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    River Associated Landforms

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    masterinvention2020

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    River Associated Landforms

    Uploaded by

    masterinvention2020
    2 views3 pages

    Original Title

    River associated landforms

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    2 views3 pages

    River Associated Landforms

    Uploaded by

    masterinvention2020

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Associated landforms:

    • V-shaped valleys: Near its source, a river is high above sea level so most of the erosion is vertical.
    • In theory this would produce vertical valley sides, but once exposed the valley sides are
    weathered. The loose material falls down the slope & is carried away by the river, resulting in a
    steep sided V-shape.
    • Interlocking spurs: In the upper valley a river is in the mountains. Water takes the easiest path
    downhill so twists & turns around the high land (spurs) forming interlocking spurs.

    • Waterfalls: They occur because the river flows over hard rock which erodes slowly.
    • Beneath is softer rock which is eroded faster to form a “step”.
    • The force of the water erodes the bottom of the waterfall to form a plunge pool.
    • The hard rock gets undercut as the soft rock erodes so that it eventually collapses.
    • Rapids: They form also where the river passes over hard rock, but
    either the band of rock is not very deep or there are a series of shallow
    rock bands.
    • Potholes: Can be found in the upper & middle valley where a river
    flows over solid rock.
    • Swirling water forms eddies which can cause stones to move in
    circular motions so eroding circular holes in the rock.
    • Meanders: Wide sweeping bends found in the lower part of the river.
    • They are formed by a combination of lateral erosion & deposition.
    • They help form the flood plain.

    • Ox-bow Lakes: Ox-bow lakes form when the neck of the meander becomes very narrow.
    • During high flow or floods the river cuts through the neck & straightens its course.
    • Deposition occurs on the bank of the river

    • The cut-off meander is an ox-bow lake.


    • Delta: Form when a large river is carrying a high sediment load. Ex: Nile Delta. The river loses energy
    as it enters a lake or sea. The sea is sheltered and has few currents to carry away the sediment so it is
    deposited in the mouth. Sediment is deposited and chokes up the channel forming islands. The river
    breaks up around these deposits forming several channels called distributaries.
    • Flood plain: The river widens its valley by
    lateral erosion. At times of high discharge, the river
    has plenty of energy so
    carries a lot material in suspension.
    When the river floods, the water spreads
    across the flat land. The sudden
    increase in friction will reduce the water’s
    velocity and the fine silt is deposited. Each
    time the river floods, it deposits a layer of
    fine silt. This is a flood plain.
    • Levées: when a river floods, the
    coarsest material is deposited first
    (so on the edges of the river) forming
    a natural embankment called a
    levée.
    Causes of flooding:
     A steep-sided channel - a river channel surrounded by steep slopes causes fast surface run-
    off.

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