St.

Mary’s Academy of Midsayap

Formerly: Notre Dame of Midsayap for Girls
Midsayap, Cotabato

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AND HEALTH

BASKETBALL

Submitted by:

Jonalyn R. Frando

Louise Mae C. Rusiana

Daniela Marie B. Fugata

Submitted to:

Mr. Evenezer Fontecha

Page | 1
 Table of Contents
 Introduction 3

 History 5

 Court Dimensions and Venue 7

 Equipment and Gears 9

 Basic, Technical and Tactical Skills 13

 Rules of the Game 27

 How to Officiate the Sport 33

 Officials of the Sport 38

 Reference 44

Page | 2
 INTRODUCTION

Basketball is a competitive sport invented as a men's game in 1891 by James

Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts but now played on every inhabited continent and
by men and women. It is contested by two teams, each comprising five players, in a
rectangular basketball court. The team attempts to advance a spherical ball through a
cast-iron basket with attached net and backboard, elevated such that the basket rim is–in
most professional leagues–ten feet (3.048 meters) from the surface of the court.

Offensively, a player advances the ball either by bouncing it himself while

stationary or moving (dribbling) or by throwing it (passing) it to a teammate, such that a
player, within the time permitted by a shot clock, eventually propels (shoots) the ball
toward the basket; should the ball pass through the basket, one (free throw), two (field
goal), or three (three-point field goal) points, depending on the distance from which the
shot is taken, are awarded.

Several strategies are employed by a team toward the end of generating

uncontested shots for players, who most often begin a given play in distinct areas—the
center and power forward proximate to the basket (top of the key); the small forward and
shooting guard proximate to the three-point arc; and the point guard passim. The team to
have scored more points upon the expiration of the time allotted for the game is the
winner, and ties are most often settled during overtime periods.

A defense attempts to prevent an offensive team from scoring and to garner the
ball for itself, employing various strategies to force an opposing player to surrender
(turnover) the basketball, by dispossessing (steal) a player or successfully contesting his

Page | 3
shot (block) or, upon an opponent's making an unsuccessful shot, overcoming an
opponent to win the loose ball (rebound).

Certain disruptive contact, especially that by which an advantage is gained, is

penalized (as a personal foul), as is unsportsmanlike conduct (as a technical foul), with
disqualification often imposed on players who accumulate a pre-arranged number of
fouls in one game. Certain means of ballhandling, such as one's running with the ball
while not dribbling (travelling) or one's catching the ball between dribbles (double
dribbling) are proscribed and, when committed by a given team, result in the awarding of
possession to the opposing team

There is some equipment needed to play a basketball game. The basketball

equipment can be broke down into three more categories court equipment, officials’
equipment and players equipment.

Page | 4
 HISTORY

Basketball History: Origin of the Sport

In contrast to other sports, basketball has a clear origin. It is not the evolution
from an ancient game or another sport and the inventor is well known: Dr. James
Naismith.

Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada. He graduated

as a physician at McGill University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports
physiology.

In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA

International Training School (today, Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith
was faced with the problem of finding in 14 days an indoor game to provide "athletic
distraction" for the students at the School for Christian Workers (Naismith was also a
Presbyterian minister).

Page | 5
 After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse,
Naismith recalled the concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that
involved accuracy attempting to knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing
another rock at it.

Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the
game of basketball.

Of course, it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with
a soccer ball and two peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half
the size of a present-day court. The baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into the
basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each time and dribbling (bouncing of the
ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original game.

The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the
YMCA movement, basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced
in many nations. Although Naismith never saw the game develop into the spectacular
game we know these days, he had the honor to witness basketball become an Olympic
sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.

Page | 6
COURT DIMENSIONS AND VENUE

Page | 7
Page | 8
COURT DIMENSIONS

VENUE

Page | 9
 Equipment and Gears
Court Equipment

Floor

The playing surface is made of

either wood or maple and it has to be flat
and rectangular in shape

Ball

Ball is the most visible equipment

in the game of basketball. There are
different types of basketball used in
different leagues. Usually it is made of
leather, rubber or any synthetic material but
it has to be inflated properly.

it. Baskets are mounted at a certain height

(10 feet above the floor).
Basket/Hoop

Basket consists of a round shaped

metal rim with the covering of net around

Page | 10
 Backboard

Backboard is a rectangular board on

which the basket is attached.

Scoreboard

Scoreboard displays the time left

in the period and running scores of the
both team. A scoreboard can be either
digital or manual.

Officials Equipment

Page | 11
 Uniform of Officials

Officials wear a uniform prescribed

by their respective governing body.
Usually, officials are dressed in white and
black stripped shirts, black pants and black
shoes. NBA officials wear gray shirts,
black pants and black shoes.

Whistle

Basketball referee carries a whistle

which he blows every time he needs to stop
a play.

Score book

Score book is used by the

scorekeeper who writes down scores and
stats on it. Score book is something where
you find summary of the whole game,
names of the players, their positions and
jersey numbers, details of each quarter and
half etc.

Shot Clock and Game Clock

Page | 12
 Shot clock and game clock are
operated by timekeepers. Game clock
records the overall time of the game
while shot clock counts down the 24
second shot clock.

