CFED REVIEWER - reveal the value of RESPONSIBILITY or

ACCOUNTABILITY.
 MORALITY- establishes the fundamental framework
 ACTS OF MAN- actions are not reflective of the
on the true intent and motive behind every action
person as a rational being.
and decision.
- actions are performed without conscious
- studies and judges a person’s actions,
deliberation or knowledge and with the
intention, and circumstance whether it is right
absence of freewill.
or wrong in the light of what humanity is.
- constitute unconscious and involuntary
 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE- powerful guide in working
actions.
out moral problems.
> As an object of morality, human act is done with
 JESUS CHRIST, OUR LORD- perfect norm of morality.
knowledge of the action, performed with the use of free
 DESCRIPTIVE MORALITY- study of people’s beliefs
will and acted upon voluntarily. The absence of these 3
about morality and to an existing code of conduct
crucial determinants renders the actions as mer act of
put forward by a certain society.
man.
- It is a contrary to the belief that there is a
universal standard of conduct. CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
- The law is exclusive and applicable only to
1. HUMAN ACTS MUST BE KNOWN AND DELIBERATE.
a certain society.
There must be a prior knowledge and deliberate
 NORMATIVE MORALITY- adapts the concept of
evaluation whether to do or not to do an action.
universalism, existence of code of conduct that
2. ACTS MUST BE FREE. Moral Agent must be free from
governs all rational persons, under plausible
any external factors in doing such action. He/She is
specified conditions.
neither forced or intimidated.
- universal guide to govern behaviors of all
3. HUMAN ACTS ARE VOLUNTARY. The action proceeds
rational persons.
from the willingness of an individual to perform an
 GOD- first principle and last end of all things, who
action.
guides his creations to its fullness.
> The absence of one renders the evaluation of morality
 SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS- believes that the faculty
insufficient.
of reason has been implanted by God.
> HUMAN ACTIONS ARE QUAIFIED AS GOOD, BAD OR
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT MORALITY
INDIFFERENT.
1. MORALITY IS A MATTER OF OPINION.
 GOOD- act that agrees with the dictates of right
2. ALL OPINIONS ABOUT MORALITY ARE EQUAL AND
reason.
CORRECT.
 BAD- act that disagrees with the dictates of right
3. MORALITY IS OUTSIDE THE WORLD OF THE
reason.
“PRACTICAL PEOPLE”.
 INDIFFERENT- act that stands no relation to the
4. MORALITY DEVELOPS GUILT AND MORAL
dictates of the right reason.
OBLIGATION WHICH MAKE A PERSON’S LIFE
UNHAPPY. ELEMENTS IN DETERMINING THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS
> Sanction or disciplinary action should not be seen
 OBJECT/ACT- human action itself.
as a punishment but part of CHRISTIAN FORMATION.
- answers the question WHAT.
5. MORALITY IS CENTERED ONLY ON THE ACT ITSELF
- For an act to be morally good, the
SETTING ASIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCE AND INTENTION
object must be good in itself, otherwise, it
BEHIND THE ACTION.
is bad.
> Morality requires the determination of the specific
 CIRCUMSTANCE- refers to the person’s involved, the
nature of action.
time, place, and occasion that surround an
 HUMAN ACTS and ACTS OF MAN- pertains to the
object/act.
actions or behaviors of an individual or group of
- answers the questions WHO, WHEN,
individuals.
WHERE, and HOW.
 HUMAN ACTS- actions that are proper to humans.
- condition modifying human actions,
- CRUCIAL ELEMENT: knowledge of the
either by increasing or diminishing the
action must be present.
moral responsibility.
- one must freely us his/her intellect and
- change or completely alter the moral
freewill when acting,behaving, and doing.
quality of a human act.
 INTENTION OR END OR PURPOSE- the reason behind a Catholic institution. Such student is
the act. subjected for disciplinary action.
- answers the question WHY.  AFFECTED IGNORANCE- willful deliberation of an
- For a human act to be morally good, individual to assert and pretend his/her ignorance in
the agent must have a good intention. order to plead his/her innocence to a charge of guilt
> The end or intention can modify human actions in four in the commission and/or omission of an act.
ways: - a student who pretends not to know
a) AN INDIFFERENT ACT MAY BECOME MORALLY GOOD the school’s policy on proper haircut
OR BAD. to excuse him when confronted by the
b) AN OBJECTIVELY GOOD ACT MAY BECOME MORALLY guards.
BAD.  SUPINE OR CRASS IGNORANCE- happens when a
c) AN OBJECTIVELY GOOD ACT MAY RECEIVE MORE person exerts little effort to knwo something.
