CHRIST

GRADUAT
CALBAYO
E SCHOOL
ALLEN
CAMPUS

ACTIVITY 2
Introd
Summer
uction
2021

Submitted by:

MARJO O. VIRTUDES

Submitted to:

DR. MICHELLE M. PROBADORA

Instructor
Make Synthesis of the following:

1. Definition Purpose
Answer:
The research purpose is a statement of “why” the study is being conducted, or the goal
of the study. The goal of the study might be to identify or describe a concept or to explain or
predict a situation or solution to a situation that indicates the type of study to be conducted.

2. Characteristics, Differences and Classification of Research

Answer:
 Empirical. Research is based on direct observation or experience of the researcher. The
collection of data is based on practical experience without assistance of scientific
knowledge or theory.
 Logical. Research is based on legal principles and procedures in gathering of data.
Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner so that the research has confidence
in findings. Logical examination of the procedures used in the research enables the
research to draw legal conclusion which are important for decision making.
 Cyclical. Research is a cycling process. It starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
For instance, a research who has completed his study draws conclusions that dovetail
with the findings. Recommendation are based on the conclusion. If there are two
conclusions, there are three recommendations is usually further research. In the
recommendations, many problems are uncovered requiring further study; thus, the
research cycle is repeated.
 Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in collecting data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study. In historical research, the data
gathered focus on the past; descriptive research focuses on the present situation; and
experimental research focuses on the future. A case study focuses on the past, present,
and the future.
 Methodical. Research is conducted in an orderly manner without bias using systematic
procedures and techniques, an appropriate research design, and statistical tool to arrive
at scientific interpretation.
 Critical. Research exhibits careful and exact judgment. A higher level of significance, 1.0
percent or 5.0 percent, must be established.
 Replicable. Research designs and procedures are replicated or duplicated using different
materials.

3. Qualities of Good Research

Answer:
 SYSTEMATIC - Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but does not rule out creative
thinking A good research study must have various well planned steps, i. e. all steps must
be interrelated and one step should lead to another step.
 CONTROLLED – Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible.
 LOGICAL - Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction &
deduction.
 EMPIRICAL- Provides a basis for external validity to results (validation)
  REPLICABLE - Verified by replicating the study.
 SELF CORRECTING - Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals
 BIAS FREE - Research should be free from personal bias. It should be based on objective
and not on subjective matter
 OBJECTIVE- A good research must answer the research question/hypothesis.
 CONTROL - A good research must be able to control all variables.
 GENERALISABILITY-Generate similar result when used other method.

4. Qualities of Good Researcher

Answer:
 Friendly with Respondents. A good researcher must have the quality to become friendly
with respondents. It should have to talk to them in the same language in which the
responding are answering and make happy made.
 Least Discouragement. If the people are not co-operate to give correct data, the
researcher should not be discouraged and face the difficulties, it would be called a good
researcher.
 Free From Prejudice. A researcher would be good if he has no prejudice or bias study
about a problematic situation but he is capable of providing clear information’s.
 Capacity of Depth Information. A researcher should have the capacity to collect more
and more information in little time.
 Accuracy. A researcher would be said to be good, if he is accurate in his views. His ideas
must be accurate one.
 Truthful. A researcher must have to be truthful. Its idea would be free from false reports
and saying information.
 Keen Observer. It is the quality of a good researcher that he may have the ideas of keen
and deep observation.
 Careful in Listening. A researcher would be more careful in listening. He would have the
quality of listening very low information’s even whispering.
 Low Dependency on Common Sense. A researcher should be called good if he has low
dependency on common sense but keep in observation all the events and happenings.
 Least time Consumer. Good researcher must have the capacity of least time consuming.
It will have to do more work in a little time because of the shortage of time.
 Economical. Good researcher must have control over his economic resources. He has to
keep his finances within limits and spend carefully.
 Low Care of Disapprovals of Society. A good researcher have no care of the approvals
or disapprovals but doing his work with zeal and patience to it.
 Expert in Subject. A researcher would be a good one if he has full command over his
subject. He makes the use of his theoretical study in field work easily.
 Free From Hasty Statements. It is not expected from a good researcher to make his
study hasty and invalid with wrong statements. Its study must be based on reality &
validity.
 Good in Conversation. The conversation of a good researcher should be sympathetic
and not boring. He must have the skill and art to be liked by the people.
  Having Clear Terminology. A good researcher’s terminology would be clear. It would be
free from out wards to become difficult for the respondents to answer.
 Trained in Research Tools. Research is impossible without its techniques and tools. So,
it should be better for a researcher to know about the use of these tools.
 Dress and Behavior same to the area. The dress and the behavior of the researcher
should be same as to the study area. it is must for him to convince the people easily and
adopt their dress.
 More Analytical. A researcher would be different from other people of the society. On
the basis of this quality he may observe the situation very well. Then he should be able
to solve the problems easily.
 Equality and Justice. A good researcher should believe on equality and justice. As equal
to all type of people he may collect better information’s from the respondents.

5. Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry

Answer:
There are eleven hindrances to Scientific Inquiry. They include:
 Tradition. Must accept that customs, beliefs and superstitions exist.
 Authority. Must accept, without question, an opinion given by someone of
authority.
 Inaccurate Observation. Sometimes what is observed is wrongly described.
 Overgeneralization. Establishes a pattern/conclusion out of a few instances
(coincidences).
 Selective Observation. Persisting to believe in overgeneralized conclusions.
 Made up information. Making up explanation to explain away confusion.
 Illogical Reasoning. Attributing something to another without any logical basis.
 Ego-involvement. Giving an explanation when one finds himself in an unfavorable
situation.
 Mystification. Attributing supernatural powers to phenomena that cannot be
understood.
 To ERR is human. An attitude that admits the fallibility of man.
 Dogmatism. Institutions and governments prohibiting certain studies and topics.

6. Major Needs and Problems Demand Research

Answer:
Major Needs and Problems Demand Research includes:
 how to reduce his burden/stress of get the job done;
 how to reduce suffering; and
 how to raise satisfaction in fulfilling his demands, craving, and aspirations. 

7. Values of Research to Man

Answer:
 Research has deep-seated psychological aspects
 Research stimulates and ennobles the human spirit. It challenges man to remove the
threat of stagnation. It is an open door to a better future and it guides him in his efforts
to obtain good results which contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment.
 Research Improves quality of life – It has led man to search for ways for improving
processes and means which man love and find interesting. It has made life richer and
 more meaningful. Through research, people have found ways to augment their income
and alleviate poverty.
 Research improves instruction – Modern teacher introduces innovations and integrates
the 3Rs (rational thinking, right conduct, and research) in all subject areas in his
teaching.
 Research improves students’ achievement – The students’ achievement could be
improve if the modern teacher keeps himself updated on issues and trends about the
modern methods and strategies in teaching.
 Research improves teachers’ competence – research oriented teacher always conduct
research to improve his competence and produce graduates who respond to the
socioeconomic development of the country and can compete with other graduates of
the world.
 Research satisfies man’s needs – modern facilities that satisfy man’s needs are all
products of research.
 Research reduces the burden of work
 Research has deep-seated psychological aspects – It challenges man to get rid of the
danger of stagnation. It is an open door to a better tomorrow and it guides him in his
efforts to obtain good results which contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment.
 Research improves the exportation of food products – Some international research
agencies provide financial support for the researches in the Philippines.
 Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measures of the country –
Research outputs are converted to income generating projects to train students to earn
while they learn.
 Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic development of the
country and compete globally.

