create a social environment that supports
recovery efforts; and 3) Tertiary Prevention, namely prevention for
drug victims or former drug victims. Tertiary prevention is an attempt
to make recovery for those who have experienced addiction or who
have suffered from dependency, through treatment and recovery and
services to keep users from relapsing again. (P4GN Guidelines, 2007,
National Narcotics Board, 2004). In this chapter the survey results are

related to the P4GN Program, covering knowledge about the P4GN
Program, understanding and community involvement in the P4GN
Program and the implementation of the P4GN Program.
6.1. Knowledge about P4GN Program
Knowledge about P4GN Program can be known from information

that is seen/heard/followed in various media which are grouped into 4
media, namely 1) face to face media (socialization, seminars, counseling);
2) Printed media (bulletin boards/wall magazines, leaflet distribution,
posters, books); 3) Electronic media (TV, radio); and 4) Online media
(internet/Facebook/Instagram/Twitter). Basically all respondents already
know about the danger of drugs from various sources of information by
seeing/hearing/following various media. Electronic media is the most
widely seen/heard source of information by respondents. Table 6.1 shows
that the majority of respondents, or 75.6%, gained knowledge about
drugs from electronic media (TV and radio). Electronic media is the most
effective media in disseminating information about the danger of drugs.
In addition to electronic media, printed media are also quite effective in
conveying information about the danger of drugs. As many as 46.5% of
respondents received drug information from the printed media (bulletin
boards/wall magazines, leaflets, posters, books) distribution. Only about a
fifth of respondents (21.20%) claimed to have seen/heard/participated in
danger of drug activities because they attended face-to-face socialization
activities.
Based on residence (rural/urban), urban community’s knowledge

about drugs and P4GN Program is higher than those in rural areas. It
can be seen from the percentage of urban respondents who know drug
information both from face to face media, print media, electronic media
and online media, that is greater than respondents in rural areas (Table
6.1). Electronic media became the main source of information both in rural
and urban areas, where the percentage in urban areas was 78.90%, higher
than rural areas by 70.50%. At present television and radio are owned by
almost all households in both rural and urban areas. However, programs
from stations other than national television that can be enjoyed by rural
communities are still limited, depending on the presence and the range of
the transmitter. While in urban areas, almost all television shows and even

foreign programs can be accessed via cable television. Printed media,
such as posters, brochures, and leaflets are more widely used as a source
of drug information in urban communities, at 52.7%, while in rural area is
36.9%. Posters are more widely installed in strategic places in urban areas
so that they are seen more by urban communities.
Socialization, counseling, and seminars are face-to-face media

carried out by Provincial Narcotics Board in disseminating information
about drugs. The survey results showed that only 23.5% of respondents
in urban areas received drug information from face-to-face media. It is
even smaller in rural area reaching 17.5%. This condition reflects that
community participation in drug socialization and counseling activities
is still low, especially in rural areas. Based on interviews with several
informants at Provincial Narcotics Board, it is known that the socialization
and counselling activities are still limited and do not reach all the
community. For example in Padang City, anti-drug socialization activities
are focused on drug-prone districts, namely West Padang District to be
more effective. In the next stage, socialization will be carried out in other
districts that have not been touched by anti-drug socialization. This is
due to limited resources, both human and budget. The community in
rural areas have not been touched by the socialization activities and anti-
drug counseling. For example, in Padang Pariaman Regency, anti-drug
socialization activities only include urban village and sub-district officials
held at the district office. Other sources of information are online media
(internet/Facebook/Instagram/Twitter). Internet, Facebook, Instagram
and Twitter are more prominent sources of drug information for people
in urban areas, which is 44.7%, while in rural areas it is only 26.6%. Online
media (in the network) seems to be only effective for urban areas because
internet network access in urban areas is better than in rural areas.
The description shows that the reach of information about the danger
of drugs from each of these media is still not optimal. It is only seen/
heard/followed by around 75% of respondents. Therefore, more intensive
efforts are still needed, especially for media outside of electronic media, so
that the range of information is increased and attracts more community
participation. Especially for face-to-face socialization activities, it requires
very serious efforts to look for more attractive mechanisms and materials
in order to increase community participation.

Table 6.1. Media Seen/Heard/Followed by Respondents in the Past Year
Based on Urban-Rural
Source of information Urban Rural Total N

Face to face media (socialization, 23.50 17.50 21.20 6,039
seminars, counseling)
Printed media (bulletin boards/ 52.70 36.90 46.50 13,277
wall magazines, leaflet
distribution, posters, books)
Electronic media (TV, radio) 78.90 70.50 75.60 21,595
Online media (internet/ 44.70 26.60 37.60 10,737
Facebook/Instagram/Twitter)
Furthermore, based on gender, both male and female get information

about the danger of drugs primarily from electronic media with a small
percentage difference, namely 76.20% of male respondents and 75.20% of
female respondents (Table 6.2). The second most viewed/heard/followed
media as a source of information about the danger of drugs by both male
and female respondents is the printed media, namely 49.20% male and
44.10% female. Meanwhile, online media is ranked third as a media that is
widely seen/ heard followed as a source of information about the dangers
of drugs. This media was followed by around one third of respondents
both male and female in the past year.
The condition and distribution of data as described above shows

that the percentage of male is greater than female for each information
media available. This indicates that male’s knowledge about drugs is
better than female. Electronic media and printed media are the most
effective media in disseminating information about the danger of
drugs, both to men and women because they are the most seen/heard/
followed media. The implication is that P4GN needs to prioritize the
use of the two media so that information about the danger of drugs
is more widespread and effective, especially for female. However, the
two media are may still be lacking in giving a deep understanding of
the danger of drugs. Therefore, to provide a deeper understanding, the
use of interactive media such as online media and face-to-face media

will certainly be more effective because it allows discussion. Therefore,
P4GN must still use face-to-face and online media in providing a deeper
understanding of the danger of drugs.

Based on Gender
Media of Information Male Female Total N

Face to face media (socialization, 22.20 20.30 21.20 6,039
seminars, counseling)
Printed media (bulletin boards/ 49.20 44.10 46.50 13,277
distribution, posters, books )
Electronic media (TV, radio) 76.20 75.20 75.60 21,595
Online media (internet/ 39.80 35.60 37.60 10,737
If the source of information about the danger of drugs is related

to the level of education of respondents, Table 6.3 shows that the
higher the level of education of respondents, the greater the percentage
of respondents who see/hear/follow information about the danger
of drugs from each type of information media. Conversely, the lower
the education level of respondents shows smaller respondents who
see/hear/follow information about the danger of drugs from each
information media. This condition certainly can be interpreted that the
higher a person’s education, the higher the concern and need to obtain
information about the danger of drugs in various media, and vice versa.
The interesting thing is that although the proportion of the percentage
is different, all groups of respondents in various levels of education
make electronic media in the first rank of the most widely seen/heard/
followed by them in finding sources of information about the danger of
drugs. The next rank are printed media (bulletin boards, distribution of
leaflets, posters, books) and online media. The lowest rank is face-to-
face media.
What needs to be noted from the description above is that in the

group of respondents who were not educated up to junior high school

level/equivalent, the proportion of respondents who had seen/heard/
followed information about the danger of drugs from various media in
the past year was the lowest compared to the group of respondents with
higher education level. The implication is that P4GN needs to make a
more serious effort to disseminate information about the danger of drugs
to community groups with a junior high school education or equivalent.
This is important because considering the percentage of respondents
who have seen/heard/followed information about the danger of narcotics
is relatively low compared to other education group. It means that the
knowledge about the danger of drugs at this education level is still low.
Thus more intensive prevention efforts are needed.
Based on Education Level
Ele-
Not/have Junior Senior
Not men- Acade-
not grad- High/ High/
Media of going tary/ my/
uated MTs MA Total N
Information to MI Uni-
from ele- gradu- gradu-
school gradu- versity
mentay ate ate
ate
Face to 8.30 9.90 11.10 20.80 24.80 31.10 21.20 6,040
face media
(socialization,
seminars,
counseling)
Printed media 19.10 25.60 29.00 43.80 54.10 64.80 46.50 13,277
(bulletin boards/
wall magazines,
leaflet
distribution,
posters, books )
Electronic media 53.40 63.90 67.10 74.90 80.40 82.60 75.60 21,595
(TV, radio)
Online media 12.00 9.70 13.70 31.80 47.90 63.80 37.60 10,737
(internet/
Facebook/
Instagram/
Twitter)

Based on age groups, electronic media is the main source of drug
information, both in the young age group, productive groups, and old
groups. This can be understood because almost all households have a
television that can be accessed by all household members ranging from
young to old. Television often broadcasts information about drugs, such
as drug abuse arrest and other information. The proportion of this choice is
approximately the same as the choice of respondents in other categories,
namely rural-urban; male or female, and level of education. A striking
difference is in the age group under 25 years. Respondents in this age
group choose online media as media information seen/heard/followed in
the second place, while other age groups put printed media as the second
ranked source of information that is widely seen/heard/followed.
The difference conditions can be understood because millennial

generation is more literate in information technology, especially social
media, than the older generation. Therefore, this group of respondents
under the age of 25 received more information, including the danger of
drugs from social media than printed media. The implication in the future
is that besides electronic media, socialization about the danger of drugs
for young people should be prioritized using online media because they
are seen/heard/followed by them. It is hoped that socialization will be
more efficient because of its wider reach and provide a more detailed
understanding to the younger generation. While for those aged 25 years
and over who see/hear/follow the electronic media and printed media, the
socialization continues to use both media.
Interestingly, if the data in Table 6.4 is examined further, it seems that

the respondents who see/hear/follow the information media are mostly in
the age group of under 25 years old with the proportion of 34.80% face-to-
face media, 57.00% printed media, 78.20% electronic media, and 61.10%
online media. It is followed by the 25 - 59 years age group in the second
rank with their proportions in each media sequentially at 18.70%; 45.40%;
76.10%; and 34.20%. From the target of socialization about the danger of
drugs, the spread of knowledge of the danger of drugs is already right on
target and relatively effective. It is said so because some victims of drug
abuse are less than 25 years old (students and university students). They
are in the age group that is generally still overwhelmed by a great curiosity
for something new and relatively unlimited relationships. The implication

is that they are more likely to be exposed to drugs than other groups. This
is based on a variety of research results that show that many drug abusers
begin with trials conducted in adolescence. Therefore, although this age
group of less than 25 years old is the most who sees/hears/follows, it is
possible to understand the danger of drugs. However, prevention efforts
in this group must be increased because they are very vulnerable to drug
exposure. By increasing prevention activities, it is hoped that the level of
exposure in this young group can be minimized. If this condition is reached,
the exposure in the older group in the future will be reduced because it has
been prevented since early.

By Age
Media of Information < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total N

Face to face media 34.80 18.70 11.70 21.20 6,040
(socialization, seminars,
counseling)
Printed media (bulletin boards/ 57.00 45.40 30.30 46.50 13,277
Electronic media (TV, radio) 78.20 76.10 64.20 75.60 21,595
Online media (internet/ 61.10 34.20 12.40 37.60 10,737
Furthermore, from the main activity categories of respondents (Table

6.5), it appears that the largest proportion of respondents have seen/
heard/participated in activities about the danger of drugs from electronic
media. Then, the second rank of other media that is seen/heard/followed is
printed media. Printed media is more prominent as a source of information
for respondents who are still students. Middle school students (junior
and senior high schools) and academy/university students are one of the
targets of socialization and counselling activities conducted by Provincial
Narcotics Board. Besides face to face event (socialization), anti-drug
information is also done by distributing brochures and leaflets in schools.
Meanwhile, online media is ranked third, while face-to-face media is in the
last rank which is seen/heard/followed by respondents. Interesting data

shows that in the category of student respondents who placed online
media as a medium of information about the danger of drugs ranked
second after electronic media. This can be understood because internet,
Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter are more widely used by young people
who are mostly students. The group of respondents who work, manage
the household, and others put online media in the third rank after printed
media as a medium of information about the danger of drugs that are
seen/heard/followed by respondents.
The condition of the difference in the choice of media (printed and

online) which ranks second as described above explains that students are
generally more literate to online technology than other respondent groups.
Therefore, it can be understood if they make online media the second main
source of information after electronic media. In fact, with the development
of the digital world, it is very possible that the younger generation, in the
future, will make online media ranked first as the most widely seen/heard/
followed as the main source in finding information, including drugs. The
implication, in the future, the use of online media must be encouraged to
become the priority of the media used to disseminate information about
the danger of drugs.
Table 6.5. Media Seen/Heard/Followed by Respondents
in the Past Year Based on Main Activities
Manag-
Work- Going to ing
Media of Information Others Total N
ing school house-
hold
Face to face media 20.00 45.90 14.90 19.80 21.20 6,040
(socialization, seminars,
counseling)
Printed media (bulletin 47.30 61.30 39.20 48.20 46.50 13,277
boards/wall magazines, leaflet
Electronic media (TV, radio) 75.90 79.20 74.20 73.70 75.60 21,595
Online media (internet/ 37.30 65.30 27.90 40.10 37.60 10,737

From the understanding of respondents who received information
about the danger of drugs, only three-quarters respondents understood
the message of the danger of drugs delivered through various media,
while the rest still did not catch the exact message. If the respondent’s
understanding of the danger of drugs is seen based on the urban and
rural categories, Table 6.6 shows that more respondents from urban
areas (82%) were able to catch the message of the danger of drugs
delivered by various media than rural respondents (70.10%). This
difference is likely to occur because of the better level and quality of
education that urban communities have than those in rural areas or
maybe urban communities have higher concerns about the danger of
drugs that attack massively urban areas. Thus, they are more interested
in understanding the danger of drugs than those in rural areas that face
a relatively low drug threat.
Table 6.6. Respondents’ Understanding on Information about the Danger

of Drug in Various Media Based on Rural - Urban
Level of Respondents’ Urban Rural Total

Understanding N=17,356 N=11,196 N=28,552
Strongly understand 27.90 17.30 23.80
Understand 54.10 52.80 53.60
Less understand 3.50 6.50 4.70
Not understand 14.50 23.50 18.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Apart from these differences, the data in the table above shows
that respondents’ understanding on messages of the danger of drugs
through various media is still not optimal, both in urban and rural areas.
It needs better efforts to socialize the danger of drugs to the public. It
may be necessary to use different ways of presenting materials about
the danger of drugs in various media to urban and rural communities.
In addition, the simplification of information is important so that the
message conveyed through various media can be understood easily
and intact by the public.

