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Notes

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koko la
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ST.

FRANCIS’ CANOSSIAN COLLEGE


F.3 GEOGRAPHY

MANAGING RIVER AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT


How does water shape our rivers and coasts? (7)
Fluvial Landforms at the Upper Course

TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Landforms at the upper course
A. V-shaped valley and Interlocking spurs
B. Rapids, Waterfall and Plunge pools
C. Gorges
3. Summary

INTRODUCTION
1. In what direction is the river flowing?
2. What’s the river order of the river?
3. Draw a cross-section along XY.
4. The vertical scale of the cross section is 1cm to 50m. What is the vertical
exaggeration of the cross section?
5. Describe the shape of the river valley in the cross section.
6. Which direction of erosion is more active at this course.
7. Mark the position of the interlocking spurs.
8. Mark the positon of the waterfall.
LANDFORMS AT THE UPPER COURSE
A. V-SHAPED VALLEY
Formation At the upper course, ________ erosion is active. Over time, the river
valley becomes deeper and a V-shaped valley is formed.

B. INTERLOCKING SPURS
Characteristics: There are alternate s__________ on both sides of a valley
Formation: Upper course has small river energy and discharge, so the river is
unable to cut through r__________ rocks such as spurs in its path.
Vertical erosion lowers the river channel and therefore spurs
become distinct.

Mark the location of the interlocking spurs in the following diagrams.


C. RAPIDS
Characteristics: Rapids are in a series of steps
Formation: When a river flows over a band of more resistant rock and then
less resistant rock. It erodes the less resistant rock by __________
action and __________. Steps develop. When the steps are small,
rapid form.

Non-resistant
rock

Resistant
rock

D. WATERFALLS AND PLUNGE POOLS


Waterfall
Characteristics: River falls down v__________ as water flows over a steep river
bed or a cliff.
Formation: Waterfall usually occurs when a layer of __________ rock (hard
rock) lies across a river bed. Resistant rock can be v__________,
h__________ or dip u__________ The less resistant rock (soft
rock) in the downstream is easier to be e__________ away. The
river falls down vertically in the form of a waterfall.

Plunge Pool
Characteristics: Plunge pool is a large circular depressions filled with water. It is
located at the b__________ of the waterfall
Formation: The falling water at the waterfall produces strong h__________
__________, a plunge pool is formed at the base of the waterfall.
Mark waterfall and plunge pool in the photo below.

Complete the annotated diagrams below to show the formation of waterfall and
plunge pool.

Annotated diagram of waterfall and plunge pool


E. GORGES

Characteristics: Gorges are narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valleys


Formation: Vertical erosion and downcutting in the upper course will lead to a
deep and narrow valley with steep sides.. A gorge will be formed
after the r__________ of waterfall upstream

Classwork pg.41 Q1-2


2018 DSE
1. Refer to the photograph below which shows a river section

Which of the following statements of the photograph area correct?


(1) The photograph was taken at the upper course.
(2) Hydraulic action is strong at this site.
(3) A plunge pool is present at this site
A. 1,2
B. 1,3
C. 2,3
D. 1,2,3

Summary
Upper course is characterized by s__________ gradient (close contour lines on map)
and small d__________ (narrow river channel on map). The river’s mean velocity is
__________ because the river bed is __________ (large bedrock). __________ river
energy is used in overcoming the friction.

Erosional processes including abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and solution results
in v__________ erosion. Major fluvial erosion landforms include interlocking spurs,
waterfalls, plunge pools and potholes.

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