Players Equipment

Players Uniform

Uniform consists of jersey

(preferably sleeveless), short and shoes.
All the teams wear their own specific
uniform. In NBA, all players wear a
uniform prepared by league’s sponsored
sportswear company. They are not
allowed to wear shorts which are too
long. In NBA, players can be fined if
their uniform does not comply with the
rules of the league.

Protective Gears and Accessories

Protective gears and accessories include goggles, face masks, mouth guards, knee
pads or brace, headbands, arm sleeves, wristbands etc. Not all players wear necessarily
all these things. They use them only when they required them.

Page | 13
Page | 14
 Basic, Technical and Tactical Skills
The 7 Basic Skills
When we talk about running an offense in basketball we often miss the point that
players need to have all the basic skills before they are taught how to run any offensive
plays. To learn how to play offense is crucial before coaches start pouring offensive set
plays and complex movements into young player's minds, especially at junior or primary
school level.

Here are 7 basic basketball skills every player should have before they embark on
set offensive strategies to win games. Without these 7 skills being taught first you are
likely to be frustrated as a coach when trying to teach young boys and girls how to run
your offense. Remember that kids want to have fun first and once they can master the
basics, the game will be more fun than ever.

THE 7 BASIC OFFENSIVE SKILLS IN BASKETBALL

1. Players must be able to PASS & learn not to over possess the ball

2. Players must be able to CATCH and confidently retain possession

3. Players must be able to DRIBBLE not pick up the ball too early (hold their triple
threat)

4. Players must be able to CUT & PIVOT understanding that movement without
travel is the key

5. Players must be able to SHOOT from any position using correct & simple
technique

6. Players must be able to LAY-UP left and right handed

7. Players must be able to SCREEN so they can learn a 'pick & roll' early on

Page | 15
 Of course, there is a defensive side to the game and like the offense, coaches love
to teach set defensive plays and systems to kids in an effort to stop the other team scoring
or to pressure the ball to a point where a turnover or steal eventuates.

The same goes for defense as it does for offense. If you try to put the cart before
the horse, you will only become frustrated and appear to get angry at your players. Be the
clever coach and show the kids how to play defense before you try to show them your
structured defensive strategies and you will be rewarded with players who know how to
play defense and will enjoy your coaching that much more.

THE 7 BASIC DEFENSIVE SKILLS OF BASKETBALL

1. Players must be able play in a correct STANCE as footwork & balance are key
skills

2. Players must be able to COMMUNICATE to help team mates on defense & be

confident

3. Players must be able to see the BALL and their OPPONENT at the same time

4. Players must be able to BOX OUT to rebound the ball & prevent opponents from
rebounding

5. Players must be able to CLOSE DOWN their opponent without over-playing it

6. Players must be able to RUN WITH their OPPONENT & pressure the ball
without fouling

7. Players must be able to BLOCK shots without fouling

So, there you have it, 7 basic skills for both offense and defense considered by
many to be essential to teach any young boy or girl before we aspire to greater teachings.
Of course, there is lots more to teach before an array of systems and complex strategies
are implemented.

Page | 16
 Some would ask, 'why implement them at all'. The simplest and most basic of
plays often work the best and confusion only leads to frustration, hesitation & less
enjoyment.

All players should to be taught how to pivot correctly inside and outside from
either foot, they will need to know how to use screens properly and how to shoot
correctly, especially to make their free throws. Be patient, these skills take time to teach
and perfect.

The Technical Skills

Technical Basketball Skills is the name for the individual fundamental skills
involved in basketball. In general, the technical basketball skills are best thought of as
everything that a player does in a one on one situation. Everything else such as 2 v 1, 2 v
2 or any other situation with multiple players involved is bundled into the category of
tactical basketball skills. The technical basketball skills are often the focus of much time
and effort when junior players are developing and then later linked and refined as the
player matures.

Technical basketball skills can be broken down further into a number of different
areas. Only some technical basketball skills will be highlighted in each area.

Body Movement Fundamental Skills; this range of technical basketball skills

covers movements such as a Drop Step, Swing Step, Stride Stop or Jump Stop. Further
to these areas simpler techniques like Running and Changing Direction while running
are included. By having these skills practiced players even at the youngest levels develop
“base skills” which are used across a number of sports and life in general.

Page | 17
 Passing and Receiving Fundamental Skills; the skills within this area cover
passing variations found in basketball such as the Bounce Pass, Push Pass, Chest Pass
and Overhead Pass. Once the fundamental skills are introduced and perfected these then
need to be practiced within specific situations like full court, perimeter, interior passing
and passing into the post. Blended into this mix is the skill of Receiving a Pass that is
always one of the most underrated and poorly performed basketball skills.

Dribbling Fundamental Skills; these skills are only associated with basketball.
Bouncing the ball to the new to basketball and a mandatory skill for the perimeter
players. The technical basketball skills involved in dribbling include the Crossover
Dribble, Retreat Dribble, Hesitation Dribble, and Spin Dribble. Any player once
mastering the technique most move onto performing the skill under pressure and being
economical with use of each dribble of the basketball.

Shooting Fundamental Skills; the technical basketball skills involved in

shooting are some of the more desired by most players of any skill. Go to any basketball
court and you can see the majority of players practicing this skill more than any other
when self-directed. The technical basketball skills of shooting involve the Lay-up, Form
Shooting, Jump Shot, or Hook Shot just to name a few. Once the basics have been
practiced, these skills need to be performed under pressure with players learning to ignore
the defensive challenge and make their shot consistently.