8. Type of Research
Answer:
 Basic Research – It seeks to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to
the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of
knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the
characteristics of known without any particular thought as to immediate practical utility.
 Applied Research – involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the
solution of a problem such as the development of new system or procedure, new
device, or new method, in order to solve the problem. Produces knowledge of practical
use to man.
 Developmental Research – this is a decision- oriented research involving the application
of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve
existing practices. If a researcher continues to find practical applications from
theoretical knowledge and use this existing knowledge to produce useful products.

9. Classification of Research
Answer:
 According to Purpose.
 Predictive or Prognostic – it has the purpose to determine the future
operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better.
 Directive – it determines what should be done based on the findings.
  Illuminative – it is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated.
 According to Goal.
 Basic or Pure – it is done for the development of theories and principles. It is
conducted for intellectual pleasure of learning.
 Applied – the application of pure research. This is testing the efficiency of
theories and principles.
 According to the Level of Investigation
 Exploratory – the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
 Descriptive – the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
 Experimental – the researcher studies the effects of the variables on each other.
 According to the Types of Analysis
 Analytic Approach – the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.
 Holistic Approach – this begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and on its internal relationships.
  According to Scope
 Action Research – This involves the application of the steps of the scientific
method in the classroom problems. This type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big.
 According to Choice of Answers to Problems
 Evaluation research – All possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher.
 Developmental research – the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.
 According to Statistical Content
 Quantitative or Statistical Research – is one in which inferential statistics are
utilized to determine the results of the study.
 Non-quantitative Research– this is research in which the use of the quantity or
statistics is practically not utilize.
 According to Time Element
 Historical research – describes what was.
 Descriptive research – describes what is.
 Experimental research – describes what will be.
10. The Variable
Answer:
In research, variables are any characteristics that can take on different values, such as
height, age, species, or examination score.
A variable is a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories.
A much-studied educational variable is intelligence, which varies from low to high for different
people. Age is another variable.
Defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under
different conditions.
In scientific research, we often want to study the effect of one variable on another one.
For example, you might want to test whether students who spend more time studying get better
exam scores.
 The variables in a study of a cause-and-effect relationship are called the independent
and dependent variables.

Types of Variables:
 The Independent Variable is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the
researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
 The Dependent Variable is the response variable which is observed and
measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. It changes when the
independent variable changes.
 The Moderator Variable is the secondary or special type of independent variable
chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships
between the independent and dependent variables.
 The Control Variable is a variable controlled by the investigator in which the
effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.
 The Intervening Variable is a variable which interferes with the independent
variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and
dependent variables.

11. Components of Research Process

Answer:
 Research Problem/ Objectives - Research Problem must be stated vividly and explicitly
expressed in interrogative form or question. Research Objective is defined as statement of
purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted.
 Hypothesis •--is defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to
explain the observed facts covered by the study.
Types of Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis -- is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristics, quality,
value, correlation or difference of the result.
 Alternative Hypothesis -- is an affirmation of the existence of observed
phenomena.
 Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework – shapes the justification of the research problem/objectives.
Conceptual Framework – presents specific and well defined concepts which are called
construct.
 Assumptions - are presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem.
 Review of Related Literature and Studies - a review of relevant literature is an integral part
of the research process. Enables the researcher to formulate his problem in terms of the
specific aspects of the general area of his interest that has not been so far researched.
 Research Design - the research design is the blueprint or framework for fulfilling objectives
and answering research questions. It is a master plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the collected data.
 Data Collection - the gathering of date may range from simple observation to a large-scale
survey in any defined population. There are many ways to collect data. The approach
selected depends on the objectives of the study, the research design, and availability of time,
money and personnel.
 Data Processing and Statistical Treatment - data processing generally begins with the
editing and coding of data. Data are edited to ensure consistency across respondents and to
locate omissions, if any.
 Analysis and Interpretation - data analysis usually involves reducing accumulated data to a
manageable size, developing summaries, searching for patterns, and applying statistical
 techniques for understanding and interpreting the findings in the light of the research
questions.
 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations - the end goal of a scientific study is to
interpret the results and draw conclusions.