When the respondent’s understanding of information about
the danger of drugs is seen by gender, there is almost no difference
between male and female in understanding the message of the danger
of drug in various media. In Table 6.7, it can be seen that about three
quarters of the number of respondents both male and female who are
informed about the danger of drugs can understand the contents of
the message. Although there are more groups of female respondents
who do not understand the message of the danger of drugs delivered
by the media. The difference is small that it is relatively insignificant.
This indicates that in socializing the danger of drugs, there is no need
to differentiate between male and female, both in terms of the media
and the content.
Table 6.7. Respondents’ Understanding on the Information of the Danger

of Drug in Various Media Based on Gender
Level of Respondents’ Male Female Total

Understanding N=13,394 N=15,158 N=28,552
Strongly understand 25.10 22.50 23.80
Understand 53.60 53.50 53.60
Less understand 4.00 5.30 4.70
Not understand 17.20 18.70 18.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Data on respondents’ understanding of the danger of drug

information delivered by various media which are seen/heard/followed
by respondents based on their level of education as shown in Table
6.8 shows that the higher the education level of respondents, the more
respondents understood the message of the danger of drug delivered by
the media. However, the concern is that there are still around 10% who
are highly educated and 13% of respondents who have a high school/
equivalent education who cannot understand the message conveyed by
the media about the danger of drugs. The percentage may seem small,
but if it is related to the level of education it is quite significant. It is said
so because with this level of education, logically they must have been
able to capture the message about the danger of drugs. Especially in

the age range of high school/equivalent and higher education level, they
have grown up and their social relations are assumed to be relatively
broader. Thus, they should have understood about drugs that they are
not easily exposed to drugs as a result of their wide association.
Apart from that, in the context of P4GN, the above facts indicate
the need for more intensive efforts in providing information about the
danger of drugs that are focused on groups of people who are not
educated up to junior high school/equivalent. It is because the largest
percentage of respondents who do not understand information about
the danger of drugs is this group. The efforts to provide understanding
to groups without education up to junior high school/equivalent are
important because drug abuse is now targeting those who are not
knowledgeable, children, and adolescents. By giving this group an
understanding, it is hoped that they will not involve in drug abuse.

of Drug in Various Media Based on Education Level
Level of Not go- Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acade- Total
Respondents’ ing to have not tary/MI High/ High/MA my/
Understanding school graduated gradu- MTs gradu- Univer-
from ele- ate graduate sity
mentay ate
Strongly 12.20 10.60 14.20 19.10 27.60 39.70 23.80
understand
Understand 38.00 49.90 50.00 56.80 56.60 48.60 53.60
Less understand 8.30 8.50 8.50 5.50 2.90 1.60 4.70
Not understand 41.50 31.00 27.40 18.60 13.00 10.10 18.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,350 5,347 6,120 11,197 3,888 28,552
Overall, by excluding age, the table above shows that approximately

three-quarters (77.40%) of the total respondents who received
information about the danger of drugs from various media which is
seen/heard/followed could understand information about the danger
of drugs. The same proportion also occurs in the existing group of

respondents, both in the age of less than 25 years and in the age of
25-59 years. Meanwhile, the respondent’s level of understanding of the
danger of the drug dropped slightly, at only around 60%, in the age group
of 60 years or older (Table 6.9). The reduction is predicted due to the
influence of age that is already classified as old. In this age group, the
ability to digest the information obtained is no longer prime. In addition,
respondents in this age group see drug problem as no longer interesting
because it has passed its time.
The relatively large level of respondents’ understanding in the age

range of 59 years or below about the danger of drugs certainly indicates
the success of the socialization of the danger of drugs organized by
P4GN. Similarly, in the age group of 60 years or over, it can be said to
be relatively good because the socialization of the danger of drugs
through various media has succeeded in providing understanding to
more than 60% of respondents in the age group of 60 years and over,
whereas the ability to understand and interest in drug problems from
this group has started to decrease. Apart from the success of P4GN
socialization as described above, P4GN program needs to be carried
out or even improved so that even if the people’s understanding of the
dangers of drugs cannot be improved, at least it can still be maintained.

of Drug in Various Media Based on Age Groups
Level of Respondents’ < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Understanding
Strongly understand 28.00 23.40 15.70 23.80
Understand 54.70 53.80 47.70 53.60
Less understand 4.20 4.60 7.00 4.70
Not understand 13.10 18.10 29.60 18.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,222 21,362 1,968 28,552

Based on activity status, it can be said that most respondents with
different backgrounds (working, going to school, etc.), with approximately
the same proportion, around 70% or more, have a good understanding
of the danger of drugs (Table 6.10). However, the respondents who
had the greatest proportion in understanding the danger of drugs were
those who were going to school (85.90%), followed sequentially by
respondents who worked, others (unemployed), and those managing of
the household (73.70%).
The above description shows that the socialization of the danger

of drugs to those who are still in school is the most successful activity
because the percentage of respondents who understand it is the highest
compared to other categories. Meanwhile, there are still about a quarter
of the respondents from the group of taking care of the household and
“others” still do not understand about the danger of drugs. Seeing the
above description, in general it can be said that P4GN socialization
activities through various media have been quite successful, although
it has not been maximized. Therefore, P4GN activities need to be
continued, in addition to broadening the understanding of community
groups who do not yet understand the danger of drugs, also to maintain
the achievements that have been achieved.

of Drug in Various Media Based on Main Activities
Level of Respondents’ Going to Managing

Working Others Total
Understanding school household
Strongly understand 24.60 30.20 19.80 23.60 23.80
Understand 53.20 55.70 53.90 51.40 53.60
Less understand 4.30 3.40 5.80 5.10 4.70
Not understand 17.90 10.70 20.50 20.00 18.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 16,393 2,815 7,863 1,481 28,552

When respondents were asked their attitude after understanding
about the danger of drugs, about three-quarters of the respondents said
they would avoid drugs. In Table 6.11, it can be seen that respondents
in urban areas seem to understand more about the danger of drugs so
that more urban respondents take a position to avoid the influence of
drugs (82.80%) compared to respondents from rural areas (71.90%). It is
likely that this has happened because in urban areas drugs have been
penetrated for a long time and there are already many victims of drug
abuse which are a negative example for urban communities. Therefore, it
is not surprising that more urban communities are preparing themselves
to be unaffected and become victims of drug abuse.
Meanwhile, for rural areas, the intensive attack of the danger of

drugs can only be said that it just happened recently,, especially in recent
years. In addition, usually drug users in rural areas consume drugs outside
their rural areas. Thus, perhaps there are still not many examples of drug
victims that make rural communities afraid of the danger of drugs. That
explains why the number of rural respondents who take a position to
avoid drugs is less than urban respondents. They may have a perception
that drug abuse only occurs in urban areas so there is no need to be
careful about avoiding the danger of drugs. The implication is that P4GN
program needs to be more able to convince rural communities about the
danger of narcotics and their negative impacts so that rural communities
will strictly avoid drugs.
Table 6.11. Attitudes of Respondents After Understanding the Information

about the Danger of Drugs Based on Rural and Urban Areas
Attitude of Avoiding Drugs Urban Rural Total

Yes 82.80 71.90 78.50
No 17.20 28.10 21.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,356 11,196 28,552

If the respondents’ attitude of avoiding drugs after obtaining
information about the danger of the drug is seen based on the gender
category, then it can be said that the attitude between men and women
is relatively the same. Almost 80% of respondents will avoid drugs (Table
6.12), while the rest said they would not try to avoid it. The implication for
P4GN is that the planning and implementation of the program does not
need to be differentiated based on the gender of the target socialization,
because it does not have a different impact on male and female.
Table 6.12. Attitude of Respondents After Understanding the Information

about the Danger of Drugs Based on Gender
Attitude of Avoiding Drugs Male Female Total

Yes 79.10 78.00 78.50
No 20.90 22.00 21.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,394 15,158 28,552
In terms of education level, Table 6.13 shows the largest proportion

of respondents who answered that they would avoid the danger of drugs
were respondents with higher education (87.20%) and were followed by
respondents from the high school education group/equivalent (77.90%).
The number of respondents who took the attitude of avoiding the danger
of drugs reached more than three-quarters, both in the group of university
and high school respondents. Meanwhile, respondents who took the
attitude of avoiding the danger of drugs with the smallest proportion were
respondents who were not going to school, even though the number who
rejected drugs was still above 50%. An interesting condition from the
table above is the presence of data trends which indicate that the higher
a person’s education, the more respondents will refuse drugs or who have
a defense against the danger of drugs. Conversely, the lower the level of
someone’s education, the smaller the number of respondents who refuse
drugs, so that those with less education are vulnerable to the danger of
drugs. It implicates that the program launched in the context of P4GN
must touch the education sector both formal and non-formal, where the
intensity and quality of counseling is directed more to groups with high
school education and below so that they are able to refuse if offered drugs.

about the Danger of Drugs Based on Education Level
Attitude of Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acade- Total

Avoiding Going Have not tary/MI High/MTs High/MA my/
Drugs to graduated graduate gradu- gradu- Univer-
School from ele- ate ate sity
mentay
Yes 54.30 64.60 68.70 77.90 83.70 87.20 78.50
No 45.70 35.40 31.30 22.10 16.30 12.80 21.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,350 5,347 6,120 11,197 3,888 28,552
In the respondent’s attitude in avoiding drugs after understanding

about the danger of drugs, it appears that the largest percentage of
respondents are those who are under the age of 25 years old (Table 6.14).
Based on the age range, it can be said that respondents in the age group
under 25 years old are students. This is definitely pleasing information
because usually people are exposed to taking drugs when they are still
students. Therefore, the data above shows that most students and
university students already have the power to avoid the threat of the danger
of drugs. However, this condition has not shown that young generation of
students are free from the danger of drugs because there are still 16.30%
of respondents under 25 years old and who have been informed about
the danger of drugs still do not care and do not take the attitude to avoid
drugs. This group is vulnerable to be exposed to drugs. The implication
is that more intensive and systematic socialization about the dangers of
drugs is needed in order to reduce the level of vulnerability of students and
university students from the threat of drug abuse.
In addition to the age groups of students and university students, the

attitudes of respondents in the age range of 25 - 59 can be said to be quite
good where more than three-quarters of them said they would avoid drugs
after knowing information about the danger of drugs. However, because
there are still 21.60% who do not care about the danger of drugs, including
those who are still in their productive age. Then stronger efforts are still
needed to convince this group about the danger of drugs. With this effort,
it is hoped that more people will refuse drugs.

The lowest proportion of respondents who avoid the danger of
drugs are those aged 60 years or over. This condition can be understood
because they are no longer productive and may have concentrated
on the search for the good of life. Thus, they may not feel the need
to avoid the danger of drugs because they already have self defense
mechanisms and beliefs not be tempted by drug abuse.
Table 6.14. Attitudes of Respondents After Understanding

The Information About The Danger of Drugs Based on Age Groups
Attitude of Avoiding Drugs < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Yes 83.70 78.40 66.60 78.50
No 16.30 21.60 33.40 21.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,222 21,362 1,968 28,552
In line with the review above, if the respondent’s avoidance attitude

towards the danger of drugs is seen from their daily activities, it appears
that those who attend school activities have the highest percentage of
avoidance attitudes towards drugs in their group (Table 6.15). Although
these data provide a positive indication of students’ resistance to
the danger of drugs, prevention efforts for this group of students
must still be intensified. This is important in addition to maintaining
the persistent attitude of respondents who have been positive about
avoiding the danger of drugs, also to convince a small proportion of
student respondents whose attitudes are still permissive towards
drugs. Thus, it can be expected that in the future it can reduce students’
exposure to drugs

About the Danger of Drugs Based on the Main Activities
Going to Managing
Attitude of avoiding drugs Working Others Total
school household
Yes 78.60 86.60 75.80 76.80 78.50
No 21.40 13.40 24.20 23.20 21.50
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 16,393 2,815 7,863 1,481 28,552
6.2. Involvement and Understanding of the P4GN Program
This section will look at community involvement in drug prevention

activities/programs. The data in table 6.16 shows that the involvement
of respondents in the activities of drug prevention programs is still
relatively small. The largest community involvement was only in
lecture/counseling activities, and even then the number was still below
a quarter of the number of respondents, 24.70%. The reason that the
involvement of respondents was more focused on lecture activities
perhaps because a lot of socialization activities were carried out in
schools or in urban villages that were mobilizing.
If the community involvement is differentiated between urban and

rural areas, it appears that the involvement of urban communities in
drug prevention programs is greater than that of rural communities.
This condition shows that urban communities are more concerned
about the danger of drug. Therefore, they have a greater curiosity
about drug prevention than rural communities. That condition occurs,
perhaps, because drug abuse is more prevalent in urban areas than in
rural areas. Thus, the implementation of prevention programs is also
more widely practiced in urban areas. This indicates that urban society
has more access and attention to be involved in activities to prevent the
danger of drugs. Another possibility is that due to the large number of
circulation and the occurrence of narcotics crime in urban areas. Then
urban communities, in their own awareness, feel more concerned to
be involved in drug prevention activities. They certainly hope that their

involvement in drug prevention activities will protect themselves, their
families and their environment from drug exposure.
Another fact shown in table 6.16 is that the least drug prevention
activities participated by respondents were training programs to
become members of anti-drug volunteers held in various environments,
amounting 2.80% of urban respondents and 1.50% of rural respondents.
Probably, this program is not attracting the interest of the community
because it is voluntary without getting paid. Furthermore, the activities
are time and energy consuming and risky. Another thing that might
cause the low involvement of the community in training as anti-drug
volunteers is the weak system in member recruitment or the program
is less interesting. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the low
effectiveness of the program in attracting anti-drug volunteers is
needed.
Table 6.16. Involvement of Respondents in Drug Prevention Activities/

