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    Maths 2 16-18

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    Ghanshyam Sharma
    The document provides information on complex numbers and their operations. It discusses: 1) Writing conjugates of complex numbers and expressing complex numbers in the form a + ib. 2) Finding the square root of a complex number by equating the real and imaginary parts. 3) The fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex coefficients has n complex roots.

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    Maths 2 16-18

    Uploaded by

    Ghanshyam Sharma
    61 views3 pages
    The document provides information on complex numbers and their operations. It discusses: 1) Writing conjugates of complex numbers and expressing complex numbers in the form a + ib. 2) Finding the square root of a complex number by equating the real and imaginary parts. 3) The fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex coefficients has n complex roots.

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    Maths_2_16-18

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    The document provides information on complex numbers and their operations. It discusses: 1) Writing conjugates of complex numbers and expressing complex numbers in the form a + ib. 2) Finding the square root of a complex number by equating the real and imaginary parts. 3) The fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex coefficients has n complex roots.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views3 pages

    Maths 2 16-18

    Uploaded by

    Ghanshyam Sharma
    The document provides information on complex numbers and their operations. It discusses: 1) Writing conjugates of complex numbers and expressing complex numbers in the form a + ib. 2) Finding the square root of a complex number by equating the real and imaginary parts. 3) The fundamental theorem of algebra which states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex coefficients has n complex roots.

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    2)

    Write the conjugates of the following 8) Show that 1 + i10 + i20 + i30 is a real number.
    complex numbers
    9) Find the value of
    i) 3+i ii) 3− i iii) − 5 − 7i i) i49 + i68 + i89 + i110
    iv) − −5 v) 5i vi) 5 − i
    ii) i + i2 + i3 + i4
    vii) 2 + 3i
    viii) cosq + i sinq
    i592 + i590 + i588 + i586+ i584
    3) Find a and b if 10) Simplify :
    i582 + i580 + i578 + i576+ i574
    i) a + 2b + 2ai = 4 + 6i 11) Find the value of 1 + i2 + i4 + i6+ i8 + ...+i20
    ii) (a-b) + (a+b)i = a + 5i
    12) Show that 1 + i10 + i100 − i1000 = 0.
    iii) (a+b) (2 + i) = b + 1 + (10 + 2a)i
    iv) abi = 3a − b + 12i 13) Is (1 + i14 + i18 + i22) a real number? Justify
    your answer.
    1
    v) = 3 − 2i
    a + ib
    14) Evaluate :  i 37  167 
    vi) (a + ib) (1 + i) = 2 + i  i 
    4
    4) Express the following in the form of a+ib,  1
    15) Prove that (1+i) × 1   = 16.
    4

    a, b∈R i = −1 . State the values of a and b.  i


    i) (1+2i)(−2+i) ii) (1+i)(1−i)−1 i6+i7+i8+ i9
    16) Find the value of
    i(4+3i) (2+i) i2+i3

    iii) (1−i) iv) (3−i) (1+2i) 1  3i −1 − 3i
    17) If a = , b= then
    2 2
    1 i 
    2
    3+2i 3−2i
    v)  

    vi) +
     1 i  2−5i 2+5i show that a2 = b and b2 = a.
    2  3 x y
    vii) (1+i)−3 viii) 18) If x+iy = (a+ib)3, show that a + b = 4(a2−b2)
    4  3
    a+3i
    19) If = 1−i, show that (5a−7b) = 0.
    2+ib
    ix) ( 5  2 4 )  (1  9 )  (2  3i )(2  3i )
    a + ib
    4i 8  3i 9  3 20) If x+iy = ,
    x) (2+3i)(2−3i) xi) 11 c + id
    3i  4i10  2
    a2+b2
    prove that (x2+y2)2 =
    5) Show that (1  3i )3 is a real number. c2+d2
    1+i
     2 21) If (a+ib) =
    1−i
    , then prove that (a2+b2) = 1.
    6) Find the value of  3   (i6−i7)(1+i11)
     i
    7) Evaluate the following :
     7 i 3 7 i 3 
    22) Show that    is real.
     7 i 3 7  i 3 
    i) i35 ii) i888 iii) i93 iv) i116
    1 23) If (x+iy)3 = y+vi the show that

    v) i403 vi) 58 vii) i−888
    i
    y v
    viii) i + i + i50 + i60    = 4(x −y )
    30 40 2 2

     x y 

    6
    24) Find the value of x and y which satisfy the put b2 = m
    following equations (x, y∈R) ∴ m2+6m−16 = 0
    i) (x+2y) + (2x−3y) i + 4i = 5 ∴ (m+8)(m−2) = 0
    x+1 y−1 ∴ m = −8 or m = 2
    ii) + =i
    1+i 1−i
    i.e. b2 = −8 or b2 = 2
    (x+iy) 2+i 9
    iii) + = 13 (1+i) but b is a real number ∴ b2 ≠ −8
    2+3i 2−3i
    iv) If x(1+3i) + y(2−i) − 5 + i3 = 0, find x+y So, b2 = 2 ∴ b= ± 2

