PROJECT FILE

B. L. C. P. SEN. SEC. SCHOOL

Physical Education Project

Submitted By:
Samridhi Kohli
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires efforts from many people. This project work is not different. I sincerely
appreciate the support; inspiration and guidance of all those people who have helped me in making
this project success.

I express my sincere thanks to my corporate mentor Mr. D.P. for making the resources available at
right time and providing with their valuable insights leading to the successful completion of my
project. I extend my heartiest thanks to him for giving me his guidance and required information that
helped me to complete my project. I would also like to thank my Principal Narender Sir for his
guidance and constant supervision. Also providing necessary information regarding the project and
for his support in completing the project report.

Samridhi Kohli
➢ Introduction:

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team
tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has
been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.

➢ History:

The game of volleyball was started in 1895 by William G.Morgan in YMCA Gymnasium in
America. It was called as Minttonet at that time. Outside America, Canada was the first country
where volleyball was started in 1990. First time, the National Championship was organized by
YMCA in New York in 1922.The YMCA in America made the rules of this game in the initial
stage for the proper development of volleyball. This game was very popular among the soldiers
during the second world war of 1939-45. This game was first included in Olympic games in 1964
held at Tokyo. Since then this game has become an integral part of the Olympic games. A new
form of Volleyball is popular, it is known as Beach Volleyball. It is played by two player team
over sand playfield.

➢ Rules of the Game:

The court
A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided into 9 m × 9 m halves by
a one-meter (40-inch) wide net. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 5/8 in) above the center of
the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 1/8 in) for women's competition, varied for
veterans and junior competitions.
A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter"
(or "10 foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas (also back court and
front court). These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting
from area "1", which is the position of the serving player. After a team gains the serve (also
known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player
previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player from area "1" moving to
area "6".

The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters
wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball. All lines
denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the
dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or zone. If a ball comes in contact
with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net
perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball
passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions
to the ceiling) without contacting them.

The ball
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or synthetic leather,
have a circumference of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside pressure of 0.30-
0.325 kg/cm2. Other governing bodies have similar regulations.
Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that
did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not. If the ball hits the
line, the ball is counted as in. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team
that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again. If the team that
won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the
court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a
two-point margin is awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary,
is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high
schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in t he NCAA games are played best-of-five to 25 as
of the 2008 season.)
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring) and all
sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being
compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known as rally point system),
primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more
spectator- and television-friendly.

Libero
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally. The libero is a player specialized in
defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and
cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play,
the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This
replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although
the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced.
The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. If she/he makes an overhand
set, she/he must be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the ball
cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed
from any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a libero
tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs
in and out for. There may only be one libero per set (game), although there may be a different
libero in the beginning of any new set (game). Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve,
according to international rules, with the exception of the NCAA women's volleyball games,
where a 2004 rule change allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation.
That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she
goes in. That rule change was also applied to high school and junior high play soon after.
 Recent rule changes
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as
long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area was expanded to
allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical
extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and
double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's
first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four
sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30.) If a fifth (deciding)
set is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In addition, the word "game" is now
referred to as "set". Changes in rules have been studied and announced by FIVB in recent years,
and they have released the updated rules in 2009.

➢ Skills:

Serve
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the
opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also
desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the
receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the
court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent.

Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve,
or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the
court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or bump,
where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and
overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are
acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are much tighter regulations on
the overhand pass in beach volleyball.
Attack
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. The
object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be
defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.
Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment of
contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward, making
the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter
uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball.
A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory
steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. A "kill" is the
slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.
 Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent's
attack. A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in
the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed by
jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into the
opponent's area. It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes
place. It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the "perfect" block.
The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over the
net. Palms are held deflected downward about 45–60 degrees toward the interior of the
opponents court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed
of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball into the
underside of a peaked house roof.