Programs in the Past Year Based on Urban and Rural Areas
Activities Urban Rural Total N

Lecture / Counselling 24.70 21.80 23.50 6,722
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 8.00 5.20 6.90 1,975
Film / Entertainment stage / Anti- 7.20 4.30 6.10 1,730
drug musical concert
Seminar / Workshop 7.40 3.60 5.90 1,692
Training as anti-drug volunteer at 2.80 1.50 2.30 654
school/campus/neighbourhood/
working place
Anti-drug campaign 3.70 1.90 3.00 862
Others 0.60 0.60 0.60 174

Regarding the understanding of respondents on the message
delivered through Drugs Prevention Activity/Program based on urban
and rural areas, the data in table 6.17 shows that all respondents in
urban areas (24.70%) and and almost all respondents (21.20%)5 in
rural areas claimed to understand the message delivered in anti-
drug lectures/counseling. Similarly, respondents’ understanding on
messages delivered through Drug Prevention Activities/Programs in
other forms, such as discussions, training, campaigns, etc. can be said
that all respondents who participated in the activity could understand
the messages from their activities.
Although almost all respondents, both in urban and rural areas, can
understand messages conveyed through Drug Prevention Activities/
Programs, respondents in urban areas have a relatively higher
understanding than rural respondents, although the difference is not
significant. This can be understood, because in general it can be said
that urban communities are more educated and get information about
the danger of drugs from various sources more than rural communities
who have lower education and have more limited sources of information
about the danger of drugs.
This condition certainly must be a positive value for the

implementation of anti-drug programs, because this fact indicates that
the program is quite effective. The problem is, because the participants
of the various Drug Prevention Activities/Programs are still relatively
low, the number of people in urban and rural areas who understand
the message of the danger of drugs is still small. On that basis, further
evaluation of the efficiency of the Drug Prevention Program/Activity
program is needed, especially outside of lectures/counseling, to find
various obstacles that might hinder the implementation of the program.
By doing this evaluation, it is expected to be able to manage again both
the design of the program material and the implementation of the
program so that it can be carried out efficiently and effectively in both
urban and rural areas.
5
Look table 6.16 Involvement of Respondents in Drug Prevention Activities/Programs in the Past Year Based on Urban and Rural Areas

Table 6.17. Respondents’ Understanding of the Message Delivered in Drug
Prevention Activities/Programs Based on Urban/Rural Area
Activities Urban Rural Total N

Training as anti-drug volunteer at 3.50 1.70 2.80 793
school/campus/neighbourhood/
working place
Others 0.80 0.60 0.70 204
From gender differences, Table 6.18 shows that male respondents’

interest in participating in drug prevention programs appears to be
greater in various activities than female. However, the difference is not
significant. As for the type of program most widely followed, both male
and female the proportion is not much different, namely 24.80% male
and 22.40% female. Similarly, crime prevention programs with the least
involvement of the community, both male and female, are anti-drug
volunteers programs. This condition is certainly quite alarming because
the presence of anti-drug volunteers is very important in preventing
an increase in the number of drug abuse. With the existence of these
volunteers, the has partners from the community who help preventing
the expansion of drug abuse. Therefore, there needs to be more efficient
and effective efforts in recruiting and training anti-drug volunteers.

Programs in the Past Year Based on Gender
Activities Male Female Total N

Training as anti-drug 2.60 2.00 2.30 654
volunteer at school/campus/
neighbourhood/working place
Others 0.60 0.60 0.60 174
If the understanding of anti-drug messages delivered through the

Drug Prevention Activity/Program is distinguished by gender, the data in
Table 6.19 shows that almost all respondents who participated in the Drug
Prevention Activity/Program can understand the messages conveyed in
the prevention program. In addition, although in general it can be said
that groups of male respondents have a better understanding than
female respondents, but the difference is not significant. Apart from its
significance, the occurrence of differences in the level of understanding
between male and female respondents is very likely due to the influence
of the social environment. In this case, in general it can be said that the
association of male is more free and broader than female. Thus, the
possibility of male to have a contact with drugs is greater as a result of
their involvement with friends, especially those who have been exposed
directly to drugs. Meanwhile, because female’s groups have more limited
relationships, according to their nature, it is possible to be in contact
with drugs further than male. Perhaps, some of them have never had
information about drugs. Therefore, it is not strange if their understanding
of drugs is lower than male.

Prevention Activities/Programs Based on Gender
Activities Male Female Total N

Film / Entertainment stage / 6.70 5.80 6.20 1,781
Anti-drug musical concert
Training as anti-drug 3.00 2.50 2.80 793
Others 0.90 0.60 0.70 204
Based on education level, the data in Table 6.20 shows that the
majority of respondents (23.50%) from various level of education are
involved in drug prevention programs in the form of lectures/counseling.
Involvement of various education groups is focused on lecture/
counselling activities. This condition occurs, as revealed in in-depth
interviews, most likely because the program is run quite intensively in
schools and/or universities that it is the program that mostly involves
students. Moreover, in its implementation, it is generally a mobilization in
which students in the school are required to take part in drug prevention
activities in the form of the lecture. Therefore, the involvement of
students in anti-drug lectures becomes greater or the biggest percentage
compared to anti-drug activities in other forms.
Besides the facts above, an interesting thing to note is that the

higher the education level of the respondent, the greater the involvement
of the respondent in the education group to participate in various drug
prevention programs. Aside from that, the more educated a person is,
the more respondents are interested in engaging in face-to-face and
interactive drug prevention programs, such as lectures/counseling,
discussions/ interactive dialogues, films/entertainment stages/anti-drug
music concerts, seminars/workshops (University 62.80%; Senior High
School 49.10%; Junior High School 40.30%; 23.60%, and so on).

Another thing that appears from Table 6.20 is that training as a
member of anti-drug volunteers in schools/colleges/neighbourhoods/
work place is the activity with least participants among students. This
condition can be understood because their status is students whose main
task is studying. With the solid tasks as a student, it is certainly difficult
to find enough free time to do other activities that take up relatively time
and attention. In fact, to become an anti-drug volunteer requires time and
focused attention. Therefore, activities to become anti-drug volunteers
certainly become less attractive to students.
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the

implementation of P4GN program at the student level should be given
in the form of interactive media, while for training activities to become
volunteers focused on groups of students such as scouts, mahawarman,
nature lovers, and so forth who carry out activity with heroic messages

Programs in the Past Year Based on Education Level
Activities Not Not/Have Ele- Junior Senior Acad- Total N
Going not gradu- men- High/ High/ emy/
to ated from tary/MI MTs MA Univer-
school elementay gradu- gradu- gradu- sity
ate ate ate
Lecture / Counselling 13.80 15.30 15.40 23.80 26.50 30.30 23.50 6,722
Discussion / 3.50 3.40 3.20 6.10 8.10 11.90 6.90 1,975
Interactive Dialog
Film/Entertainment 2.60 3.00 3.30 5.50 7.30 8.90 6.10 1,730
stage / Anti-drug
musical concert
Seminar / Workshop 2.20 1.50 1.70 4.90 7.20 11.70 5.90 1,692
Training as anti- 1.40 0.60 0.70 2.20 2.60 4.50 2.30 654
drug volunteer at
school/campus/
neighbourhood/
working place
Anti-drug 1.50 1.10 1.20 2.60 3.20 6.50 3.00 862
campaign
Others 1.20 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.60 174

If the understanding of anti-drug messages from drug prevention
program activities is seen from the education of the respondents, the
distribution of data in Table 6.21 shows that almost all respondents in various
levels of education involved in various types of drug prevention activities/
programs understand the messages from the activities that they participate
in. However, because the lecture/counseling was the activity most frequently
followed by respondents at each level of education, the message through
lecture/counseling was the most captured by respondents from various
backgrounds of educational level. Conversely, because training activities
as members of anti-drug volunteers are the activities that are the least
participated by respondents, only a few people at various levels of education
understand the messages conveyed through this activity.
From the reality above, there is a need of a more intensive effort

so that community participation in prevention programs is more evenly
distributed in various activities. Perhaps efforts should be made to
revitalize the program, in addition to lecture/counseling activities. Thus,
public interest is more widespread and in various drug prevention activities
and the respondents’ understanding of drug prevention is more varied.
Prevention Activities/ Programs Based on Education Level
Activities Not Go- Not/have Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total N

ing to not gradu- tary/MI High/ High/ emy/
School ated from gradu- MTs MA Univer-
elemen- ate gradu- gradu- sity
tary ate ate
Lecture / Counselling 12.30 15.80 15.20 23.30 26.30 30.50 23.30 6,662
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 3.20 3.60 3.20 6.40 8.20 12.30 7.10 2,030
Film / Entertainment stage 2.30 3.10 3.40 5.80 7.40 9.30 6.20 1,781
/ Anti-drug musical concert
Seminar / Workshop 2.00 1.80 1.90 5.00 7.30 11.80 6.00 1,726
Training as anti-drug 1.40 1.10 1.10 2.70 3.00 5.20 2.80 793
neignbourhood/working place
Anti-drug campaign 1.50 1.30 1.40 2.90 3.80 7.10 3.40 975
Others 0.80 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.70 1.00 0.70 204

From the category of age, the data in table 6.22 shows that
respondents in the age group of less than 25 years old are the group of
respondents who are most involved in various drug prevention activities,
while respondents in the age group 60 years old and over are the lowest
groups involved in activities drug prevention program. This condition
is certainly positive information considering those who are exposed to
drugs generally at a young age. With a large proportion of respondents at
a young age or less than 25 years old who are involved in drug prevention
program activities indicate that many young people are concerned about
the danger of drugs and try to find out about drug prevention.
In addition to the younger generation, respondents in the age group

of 25-59 years, although the average percentage of each activity about
half of adolescent and young adult respondents, constitute the second
largest group of respondents who are heavily involved in various drug
prevention programs. This means that many of them are concerned
about the danger of drugs so that they take part in drug prevention
activities. The involvement of the 25 -59 age group in the activities of this
drug prevention program is very important because they enter the age of
marriage or building a family. With the involvement of this age group in
drug prevention efforts, it can be expected to prevent the involvement of
their children in drug abuse.
The problem that still needs to be studied further is the reason that
more people participate in prevention programs in the form of lectures/
counseling. Do they feel that they are sufficient to prevent drugs? or
does the activity of the drug prevention program give priority to lecture/
counseling activities compared to other types of activities? Questions
like that need to be answered so that drug prevention activities are not
only focused on lecture activities, but are spread on other drug prevention
activities.

Programs in the Past Year Based on Age
Activities < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total N

Lecture / Counselling 34.90 21.40 16.30 23.50 6,722
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 11.50 6.10 4.00 6.90 1,975
Film / Entertainment stage / 10.00 5.40 2.80 6.10 1,730
Seminar / Workshop 12.80 4.60 2.10 5.90 1,692
Training as anti-drug 4.50 1.90 1.10 2.30 654
neighbourhood/working
place
Anti-drug campaign 5.10 2.70 1.40 3.00 862
Others 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.60 174
If the respondent’s understanding of the anti-drug messages in the

drug prevention activity is seen by age group, the data in Table 6.23 shows
that almost all respondents who participated in the drug prevention
activity/ program understood the message in the activity/program.6 Even
if there are small differences in the level of understanding between age
groups, the differences can be ignored.
From the level of respondents’ understanding of the message of drug

prevention program activities that are relatively the same among various
age groups, it indicates that the drug prevention program that has been
implemented is actually effective because it can be understood by all
respondents who take part in their activities. Thus, socialization efforts
through anti-drug prevention activities against various age groups can
be maintained. The issue that needs attention is precisely the relatively
small number of participants, especially outside the lecture activities, and
also the relatively uneven distribution among various drug prevention
activities undertaken. Therefore, it is necessary to find a way so that the
participation of each of these activities increases and is relatively evenly
6
See table “Involvement of Respondents in Drug Prevention Activities/Programs in the Past Year
Based on Age”

distributed in various activities that are massive (in addition to volunteer
training activities).

Prevention Activities Based on Age Groups
Activities < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total N

Lecture / Counselling 34.70 21.20 16.10 23.30 6,662
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 12.10 6.20 3.80 7.10 2,030
Film / Entertainment stage / 10.50 5.50 3.00 6.20 1,781
Seminar / Workshop 12.90 4.70 2.40 6.00 1,726
Training as anti-drug 5.50 2.20 1.40 2.80 793
neighbourhood/working
place
Anti-drug campaign 5.80 3.00 1.80 3.40 975
Others 1.00 0.70 0.60 0.70 204
When community involvement in drug prevention activities is seen

from its main activities, it appears that the majority of respondents, with
their various activities (22.90% of workers, 45.50% of students, 17.40%
of household administrators, and 21.50% of unemployed) are involved
in drug prevention programs in the form of lectures/counseling (Table
6.24). Furthermore, the lecture/counselling activities were followed by
almost half the number of respondents who were in school. This data
support the above explanation where the most respondents involved in
lecture activities are under 25 years old who can be assumed at school
age. As stated earlier, the large percentage of students who take drug
prevention programs in the form of lectures is likely due to a counseling
and socialization program about the danger of drugs carried out by
National Narcotics Board/Provincial Narcotics Board to schools. Based
on the results of interviews with the school and Provincial Narcotics
Board, it is known that each new school year the high school or Academy/
University gives anti-drug socialization to students and new students in
collaboration with Provincial Narcotics Board. Some of them carry out
urine test.