Rebounding Technical Skills; cover the one and only skill that is famed with
winning championships. This covers both Offensive and Defensive Rebounding
fundamentals such as the Block Out and Avoiding being Pinned. Again, this skill needs
to be practiced in different situations. Free Throws, close range shots and long-range
shots will all have some specific rebounding outcomes and must be practiced for the
desired effect of rebounding proficiency.

Page | 18
 Offensive Technical Skills; are the basketball skills used in one on one situations
such as Jab Step, Shot Fake, Jab and Go or Post Moves like Drop Step Baseline
Power Lay-up. There are many more skills in this area and all need to be constantly
practiced and refined to meet the demands of the level of competition. It is important to
remember that in practicing these skills that the better the defense, the more the offense
will be pushed to improve.

Defensive Technical Skills; cover the fundaments such as Defensive Stance,

Hedge and Recover, Shot Blocking and Run, Slide Run. The development of these
technical basketball skills mirror the development of the offensive skills. Therefore, these
skills are best practiced against well-refined offensive skills.

With all fundamental skills, they need to be introduced in full. That means none
of the technical basketball skills should be missed in being practiced by juniors, or taught
by coaches. Players as they mature will master specific skills, but this should not be the
choice of the coach to decide on what skills to miss initially in a player’s formative junior
years.

The Tactical Skills

All offenses use the same basic tactical skills. Different offenses emphasize
different skills or combine the skills differently, but if players understand the basic
tactical skills, they can play in any system.

Vern Gambetta presented the idea of adapted vs. adaptable athletes. In terms of
game awareness and understanding, an adapted player learns a specific offense and runs
from spot to spot because the coach tells him where to go. An adaptable player
Page | 19
understands the fundamental principles and cuts to a spot because it is the right cut or the
open space, not just because the team’s offense dictates that a player cut to a certain spot.

The Flex Offense is a series of cross screen-down screen actions. However, when
I learned the Flex, we never learned the basics. When we received the cross screen, we
ran to the block; when we received the down screen, we ran to the elbow.

We adapted to the offense. We knew where to run within the offense, but when
we left and played for a coach with a different system, we could not adapt our knowledge
of screens to a new system. We knew how to use a screen specifically – provided it was
within the Flex – but we never learned to use a screen generally in a way that we could
adapt to any offense.

Spacing

In youth basketball, spacing is often condensed because the lack of strength

impacts the length and speed of passes and the distance from which players can shoot
successfully. However, the more that a team spreads the court and forces the defense to
defend from sideline to sideline, the more space the offense will find for open and higher
percentage shots. As St Louis University Head Coach Rick Majerus says, “Offense is
spacing and spacing is offense.”

Floor Spacing

 Ideal court spacing is to have 12 to 15-feet of space between players.

 Use numbered spots to teach spacing: five spots outside the three-point line and
four spots inside the three-point line.
Page | 20
  When the ball moves, all the offensive players move to a new spot.
 To keep the good floor spacing, some basic sets are:

String Spacing

 Imagine you are on a string: keep the string taut. Do not let the string get too lax
or so tight that it rips.
 When a player dribbles in your direction, you have three primary options: (1)
Flare; (2) Cut backdoor; or (3) Loop.
 If your teammate dribbles toward you, flare away from him to keep the string taut.
 If there is no more room to flare, cut backdoor or loop behind the dribble. If you
loop, keep space between you and the ball handler so your defender cannot steal
the ball. Before you cut backdoor, see if there is space for the cut.
 If he drives away from you, loop behind him to keep the string taut. Follow to the
open area which the drive vacates.

Cuts

A cut is a sudden change of direction, which players use to get open or set up a
screen.

V-Cuts

 Cut in one direction to set up the cut, plant and cut at a different angle (making
the shape of a V).
 To cut from block to block, set up the cut by cutting low; as the defender reacts to
the initial cut, plant and cut over top of the defender.
 To set up a screen, cut in one direction, plant and cut in another direction to rub
off the screen.

Page | 21
  Add a change of pace to the change of direction to increase effectiveness.

L-Cuts

 Cut in a straight line toward the ball, plant and cut at a sharp angle (shape of an L)
to break away from the defender.
 Start on the block and cut straight up the lane-line. Assuming the defender denies
the pass to the elbow, step in to the defender, plant and cut to the wing.
 Use a change of pace: it is not how fast you cut that determines your ability to get
open. Make contact with the defender – without pushing off – to get the defender
on his heels and clear a passing lane for the passer.

Give-and-Go

 After passing, cut. Defenders often relax or turn their head to follow the ball after
their player passes. This makes it the easiest time to get open.
 First player (P1) passes to the second player (P2) and cuts. P2 catches and passes
to P1.
 If P1 is not open, he can fill an open spot or set a screen for another player.
Meanwhile, another player cuts to replace his spot.

Screens

The screen, when executed properly, is a legal maneuver where a player blocks a
defender to help his teammate get open. To set a legal screen, the screener cannot move
into the defender; he must be stationary and allow the defender to run into him.

Page | 22
Setting Screens

To set a good screen:

 Headhunt: find the defender and move to him rather than relying on your
teammate to run his defender into the screen.
 Jump stop a half-step before running into the defender.
 Set a strong screen with a wide base.
 Communicate verbally (“Use me!) or non-verbally (closed fist) with your
teammate so he knows that you are setting a screen.
 Move opposite the cutter – if he cuts to the basket, roll high; if he cuts high, roll to
the basket.
 The better the screen that you set, the more likely you are to force your defender
to switch or hedge, which gets you (the screener) open.