GOODNESS. - giving wrong medicine to a sick
d) AN OBJECTIVELY BAD ACT CAN NEVER BECOME person may result to the sickness of
GOOD IN SPITE OF THE GOOD MOTIVE. the person getting worse.
IMPEDIMENTS  CONCUPISCENCE- inordinate passion or desire that
> Humans are called to share with the divine life of God. hinders one to exercise correct reasoning.
 IGNORANCE- lack of pertinent information, as to the - an action fueled with negative
nature, circumstances, and effect of a certain action. passion, such as lust, heightens the
- lack of initiative to extensively understand moral responsibility of an individual.
the whole picture of the circumstance ONLY SEEKS TO ACCOMPLISH
affects the moral quality of an action. MORALLY BAD ACTIONS.
- takes place when an individual - Sexual Desire or Trust
consciously proceeds to act on a certain - Juan succumbed to sexual
matter without due consideration of the gratification.
relevant or necessary information related - Its quality depends on the particular
to it. timing this action has been performed.
- unconsciously violates certain rules and  ANTECEDENT CONCUPISCENCE- spontaneous
regulations. inordinate passion influences an action before it has
 INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE- when an individual lacks been controlled by the will.
pertinent information as to the moral quality of the - Unconsciouly cursing a person.
action since he/she fails to realize his/her state of  CONSEQUENT CONCUPISCENCE- when the intellect
ignorance himself/herself. is aware of the hidden inordinate passion and the
- there is effort and diligence exerted to will chooses to arouse the said passion.
know the moral quality of the action, but - controlled by the will, but still the
still impossible to acquire proper individual performs the human act.
knowledge. - Gluttony.
- involuntary, moral responsibility is  FEAR- impairs the performance of a human act since
negated. the individual is threatened by the impending
- A person who is illiterate who is caught danger.
jaywalking. - limits his/her ability to use the will and
 VINCIBLE IGNORANCE- occurs when the lack of reasoning.
required knowledge to determine the goodness or  VOLUNTARY- human act done with fear or in spite of
badness of a certain action, can be dispelled or fear.
learned through ordinary efforts.  INVOLUNTARY- human act done from or through
- when an individual has exerted all the fear or because of fear, the individual is threatened
necessary efforts to dispel his/her and performs an action.
ignorance, his/her state of vincible - following instincts to survive.
ignorance lessens his/her moral  VIOLENCE- application of physical force upon a
responsibility. resisting person to compel him/her towards the
- violation of a school policy defined in commission or omission of an act against his/her
handbook on the prohibition of gambling in free will and reason.
 - endagers the life and renders him/her to CHARACTERISTICS
perform an action to save themselves. i. ETERNAL- law is with God who has no beginning and
- Physical Actions resulting from violence will also last with God who has no end.
are involuntary, thus diminish or decrease ii. IMMUTABLE- not subject to change and it always
the moral responsibility of the individual. governs all creatures in accordance with God’s plan.
- Self Defense. iii. ABSOLUTELY UNIVERSAL- applicable to all creatures.
 HABIT- development of firm and stable behavior  NATURAL LAW- contends that human acts are
pattern of acting. derived from nature of man/woman, thus binding
- an individual naturally and consciously upon human society.
performs an action, as a result its repetitive - discovered and understood by people
performance through time. with the aid of reason.
- an individual’s act depends on the habit. - engraved and written in the heart of
 VIRTUES- good moral habits. every people.
 VICES- bad habits. - light of understanding placed in us by God
a) HABITS DO NOT DESTROY THE VOLUNTARINESS OF A so we know what to and not to do.
HUMAN ACT. - law of human conduct which arises from
b) IF A HABIT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED INVOLUNTARILY human nature.
AND UNINTENTIONALLY, THEN THE EXISTENCE OF A CHARACTERISTICS
HABIT LACKS VOLUNTARINESS AND DECREASES i. UNIVERSAL- applicable to all.
RESPONSIBILITY AS LONG AS THE PERSON REMAINS ii. RECOGNIZABLE- through reflection and interaction
IGNORANT OF THE EXISTENCE OF HIS/HER HABIT. with others.
iii. OBLIGATORY- no better choice for human to obey it.
HUMAN ACT- MORAL
NORMS OF iv. IMMUTABLE- will never be changed.