Thus, it can be said that the participation of students in the
prevention of drugs is mobile. The implication is that the involvement of
these students does not necessarily lead to anti-drug behavior, because
they participate not voluntarily on their own conscious basis. However,
with the involvement of students in drug prevention activities through
counseling, even with mobilization, it is hoped that it will still have a
positive impact to avoid from the influence of drugs.
Another interesting thing is that it turns out that the percentage of

students who take part in drug prevention activities is the highest in each
of the existing drug prevention activities. If this is the case, there is also a
possibility that there are relatively many students involved in various anti-
drug program activities voluntarily, without mobilization. This of course
gives a positive indication to the young generation because with the
many young people who already have the knowledge and skills in drug
prevention it is expected to increase their resilience from drug exposure.
Based on the description above, it indicates that P4GN has carried out
preventive activities in various forms. However, community involvement
is still concentrated in lecture/counseling activities. It seems that P4GN’s
activities are more focused on students or the younger generation, but
they are only able to reach less than half. Meanwhile, the involvement
of other activity groups, both those who work, manage the household
and those who are unemployed is still relatively low of under 25%. The
implication of this reality is that P4GN activities still need to be improved,
both increasing the involvement of the community from various activity
groups, as well as the equal distribution of their involvement in each drug
prevention activity launched by P4GN.

Programs in the Past Year Based on the Main Activities
Going to Managing
Activities Working Others Total N
school household
Lecture / Counselling 22.90 45.50 17.40 21.50 23.50 6,722
Discussion / Interactive 6.80 15.40 4.20 6.90 6.90 1,975
Dialog
Film / Entertainment 6.00 11.90 4.10 5.50 6.10 1,730
stage / Anti-drug musical
concert
Seminar / Workshop 5.40 17.50 3.10 5.10 5.90 1,692
Training as anti-drug 2.30 5.40 1.10 2.60 2.30 654
volunteer at school/
campus/neighbourhood/
working place
Anti-drug campaign 3.30 6.50 1.10 3.40 3.00 862
Others 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60 174
From the understanding of drug prevention messages delivered

through Drug Prevention Activities/Programs, it appears that almost
all respondents from various activity groups can understand well the
messages contained in these activities. This is clear when the data
in Table 6.25 is compared to the table of “Respondents Involvement in
Activities/Programs for the Prevention of Drug in the Past Year” that has
been described previously. It seems clear that the percentage of those
involved in drug prevention activities is almost the same as the percentage
of respondents who understand the message of the activity. There is no
significant difference in the data in the two tables. This similarity indicates
that the implementation of Drugs Prevention Activities/Programs carried
out by P4GN has been very good because it has been able to provide
an understanding of drug prevention and can be understood by the
participants in each type of activity they participated in, even though the
background of the activities of the respondents was different. However,
even though the quality of the drug prevention activity is good, the problem,
as in the other categories of respondents described above, is the quantity

of participants who are too concentrated on lecture/counselling activities
is not spread proportionally with other prevention activities.
When examined further, it appears that the actual drug prevention

activities in interactive face-to-face communication such as lectures,
discussions, and seminars are the activities most followed by respondents
compared to other drug prevention activities. However, the question is
why lecture/counseling activities are the most drug prevention activities
followed by respondents and are not spread to other media despite
that they are both interactive media. The biggest possibility is that the
system of recruiting participants for this activity was carried out through a
mobilization process. This is very possible because from the information
obtained from in-depth interviews, this activity/counseling on drug
prevention is mostly done in schools. This condition certainly has the
role of the school to mobilize students to participate in these activities.
In addition, many of the drug prevention lecture/counseling activities are
carried out in villages or urban villages. It is also very possible that there is
a role of village officials who mobilize their communities to participate in
the lecture. If this is the case, it is not surprising that participants in drug
prevention activities are concentrated in lecture/counseling activities.
The implications of the participant’s mobilization system for drug

prevention activities as described above certainly cause imbalances in
the number of participants in other types of prevention activities. In fact,
the proportional distribution of participant drug prevention activities is
important because with the increasing spread of respondents involved
in other prevention activities, it will increase the number of people who
understand about drug prevention. The implication is that the condition
of increasing the number of participants in drug prevention activities
that are spread will certainly be conducive in an effort to prevent the
increasing number of people exposed to drugs. Therefore, P4GN needs to
try to increase the recruitment of participants in drug prevention activities
whose participants are spread proportionally on various drug prevention
activities.

Prevention Activities/Programs Based on the Status of Activities
Going to Managing
Activities Working Others Total N
school household
Lecture / Counselling 22.70 45.30 17.10 21.10 23.30 6,662
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 6.90 16.60 4.20 6.50 7.10 2,030
Film / Entertainment stage 6.20 12.60 4.20 5.10 6.20 1,781
/ Anti-drug musical concert
Seminar / Workshop 5.50 18.00 3.20 5.00 6.00 1,726
Training as anti-drug 2.80 6.90 1.30 2.90 2.80 793
volunteer at school/
campus/neighbourhood/
working place
Anti-drug campaign 3.60 7.70 1.40 3.50 3.40 975
Others 0.70 1.20 0.50 0.80 0.70 204
Although lecture/counselling is a drug prevention activity most

widely participated by the public, but sometimes the lecture also raises
its own problems. A drug user in Yogyakarta, for example, admitted that
using drugs actually started after participating in a socialization about the
danger of drugs. That’s because in the socialization, it is stated the positive
things from drug use even if only for a moment, such as not easily tired
and so on. Although in this socialization the main emphasis was more on
the negative effects of drug use, but because the positive benefits were
stated first, the negative effects were no longer listened by him. Therefore,
according to his confession, after the socialization, it encouraged him to
try to use drugs. Thus, officers need to be careful in conveying information
in socialization.
Based on his experience, according to a resource person, the officer

does not need to mention the positive effects of drugs in the socialization,
but directly to the negative impacts. Therefore, only the negative effects
will inherent in the memories of participants in the socialization. For this
reason, they propose that each socialization includes testimonials by
former users. Although according to Provincial Narcotics Board officials
the testimony is prohibited, but related to the testimony about the negative

impacts that have been experienced so that they can be aware, it should
be done. Such testimonials are considered important and more useful
than just counseling.
Another informant stated that the information on the danger of

narcotics delivered by an instructor was sometimes not clear. So it seems
that the instructor was less professional in conducting socialization.
Based on his experience in the socialization, the socialization stated
that drugs were banned because they were destructive. However, the
interviewees did not explain the damage. That’s what actually encouraged
him to even want to try it.
Regarding complaints about the lack of professional instructors,

this was also acknowledged by the Head of Prevention and Community
Empowerment Division of Special Region of Yogyakarta Narcotics Board.
That is because the number of councellors who have certification is
still very limited. The small number of personnel who have councellor
certification should not make uncertified officers to serve as councellors.
Some officers have indeed undergone education and training, but the
expertise is not for counselling purposes. Because counseling is generally
done by “rote” based on the experience of other councellors, both from
within their own institutions and experience obtained from other agencies.
This is what causes unprofessionalism. It is therefore expected that the
number of certified councellors will be increased.
In addition to the very limited number of certified councellors, the

number of personnel in the prevention sector is also very lacking. The
lack of personnel at Special Region of Yogyakarta Narcotics Board,
which should have 32 personnel but there are only 11 and they serve 348
villages/ urban villages, is a lack of anti-drug socialization. The result is
that the current socialization can only reach the sub district level. Whereas
to reach urban village/village level cannot be done, especially to the level
of hamlet/RW and neighborhood. Ideally, the socialization should reach
the neighborhood level, because if people go to school, study or work, they
will go home. With this logic, prevention efforts at the grassroots down
to the Neighborhood level are important. Apart from the limited number
of personnel, the lack of counselling is also due to the limited funds.
According to information from the Head of Prevention and Community

Empowerment Division, Special Region of Yogyakarta Narcotics Board,
the quota to conduct coordination meetings is limited to only 40 people in
one meeting. And in one district area, it can only be done by two people.
Prevention efforts at the rural level are important because people in

villages have experienced changes that are close to the lifestyle of urban
communities. Millennials in rural areas are currently more socialized
with social media. They are busy with their cell phones. This results
in loosening of communication between parents and children due to
differences in the level of education and social environment between
the younger generation and their parents. Parents often lose authority in
front of their childre, because their children feel more educated, have more
relationships and broader knowledge insights than their parents. This has
led to the attitude of young people in showing less respect to parents and
feeling no need to listen to parental advice. Older and young generation live
in a different world. This condition is different from the village community
in the past, namely harmonious harmony, a strong sense of solidarity, and
characterized by intimate, personal, face to face relationships, and the
same sense of attachment. The condition of rural communities like that
has the potential to be influenced by negative things.
The importance of socialization at the village level was also

strengthened by the results of interviews with fostered residents both in
correctional institution and rehabilitation centers, which stated that many
cases of drug abuse occurred in the village. A student from a university in
Yogyakarta even claimed to find many residents in a village that used “cow
pills” as a supplement to work, which was thought to have an addictive
effect, such as drugs. Under these conditions, in the future drug abuse
prevention programs must target the rural community.
6.3. Prevention and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illegal Trafficking

Program Implementation

Drug abuse has become a serious problem in Indonesia because
it has hit various groups of people to the rural areas. The prevention of
drug abuse needs to be increased, which involves various parties both
at central and regional levels. Institutionally, the implementation of
the prevention function is the duties of the National Narcotics Board,

in collaboration with other institutions and institutions, such as the
National Police/Indonesian Army, Local Governments (Office of Health/
social Affairs/Labor/education/sport), Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs), Hospitals, Religious Organizations, Educational Institutions, and
the business sector. In this section, we will find out the implementation
of Prevention and eradication of drug abuse and illegal trafficking) by
National Narcotics Board and drug abuse prevention activities involving
related agencies.

Table 6.26 shows that the National Narcotics Board and the National
Police are institutions that are widely known by respondents that provide
drug prevention activities in their area, namely around 20.9% of National
Narcotics Board and 20.8% of National Police. These percentages can
reflect that few people know about drug prevention activities that have
been carried out by National Narcotics Board and the National Police.
This is because National Narcotics Board is an institution tasked with
preventing drug abuse through prevention and eradication of drug abuse
and illegal trafficking Program activities. Other institutions known to have
provided drug prevention activities are hospitals with 15.30%, followed
by educational institutions such as schools, colleges and boarding
schools with 14.2%. Indonesian Army and religious organizations are
known only by 11.3% of respondents as institutions that provide drug
prevention activities. NGOs and the business sector play a small role in
drug prevention. The same pattern of answers occurs when differentiated
between rural and urban areas.

Table 6.26. Institutions That Have Carried Out Drug Prevention Activities
According to the Rural-Urban
Name of Institutions Urban Rural Total N
National Narcotics Board 25.20 14.20 20.90 5,966
Indonesian Police 22.80 17.70 20.80 5,945
Indonesian Army 12.80 9.00 11.30 3,231
Regional government (Office of Health/ 15.40 12.00 14.10 4,015
social Affairs/Labor/education/sport)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) 11.20 6.90 9.50 2,716
Hospitals / Health centers 16.80 13.00 15.30 4,377
Religious Organizations (MUI, PGI, PHDI 12.70 9.10 11.30 3,230
= Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia)
Educational Institutions (School, 16.20 11.10 14.20 4,054
University, Islamic Boarding School)
Business sector (company, Kadin, SOE, etc) 7.00 3.60 5.60 1,607
According to gender, men know more about what institutions have

provided drug prevention activities than women. In table 6.27, it can
be seen that the percentage of men who know about drug prevention
activities in all institutions is greater than women. This is likely due to the
fact that more men are involved in each drug prevention activity program.

Table 6.27. Distribution of Drug Prevention Organizing Institutions
According to Gender
Name of Institutions Male Female Total N

National Narcotics Board 22.70 19.30 20.90 5,966
Indonesian Police 22.90 19.00 20.80 5,945
Indonesian Army 12.30 10.40 11.30 3,231
Regional government (Office of Health/ 15.10 13.10 14.10 4,015
social Affairs/Labor/education/sport)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) 10.20 8.90 9.50 2,716
Hospitals / Health centers 15.70 15.00 15.30 4,377
Religious Organizations (MUI, PGI, PHDI 11.90 10.80 11.30 3,230
= Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia)
Educational Institutions (School, University, 14.90 13.60 14.20 4,054
Islamic Boarding School)
Business sector (company, Kadin, SOE, etc) 6.20 5.20 5.60 1,607
For those who are still in school, National Narcotics Board carries
out the highest drug prevention activities at 41.90 followed by the
National Police at 40.9% and educational institutions at 35.7% (Table
6.28). This is influenced by the involvement of National Narcotics Board
and the National Police in anti-drug socialization activities in schools
and universities. In several universities, a Drug Abuse Prevention Team
(TPPN) has been established. For example, STMIK Padang has formed
Drug Abuse Prevention Team since 2016 with a total of 30 students.
Coaching and provisioning of material was provided by West Sumatra
Narcotics Board. National Narcotics Board has quite effective community
activities, especially to schools. School is a place for young people who
are vulnerable to try something new, including drugs. Thus, prevention of
drug use in schools is very important.