Using Screens

To use a screen:

 Run shoulder to hip off the screen to prevent your defender from fighting through
the screen.
 Wait for the screen to be set to prevent a moving screen and to force the defender
to show how he is going to defend the screen. St. Louis University Head Coach
Rick Majerus says that it is better to be late than early when using a screen.
 Read the defense and make the appropriate cut.
 Show a target to the passer.

Cross Screens

 Move across the court to set a screen, like an underneath out of bounds play or a
post to post screen with the ball on the wing.

Page | 23
  Set a hard screen and seal; if the defense switches, the screener should be open
with good position close to the basket.
 Cutter cuts below the screen or on top of the screen depending on the way his
defender plays him.
 If his defender trails the screen, the cutter cuts toward the ball.
 If his defender goes under the screen, the cutter fades higher to create an open
passing lane.

Down Screens

 Wait for the screen; it is better to be late than early when using a screen.
 Read your defender and make the appropriate cut:
1. If the defense follows the offensive player around the screen, the offense
curls off the screen toward ball and basket.
2. If the defense goes underneath the screen, the offense flares or fades away
from the screen.
3. If the defense beats offensive player to the screen, the offense cuts
backdoor.
4. If the defense fights through the screen, the offense straight cuts away
from the defense.
 Show the passer a target and be ready to catch the pass as soon as you hit the
screen.

On-Ball Screens

To set the on-ball screen:

 Set the screen inside the ball handler’s shooting range so the defense cannot go
under the screen.
 Set a strong, wide screen.

Page | 24
 When using the screen:

 Get low to protect the dribble.

 Go shoulder to hip with the screener.
 Run your defender into the screen.
 Turn the corner and get into the lane for a shot or pass.
 Extend a hedge or trap with a second dribble to force a switch, create a better
passing lane or open a shot or lane to the basket when the defenders recover.
 Attack; do not decide to pass before the play develops.

Help Defense

Team defense depends largely on a coach’s strategy. However, the overall

defensive goal is to prevent easy shots and limit the offense to one shot. Stop the ball in
transition and keep the ball out of the key (three-second area).

When teaching man-to-man defense, the help defense concept is difficult for
young players to comprehend because of the ambiguity: sometimes you defend your man,
but other times, you defend another man. The important point for players to understand is
that each player defends his own man, but everyone defends the ball. The priority for
each defender is (1) ball; (2) basket; (3) your man. In transition, for instance, players need
to understand that stopping the ball and protecting the basket take precedence over
finding their own man to defend. For young players, these are hard concepts to
understand.

Help Defense Basics

Different coaches have different defensive philosophies. These ideas are just a
couple basic rules to use with young players when teaching help defense.

Page | 25
  Head on a swivel; see ball and man at all times.
 When the ball moves, everybody moves. When your man moves, you move.
 The further your offensive player is from the basket, the further you can be from
him when playing help defense.
 Communicate. Every player needs to communicate. Use small phrases.
 Contest every shot. Force players to dribble into a shot: do not allow a catch and
shoot.
 Possession does not end until defense gets the rebound. Everyone blocks out and
rebounds.

No Splits

 Do not get split. Do not allow the ball handler to drive between his defender and
the help defender.
 Help over not up.
 Play the gap to discourage penetration.
 Do not over-commit: read the angle of the drive. If the ball handler’s drive is
toward the sideline or baseline, stay with your man. If the ball handler turns the
corner to the basket, slide over and force the pass.

Weak side rotation on penetration

 Weak side rotation must step in front of posts to eliminate interior passes and
offensive rebounds if the post leaves to help.
 Weak side defenders are on a string: if the bottom defender moves to the strong
side to help, the next defender drops.
 Protect the basket first and then move away from the basket to worry about
shooters.

Page | 26
Fast Break

Transition is the easiest way to build offensive confidence because of the open
space and numbers advantage. The defense is disorganized, and you learn to attack its
weakest point. When the defense is set, you must choose the right tactics and strategy to
disrupt or disorganize the defense so you have the advantage, but transition plays provide
the advantage.

2v1 Fast Break

Two rules:

1. Always finish a 2v1 fast break with a lay-up; and

2. Always be the second man. Never assume that your teammate will make a lay-up.

Spread the court and attack aggressively. Mistakes occur when: (1) you attack
passively, and the defender takes away your passing lane forcing you to shoot; or (2) the
player without the ball runs too far ahead and becomes a stationary target.

Ball Handler:

 Attack from just outside the lane-line to spread the court.

 Dribble with your inside hand to facilitate an easier pass.
 Force the defender to stop the ball completely; if he plays in-between, finish.
 Veer away from the pass to avoid an offensive foul.
o Non-Ball Handler
 Sprint just outside the lane-line.
 Trail one step behind the ball handler to facilitate an easier pass, catch and finish.
 Run with hands up ready to catch the pass.

Page | 27
3v2 Fast Break

 Make the defense stop the ball; whether attacking in the middle or on the wing,
force a defender to play the ball.
 Spread the court: by running on the sideline, it is easier to look back for the pass
over your inside shoulder.