DELIBERATE RESPONSIBILITY
MORALITY- CONTENTS OF THE NATURAL LAW ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
IMPEDIMENTS 1. LAW -GOOD/ BAD/
MORAL/
 FUNDAMENTAL MORAL PRINCIPLE
OF HUMAN 2. CONSCIENCE
ACTS IMMORAL  GENERAL MORAL PRINCIPLE
 APPLICATION TO GENERAL PRINCIPLE
> Our human conduct is guided by the revelation of God  GOOD EDUCATION AND DEEPER REFLECTION
through our conscience and law.  POSITIVE LAW- a law enacted should not take effect
GUIDES TO HUMAN CONDUCT unless it is promulgated or announced.
A. LAW - Positive- “ promulgated or published”
 NORM OF MORALITY- standard against which human  THE DIVINE POSITIVE LAW- God given law which is
acts are judged in order to determine the goodness for all creatures.
or badness.  THE HUMAN POSITIVE LAW- ordinance of reason
 NORMS- community standards/ guidelines or rules promulgated for the common good.
to follow in order to live a morally upright life. KEYWORDS
 ETERNAL LAW- posits the fundamental framework  ORDINANCE- decree or command.
through which human acts are directed and  REASONABLE- based on reason not emotion.
governed.  COMMON GOOD- serve the interest of majority.
- Human actions must be anchored on  COMPETENT AUTHORITY- knowledgeable.
the divinity and perfection of God. > According to SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS, a human
- Enunciates that God has revealed positive law is in accordance with the Divine and Natural
himself to a person through his spirit Laws, promotes common good and has universal
in order to help humans in conducting character.
their lives and actions in accordance B. CONSCIENCE
with His divine wisdom and love.  CONSCIENCE- came from the LATIN word,
- divine reason and commanding that conscientia, meaning “ a joint knowledge” or
the natural order or things be “knowledge with”.
preserved and forbidding it to be - a voice from within, yet in conjunction
disturbed. with one’s faith in God.
- God’s divine plan for all His creatures and the - God’s voice that echoes in the heart and
“exemplar of divine wisdom as directing all mind of an individual.
actions and movements”. - law of God implanted in one’s heart.
 - According to CCC, It is a practical CHALLENGES IN THE FORMATION AND EDUCATION OF
judgment of reason allowing the person to CONSCIENCE
recognize the moral quality of an act.  EXTREME RELATIVISM- everybody decides according
- place of loving colloquy between God and to what he/she thinks to be the good one, without
man. (Saint Augustine) referring or consulting some people or authorities.
- takes the form of knowledge as ideas, and  MISINFORMATION- one hears reactions, comments
knowledge as practical judgment. This and opinions from people.
judgment is the deliberation of what is  INDIVIDUALISM- drive towards thinking what
good and bad. satisfies a person and disregarding others.
2 MOMENTS OF CONSCIENCE - an attitude of “my world and mine alone
1. ANTECEDENT CONSCIENCE- conscience that judges and outside of me is not significant.”
an act before it is done. FORMATION OF CONSCIENCE
- before an action is carried out, one may  PRAYER- vital importance in the process of
decide his/her conscience whether to do or not conscience formation.
to do. Conscience = Cheat  LISTENING TO THE PREACHING OF THE GOSPEL-
2. CONSEQUENT CONSCIENCE- judges an act after it is persons may see and realize their actions in relation
being done. to what Jesus is telling them in the gospel.
- moral assessment comes after the  AFFIRM THE ROLE OF THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY-
completion of a certain act. Cheat = Conscience people always need to depend on one another
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONSCIENCE especially on things that they want to be clarified
 CORRECT CONSCIENCE- conscience that tells a with regards to their course of action.
person and judges that an act is indeed a good  CONSIDER THE MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH-
action, while a bad act is, indeed, bad. different fields such as psychology and civil laws are
 FALSE CONSCIENCE- manifests an assessment where considered in forming one’s conscience.
one judges a good act as bad and bad act as good. “Human virtues are firm attitudes, stable dispositions,
- Gambling. FOR FUN. BAD. and habitual perfections of intellect and will that govern
 SCRUPULOUS CONSCIENCE- describes that one is our actions, order our passions and guide our conduct
always afraid of committing errors; hence the person according to reason and faith.”
becomes regorous in everything he/she does.  VIRTUE- came from the latin word “virtus”, signifies
- Sick people attending mass to not commit “manliness” or courage and the excellence or
sin. perfection of a thing.
 LAX CONSCIENCE- suggests that a person keeps on - habit of performing excellent noteworthy and
excusing him/herself from every mistake committed. positive behaviors.