Table 6.28. Institutions That Have Carried Out Drug Prevention Activities
According to Main Activities
Going to Managing
Name of Institutions Working Others Total N
school household
National Narcotics Board 20.30 41.90 14.90 19.20 20.90 5,966
Indonesian Police 20.40 40.40 15.00 19.40 20.80 5,945
Indonesian Army 11.20 20.60 8.30 10.30 11.30 3,231
Regional government (Office 14.30 22.70 10.70 13.00 14.10 4,015
of Health/social Affairs/
Labor/education/sport)
Non-Governmental 9.50 16.80 7.00 9.00 9.50 2,716
Organizations (NGO)
Hospitals / Health centers 14.90 28.20 11.90 13.90 15.30 4,377
Religious Organizations 11.40 18.60 8.80 10.00 11.30 3,230
(MUI, PGI, PHDI = Parisada
Hindu Dharma Indonesia)
Educational Institutions 12.70 35.70 9.80 13.20 14.20 4,054
(School, Universi-ty,
Islamic Boarding School)
Business sector (company, 6.00 8.30 4.00 4.50 5.60 1,607
Kadin, SOE, etc)
Broadly speaking, drug users are not familiar with the term prevention
and eradication of drug abuse and illegal trafficking that they on average
do not know the program and its implementation. This is possible
because according to a correctional officer, they implemented the
Prevention and eradication of drug abuse and illegal trafficking program
not in the normative name of Prevention and eradication of drug abuse
and illegal trafficking It is with with names and activities that could be
readily accepted by inmates, such as sticking anti-drug stickers, putting
up banners related to the danger of drug, and so on. The weaknesses
of the Prevention and eradication of drug abuse and illegal trafficking
program include that the term is not yet very familiar among drug users.
So far, they only learned about Prevention and eradication of drug abuse
and illegal trafficking when they were in correctional facility. In addition,
Prevention and eradication of drug abuse and illegal trafficking program

has not been routinely carried out in correctional facility. As a result,
this program has not been optimally implemented and the results are
certainly not optimal. The P4GN program which actually aims to prevent
drug abuse has not been able to maximize its role. According to users,
effective prevention measures include reformation of officials first, where
according to users it is not uncommon for authorities to still play and give
back up in drug abuse. As long as this cannot be done, drug abuse cannot
be prevented maximally. The most appropriate activity for prevention in
both urban and rural areas is lecture/counseling. In table 6.29, it can be
seen that the majority or 63.3% of respondents chose lecture/counseling
as the most appropriate activity to deliver a drug prevention program.
Respondents who live in rural areas have lectures/counseling with 67.6%
or higher than urban areas of 60.5%. The concept of counseling itself
implies an informal education process in which participants become
aware, willing and able to avoid the danger of drugs.

Prevention Activities Most Appropriate in Rural-Urban Areas
Activities Urban Rural Total

Lecture / Counselling 60.50 67.60 63.30
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 8.90 7.80 8.40
Film / Entertainment stage / Anti-drug musical 7.20 6.10 6.80
concert
Seminar / Workshop 6.50 3.60 5.40
Training as anti-drug volunteer at school/ 7.00 5.90 6.60
campus/neighbourhood/working place
Anti-drug campaign 8.20 7.40 7.90
Others 1.70 1.60 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,328 11,181 28,509

No less important is the role of the family. The smallest unit in the
social realm is the family. The family can no longer be considered as
the last fortress, but become the frontliner in overcoming drug abuse.
Parents must have clear knowledge about drugs in order to be able
to provide knowledge and briefing to children about the devastating
effects of drugs and how to avoid them. In addition, parents also do
not give excessive confidence that their children are perfect and have
no problems. This needs to be done to immediately carry out early
detection if there are unusual changes in the child. Parents must be
always sensitive to any changes in children’s behavior. Parents should
be able to be “good friends” for their children and at the same time
also be able to act as a place to share stories and complaints, so that
children do not hesitate to share their problems and feelings to those
who are considered close. But the last fortress has also been broken by
the entry of drug trafficking through social media. In this case, it is also
important to socialize the danger of drugs through social media.
Most users are initially use drugs as trial. These users can be
treated with a personal approach and family approach without having
to become a permanent user. There are several paradigms that people
with drug problems (addiction) are criminals. It seems that the legal
approach is not very appropriate to reach people who have narcotics
problems. The increasing legal approach leads more people go to
prison due to drug abuse. Prevention efforts through the delivery of
information is very influential on millennial children. We must provide
accurate and precise information that exceeds their knowledge and
use assertive communication or increase discussion. And this, it is
proven that a lot of information related to Distribution of respondents’
perceptions about drug prevention activities most appropriate in Rural-
Urban areas is obtained from social media. For male and female, it turns
out that the programs they receive are mostly in the form of Lectures,
counseling, one-way lectures. What is needed is interactive discussion
or dialogue, but the values in table 6.30 are very small namely 9.40% for
male and 7.60% for female.

Prevention Activities Most Appropriate According to Gender
Activities Male Female Total

Lecture / Counselling 61.60 64.70 63.30
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 9.40 7.60 8.40
Film / Entertainment stage / Anti-drug musical concert 7.10 6.50 6.80
Seminar / Workshop 5.00 5.70 5.40
Training as anti-drug volunteer at school/campus/ 6.50 6.60 6.60
Anti-drug campaign 8.20 7.50 7.90
Others 2.10 1.40 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,369 15,140 28,509
The thing that needs to be re-examined is the target in the delivery

of drug prevention programs. Different levels of age will choose different
methods. In Table 6.31, it can be seen that lectures or counseling are
favored by the majority of all age groups, prominently chosen by the
older age group aged 60 years and over by 73.20. Lectures/counseling
are chosen by age 25-59 years by 64.70% and age less than 25 year by
53.70%. Through lectures they can immediately hear and understand
what is conveyed. Anti-narcotics films/entertainment stages /music
concerts are preferred by young groups (10.5%), as well as interactive
discussions/ dialogs by 9.7%.

Prevention Activities Most Appropriate According to Age of Respondents
Activities < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Lecture / Counselling 53.70 64.70 73.20 63.30
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 9.70 8.30 6.50 8.40
Film / Entertainment stage / Anti-drug 10.50 6.20 3.70 6.80
musical concert
Seminar / Workshop 7.60 5.00 3.10 5.40
Training as anti-drug volunteer at school/ 8.60 6.30 4.40 6.60
campus/neighbourhood/working place
Anti-drug campaign 8.80 7.80 6.80 7.90
Others 1.10 1.80 2.40 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,215 21,327 1,967 28,509
Drug prevention programs through lectures and counseling is

considered the most appropriate, both those whose main activities are
working, going to school, managing the household and unemployed,
namely 63% by working respondents, 51.70% by respondents who are at
school, 68 % by those managing the household and 63% by unemployed.
But for those who attend interactive discussion/dialogue activities, it
is no less interesting and remains in demand of 10.10% and activities
by making films/entertainment stages/anti-drug music concerts as
drug prevention programs in the amount of 10.80% (Table 6.32). It can
be seen that each activity of this drug prevention program is highly
adapted to the state of its community activities, because exclusive
activities such as seminars and training are not always obtained by the
public. As for the public, they can feel the prevention program in the
form of lectures/counseling in their home environment.

Prevention Activities Most Appropriate According to Respondent
Activities
Activities Working Going to Managing Others Total

school household
Lecture / Counselling 63.00 51.70 68.10 63.10 63.30
Discussion / Interactive Dialog 8.90 10.10 7.00 8.10 8.40
Film / Entertainment stage / 6.70 10.80 5.50 7.00 6.80
Seminar / Workshop 4.90 8.40 5.10 6.60 5.40
Training as anti-drug 6.60 9.10 5.60 5.70 6.60
volunteerat school/campus/
Anti-drug campaign 7.90 9.10 7.40 7.80 7.90
Others 2.00 0.80 1.30 1.80 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 16,366 2,813 7,852 1,478 28,509
The media used to convey drug information can vary. In Table 6.33,
it can be seen that social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Line, WhatsApp, BBM, Website, YouTube are more chosen as the most
appropriate media for delivering drug information by 36.2%, followed by
television by 40%. Then based on the residence, there is a significant
difference where for urban areas the media that are widely used and
chosen to deliver drug prevention programs are using social media
(Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Line, WhatsApp, BBM, Website, YouTube,
etc.) by 41.90%, whereas in rural areas they prefer television media to
deliver drug prevention programs by 45.30%. This is influenced by the
residence of the community, where social media is not too widespread
in rural areas as in urban areas that are more familiar with social media.
Thus, the selection of media for the delivery of prevention programs will
be different and adjust the conditions of the community. This does not
mean that the other delivery media are inappropriate but must adjust to
the mass/target. No matter how good a media is, if it is not right, it will
not function accordingly.

Table 6.33. The Media That Is Considered the Most Appropriate for
Delivering Drug Prevention Programs According to Rural-Urban
Types of Media Urban Rural Total

Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Line, 41.90 27.50 36.20
Whatsapp, BBM, Website, Youtube, etc)
Film/anti-drug advertisement 7.70 6.60 7.30
Banners / pamphlets / brochures / leaflets / posters 9.40 14.40 11.40
Book/ magazine/ newspaper 1.20 2.00 1.50
Radio 0.70 2.00 1.20
Television 37.20 45.30 40.40
Others 2.00 2.10 2.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,333 11,189 28,522
Furthermore, the selection of media to deliver drug prevention

programs from the gender both male and female show a similar
tendency. A significant difference was in television media, which was
42.9% female and 37.6% male (Table 6.34). In addition, social media
is also an appropriate delivery medium in drug prevention programs.
Male show a percentage of 37.60% while female is 35.00%. Books
magazines/newspapers and radio are not chosen, but it does not mean
that radio delivery cannot be done because prevention efforts can be
done anywhere and through anything.

Table 6.34. The Media That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To Deliver
Drug Prevention Programs According To Gender
Types of Media Male Female Total

Social media (Facebook, Twitter, instagram, Line, 37.60 35.00 36.20
Whatsapp, BBM, Website, Youtube, etc)
Film/anti-drug advertisement 7.60 6.90 7.30
Banners / pamphlets / brochures / leaflets / 12.30 10.50 11.40
posters
Book/ magazine/ newspaper 1.60 1.50 1.50
Radio 1.20 1.20 1.20
Television 37.60 42.90 40.40
Others 2.00 2.00 2.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,379 15,143 28,522
The level of education greatly affects one’s view of something, as

well as differences in views about drugs. People with the level education
of university have more open perspective and more modern in choosing
a medium for delivering information. It seems that academics nowadays
prefer to use social media as a media for delivering narcotics prevention
programs because they are seen as reaching out to the wider community
if they use social media. The digitalization is also the reason why social
media is very effective for delivering narcotics prevention programs.
It is different with people with low and middle education. They

would prefer television because it is seen more generally and almost
every house has a television, and it is based on the ability of people to
understand social media that is also still low. Usually those who choose
television are housewives with various levels of education. However
from the survey data, there are more people who choose television
media than social media, reaching 40.40% and those who choose to use
social media reaching 36.20%. In this case, the last level of education
greatly affects one’s choice of delivery media. From the category of not
going to school to Senior High School/MA, the majority chose to use
television as their medium, while for people with higher education, they

preferred social media for the delivery of drug prevention programs. Of
course those choices have relevant considerations.
Table 6.35. The Media That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To Deliver
Drug Prevention Programs By Education Level
Types of Media Not Not/have Elemen- Junior Senior Acad- Total

going to not grad- tary/MI High/ High/ emy/
school uated gradu- MTs MA Univer-
gradu- gradu- sity
from ele- ate
ate ate
mentay
Social media 15.70 17.30 19.60 33.10 43.20 54.10 36.20
(Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, Line,
Whatsapp, BBM,
Website, Youtube,
etc)
Film/anti-drug 7.10 5.40 6.10 6.60 7.70 9.40 7.30
advertisement
Banners / 10.20 11.90 13.20 12.70 10.50 9.30 11.40
pamphlets /
brochures /
leaflets / posters
Book/ magazine/ 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.20 1.50
newspaper
Radio 3.50 3.00 2.30 1.00 0.60 0.60 1.20
Television 56.50 56.20 55.10 43.40 34.80 23.30 40.40
Others 5.10 4.60 2.20 1.50 1.70 2.10 2.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,343 6,116 11,180 3,884 28,522
Talking about the most appropriate media for drug prevention

efforts cannot be separated from the choice of the people who accept it.
If you look at the age category, of course the choice will vary according
to age. The current millennial era certainly cannot be separated from the
communication technology especially in the era of social media today.