Press Break

Use Diamond Spacing to organize the attack and defeat pressure. When the
defense traps, form a diamond:

 One player is ahead of the ball (P2)

 One is behind the ball (P3)
 And one is diagonal through the trap (P4).
 The fifth player (P5) runs to the front of the rim.

Loop

When trying to read the press, use the inbound passer to loop. After passing,
sprint up the middle and loop to the ball side. If the defense intends to trap, this will show
the trap and the cutter will be open. If not, the loop clears the help defense and the ball
handler has more space to handle the ball 1v1.

The inbound passer must read the situation. If the defense traps the first pass
quickly and aggressively, the inbound passer should check to the ball to give his
teammate a retreat pass. If the defense does not trap quickly and aggressively, he loops to
open space to force the defense to identify itself if it plans to run-and-jump or trap on the
dribble

Page | 28
 Rules of the Game
The Rules

Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score by shooting
a ball through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground. The game is played on a
rectangular floor called the court, and there is a hoop at each end. The court is divided
into two main sections by the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play
behind the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the mid-court line. If it
doesn't, then the defense gets the ball. Once the offensive team gets the ball over the mid-
court line, it can no longer have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it
does, the defense is awarded the ball.

The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or dribbling. The
team with the ball is called the offense. The team without the ball is called the defense.
They try to steal the ball, contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds.

When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes to the other
team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the three-point arc, then that basket is
worth three points. A free throw is worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team
according to some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half and/or the
type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in two or three free throws being
awarded the shooter, depending upon where he was when he shot. If he was beyond the
three-point line, then he gets three shots. Other types of fouls do not result in free throws
being awarded until a certain number have accumulated during a half. Once that number
is reached, then the player who was fouled is awarded a '1-and-1' opportunity. If he
makes his first free throw, he gets to attempt a second. If he misses the first shot, the ball
is live on the rebound.

Page | 29
 Each game is divided into sections. All levels have two halves. In college, each
half is twenty minutes long. In high school and below, the halves are divided into eight
(and sometimes, six) minute quarters. In the pros, quarters are twelve minutes long. There
is a gap of several minutes between halves. Gaps between quarters are relatively short. If
the score is tied at the end of regulation, then overtime periods of various lengths are
played until a winner emerges.

Each team is assigned a basket or goal to defend. This means that the other basket
is their scoring basket. At halftime, the teams switch goals. The game begins with one
player from either team at center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two.
The player that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate. This is called a tip-off.
In addition to stealing the ball from an opposing player, there are other ways for a team to
get the ball.

One such way is if the other team commits a foul or violation.

Fouls and Violations

FOULS

Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal physical contact.

 Hitting
 Pushing
 Slapping
 Holding

Page | 30
 Illegal pick/screen -- when an offensive player is moving. When an offensive
player sticks out a limb and makes physical contact with a defender in an attempt to block
the path of the defender.

Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being fouled, then he gets two
free throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only one free throw if his shot does go in.

 Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while shooting for a three-
point goal and they miss their shot. If a player is fouled while shooting a three-point shot
and makes it anyway, he is awarded one free throw. Thus, he could score four points on
the play.
 Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the team the foul was
committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest side or baseline, out of bounds, and have
5 seconds to pass the ball onto the court.
 One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more fouls in the game,
then the player who was fouled is awarded one free throw. If he makes his first shot, then
he is awarded another free throw.
 Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or more fouls, then the
fouled player receives two free throws.

Charging.

An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes or runs over a defensive
player. The ball is given to the team that the foul was committed upon.

Blocking.

Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a defender not establishing

position in time to prevent an opponent's drive to the basket.

Flagrant foul.

Page | 31
 Violent contact with an opponent. This includes hitting, kicking, and punching.
This type of foul results in free throws plus the offense retaining possession of the ball
after the free throws.

Intentional foul.

When a player makes physical contact with another player with no reasonable
effort to steal the ball. It is a judgment call for the officials.

Technical foul.

Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this type of foul. It does not
involve player contact or the ball but is instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul
language, obscenity, obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a technical
foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook improperly or dunking
during warm-ups.

VIOLATIONS

Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a step and a half' without dribbling the ball is
traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've stopped dribbling is traveling.

Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too far to the side of
or, sometimes, even under the ball.

Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the same time or
picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a double dribble.

Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain possession of the ball at
the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the

Page | 32
action and awards the ball to one team or the other on a rotating basis.

Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on the way down
toward the basket, while it's on the way up toward the basket after having touched the
backboard, or while it's in the cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts.
If committed by an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is awarded to the
opposing team for a throw-in.

Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across the mid-court line,
they cannot go back across the line during possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to
the other team to pass inbounds.

Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five seconds to pass the ball. If
he does not, then the ball is awarded to the other team. Other time restrictions include the
rule that a player cannot have the ball for more than five seconds when being closely
guarded and, in some states and levels, shot-clock restrictions requiring a team to attempt
a shot within a given time frame.

PLAYER POSITIONS

Center. Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are positioned near the
basket.

Offensive -- The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot. They are also
responsible for blocking defenders, known as picking or screening, to open other players
up for driving to the basket for a goal. Centers are expected to get some offensive
rebounds and put-backs.

Defensive -- On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep opponents

Page | 33
from shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key area. They also are expected to get
a lot of rebounds because they're taller.

Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards. While a forward
may be called upon to play under the hoop, they may also be required to operate in the
wings and corner areas.

Offensive -- Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take outside shots,
drive for goals, and rebound.

Defensive -- Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and

rebounding.

Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should be really good at
dribbling fast, seeing the court, and passing. It is their job to bring the ball down the court
and set up offensive plays.

Offensive -- Dribbling, passing, and setting up offensive plays are a guard's main
responsibilities. They also need to be able to drive to the basket and to shoot from the
perimeter.

Defensive -- On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes, contesting

shots, preventing drives to the hoop, and for boxing out.

Page | 34
 How to officiate the Sport
Section I-Basket/Backboard

a. A team's own basket is the ring and net through which its players try to
shoot the ball. The visiting team has the choice of baskets for the first half.
The basket selected by the visiting team when it first enters onto the court
shall be its basket for the first half.
b. The teams change baskets for the second half. All overtime periods are
considered extensions of the second half.
c. All parts of the backboard (front, sides, bottom and top) are considered in
play when struck by the basketball except the back of the backboard,
which is not in play.

Section II-Blocking

Blocking is illegal personal contact which impedes the progress of an opponent.

Section III-Dribble

A dribble is ball movement caused by a player in control, who throws or taps the
ball into the air or to the floor, and then touches it once before it touches the floor. a. The
dribble ends when the dribbler:

1. Touches the ball simultaneously with both hands

2. Permits the ball to come to rest while he is in control of it
3. Tries for a field goal
4. Throws a pass
5. Touches the ball more than once while dribbling, before it touches the
floor
6. Loses control
7. Allows the ball to become dead

Page | 35
Section IV-Fouls

a. A personal foul is illegal physical contact which occurs with an opponent

after the ball has become live.
b. A technical foul is the penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct or violations
by team members on the floor or seated on the bench. It may be assessed
for illegal contact which occurs with an opponent before the ball becomes
live.
c. A double foul is a situation in which two opponents commit personal or
technical fouls against each other at approximately the same time.
d. An offensive foul is illegal contact, committed by an offensive player,
after the ball is live.
e. A loose ball foul is illegal contact, after the ball is alive, when team
possession does not exist.
f. An elbow foul is making contact with the elbow in an unsportsmanlike
manner.
g. A flagrant foul is unnecessary and/or excessive contact committed by a
player against an opponent.
h. An away-from-the-play foul is illegal contact by the defense in the last
two minutes of the game, which occurs (1) deliberately away from the
immediate area of the ball, and/or (2) prior to the ball being released on a
throw-in.

Section V-Free Throw

A free throw is the privilege given a player to score one point by an unhindered
attempt for the goal from a position directly behind the free throw line. This attempt must
be made within 10 seconds.

Section VI-Frontcourt/Backcourt

a. A team's frontcourt consists of that part of the court between its

Page | 36
 endline and the nearer edge of the midcourt line, including the
basket and inbounds part of the backboard.
b. A team's backcourt consists of the entire midcourt line and the rest
of the court to include the opponent's basket and inbounds part of
the backboard.
c. A ball which is in contact with a player or with the court is in the
backcourt if either the ball or the player is touching the backcourt.
It is in the frontcourt if neither the ball nor the player is touching
the backcourt.
d. A ball which is not in contact with a player or the court retains the
same status as when it was last in contact with a player or the
court.
EXCEPTION: Rule 4-Section VI-f.
e. The team on the offense must bring the ball across the midcourt
line within 10 seconds. No additional 10-second count is permitted
in the backcourt.
EXCEPTIONS: (1) kicked ball, or (2) punched ball, or (3)
technical foul on the defensive team or (4) delay of game
warning on the defensive team.
f. The ball is considered in the frontcourt once it has broken the plane
of the midcourt line and is not in player control.
g. The defensive team has no "frontcourt/backcourt."

Section VII-Held Ball

A held ball occurs when two opponents have one or both hands firmly on the ball.

A held ball should not be called until both players have both hands so firmly on
the ball that neither can gain sole possession without undue roughness. If a player is lying
or sitting on the floor while in possession, he should have an opportunity to throw the
ball, but a held ball should be called if there is danger of injury.

Page | 37
Section VIII-Pivot

A pivot takes place when a player who is holding the ball steps once or more than
once in any direction with the same foot, while the other foot-called the pivot foot-is
being kept at its point of contact with the floor.

Section IX-Traveling

Traveling is progressing in any direction while in possession of the ball, which is

in excess of prescribed limits as noted in Rule 10-Section XIV.

Section X-Screen

A screen is the legal action of a player who, without causing undue contact,
delays or prevents an opponent from reaching a desired position.

Section XI-Field Goal Attempt

A field goal attempt is a player's attempt to shoot the ball into his basket for a
field goal. The attempt starts when the player begins the motion which habitually
precedes the actual shot. It continues until the shooting effort ceases and he returns to a
normal floor position. The term is also used to include the movement of the ball in flight
until it has become dead or has been touched by a player.

Section XII-Throw-In

A throw-in is a method of putting the ball in play from out-of-bounds in

accordance with Rule 8Section 111. The throw-in begins when the ball is at the disposal
of the team or player entitled to it and ends when the ball is released by the thrower-in.

