PROJECT FILE

GREENLAND CONVENT SCHOOL

Submitted By:-
Puneet Kaur
12th Non-medical

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 Roll No.2698053

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project was done under my guidance and the project report
entitled.

“ VOLLEYBALL”

Submitted By:- Puneet Kaur, Class:- 12th Non-medical, Roll No.:- 2698053

Principal Signature of teacher

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• It is a matter of great pleasure for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to my
teacher Mr. Vikas, department of physical education, for providing a helping
hand in the completion of my project report.

• I also thanks Vanita Sanan , Principal, Green land Convent School, for her keen
interest , valuable guidance, encouragement and the facilities provided to me
during the course of my project.

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 INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net.
Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under
organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic
Games since 1964.

History:-

The game of volleyball was started in 1895 by William G.Morgan in YMCA Gymnasium
in America. It was called as Minttonet at that time. Outside America, Canada was the
first country where volleyball was started in 1990. First time, the National Championship
was organized by YMCA in New Yark in 1922.The YMCA in America made the rules of
this game in the initial stage for the proper development of volleyball. This game was
very popular among the soldiers during the second world war of 1939-45.This game
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was first included in Olympic games in 1964 held at tokeyo. Since then this game has
become an integral part of the Olympic games. A new form of Volleyball is popular, it is
known as Beach Volleyball. It is played by two player team over sand playfield.

Rules of the game:-

The court
A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided into 9 m × 9 m
halves by a one-meter (40-inch) wide net. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 5/8 in)
above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 1/8 in) for
women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.

A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This "3
meter" (or "10 foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas (also
back court and front court). These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are
numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of the serving player
After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a
clockwise direction, with the player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on,
with the player from area "1" moving to area "6".

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The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of
3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the
ball. All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn
or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or
zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An
antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical
extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass
completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without
contacting them.
The ball
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical, made of leather or synthetic
leather, have a circumference of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside
pressure of 0.30-0.325 kg/cm2. Other governing bodies have similar regulations.

Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the
team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not.
If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in. The team that won the point serves for
the next point. If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same
player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the
players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game

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continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin is awarded the
set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15
points. (Scoring differs between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools
sometimes play best-of-three to 25; in t he NCAA games are played best-of-five to 25
as of the 2008 season.)
Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out scoring)
and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 (with the
changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring system (formerly known
as rally point system), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to
make the game more spectator- and television-friendly.
Libero
In 1998 the libero player was introduced internationally. The libero is a player
specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his
or her teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net
height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without
prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution
limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the
player whom he or she replaced.
The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions. If she/he makes an
overhand set, she/he must be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line;
otherwise, the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An
underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team. There is also a
libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom
the libero subs in and out for. There may only be one libero per set (game), although
there may be a different libero in the beginning of any new set (game).
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international rules, with the
exception of the NCAA women's volleyball games, where a 2004 rule change allows the
libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation. That is, the libero can only serve for one
person, not for all of the people for whom he or she goes in. That rule change was also
applied to high school and junior high play soon after.
Recent rule changes
Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches
the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. Also, the service area
was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still
within the theoretical extension of the sidelines. Other changes were made to lighten up
calls on faults for carries and double-touches, such as allowing multiple contacts by a
single player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a
single play on the ball.
In 2008, the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the
first four sets from 30 to 25 for women's volleyball (men's volleyball remained at 30.) If a
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fifth (deciding) set is reached, the minimum required score remains at 15. In addition,
the word "game" is now referred to as "set".
Changes in rules have been studied and announced by FIVB in recent years, and they
have released the updated rules in 2009.

Skills:-

Serve
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the
opponent's court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also
desirable to set the ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult
for the receiver to handle it properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands
directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent.

Pass
Also called reception, the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the
opponent's serve, or any form of attack. Proper handling includes not only preventing
the ball from touching the court, but also making it reach the position where the setter is
standing quickly and precisely.
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques: underarm pass, or
bump, where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist
line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the
head. Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball, however there are
much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball.
Attack
The attack, also known as the spike, is usually the third contact a team makes with the
ball. The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent's court
and cannot be defended. A player makes a series of steps (the "approach"), jumps, and
swings at the ball.
Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter's jump. At the moment
of contact, the hitter's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward,
making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful
hit. The hitter uses arm swing, wrist snap, and a rapid forward contraction of the entire
body to drive the ball. A 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows
an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces
very high into the air. A "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the
other team thus resulting in a point.
Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an
opponent's attack.
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A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain in
the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed offensive block is performed
by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into
the opponent's area. It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack
takes place. It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the "perfect"
block.
The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball's trajectory prior to it crossing over
the net. Palms are held deflected downward about 45–60 degrees toward the interior of
the opponents court. A "roof" is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power
and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor, as if the attacker hit the ball
into the underside of a peaked house roof.