PROJECT FILE

ALLAHABAD PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT

“VOLLEYBALL”

Submitted by – Ashish Nehra

Class – 12th Humanities
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Ashish Nehra of Class 12th “Humanities” has

successfully completed his Physical Education Project on the
topic “Volleyball” as prescribed by Mr. Dilip Singh, during the
academic session 2021-2022. As per the guidelines issued by the
Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE).

Examiner              External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my teacher Mr. “Dilip Singh” for helping
me with this project. He allowed me to work on this project.
Along with that, I would also like to thank my school principal
“Mrs. Anita Mishra” wholeheartedly.

At last, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents

because without their help this project would not have been
successful. Finally, I would like to thank my dear friends who
have been with me all the time.
 INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are
separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on
the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the
official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.

History:-

The game of volleyball was started in 1895 by William G.Morgan in

YMCA Gymnasium in America. It was called as Minttonet at that time.
Outside America, Canada was the
first country where volleyball was started in 1990. First time, the
National Championship was organized by YMCA in New York in
1922.The YMCA in America made the rules of this game in the initial
stage for the proper development of volleyball. This game was very
popular among the soldiers during the second world war of 1939-45.
This game was first included in Olympic games in 1964 held at Tokyo .
Since then this game has become an integral part of the Olympic games.
A new form of Volleyball is popular, it is known as Beach Volleyball. It
is played by two player team over sand playfield.

Rules of the game:-

The court
A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided
into 9 m × 9 m halves by a one-meter (40-inch) wide net. The top of the
net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 5/8 in)
above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4
1/8 in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior
competitions.
A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack
line". This "3 meter" (or "10 foot") line divides the court into "back row"
and "front row" areas (also back court and front court). These are in turn
divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from
area "1", which is the position of the serving player

After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members
must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player previously in area
"2" moving to area "1" and so on,
with the player from area "1" moving to area "6".
The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is
a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play
within after the service of the
ball. All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack
zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are
therefore a part of the court or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the
line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side
of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the
side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass
completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the
ceiling) without contacting them.

The ball
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or
synthetic leather, have a circumference of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–
280 g and an inside pressure of 0.30-0.325 kg/cm2. Other governing
bodies have similar regulations.

Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error
is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether
they served the ball or not.
If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in. The team that won the
point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in
the previous point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the
point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their
position on the court in a clockwise manner.

The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two point
margin is awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set,
if necessary, is usually played to 15
points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high
schools sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in the NCAA games are
played best-of-five to 25 as of the 2008 season.)

Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve
(side-out scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB
changed the rules in 1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000)
to use the current scoring system (formerly known rally point system),
primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make
the game more spectator- and television-friendly.

Libero
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally. The libero is a
player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting
jersey color from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack the
ball when it is entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the
libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the
officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution limit
each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only
by the player whom he or she replaced.

The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. If

she/he makes an overhand set, she/he must be standing behind (and not
stepping on) the 3-meter line;
otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-
meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team.
There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating
team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. There may
only be one libero per set (game), although there may be a different
libero in the beginning of any new set (game).

Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international

rules, with the exception of the NCAA women's volleyball games, where
a 2004 rule change allows the
libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only
serve for one person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes
in. That rule change was also applied to high school and junior high play
soon after.

Recent rule changes

Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the
ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents'
court. Also, the service area was expanded to allow players to serve
from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical
extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up calls
on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple
contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact
provided that they are a part of a
single play on the ball.

In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to

win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball
(men's volleyball remained at 30.) If a
fifth (deciding) set is reached, the minimum required score remains at
15. In addition, the word "game" is now referred to as "set".

Changes in rules have been studied and announced by FIVB in recent

years, and they have released the updated rules in 2009.

Skills:-

Serve
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to
drive it into the
opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the
court; it is also desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and
acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it
properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the
court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent.

Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly
handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling
includes not only preventing
the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position
where the setter is standing quickly and precisely.

The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques:

underarm pass, or bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the
joined forearms or platform, at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is
handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head. Either are
acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are
much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball.

Attack
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team
makes with the ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that
it lands on the opponent's court and cannot be defended. A player makes
a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and swings at the ball.

Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump.
At the moment of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or
her head and slightly forward, making the highest possible contact while
maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit. The hitter uses arm
swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire
body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud
spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into
the opponent's court and bounces
very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not
returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.

Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop
or alter an opponent's attack.

A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the

ball remain in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed
offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with
one's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent's area. It
requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes
place. It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the
"perfect" block.

The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to

it crossing over the net. Palms are held deflected downward about 45–60
degrees toward the interior of the opponents court. A "roof" is a
spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the
attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball
into the underside of a peaked house roof.