Section XIII-Last Two Minutes

When the game clock shows 2:00, the game is considered to be in the two-minute
period.
Page | 38
Section XIV-Disconcertion of Free Throw Shooter

Disconcertion of the free throw shooter is any of the following:

a. During the first of multiple free throw attempts, an opponent may not, while
located on the lane lines, be allowed to raise his arms above his head.
b. During any free throw attempt, an opponent who is in the visual field of the free
throw shooter, may not (1) wave his arms, (2) make a sudden dash upcourt, (3)
talk to the free throw shooter, or (4) talk loudly to a teammate or coach.

Section XV-Live Ball

A live ball commences when the ball is placed at the disposal of a free throw
shooter or thrower-in or is tossed by an official on a jump ball. A live ball becomes alive
when it is released or legally tapped.

Page | 39
 Officials of the Sport
Section I-The Game Officials

a. The game officials shall be a crew chief, referee and umpire. They will be assisted
by an official scorer and two trained timers. One timer will operate the game
clock and the other will operate the 24-second clock. All officials shall be
approved by the Operations Department.
b. The officials shall wear the uniform prescribed by the NBA.

Section II-Duties of the Officials

a. The officials shall, prior to the start of the game, inspect and approve all
equipment, including court, baskets, balls, backboards, timers and scorer's
equipment.
b. The officials shall not permit players to play with any type of hand, arm, face,
nose, ear, head or neck jewelry.
c. The officials shall not permit any player to wear equipment which, in their
judgment, is dangerous to other players. Any equipment which is of hard
substance (casts, splints, guards and braces) must be padded or foam covered and
have no exposed sharp or cutting edge. All the face masks and eye or nose
protectors must conform to the contour of the face and have no sharp or
protruding edges. Approval is on a game-to-game basis.
d. All equipment used must be appropriate for basketball. Equipment that is
unnatural and designed to increase a player's height or reach, or to gain an
advantage, shall not be used.
e. The officials must check the three game balls to see that they are properly
inflated. The recommended ball pressure should be between 7 1/2 and 8 1/2
pounds.
f. The crew chief shall be the official in charge.
g. If a coach desires to discuss a rule or interpretation of a rule prior to the start of a
game or between periods, it will be mandatory for the officials to ask the other
Page | 40
 coach to be present during the discussion. The same procedure shall be followed
if the officials wish to discuss a game situation with either coach.
h. The designated official shall toss the ball at the start of the game. The crew chief
shall decide whether or not a goal shall count if the officials disagree, and he shall
decide matters upon which scorers and timers disagree.
i. All officials shall be present during the 20-minute pre-game warm-up period to
observe and report to the Operations Department any infractions of Rule 12A-
Section VIII-J (hanging on the rim) and to review scoring and timing procedures
with table personnel. Officials may await the on-court arrival of the first team.
j. Officials must meet with team captains prior to start of game.
k. Officials must report any atypical or unique incident to the Operations
Department by datagram. Flagrant, punching, fighting fouls or a team's failure to
have eight players to begin the game must also be reported.

Section III-Elastic Power

The officials shall have the power to make decisions on any point not specifically
covered in the rules. The Operations Department will be advised of all such decisions at
the earliest possible moment.

Section IV-Different Decisions by Officials

a. The crew chief shall have the authority to set aside or question decisions
regarding rules made by the other officials.
b. It is the primary duty of the trail official to signal if goals count. If for any reason
he does not know if the goal is made, he should ask the other officials. If none of
them saw the goal made they should refer to the timer. If the timer saw the goal
scored, it shall count.
EXCEPTION: Period Ending Score or No-Score in Officials Manual.
c. If the officials disagree as to who caused the ball to go out-of-bounds, a jump ball
shall be called between the two players involved.
d. In the event that a violation and foul occur at the same time, the foul will take
Page | 41
 precedence.
e. Double Foul (See Rule 12-B-Section VI-f).

Section V-Time and Place for Decisions

a. The officials shall have the power to render decisions for infractions of rules
committed either within or outside the boundary lines. This includes periods when
the game may be stopped for any reason.
b. When a foul or violation occurs, an official shall blow his whistle to terminate
play and signal the timer to stop the game clock. If it is a personal foul, he shall
also designate the number of the offender to the scorer and indicate with his
fingers the number of free throws to be attempted.
c. When a team is entitled to a throw-in, an official shall clearly signal the act which
caused the ball to become dead, the throw-in spot and the team entitled to the
throw-in, unless it follows a successful goal or an awarded goal.

Section VI-Correcting Errors

A. FREE THROWS

Officials may correct an error if a rule is inadvertently set aside and results
in the following:

1) A team not shooting a merited free throw

EXCEPTION: If the offensive team scores or shoots earned free throws on
the next possession which, occurred due to not attempting a merited free
throw, the error shall be ignored.
2) A team shooting an unmerited free throw
3) Permitting the wrong player to attempt a free throw
a. Officials shall be notified of a possible error at the first dead ball.
b. Errors which occur in the first, second or third periods must be
Page | 42
 discovered and rectified prior to the start of the next period.
c. Errors which occur in the fourth period or overtime(s) must be
discovered and rectified prior to the end of the period.
d. The ball is not in play on corrected free throw attempt(s). Play is
resumed at the same spot and under the same conditions as would
have prevailed had the error not been discovered.
e. All play that occurs is to be nullified if the error is discovered
within a 24-second time period. The game clock shall be reset to
the time that the error occurred.