This also encourages someone to follow the era especially young ages.
Those less than 25 years of age prefer to use social media in the delivery
of drug prevention programs because it is considered more practical
and able to convey the message to the public and of course the users
of social media itself. The percentage is 54.30%. Whereas for ages 25-
59, television is preferred as a medium of delivery, amounting to 42.70%,
and aged 60 years, the majority choose television. It can be noted that
even though the conditions of the times are completely digital, television
is still the people’s choice and has never lost its interest. From the total
amount, it can be seen that the percentage between social media and
television is higher overall television, which is equal to 40.40% while
social media is still below that which is equal to 36.20%.
Table 6.36. Media That is Considered The Most Appropriate to Deliver

Drug Prevention Programs According to The Age of Respondent
Types of Media < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, 54.30 33.40 19.20 36.20
Line, Whatsapp, BBM, Website, Youtube, etc)
Film/anti-drug advertisement 8.40 7.20 5.20 7.30
Banners / pamphlets / brochures / leaflets / 9.40 11.90 10.50 11.40
posters
Book/ magazine/ newspaper 1.60 1.40 2.40 1.50
Radio 0.80 1.20 2.50 1.20
Television 24.40 42.70 56.90 40.40
Others 1.10 2.10 3.30 2.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,215 21,340 1,967 28,522
In the survey, communities are classified according to the

categories of working, going to school, and managing household. Of
course, the classification will produce varied data. The majority of the
people whose status is employed choose television as the media for
delivering narcotics prevention programs in the amount of 40.10%.
The communities who are going to school prefer to use social media
in the delivery of drug prevention programs. Whereas for people whose

daily activities are taking care of households, they prefer television for
the delivery of drug prevention programs. In this case, television has
not lost its interest. It can be seen from the total number of people in
choosing delivery media. The percentage of social media and television
is 36.20% and 40.40%.
Table 6.37. Media That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To Deliver

Drug Prevention Programs According To Main Activities
Types of Media Working Going to Managing Others Total

school household
Social media (Facebook, Twitter, 35.60 58.10 29.40 38.40 36.20
Instagram, Line, Whatsapp, BBM,
Website, Youtube, etc)
Film/anti-drug advertisement 7.30 9.30 6.40 7.50 7.30
Banners / pamphlets / 12.20 8.20 11.20 9.90 11.40
brochures / leaflets / posters
Book/ magazine/ newspaper 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.80 1.50
Radio 1.20 0.90 1.30 1.50 1.20
Television 40.10 21.10 48.20 38.20 40.40
Others 2.10 0.90 2.00 2.70 2.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 16,371 2,813 7,853 1,479 28,522
In addition to several activities and media to promote drug prevention,

it is also important to consider the danger of drugs in the curriculum, as
planned by Special Region of Yogyakarta Narcotics Board. To include
material about the danger of drug in the curriculum is not done by adding
one separate subject, but it can be inserted in other subjects, or what is
known as a plug-in system. Although the scope is limited to only learning,
plug-in systems are considered more effective, because:
a) It is planned, that is the process of delivering material based on the
curriculum
b) It is structured, which is part of the learning system consisting of
teachers, students, material, media and others

c) It is level-based, i.e. the material presented is adjusted to the level and
age of the students.
The forms of drug control activities in the plug-in system are:

a) Giving the widest information to students about the danger of drug
abuse. This activity can be delivered on subjects of religion, PPKN,
Indonesian language and Local Content for junior high school, senior
high school and university including the delivery of a number of
information either directly (face to face) or text reading about drugs to
students. As for elementary school, subjects that can include religious
subjects, PPKN, Indonesian Language and Local Content..
b) Guiding students to adopt healthy lifestyles, namely providing
information, direct examples and appeals to students to understand
healthy living by avoiding foods and drinks that endanger the health
of body and soul and applying them in everyday life. This point can be
inserted into sports, biology (science) and PKK subjects.
In addition, other things that need attention in the plug-in system are:
a) The material given is a number of material about drug abuse among
adolescents, which is delivered by the teacher. For subjects that allow
inclusion of drug material, the material is delivered like general subject
matter. As for subjects not directly related to drugs, the material can
be arranged in the form of reading material, discussion themes or
packaged in the form of examples. The material includes material on
the definition of drugs, types of drugs, drug abuse and management
as well as the principles or patterns of healthy living.
b) Methods or ways and strategies used by teachers in the delivery of
information about drug abuse among adolescents can be in the form
of lectures, discussions, dialogue, and exercises.
c) Facilities and infrastructure that can support the form of space,
equipment and the environment.7
In the effort to handle drug users, it is also necessary to pay attention

to the most apropriate way. Based on the survey data, it is classified
based on the area of residence of the community. For urban and rural
7
http://hendrirembang.blogspot.com/2011/10/upaya-penanggulangan-narkoba.html

areas, the selection of the right method according to the community is
similar, namely by being rehabilitated/treated/therapy with a percentage
of 61.80% and 55.50%. In addition, those in urban and rural areas who
choose drug users to other than being rehabilitated but also imprisoned,
which is 23.50% for urban areas and 21.30% for rural areas. Whereas
the least chosen handling effort is social work both for urban and rural
areas, because it is seen as not going to create a deterrent effect for drug
users themselves. Especially for urban areas that are predominantly live
individually, this does not apply and does not affect users. The percentage
of social work for urban areas is 0.90% and for rural areas is 1.00%.
Tabel 6.38. Actions That Are Considered The Most Appropriate To Deliver
Drug Prevention Programs According To Respondents Residence
(Rural - Urban)
Actions Urban Rural Total

Rehabilitated/Given medica-tion/therapy 61.80 55.50 59.30
Imprisoned 11.20 19.10 14.30
Rehabilitated and imprisoned 23.50 21.30 22.60
Given social sanction (ostricized) 1.60 1.90 1.70
Social work 0.90 1.00 0.90
Others 1.10 1.30 1.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,349 11,193 28,542
In terms of the gender, out of a total of 28,542 respondents

consisting of 13,390 male respondents and 15,152 female respondents,
the respondents answered rehabilitated/given medication/therapy as
the most appropriate way of dealing with drug users with a percentage
of 59.30% consisting of 58.80% male and 59.80% female. Same as the
previous data, the next sequence is rehabilitated and imprisoned with
22,60%, then imprisoned, given social sanctions (excluded), others, and
ostracized with each percentage of 14.30%; 1.70%; 1.20 %; and 0.90%.
This data shows that the majority of people more agree that drug users
should be rehabilitated / given medication / therapy.
.

Table 6.39. Action That Is Considered The Most Appropriate To Deliver A
Drug Prevention Program According To Gender
Actions Male Female Total

Rehabilitated/Given medication/therapy 58.80 59.80 59.30
Imprisoned 14.00 14.50 14.30
Rehabilitated and imprisoned 22.80 22.40 22.60
Given social sanction (ostricized) 1.90 1.50 1.70
Social work 1.10 0.80 0.90
Others 1.40 1.00 1.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,390 15,152 28,542
Based on the age group, both those in the young, productive

(middle) age group and the majority of the old age group chose to be
rehabilitated/given medication/therapy as the most appropriate action
to deal with drug users, ie 56.5% by the younger age group 25 years and
under, 60.3% in the 24-59 years age group, and 56.10% in the 60 years
old age group and above. This shows that respondents in all majority
age groups consider that being rehabilitated/given medication/therapy
is the most appropriate way to deal with drug users. The second
action that was deemed appropriate was to be rehabilitated in prison,
prominently chosen by the young group by 26.20%. Other actions
deemed appropriate are imprisonment. This action was prominently
chosen by respondents in the old age group at 19.5%. The data above
shows that to be able to recover from drug dependence, users need to
be kept away from access to obtain drug items, both with rehabilitation
and in correctional institution.

Table 6.40. Action That Is Considered The Most Appropriate For Handling
Drug Users According To The Age Group of Respondents
Actions < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Rehabilitated/Given medication/therapy 56.50 60.30 56.10 59.30
Imprisoned 14.20 13.80 19.50 14.30
Rehabilitated and imprisoned 26.20 22.00 19.50 22.60
Given social sanction (ostricized) 1.60 1.70 1.90 1.70
Social work 0.60 1.00 0.80 0.90
Others 0.90 1.20 2.20 1.20
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,221 21,354 1,967 28,542
Although rehabilitation is considered the most appropriate for

handling drug users, but the role of the family is massive to change a
user to leave drugs. As told by an inmate in Yogyakarta, currently he has
been clean from drugs and there is no intention at all to return to use
them, even though he was offered right in front of him. This awareness
arises from the demands of his lovely wife who lasked him to leave
drugs. Especially when he was reminded that his child has begun to
grow up, and can imitate him if he still consumes drugs. This awareness
led him to expel his family from his native village, because that place
was considered unsafe to avoid being drugs as many residents became
drug users as well as dealers.
6.4. Knowledge About The Rehabilitation Center
This sub-section outlines the respondents’ knowledge about the

existence of drug users’ rehabilitation centers in their areas. Knowledge
of rehabilitation places is seen from various aspects of the respondent’s
social demographic background. In general, the majority of respondents
aged 15-64 years, both in rural and urban areas are not aware of the
existence of rehabilitation centers in their area of residence. Their
number reached 78.50%. Only about 21.50% of respondents know of the
existence of drug rehabilitation centers. In Graphic 6.1, it can be seen
that respondents who live in urban areas tend to be more aware of the
existence of rehabilitation centers (26.6%) than those who live in rural

areas (13.6%). However, more urban (73.4%) and rural (86.45) residents
were unaware of the existence of rehabilitation centers in their area. As
for gender, both in rural and urban areas, men tend to be more aware of
the existence of rehabilitation centers in their area than female, namely
24.0% male and 19.3% female. The number of 29.5% of male who know
the rehabilitation center in their area is also greater in urban areas than in
rural areas, namely 29.5% in urban areas and 15.8% in rural areas.
Graphic 6.1. Knowledge of The Existence of Rehabilitation Center

According to Gender and Residence
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Male Female Male + Male Female Male + Laki-Laki
Male Perempuan
Female Laki-Laki+
Male +
Female Female Perempuan
Female
Urban Rural Total
No 70.5% 75.9% 73.4% 84.2% 88.4% 86.4% 76.0% 80.7% 78.5%
Yes 29.5% 24.1% 26.6% 15.8% 11.6% 13.6% 24.0% 19.3% 21.5%
Knowledge of respondents about the existence of rehabilitation

centers in their area according to their level of education can be seen in
Graphic 6.2. In the graphic, it can be seen that many respondents from
any educational background are not aware of the existence of drug
rehabilitation centers in their area. Nevertheless, the increase in education
level is in line with his knowledge of the existence of rehabilitation centers.
This can be seen in respondents who have a higher education, that is,
those who graduated from senior high school and above are more likely to
know the existence of rehabilitation centers in their residence, compared
to respondents who have graduated from junior high school or below. The
number of respondents from senior high school and above who knew
rehabilitation centers reached 28.2%, while the number of respondents
completing junior high school was equal to only 17%, and respondents

who graduated from elementary school and below the number who knew
the existence of rehabilitation sites was even smaller, namely 11.6%.
In terms of gender, men with a higher level of education tend to be

more aware of the existence of rehabilitation centers than women with the
same level of education, with a proportion of 30.5% of male respondents
with an education level graduating from senior high school or above,
and 25.9 % of female respondents at the same level of education. So the
higher level in education of male or female respondents increases their
knowledge of the existence of rehabilitation centers in their area.
Graphic 6.2. Knowledge of The Existence of Rehabilitation Centers

According to Education Level and Gender
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
El- Junior Senior Total El- Junior Senior Total El- Junior Senior Total
ementary High High ementary High High ementary High High
Yes School & School School & School & School School & School & School School &
below above below above below above
No Male Female Total
Respondents with young age groups, i.e. less than 25 years old and
age groups of 25 to 59 years old are more likely to know the existence
of rehabilitation centers in their area. Respondents from the younger age
group (23.1%) tended to be more aware of the existence of rehabilitation
centers compared to the older group (25-49 years old, and 50 years old
and above). Increasing age decreases knowledge of rehabilitation, both
in rural and urban areas. However, male respondents in the age group
of 25-49 years old were slightly different. They tended to be more aware
of the existence of rehabilitation centers compared to the younger age
group (less than 25 years old) and the age group above 50 years old and
above. Whereas female respondents tend to be the same as the general

condition, namely those who are younger have more knowledge about
rehabilitation centers in their area compared to older ones. As for those
who live in urban areas, higher levels of education and young age groups
tend to be more informed about the existence of rehabilitation centers
than others.
Graphic 6.3. Knowledge of The Existence of Rehabilitation Centers

According to Age Group and Gender
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
<24 25-49 50-64 Total <24 25-49 50-64 Total <24 25-49 50-64 Total
No
Yes Male Female Total
As it is known, currently there are various places of rehabilitation/

given medication/therapy for drug abusers, both in the form of
rehabilitation centers, doctors, places of worship, and others. From
these various rehabilitation sites, the majority of respondents (53.4%)
thought that rehabilitation centers were the most appropriate place to
be able to overcome the problem of drug abuse. In urban areas, those
who think so are greater (56.0%) than in rural areas (49.5%). In addition to
rehabilitation center, doctors or hospitals are also options for treating drug
abuse behavior problems for rural (27.8%) and urban (24.6%) residents.
Interestingly, many respondents also stated that places of worship that
have spiritual medical services, such as pesantren, churches, temples,
and others are the most appropriate places to be able to overcome the
problem of deviant behavior including drugs. The number of those who
hold this view in rural areas reaches 20.9% and urban areas 18.3%. Only
1.4% of respondents stated with other choices, such as psychics as the

right place to deal with drug abuse. Understanding the most appropriate
rehabilitation sites for drug abuse is very dependent on respondents’
knowledge of the existence of rehabilitation center in their area. Rural
residents who are not aware of the existence of rehabilitation centers
prefer the presence of medical personnel and religious places as the most
appropriate effort to overcome these problems. However, rehabilitation
center are still the main choice for rural and urban communities as the
most appropriate place as a place of rehabilitation for drug abuse.

