Ecd Lab Report 9

Air University, Islamabad
Department of Electrical Engineering

Electric Circuit Design Lab
Name: Saqib Ali 180535

Syed Ahmad Hassan 180561 BEEP -4-A
Muhammad Uzair Ali 180511
LAB #9
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER OBJECTIVES
i. To build and investigate the functionality of Wilson Current Source.
ii. Study the circuit simulations on proteus.
EQUIPMENT
I. Power Supply
II. Digital Millimeter
III. Transistor (2N2222)
IV. Resistors
ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT

 There is a limit to how much gain can be achieved from a single stage amplifier. Single
stage amplifiers also have limits on input and output impedance. Multistage amplifiers are used
to achieve higher gain and to provide better control of input and output impedances. Two
significant advantages that multistage amplifiers have over single stage amplifiers are flexibility
in input and output impedance and much higher gain.
 Multistage amplifiers can be divided into two general classes, open-loop and negative
Feedback. Open-loop amplifiers are easy to understand and design but are sensitive to
environment and component variations. Negative feedback amplifiers are a bit more difficult to
understand but have the advantage of being much less sensitive to environment and component
variations. A good closed-loop amplifier begins with a good open-loop design.
 For many amplifier applications it is desirable for the input impedance to be very high.
Thus, it is common for the first amplifier stage to be a common-collector, bipolar junction
transistor stage or a common-drain or even common-source field effect transistor stage.
Sometimes high input impedance is not important and the first stage may be a common-emitter.
Field effect transistors are normally used only for the input stage and for the specific application
of very high input impedance.
 It is also common situation that it is desirable for the output impedance of an amplifier to
be low. A common-collector circuit is typically used. But in some cases there is no need for very
low output impedance and the last stage may be a common-emitter. For the amplifier stages in-
between it is common to employ common-emitter circuits because those can achieve high
voltage gain.
 Analysis of multistage amplifiers is performed stage at a time starting with the input stage
and progressing to the output stage. The analysis methods are identical to that of single stage
amplifiers. One point of confusion for students analyzing direct coupled amplifiers is that the
collector resistor for one stage becomes the base resistor for the next stage. In stages involving
common-collector amplifiers some modified approaches, including some simplifying
approximations, are necessary because characteristics of common collector stages are dependent
on external impedances. An advantage of closed loop amplifiers is that approximation errors are
greatly reduced.
 The design of multistage amplifiers begins at the output and progresses backwards to the
input. Initially the number of stages is not known. The design progresses with additional stages
until the requirements are met. It is common for there to be a lot of iteration in the design and the
number of stages might vary with each iteration.
Multistage Amplifier:
The performance obtainable from a single stage amplifier is often insufficient for many
applications; hence several stages may be combined forming a multistage amplifier. These stages
are connected in cascade, i.e. output of the first stage is connected to form input of second stage,
whose output becomes input of third stage, and so on.
 Overall gain:
The overall gain of a multistage amplifier is the product of the gains of the individual
stages (ignoring potential loading effects):
Gain (A) = A1 A2 A3 A4 ... An
Alternately, if the gain of each amplifier stage is expressed in decibels (dB), the total gain
is the sum of the gains of the individual stages:
Gain in dB (A) = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + ... An
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEURE
(i) Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
(ii) Apply Vin = 80mVP-P (f = 10kHz) and VCC = 12V
(iii) Now with the help of DMM, measure the output current and output voltage.
(iv) Observe the output on oscilloscope
(v) Draw the input and output waveforms.
Where,
Vout=12.0V Iout=0.01A
PROTEUS SIMULATIONS BY 180535(Saqib Ali)

RESULT;
CONCLUSION:
 The advantages of the multistage amplifier are flexibility within input & output impedance and higher gain.
The multistage amplifier applications are, it can be used to increase extremely weak signals to utilizable
levels. The distortion can be reduced by changing the signal within stages.

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Air University, Islamabad

Department of Electrical Engineering

Name: Saqib Ali 180535

ABOUT THE EXPERIMENT

PROTEUS SIMULATIONS BY 180535(Saqib Ali)

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