EXCEPTIONS:

1) Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct, and points scored there from, shall not be
nullified.
2) Free throw attempt resulting from an illegal defense violation.
3) Free throw attempt(s) resulting from a personal foul which is a clear path to
the basket, or a flagrant foul penalty (1).

NOTE: The game clock shall not be reset in (2) and (3) above.

B. LINEUP POSITIONS

If the first period or overtime(s) begins with jumpers lined up incorrectly,

and the error is discovered:

1) After more than 24 seconds has elapsed, the teams will continue to shoot for
that basket.
2) If 24 seconds or less has elapsed, all play shall be nullified.

EXCEPTION: Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct, and points scored therefrom, shall not
be nullified.

a. The game clock shall be reset to 12:00 or 5:00, respectively.

b. The 24-second clock shall be reset to 24.

(EXAMPLE: 12:00 to 11:36 or 5:00 to 4:36-Restart; 12:00 to 11:35 or 5:00 to 4:35-Do

not restart.)
Page | 43
 C. START OF PERIOD-POSSESSION

If the second, third or fourth period begins with the wrong team being
awarded possession, and the error is discovered:

1) After 24 seconds has elapsed, the error cannot be corrected.

2) With 24 seconds or less having elapsed, all play shall be nullified.

EXCEPTION: Acts of unsportsmanlike conduct, and points scored therefrom, shall not
be nullified.

D. RECORD KEEPING

A record keeping error by the official scorer which involves the score,
number of personal fouls and/or timeouts may be corrected by the officials at any
time prior to the end of the fourth period. Any such error which occurs in
overtime must be corrected prior to the end of that period.

Section VII-Duties of Scorers

a. The scorers shall record the field goals made, the free throws made and missed
and shall keep a running summary of the points scored. They shall record the
personal and technical fouls called on each player and shall notify the officials
immediately when a sixth personal foul is called on any player. They shall record
the timeouts charged to each team, shall notify a team and its coach through an
official whenever that team takes a sixth and seventh charged timeout and shall
notify the nearest official each time a team is granted a charged timeout in excess
of the legal number. In case there is a question about an error in the scoring, the
scorer shall check with the crew chief at once to find the discrepancy. If the error
cannot be found, the official shall accept the record of the official scorer, unless
he has knowledge that forces him to decide otherwise.
b. The scorers shall keep a record of the names, numbers and positions of the players
who are to start the game and of all substitutes who enter the game. When there is
Page | 44
 an infraction of the rules pertaining to submission of the lineup, substitutions or
numbers of players, they shall notify the nearest official immediately if the ball is
dead, or as soon as it becomes dead if it is in play when the infraction is
discovered. The scorer shall mark the time at which players are disqualified by
reason of receiving six personal fouls, so that it may be easy to ascertain the order
in which the players are eligible to go back into the game in accordance with Rule
3-Section 1.
c. The scorers shall use a horn or other device unlike that used by the officials or
timers to signal the officials. This may be used when the ball is dead or in certain
specified situations when the ball is in control of a given team. The scorer shall
signal the coach on the bench on every personal foul, designating the number of
personal fouls a player has, and number of team fouls. NOTE: White paddles-
team fouls; Red paddles-personal fouls.
d. When a player is disqualified from the game, or whenever a penalty free throw is
being awarded, a buzzer, siren or some other clearly audible sound must be used
by the scorer or timer to notify the game officials. It is the duty of the scorekeeper
to be certain the officials have acknowledged the sixth personal foul buzzer and
the penalty shot buzzer.
e. The scorer shall not signal the officials while the ball is in play, except to notify
them of the necessity to correct an error.
f. Should the scorer sound the horn while the ball is in play, it shall be ignored by
the players on the court. The officials must use their judgment in stopping play to
consult with the scorer's table.
g. Scorers shall record on the scoreboard the number of team fouls up to a total of
five, which will indicate that the team is in a penalty situation.
h. Scorers shall immediately record the name of the team which secures the first
possession of the jump ball which opens the game.
i. Scorers shall record all illegal defense violations and notify the officials every
time AFTER the first violation charged to each team

Page | 45
 Reference
http://thebasketballworld.com/history.htm

https://www.breakthroughbasketball.com/basics/basics.html

http://www.hoopsvibe.com/basketball-training/79171-basketball-rules-officials-their-
duties

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=basketball+floor&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nM
HYtNLSAhXDi5QKHbRpAoEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1438&bih=685

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=basketball+floor&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nM
HYtNLSAhXDi5QKHbRpAoEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1438&bih=685#tbm=isch&q=basketb
all+background&*

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=basketball+floor&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nM
HYtNLSAhXDi5QKHbRpAoEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1438&bih=685#tbm=isch&q=basketb
all+court&*

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=basketball+floor&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nM
HYtNLSAhXDi5QKHbRpAoEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1438&bih=685#tbm=isch&q=basketb
all+court+dimensions&*

https://www.google.com.ph/search?
q=basketball+floor&site=webhp&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9nM
HYtNLSAhXDi5QKHbRpAoEQ_AUIBigB&biw=1438&bih=685#tbm=isch&q=basketb
all+gears+and+uniforms&*

http://learntocoachbasketball.com/sign-up/coaching-course/skill-development/level-i-
tactical-skills

Page | 46
http://learntocoachbasketball.com/sign-up/coaching-course/skill-development/level-i-
technical-skills

Page | 47