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Lab 10

This document summarizes an experiment investigating light diffraction through single and double slit apertures. The objectives were to observe and analyze diffraction patterns using a laser, single slit, double slit, and light sensor. Experimental data on light intensity versus angular position was collected and plotted for single and double slit diffraction. While the theoretical and experimental graphs were similar, some deviations were observed, which could be addressed by improving experimental conditions and equipment precision. Overall, the objectives of observing and analyzing diffraction patterns were achieved.

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Sulu Yntymakova
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41 views

Lab 10

This document summarizes an experiment investigating light diffraction through single and double slit apertures. The objectives were to observe and analyze diffraction patterns using a laser, single slit, double slit, and light sensor. Experimental data on light intensity versus angular position was collected and plotted for single and double slit diffraction. While the theoretical and experimental graphs were similar, some deviations were observed, which could be addressed by improving experimental conditions and equipment precision. Overall, the objectives of observing and analyzing diffraction patterns were achieved.

Uploaded by

Sulu Yntymakova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laboratory №10

Diffraction
Section: 5
Date:
Anel Galymzhankyzy
Sulu Yntymakova
Alnur Zhumadil

Objectives:
● To investigate light diffraction through the single-slit aperture
● To investigate light diffraction through the double-slit aperture
● To be able to observe the diffraction patterns

Experimental Description:
In this experiment, we are going to observe some cases of proving that light is a wave and
there are three physical phenomena that prove that light is a wave. First is diffraction, second is
interpolation and third is dispersion, for this laboratory work we are going to experiment with
diffraction. The equipment for this experiment will be as follows: light sensor, double slit, single
slit, and semiconductor laser. Detailed steps are explained in the manual and given video.

Experimental data:
Table 1. The given experimental data collection for single and double-slit diffraction
The magnitude with
№ Quantity with symbols its units
1 Laser's wavelength (λ) 650 nm
−5
2 Slit width (single and double) (a) 4×10 m
−4
3 Slit separation (double) (d) 5×10 m
4 Distance from the laser source to light sensor (L) 1.03 m
5 Distance from the laser source to sleeves (l) 0.11 m

6 Max light intensity for single slit (𝐼0) 3.332718 %

7 Max light intensity for double-slit (𝐼0) 0.981995 %

8 Position at maximum intensity for single slit (𝑥0) 0.0309 m

9 Position at maximum intensity for double slit (𝑥0) 0.0158 m


Data analysis:
Part1:
The intensity minima for double-slit interference:
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = (𝑝 + 1/2)λ (1)
where,
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ- a small extra distance that the lower ray needs to travel, 𝑚;
𝑝- integer minima number;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
The intensity maxima for double-slit interference:
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑝λ (2)
where,
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ- a small extra distance that the lower ray needs to travel, 𝑚;
𝑝- integer minima number;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
The intensity minima for single-slit interference:
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑝λ (3)
where,
𝑝- integer minima number;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
The intensity maxima for single-slit interference:
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = (𝑝 + 1/2)λ (4)
where,
𝑎- slit width, 𝑚.
𝑝- integer minima number;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
The strength of light in single-slit diffraction depends on the slit width and the
wavelength of the incoming light:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(π𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/λ) 2
𝐼=𝐼 0( π𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/λ ) (5)
where,
2
𝐼- light intensity, 𝑊/𝑚 ;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
Angular position:
𝑥 = 𝐿 * 𝑡𝑎𝑛(φ) (6)
For double-slit diffraction:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(π𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/λ) 2
𝐼=𝐼 (
0 π𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/λ ) 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (π𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ/λ) (7)
where,
2
𝐼- light intensity, 𝑊/𝑚 ;
λ- wavelength, 𝑚.
Visual Representation1:

Figure1. Light intensity vs. Angular Position for single slit


𝑥−𝑥0
● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
2
(𝑥−𝑥0) +(𝐿−

● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡) = 𝐼/𝐼0


● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡) = 𝐼/𝐼0, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 (5) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

Figure2. Light intensity vs. Angular Position for double slit.


𝑥−𝑥0
● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
2
(𝑥−𝑥0) +(𝐿

● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡) = 𝐼/𝐼0


● 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡) = 𝐼/𝐼0, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 (7) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

Discussion:
For this laboratory work we investigated the phenomenon of diffraction with single and
double slits. As it can be seen from the graphs 1 and 2 for both types of slits the plot does not
differ much for theoretical and experimental values. Of course, it can also be noticed that there
are, however, some deviations in the highest points for both figures and for the figure 1 in the
interval of -0.2 and -0.1 of angular position there is a huge gap.
The objectives of this experiment were met as it was learned how to work with diffraction
patterns and how to plot experimental and theoretical graphs that correspond to each other. The
deviations can be eliminated simply by conducting experiment in the dark room, and fixing the
sensor is a good idea as it can prevent occasional shifftings and shakings.

Conclusion:
In this laboratory work, we studied the diffraction of light through single and double-slit
apertures. We successfully plotted the single slit diffraction data and double-slit diffraction data
as graphs of 𝐼/𝐼 0vs 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ. The theoretical and experimental results are quite close. The possible
reasons why the errors occurred are the technical errors of equipment resulting in systematic
errors and human errors, which occurred during the setting of the equipment. Solutions are to use
more advanced equipment and be more accurate. Overall, the experiment was conducted
successfully and all objectives are achieved.

References

[1] S. J. Ling, W. Moebs, and J. Sanny, “University Physics Volume 2,” 06-Oct-2016. [Online].
Available: https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-2. [Accessed:
24-Jan-2021].

[2] R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett, and V. Peroomian, Physics for scientists and engineers with
modern physics. Boston, MA: Cengage, 2019.

[3] Physics Labs, Lab 10 Diffraction, 2021. Available:https: https://youtu.be/wfxVk2kzg_Y

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