Considered the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers According to
Respondents’ Residence
Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/ Urban Rural Total

Therapy
Doctor or hospital 24.60 27.80 25.90
Rehabilitation center 56.00 49.50 53.40
Worship places that give spiritual medication 18.30 20.90 19.30
services (pesantren, church, temple, etc)
Others 1.10 1,90 1.40
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,346 11,194 28,540
In terms of gender, the majority of respondents, both male and female,

state that rehabilitation centers are still the most appropriate choice
for healing therapy for drug abuse. Their number reaches more than 50
percent (See Table 6.42). The next choice is a doctor or hospital and place
of worship that provides spiritual healing services. Similarly, from the level
of education, the increasing level of education of respondents tends to
state that rehabilitation center as the most appropriate choice for healing
drug abuse. For respondents with low levels of education, psychics or
shamans are also not considered as the right choice to overcome the
problem of drug abusers. The interesting thing is seen from the level
of education, namely at various levels of education from not attending
school until the academy states that places of worship are also the most
appropriate places to provide treatment for drug addicts. The number of
those who think so reaches 18% - 21% (See Table 6.43).

Considered the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers According to Gender
Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/ Male Female Total
Therapy
Doctor or hospital 26.00 25.80 25.90
Rehabilitation center 52.30 54.40 53.40
Worship places that give spiritual medication 20.10 18.60 19.30
Others 1.60 1.20 1.40
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 13,389 15,151 28,540
Table 6.43. Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/Therapy That Are Considered

the Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers According to Education Level
Places of Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Acade- Total

have not tary/MI High/ High/ my/Uni-
Rehabilitation/ going
graduated MTs MA versity
Medication/ to from el- grad-
gradu- gradu-
Therapy school ementay uate
ate ate
Doctor or hospital 37.40 35.90 30.20 27.00 23.20 20.60 25.90
Rehabilitation center 37.70 38.30 45.90 53.00 57.90 59.40 53.40
Worship places that give 21.20 22.40 22.10 18.80 18.00 18.80 19.30
spiritual medication
services (pesantren,
church, temple, etc)
Psychics / alternatives / 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.40
shaman
Others 2.90 2.60 1.20 0.80 0.80 1.10 1.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,350 5,346 6,118 11,189 3,887 28,540
Opinions about the place considered most appropriate for treating

drug abusers are more or less the same when viewed from the age of
the respondent (See Table 6.44), where rehabilitation centers are the most
preferred choice. The younger age group, which is less than 25 years old

and the age group 25 to 59 years the majority stated that rehabilitation
centers as the right choice to treat drug abuse. The number of those who
think so reaches more than 50%. The proportion of the age group of 60
years and over who believes so is slightly lower, at 45.7%. For the age group
(50 years and above), doctors and hospitals (29.5%) and places of worship
(22.4%) as a quite preference as the place considered most appropriate
for healing drug addicts compared with the lower age group (less than
25 years and groups 25-59 years). The difference of opinion is related
to the accumulation of knowledge about drug abuse. Young people get
more information about drug abuse and how to overcome it than those
who are older, because for the older age group, the information obtained
is relatively more limited. Younger age groups obtain various information
related to drug abuse from various media, including social media and the
internet. The different understanding related to this information influences
the preference in overcoming the deviation of drug abuse behavior.
Considered The Most Appropriate for Drug Abusers According to Age Group
Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/Therapy < 25 25 - 59 60+ Total

Doctor or hospital 25.90 25.60 29.50 25.90
Rehabilitation center 56.40 53.40 45.70 53.40
Worship places that give spiritual medication 16.60 19.70 22.40 19.30
Psychics / alternatives / shaman 0.50 0.30 0.40 0.40
Others 0.60 1.00 2.10 1.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 5,221 21,352 1,967 28,540
As it is known, religious activities are one way to prevent drug

abuse. From various religious activities, religious lecture is the type of
activity that is considered most appropriate for drug prevention, both by
respondents in urban and rural areas. The number of those who said so
was around 67.10%. In addition, prayer/remembrance/wirid activities are
also considered the most appropriate religious activities to prevent drug
abuse. The number of those who think so is around 19.20%. Whereas those
choosing religious translation activities to prevent drug abuse are only

6.5%, and those who choose religious tourism are even smaller, at 5.5%
(See Table 6.43). The proportion of choices regarding religious activities
that are considered most appropriate for drug prevention is relatively the
same both in urban and rural areas, in terms of gender, age group, and at
the level of education of respondents, although the percentage varies.
Table 6.45. Religious Activities Considered The Most Appropriate for

Drug Prevention According to Residence, Gender and Age Group
Religious Residence Gender Age group

Total
activities Urban Rural Male Female < 25 24 - 59 60+
Religious lecture 66.40 68.20 67.20 67.00 66.10 67.00 70.30 67.10
Religious camping 6.40 6.70 6.70 6.40 8.80 6.00 5.90 6.50
Prayer/zikir/wirid 19.20 19.20 18.60 19.80 16.80 19.80 19.00 19.20
Religious tourism 6.20 4.50 5.70 5.30 6.80 5.50 2.40 5.50
Others 1.80 1.40 1.80 1.50 1.50 1.60 2.50 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 17,347 11,192 13,388 15,151 5,220 21,352 1,967 28,539
Table 6.46. Religious Activities that are Considered Most Appropriate For
Drug Prevention Based on Education Level
Religious Not Not/ Elemen- Junior Senior Diploma/ Total

activities attending haven’t tary/MI High/ High/MA Bachelor
to school gradated graduate MTs grad-
from gradu-
uate
elementay ate
Religious lecture 64.80 68.40 68.60 70.00 66.70 61.30 67.10
Religious camping 4.30 3.90 5.30 5.70 6.90 9.60 6.50
Prayer/zikir/wirid 23.80 22.30 21.90 18.90 18.00 17.60 19.20
Religious tourism 3.20 3.00 2.90 4.20 6.70 9.00 5.50
Others 3.80 2.40 1.20 1.30 1.60 2.50 1.70
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
N 650 1,349 5,346 6,118 11,189 3,887 28,539

VII
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Source : superadvanture.co.id
Honai House, Papua Province

Source : idea.grid.id
Honai House, Papua Province

VII
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1. Conclusion
Drugs is one of the social problems faced by the Indonesian people

today. Drug Abuse does not only have an impact on the user, but also has
an impact on the weakening of national resilience (national resilience
in facing internal and external challenges and obstacles), both in social,
economic and cultural fields. The large amount of money to buy drugs can
weaken economic resilience because it reduces spending on productive
activities. In addition, drug addiction can result in self-disorientation that
neglect the norms in life and have the potential to deviate behavior. This
condition can also lead to increased crime that will weaken the defense
and security.
Drug problems actually do not stand alone because they are often
related to other social problems. That is what is believed by more than
half of the respondents. Drinking habits in the neighborhood, for example,
are worried to develop into the habit of consuming drugs. Therefore, if a
neighborhood has a problem, it needs to be anticipated so that it does not
cause a new social problem, namely drugs.

At present, the majority of respondents state that their neighborhoods
are safe from the influence of drugs. It is indicated by their confession
that no residents become drug users, dealers, or couriers. However,
the vulnerability of the neighborhood to drugs must be watched out,
considering that many respondents state that there are residents who
become drug users, dealers, or couriers in their neighborhood. Besides
residence, friendship is also very influential on one’s behavior. Therefore,
the presence of friends who are involved in drug problems (whether as
users, dealers or lords) need the supervision from parents.
Several locations are perceived as drug prone areas, namely:

entertainment places (discotheques, bars, pubs, karaoke, billyards and
cafes), hotel/inn/apartments/flat, boarding house/dormitory, quiet
streets/alleys, and internet/game café. In addition to location, certain
types of work are also perceived to be drug-prone, in the sense that people
who work there will have a great potential to be exposed to drugs. The
top five jobs whose workers are considered to have the most potential
exposure to drugs are bar waitresses/bar tenders, song guides, billyard
guides, drivers and artist. Therefore, the locations and workers need to
receive more supervision to avoid drug exposure.
Basically drug is prohibited, unless it is used for medicinal purposes

based on doctor’s recommendations and for research interests for
scientific development. It should be grateful that the prohibition of drugs is
already known by most respondents. Therefore, most respondents firmly
state that they would refuse if being offered drugs. The attitude of refusing
and avoiding when offered drugs is a positive thing. The more people who
have such attitudes, the more limited space for dealers to circulate drugs.
However, it needs to be anticipated because some respondents who
refuse drugs say that they would accept drugs if given free.
Perhaps, someone has never used drugs or has used drugs but
has stopped altogether. However, it is also possible for friends, spouses,
girlfriends/boyfriends, siblings, relatives or even parents to use drugs,
become couriers, or even become drug lords. Regarding this, most
respondents said they would prohibit them. However, it is unfortunate that
only a small number who have the desire to report it to the authorities.
Likewise, if faced with a situation where they are asked to deliver drugs

or sell drugs, only a small number of respondents has the willingness
to report it to the authorities. Even more alarming, there are still those
who claim to be ready to deliver or sell drugs if someone asks for them.
Despite that those who state this is quite small, it needs attention from
law enforcement officers because they have the potential to become drug
couriers or even dealers.
Although the government, in this case law enforcement officer, has

tried various ways to prevent drug abuse, various cases of drug abuse
still occur. That is proven by the results of this study which show that the
prevalence of drug abuse in the last year amounted to 1.8%. This amount
is quite large in nominal figures which are estimated to reach around 3.4
million Indonesian population aged 15-64 years. The five provinces with
the highest prevalence are: North Sumatra, South Sumatra, DKI Jakarta,
Central Sulawesi and Special Region of Yogyakarta.
Drug users are not only in urban areas, but also in rural areas even
though the number of users in urban areas is higher. Therefore, it needs
not only firm actions against drug dealers and abusers, but also more
effective strategies to prevent drug abuse. The five types of drugs that
have been mostly consumed in the past year are: marijuana, meth, ecstasy,
koplo pills and dextro.
The study also shows the profile of drug abusers. Most of them are
in productive age, between 35-44 years old. The number of drug users in
productive age is certainly worrying, because at that age, they should be
working. Drug use is worried to reduce the productivity that it will give an
impact on family economy.
Most drug abusers use drugs for the first time at the age of 17-19
years. In urban areas, are seven years old child uses drugs. In rural areas,
the lowest age of drug use is at 10 years. Seeing such facts, information
sharing about the danger of drugs is not enough to be given to only adults.
Children and elementary school students should receive the information
as well.
The results of this study also show that the number of drug abuse by
men was greater than by women. From its activities, the largest group of

drug abusers comes from worker and unemployed. From the background
of the education level, the prevalence rate of drug users with senior high
school graduate and above is slightly higher than those with junior high
school graduate.
There are two main reasons to use drugs acoording to drug users
namely to try the taste of drugs and to strengthen stamina. The first
reason is usually used by beginners after seeing or hearing information
about the number of drug uses by other people. They usually get drugs
from their friends. In addition, smoking, hanging out at night, and playing
online games are the most risky behaviors to drug abuse. Therefore,
parents need to be aware of their children’s friendship, to ensure that
their children do not associate with people who are suspected of having
negative effects.
The second reason for using drug use, which is to strengthen

stamina, is usually used by workers. Therefore it can be understood if
a lot of information states that workers who are vulnerable to drug use
are those who need high stamina, such as fisherman, porters, drivers
and other jobs that require energy and stamina. Although some types of
drugs are recognized to have an impact on strengthening stamina, but it
will cause addiction. In addition, the dosage of consumed drugs will also
increase that the costs for purchasing drugs will be even greater. So, if the
purpose of drug use is to be able to work harder and longer to earn more
income, it is actually just an illusion because the costs incurred to buy
drugs become greater than the additional income they earn.
Crowded places like markets and bus terminals are believed to be

used as a place for carrying out drug transaction. Therefore, those who
live close to markets and bus terminals are considered to have greater
access to drugs. This is also reinforced by the survey results which shows
that 75% of drug users (especially those in urban areas) live near markets
or bus terminals. The places most often used to consume drugs are at
home, in an empty house, on a street or alley, in a park/garden/forest, and
in nightclubs (cafes, karaoke, discotheques).
Drug use not only results in addiction but also causes various
impacts, such as physical, psychological, and social, as acknowledged by

the respondents. The effects experienced by drug users vary, but some
of them experience more than one impact. Some of the most common
physical effects experienced by drug users are: visual impairment (red
eye, nearsightedness), respiratory problems (coughing, lung disorders),
digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, obstipation), and olfactory
disorders (runny nose, disturbed sense of smell). The most psychological
effects experienced by drug users are namely: changes in appetite,
disturbed sleep patterns, impaired concentration, anxiety and emotional
changes. In addition, drug users also experience social impacts, which are
shunned by their friends and by the surrounding community.
In addition to the social impact as the community’s response to drug

use, drug users also give a negative impact on the environment because
when experiencing financial difficulties, a drug user is not reluctant to
steal other people’s belongings which are then sold to buy drugs. At least
that’s what was stated by 10% of drug user-respondents. Stealing other
people’s belongings is done when they do not have their own goods that
can be sold and cannot sell their parents’ belongings. In addition to selling
other people’s belongings, other desperate actions taken are becoming a
drug courier.
The physical, psychological and social impacts experienced by drug

users make them to stop using drugs again. Nevertheless, even though
the amount is small, which is only 9.2%, there are those who will still use
drugs. It is possible since they have been addicted so it is difficult to leave
drugs. In addition, it is also not easy for those who want to leave drugs.
Social sanctions by friends and the community by avoiding drug users
make it even more difficult for them to leave drugs. Because of being
ostracized by friends and community, a drug user will look for fellow drug
users who want to accept him/her. In such social contexts, it is difficult for
a drug user to get out of a drug trap.
A drug user might stop using drugs if he has been caught by

law enforcement officers and undergo a legal process. However, this
assumption is not entirely true, as evidenced by the survey results that 60%
of drug users respondents stated that they would not stop using drugs
even if they were caught in a legal case. This fact shows that criminal
sanctions are not feared by drug users. Some former drug users have