It is as if, he/she does not commit any mistake at all. - a habit superadded to a faculty of the soul,
 CERTAIN CONSCIENCE- firm judgment that one is not disposing it to elicit with readiness acts
in error. comformable to our natural nature.
- It is clear and evident that what a ELEMENTS OF VIRTUE
person does is, indeed, right.  A virtue needs the notion of a habit.
- A law professor teaching not updated  A virtue must possess goodness.
lesson.  A virtue corresponds to human nature.
 DOUBTFUL CONSCIENCE- postulates the idea that  HOSPITALITY- opening hearts to our neighbors.
judgment is always suspended because of the  CARDINAL- virtues which are not only vital for the
uncertainty of the goodness and badness of a human survival of the human person or human specie but
action. also for the attainment of his/her holistic
 MUST CONSCIENCE- evolving conscience in development and his/her proper destiny in life.
childhood which is predominantly and authoritarian - Prudence, Justie, Fortitude and
in nature. Temperance.
- evolves out of parental commands, - referred to as the four principal moral
restrictions and prohibitions. virtues for they govern one’s actions, order
 OUGHT CONSCIENCE- no longer primarily sustained one’s passion and guide one’s conduct to
by fear of punishment and external imitation. realize how it is to be a person fully alive.
- included virtues are within the domain of
human efforts with God’s inspiration. One
 is capable of developing these virtues  PERSEVERANCE- overcoming a great challenge for a
based on one’s rationality and will-power. long period of time.
- stable dispositions of the intellect and will 3. TEMPERANCE- moral virtue that moderates the
that govern our acts, order our passions, attraction of pleasures and provides balance in the
and guide our conduct in accordance with use of created goods.
reason and faith. - applies to the sensual aspect of a person.
- achieved, through the grace of God, with - for person not to abuse the pleasures of
the conscious effort of man/woman to the sins which will lead to the
willfully choose actions that are desirable deterioration of physical health which
and acceptable. affects him psychologically, the virtue of
1. PRUDENCE- knowledge of what is to be sought and temperance must come in.
what is to be avoided. - moral virtue that regulates the desire for
- habit of practical reason which enables one to sensible pleasures and approves modes of
judge promptly on particular cases or social behavior.
contingent actions on what is to be done or - It has the subordinate virtues of chastity,
omitted. sobriety, and abstinence.
- disposes practical reason to discern our true  CHASTITY or PURITY- moral virtue ordering under
good in every circumstance and to choose the reason the thoughts, desires, words, and actions
right means of achieving it. connected with sexual pleasures.
- has distinct knowledge of the facts of life and  SOBRIETY- moderation in sensual pleasures and also
can foresee the future consequence of an the ability to control one’s passion, desire and
action. prejudices.
- such person will always be concerned with the  ABSTINENCE- restraining from a certain food or any
right direction of human actions. pleasure if necessary.
- allows Christians to judge properly what is > A student who controls the desire of using his phone
right and wrong, moral or immoral and while his class is ongoing.
beneficial or advantageous. 4. JUSTICE- defines human rights and duties and
> The person that does not cultivate and practice the regulates human relation.
virtue of prudence becomes directionless and could - primarily a virtue concerning one’s dealing
hardly decide and discern on a particular situation. with others.
2. FORTITUDE OR COURAGE- moral virtue that ensures - habit or readiness which which inclines one to
firmness in difficulties and constancy in the pursuit give others what is due to them.
of the good. - equity rather than equality.
- In the midst of trials and challenges, fortitude - Respecting the dignity and worth of others is
or courage is needed. It enables one to endure the focal point of Justice.
pain, danger and death with calmness of  JESUS- model of justice.
reason. - manifests a person of justice when He
- virtue needed in pursuing the moral good, corrected what was wrong during His time.
common or private good. > A teacher discussing needs students who are listening.
- one of the gifts of Holy Spirit.  THEOLOGICAL- foundation of Christian moral
FUNCTIONS activity, they animate it and give it its special
 ACTIVE FUNCTION- impels the human person to character.
attack or face evil. - inform and give life to all the moral
- doing something amidst challenges and virtues.go beyond human limits.
difficulties in life. - infused by God into the souls of the
 PASSIVE FUNCTION- strengthens the human person faithful to make them capable of acting as His
to bear difficuties and trials. children and of meriting eternal life.
- makes the person value the virtue of just - pledge of the presence and action of the
being patient with evil or with every holy spirit in the faculties of the human being.
difficult situation. - have God as the immediate and proper
VALUES CONNECTED TO PASSIVE object, divinely infused and known only through
 PATIENCE- attitude that waits for he right way and divine revelations.
the right time to act.