    v) If x+2i+15i6y = 7x+i3 (y+4), find x+y For, b = 2 , a = 2 2

    1.3 Square root of a complex number : ∴ 6 + 8i = 2 2 + 2i= 2 (2+ i)


    Consider z = x+iy be any complex number For, b = − 2 , a = −2 2
    Let x + iy = a+ib, a, b∈R ∴ 6 + 8i = −2 2 − 2 i = − 2 (2+ i)
    On squaring both the sides, we get
    ∴ 6 + 8i = ± 2 (2+ i)
    x+iy = (a+ib)2

    x+iy = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Ex. 2 : Find the square root of 3 − 4i

    Equating real and imaginary parts, we get Solution :

    x = (a2−b2) and y = 2ab Let 3 − 4i = a+ib a, b∈R


    Solving these equations simultaneously, we can On squaring both the sides, we have
    get the values of a and b. 3 − 4i = (a+ib)2

    ∴ 3 − 4i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i
    Solved Examples:
    Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
    Ex.1 : Find the square root of 6+8i.
    a2−b2 = 3 , 2ab = −4
    Solution :
    As (a2+b2)2 = (a2−b2)2 + (2ab)2
    Let, 6 + 8i = a+ib (a, b∈R)
    (a2+b2)2 = 32 + (−4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25
    On squaring both the sides, we get
    (a2+b2)2 = 52
    2
    6+8i = (a+ib)
    ∴ a2+b2 = 5

    ∴ 6+8i = (a2−b2) + (2ab) i Solving a2+b2 = 5 and a2−b2 = 3 we get
    Equating real and imaginary parts, we have 2a2 = 8
    6 = a2−b2 .... (1) a2 = 4
    ∴ a = ±2
    8 = 2ab .... (2)
    4 For a = 2;
    ∴ a = b
    −4 −4
    4
    2
    b= = = −1
    ∴ (1) becomes 6 =   − b2 2a 2(2)
    b −4
    16 For, a = −2, b = =1

    i.e. 6 = 2 − b2 2(−2)
    b
    ∴ 3 − 4i = 2 − i or −2 + i
    ∴ b4+6b2−16 = 0 i.e. (b2)2 + 6b2 − 16 = 0

    7
    1.4 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra : Ex. 2 : Solve x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
    'A polynomial equation with real coefficients
    Solution : Given equation is
    has at least one root' in C.
    or 'A polynomial equation with complex x2−(2 3 + 3i) x + 6 3 i = 0
    coefficients and of degree n has n complex roots'. The method of finding the roots of
    1.4.1 Solution of a Quadratic Equation in ax2 + bx + c = 0, is applicable even if a, b, c
    complex number system : −b ± b 2 − 4ac
    Let the given equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0 are complex numbers. where x =
    2a
    where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0
    Here, a = 1, b = −(2 3 + 3i), c = 6 3 i
    ∴ The solution of this quadratic equation is
    given by b2 − 4ac = [−(2 3 + 3i)]2 − 4 × 1 × 6 3 i

    −b ± b 2 − 4ac = 12 − 9 + 12 3 i − 24 3 i
    x =
    2a = 3 − 12 3 i
    Hence, the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
    = 3 (1 − 4 3 i)
    −b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
    are and So, the given equation has complex roots. These
    2a 2a
    roots are given by
    The expression (b2−4ac) = D is called the
    discriminant. (2 )
    3 + 3i ± 3(1 − 4 3 i )
    If D < 0 then the roots of the given quadratic x =
    2
    equation are complex.
    Now, we shall find 1 − 4 3 i
    Note : If p + iq is the root of equation ax2 + bx + c
    = 0 where a, b, c∈R and a ≠ 0 then p − iq is also Let a + ib = 1 − 4 3 i
    a solution of the given equation. Thus, complex
    ∴ a2 − b2 + 2iab = 1− 4 3 i
    roots occur in conjugate pairs.
    ∴ a2 − b2 = 1 and 2ab = −4 3
    Solved Examples :
    Ex. 1 : Solve x2 + x + 1 = 0 a2 − b2 = 1 and ab = −2 3
    Solution : Given equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0 Consider (a2 + b2)2 = (a2 − b2)2 + 4 a2b2
    Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get
    = 1 + 4 (12) = 49
    a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
    ∴ a2 + b2 = 7 ...(1)
    These roots are given by
    and also a2 − b2 = 1 ...(2)
    −b ± b − 4ac
    2

    x = Solving (1) and (2)


    2a
    2a2 = 8 ∴ a2 = 4
    −1 ± −3
    =
    2 ∴ a = ±2 and b = ± 3

    −1 ± 3 i ∴ We have four choices


    =
    2 a = 2, b= 3 ... (3)
    −1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i
    ∴ Roots are and a = 2, b=− 3 ... (4)
    2 2

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