stated that they stopped using drugs after being caught by the authorities
and undergoing criminal sanctions. However, the success in quitting drug
use was apparently not solely because of the conviction, but because in
the prison they also underwent a rehabilitation program. Thus, it can be
understood if the public believes that in handling drug users, rehabilitation
is the most appropriate way. However, it is unfortunate that there are still
many people who do not know of the existence of rehabilitation center
in their neigborhood that it is difficult for people who want to carry out
rehabilitation on their own. Therefore, it becomes a challenge for the
authorities in the area. They have to share the importance of rehabilitation
for drug users and to disseminate the existence of rehabilitation center
in their areas, both rehabilitation center owned by the government and
private ones.
The danger of drugs is actually common for the community because

there is a lot of information about the danger of drugs, both from counseling
and various media, such as electronic media (TV and radio), printed
media, and social media. However, not all people who have seen or heard
information about the danger of drugs fully understand the message.
That shows that the delivery of the message is still less communicative,
so it becomes less effective.
The lack of communicative messages about the danger of drugs

can also be seen in people who have participated in drug prevention
programs through lectures or counseling. Most of them stated that the
material delivered by lecturers was still not optimally understood. In
fact, the lecture or counseling activity is a socialization activity about
the danger of drugs which are mostly followed by the public. In addition,
lectures and discussions are also considered as the most appropriate
activity to convey a message about the danger of drugs. This has become
a challenge for officers to increase the professionalism of counselors so
that the information conveyed can be well understood by the public.
Although the lecture is a socialization activity about the danger

of drugs that most people participate in and is considered as the most
appropriate activity to convey the danger of drugs, the socialization about
the danger of drugs will be more effective if it is also carried out through
the media. Regarding this, the media considered the most appropriate by

the public to convey information about the danger of drugs are television
and social media. This can be understood because the two media are
currently the most widely accessed by the public, both in urban and rural
areas.
Until now, National Narcotics Board is an institution that is recognized

by most people to have provided drug prevention activities in their area.
But it is unfortunate that National Narcotics Boardactivities are still
heavily focused in urban areas, while in rural areas it is still lacking and is
mostly carried out by the National Police. Considering that currently the
drug problem does not only occur in urban areas but also in rural areas,
National Narcotics Board needs to further enhance its activities in rural
areas. In addition, the participation of other institutions in preventing the
danger of drugs must also be increased.
7.2. Recommendation
Broadly speaking, there are three recommendations from the

results of this study, namely recommendations relating to prevention,
community empowerment, and rehabilitation.
7.2.1. Prevention
Some recommendations for prevention are:

1. Five provinces with the highest prevalence, namely: North Sumatra,
South Sumatra, DKI Jakarta, Central Sulawesi, and Special Region
of Yogyakarta need to be the priority in the prevention program of
drug abuse.
2. Night hangouts and playing games are two risky behaviors that can
lead to drug abuse. Therefore supervision in hang out places and
game stations/cafe need to be improved.
3. Smoking is the most risky behavior that can lead to drug abuse.
Therefore, efforts are needed to encourage families and teachers to
supervise their family members / students who smoke.
4. Considering that more drug users are male, unemployed and
productive age, socialization about the danger of drugs needs to
be prioritized to these groups, namely: men, unemployed, and those
of productive age, ie aged between 35-44 years old. Furthermore,

socialization to younger age groups also needs to be done,
considering that most drug users use drugs for the first time when
they are between the ages of 17-19 years. Even in urban areas, there
is a seven years old child who is already using drugs. Socialization
about the danger of drugs should be increased not only in urban areas
but also in rural areas, including schools. In addition, socialization
through television and social media needs to be further improved.
5. Many drug users initially use drugs only for trial and since being
invited by their friends. In addition, the acquisition of drugs also
comes from friendships. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts
to encourage families to conduct more stringent supervision of the
children’s friendship environment.
6. Because of the limited budget, socialization of the danger of drugs
in rural areas needs to work together with the village government
using village funds. Besides that, socialization also needs to involve
regional administrators (Neighbourhood/Hamlet), community
leaders, religious leaders, and families.
7. Socialization about the danger of drugs also needs to be done by
strengthening family resilience, including embracing drug users so
they do not return to the drug user environment. Local wisdom and
culture are utilized to socialize the danger of drugs.
8. To prevent drug abuse among students, efforts should be made
to include the danger of drugs as an integrated part in relevant
educational material, and optimize the role of counseling teachers
in preventing the danger of drug in schools.
7.2.2 Community Empowerment
For community empowerment to avoid being exposed to drugs,

several things need to be done:
1. Empowering and protecting the law through the drug task forces.
2. Assisting former drug users by involving their families and regional
administrators (Neighbourhood, Hamlet, and Head of Urban Village).
3. Empowering the family economy to avoid earning money from
drugs, by creating creative economic activities. For this purpose, it
can be done through cooperation with villages, using village funds.
4. Every person who will come to work or register for school needs to
have a urine check.

7.2.3 Rehabilitation
In relation to the rehabilitation program, several things need to be

done :
1. Rehabilitation programs must become top priority in drug case
handling.
2. There is a need of socialization about the importance of rehabilitation,
including the existence of places, plot and mechanisms.
3. It is necessary to maximize the role of the Provincial Narcotics
Board in order to encourage communities to be rehabilitated and to
carry out monitoring of communities that have already undergone
rehabilitation.
4. It is necessary to standardize private rehabilitation institutions,
especially the rehabilitation process.
5. Coordination and synergy of rehabilitation programs / activities are
needed with related agencies (National Narcotics Board, Ministry of
Social Affairs, Ministry of Health, Correctional Institution), including
data and information about rehabilitation clients.

APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Source : goodnewsfromindonesia
Mbaru Niang, Waerebo, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Source : betantt
Mbaru Niang, Waerebo, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Writers :
1. Drs. Masyhuri Imron, MA
2. Drs. Ary Wahyono, M.Si
3. Drs. Ujud Tahajuddin, MBA
4. Dr. Fadjri Alihar
5. Devi Asiati, SE., MS
6. Dewi Herﬁna S, S.Si., M.Si
7. Usman, S.Ag., MA
8. Prof. (Riset) Dr. Dwi Purwoko, M.Si
9. Dr. Robert Siburian, SE., M.Si
Researchers :
1. Drs. Agus Irianto, S.H., M.Si., M.H 23. Ir. Ernany Dwi Astuty, M.Si
2. Dra. Endang Mulyani, M.Si 24. Drs. Sudiyono
3. Dwi Sulistyorini, S.Si., M.Si 25. Drs. Bayu Setiawan, MPS., MA
4. Siti Nurlela Marliani, SP., SH., M.Si 26. Dr. Yani Mulyaningsih
5. Novita Sari, S.Sos., M.H 27. Ana Windarsih, SIP., M.Si
6. Sri Haryanti, S.Sos., M.Si 28. Dr. Ir. Ikbal Maulana, M.Ud
7. Erma Antasari, S.SI 29. Fanny Henry Tondo, M.Hum
8. Sri Lestari, S.Kom., M.Si 30. Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim, SP, M.Si
9. Quazar Noor Azhim, A.Md 31. Radot Manalu, S.Sos
10. Dr. Sri Sunarti Purwaningsih 32. Lamijo, S.S., M.Phil
11. Drs. Masyhuri Imron, MA 33. Fitranita, S.Si., M.Si
12. Drs. Ary Wahyono, M.Si 34. Zainal Fathoni, SKM, MPH
13. Drs. Ujud Tahajuddin, MBA 35. Ir. Sigit Setiawan, M.Si
14. Dr. Fadjri Alihar 36. Triyono, S.Sos
15. Devi Asiati, SE., MS 37. Muhammad Nur Prabowo, M.Phil
16. Dewi Herﬁna S, S.Si., M.Si 38. Angga Sisca Rahadian, m.Soc.Sc
17. Usman, S.Ag., MA 39. Saeful Hakam, SS., MA
18. Prof. (Riset) Dr. Dwi Purwoko, M.Si 40. M. Saifullah Rohman, S.S., MA
19. Dr. Robert Siburian, SE., M.Si 41. Luis Feneteruma, SH
20. Drs. Mahmud Thoha, MA., APU 42. Achmad Prasetyo, S.Si, M.M
21. Drs. Dundin Zaenudin, MA 43. Sukim, S.Si, M.M
22. Dr. Nina Widyawati
Appendix
THANK YOU TO UNIVERSITY/POLYTECHNIC/ACADEMY/NGO

FOR THE SUPPORT IN DRUG ABUSE NATIONAL SURVEY IN
INDONESIA 2019
1. Syah Kuala University, Aceh

2. Sumatera Utara University, North Sumatera
3. Andalas University, West Sumatera
4. Sriwijaya University, South Sumatera
5. University Islam Negeri Riau
6. Riau University, Batam Island
7. Bengkulu University, Bengkulu
8. Health Politechnic Negeri Jambi
9. Academy of Law Babel
10. Malahayati University, Lampung
11. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Banten
12. University Negeri of Jakarta
13. Padjajaran University, West Java
14. Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta
15. Diponegoro University, Central Java
16. Airlangga University, East Java
17. Udayana University, Bali
18. Cendana University, NTT
19. Mataram University, NTB
20. Borneo University, North Kalimantan
21. State Health Polytechnic Pontianak West Kalimantan
22. Lambung Mangkurat University, South Kalimantan
23. Palangkaraya University, Central Kalimantan
24. Sam Ratulangi University, North Sulawesi
25. Tadulako University, Central Sulawesi
26. Gorontalo University, Gorontalo
27. Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi
28. Health Politechnic Ministry of Health Mamuju
29. Halu Oleo University, South East Sulawesi
30. Pattimura University, Ambon
31. Khairun University, North Maluku
32. Cendrawasih University, Papua
33. Papua University, West Papua
34. NGO Jatam, East Kalimantan

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RESEARCH, DATA, AND INFORMATION CENTER
NATIONAL NARCOTICS BOARD
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
MT. Haryono Road No. 11 Cawang, East Jakarta

Website: www.bnn.go.id
Email : puslitdatin@bnn.go.id.
Call Center : 184
SMS Center: 081221675675

DRUG ABUSE
2019
PREVALENCE SURVEY
T he book of Drug Abuse in Indonesia in 2019 is the result of research
conducted in 34 provinces. The results show that the prevalence
rate of drug abuse in the past year by Indonesian population aged
15-64 years is 1.8%. This rate is quite high when it is seen in nominal
figures which are estimated to reach around 3.4 million of Indonesian
population aged 15-64 years.
The reason for using drugs is mostly because they want to try and
are persuaded by friends. Specifically for workers, the main goal is
to strengthen the stamina. In addition, family problems are also a
reason for using drugs. Consistent with this reason, drugs are mostly
obtained from friends.
A number of efforts have been taken by the National Narcotics Board

to prevent drug abuse. The most dominant effort is carrying out
information sharing session through a lecture. However, information
sharing session about the danger of drugs which is considered to be
more effective is through the media, television and social media. It is
because these two media are currently the most widely accessed by
the public, both those who live in urban and rural areas
Research, Data, and Information Center

National Narcotics Board (PUSLITDATIN BNN)
MT Haryono Road No. 11, Cawang, East Jakarta
Website : www.bnn.go.id
Email : puslitdatin@bnn.go.id
Call Center : 184
SMS Center : 0812-221-675-675

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DRUG ABUSE

RESEARCH, DATA, AND INFORMATION CENTER

All rights reserved.

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

T he development of drug abuse handling in

In 2019, National Narcotics Board in cooperation with Culture and

The essence of this book is the situation and condition of drug

Through this book, I have the expectation that all stakeholders

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 i

In this opportunity, I would like to convey our gratitude to Indonesian

Jakarta, February 2020

Drs. Heru Winarko, S.H

ii Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

Jakarta, February 2020

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 iii

CHAPTER III. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY OF

CHAPTER IV. THE PERCEPTION OF DRUGS AND ATTITUDES

CHAPTER V. DRUG ABUSE AND RISKY 107

5.6. Impact of Drug Abuse 153

CHAPTER VI. INTERVENTION OF DRUG ABUSE AND ILLICIT

CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 233

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 v

Table 1.1 Survey Location, Number of Cluster and Sample Size

Table 3.13. Places Considered to be Drug Prone Use Based on

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 vii

Table 4.24. Attitude If Asked To Deliver Drugs to Others According

Table 4.42. Attitude If There are Parents/Siblings/Relatives Who

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 ix

Table 6.1. Media Seen/Heard/Followed by Respondents in the

x Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

Table 6.16. Involvement of Respondents in Drug Prevention

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 xi

Table 6.31. Distribution of Respondents’ Perceptions About

Table 6.44. Places of Rehabilitation/Medication/Therapy That Are

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 xiii

Graphic 1.1. Stages of Research Sampling Technique 22

Gadang House, West Sumatra Province

Gadang House, West Sumatra Province

2 Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

As a heterogeneous society, Indonesian people have different

One of the lifestyles which influences people is drug abuse which

Drug distribution occurs in various regions in indonesia. Drug

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 3

Raids have often been carried out by drug enforcement officials in

4 Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

This condition is certainly inseparable from the trend of drug abuse

It is more alarming since the target of drug dealers is mainly young

Various efforts have been made to overcome the problem of

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 5

In 2018, National Narcotics Board has also succeeded in revealing

Among these cases, at least 20 types of narcotics were successfully

6 Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

The results of the National Narcotics Board in collaboration with the

The prevalence rate of ever used-university students is below the

Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019 7

8 Drug Abuse Prevalence Survey 2019

The highest prevalence rate (8.30%) among 13 provincial cities for