 - result from the grace of God which enlightens (b) SAFEGUARDING THE FAITH FROM IMMINENT
human mind. DESTRUCTIONS: in the context of protecting
 SAINT PAUL- led spontaneous association to mention religiously the faith from the practice of offenses.
faith and hope as well. (c) PROMOTING UNITY AMONG OTHER FAITH
- already well known triad, three DENOMINATIONS: each one is called to follow and
interrelated virtues, more fundamental be faithful to the gospel of peace and unity.
than any particular charism. * Faith is also a response to God’s offer for a meaningful
 LOVE- greatest, operative even within the other existence.
members of the triad, so that it has a certain  RESPONSE- seen first in one’s acceptance of the
primacy over them. faith.
1. FAITH- theological virtue related to Christian’s belief in  OBEDIENCE- in the sense that as a faithful person,
God. one knows how to listen to God’s words and is able
- It firmly believes in all the truths God has to internalize the message and respond obediently
revealed. to the will of God.
- substance of things to be hoped for, the * Faith without action is useless.
evidence of things that are not seen.  WITNESSING- byproduct of one’s faith in God.
- cannot be acquired by individuals on their * NOt only seen religious acts. It must be exercised in
own. service to care for the needy and to care for our earth.
- gift from God to a person. 2. HOPE- responds to the aspiration to happiness which
- involves living life aligned with the ideals and God has placed in the heart of every men.
examples as shown by Jesus. - In the OT, It is seen as one’s immense longing for
- personal acceptance of the person of Christ as the fulfillment of God’s promise.
Lord and savior which is made possible through * When a person loses hope, he/she has lost, as well,
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. his/her awareness of God’s presence in life.
- adherence to the Triune God revealed through OFFENSES AGAINST HOPE
Jesus Christ our Lord. a. DESPAIR: occurs when the idea that one has lost
- friendship with Christ and through Christ. confidence in the goodness and mercy of God.
- consists in our personal conviction and belief : manifested when one treats life as nothing coz
in God. of problems.
OFFENSES AGAINST FAITH b. RESIGNATION: attitude of giving up life because
(1) PRIDE: one lacks humility and obedience to reveal hope is too remote.
truths about God. : suicide
(2) DISTRUST: when a person no loger trusts God for * Jesus is the living hope of all.
he/she has doubts abt God’s mighty power. FRUITS AND CHALLENGES OF HOPE
(3) UNBELIEF: one’s denial and rejection of God. I. ENDURANCE: helps one not to easily give up because
SPECIFIC OFFENSES God is there as support.
(i) INFIDELITY: unfaithfulness of Christians to Jesus Christ. II. OPENNESS: future oriented reality.
(ii) HERESY: onstinate adherence to an error that III. COMMITMENT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PEOPLE:
contradicts the divinely revealed truths. direct people to commit themselves for the
(iii) BLASPHEMY: direct offense against God because it is liberation of others from oppression.
a form of irreverence to God and religion. IV. LOVE: ingrained in one’s heart as it is a gift coming
(iv) APOSTACY: complete defection from the faith. from God.
Renouncement of faith by a baptized person. FORMS OF LOVE
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES TO CHRISTIAN FAITH i. EROTIC LOVE: love that is centered on one’s
(a) KNOWING THE TRUTH OF FAITH: one must strive to exclusive relationship. Intimate lovers.
know God’s revelation in the readings of the Scriptures ii. FILIAL LOVE: observed among friends. Give and take
and in the sacred traditions of the Church about life and iii. AGAPE LOVE: what Jesus is asking people to do and
work of God. imitate. An unconditional form of love for all.
(b) BOLDLY PROFESSING THE FAITH IN WORDS AND : love that encompasses love of God, neighbor,
DEEDS: no one should be ashamed of making sign of the earth and even enemies.
cross as part of claiming one’s identity as Catholic. * God manifested AGAPE LOVE in the OLd testament
(a) SPREADING THE FAITH: evangelization through the establishment of a covenant between God
and human beings.
 AGAPE IS CHARACTERIZED BY 2 QUALITIES
 LOVE MUST BE FOCUSED ON THE SOVEREIGN-
people must love God more than anyone else on
earth. Top priority.
 LOVE MUST BE FFECTIVE- it is authentic when one
loves God and affects others constructively.
OFFENSES AGAINST AGAPE LOVE
 INDIFFERENCE- results from the culpable negligence
of the love of God.
 HATRED TOWARDS GOD- uncontrolled anger.
- contrary to the virtue of love.