PHYSICS 149: Lecture 5

• Chapter 2

– 2.5 Newton’s Third Law

– 2.6 Gravitational Forces
– 2.7 Contact Forces: Normal Force and Friction

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 1

 Newton’s Third Law
• All forces come in pairs
• Third law forces involve TWO OBJECTS.
OBJECTS
• The two forces are:
– th
the force
f object
bj t one exerts
t on object
bj t ttwo
– the force object two exerts on object one
• Three
Th ways tto state
t t the
th 3rd
3 d law:
l
– Forces on each other are equal and opposite
– For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
– You can’t push on something without it pushing back on
y
you

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 2

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• In an interaction between two objects, each
object exerts a force on the other
other. These two
forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
– To every action, there is always opposed an equal
reaction.
– Forces always come in equal but opposite action-
reaction pair.
• Note that these two forces act on different
objects; they do not cancel in any way.
• Don
Don’tt forget that forces always exist in pairs
pairs.

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 3

 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
• A simplified sketch of a single object with force
vectors drawn to represent every force acting
“on” that object. (It must not include any forces
that act on other objects.)
j )
• FBD is useful to find the net force acting on an
object.

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 4

 Internal and External Forces
• Internal Forces: Forces which act on one part of an object
by another part of the same object
• External Forces: Forces which act on an object by some
other object.

• Net force on a system = vector sum of internal forces +

vector sum of external forces
• But,
B t vector
t sum off internal
i t l forces
f is
i zero because,
b from
f
Newton’s third law, internal forces will occur in equal and
opposite pairs and so they contribute nothing to the sum.
Th never influence
They i fl the
h system’s ’ motion.
i
• Eventually, net force on a system = vector sum of external
y We need to consider external forces onlyy in
forces only.
order to describe the motion of the system.
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 5
 Examples
• Net force on a baseball = External
forces:
interaction with the Earth (gravity) what we
+ interaction with a bat need to
consider
+ interaction
i t ti with
ith th
the air
i
Internal Forces:
+ interactions among protons,
their vector sum
neutrons, andd electrons
l iin iit is zero

• I am hit by myself (internal forces) and other

person (external forces). I am pushed due to
external forces only
only. Internal forces do not make
any contribution.
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 6
 Pushing a Stalled Car
Two people are pushing a stalled car. The mass of
the car is 2000kg. One person applied a force of 300
N, the other 400N. Friction opposes this motion with a
force of 600N. What is the acceleration of the car:

y
Fc,man1 Fcg=f
Fc,man2 x

ΣF = +600 N − 300 N − 400 N a=

ΣF
=−
100 N m
= −0.05 2
ΣF = −100 N m 2000kg s
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 7
 A FBD for Every Situation
A force is applied to the right
A skydiver is to drag a sled across
d
descending
di l
loosely-packed
l k d snow withith a
with a constant rightward acceleration.
e oc ty.
velocity A football is
moving
upwards
towards its
peak after
A car is coasting to the
having been
right and slowing down
booted by
the punter.

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 8

 ILQ 1
When a car accelerates from rest, what
force causes the acceleration of the car?

A) The rotating engine on the drive shaft

B) The
Th force
f off the
th axell on th
the ti
tires
C) The friction force of the road on the tires

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 9

 ILQ 2
A person is standing on a bathroom scale. Which
of these is not a force exerted on the scale?

A) a contact force due to the feet of the person

B) the weight of the person
C) a contact force due to the floor
D) the weight of the scale

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 10

 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
F12 F21
m1 m2
r
• The magnitude of gravitational force is:

(= F12 = F21)
where G = 6.674 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2 (universal gravitational constant)
Note: m1 and m2 need to be in kg, and r needs to be in m.
• The
Th direction
di ti off gravitational
it ti l force
f is:
i
– each object is pulled toward the other’s center (attractive force)
– on line connecting
g the masses;; always
y attractive
• very weak, but this holds the universe together!
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 11
 Comparison with EM Force
F2,1 F1,2
q2 q1
r12
F1,2 = force on q1 due to q2 = kq 1 q 2
2
= F2,1 = force on q2 due to q1 r12
Direction: on line connecting the masses; can be
attractive or repulsive
k = universal constant = 8.99 x 109 N-m2/c2
Fgravity (2 electrons ) Gm e2 −43
= 2
= 2.4 × 10
E electric (2 electrons ) kqe
q e = 1.6 × 10 − 9 C m e = 9.11 × 10 − 31 K g
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 12
 Weight
• Weight is the force of gravity on an object with mass
• Units of weight are Newtons or Pounds
S
Same mass bbutt Different
Diff t weight!
i ht!

mM pplanet
F =G
r2

On earth W=mg where g=9.8 m/s2

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 13
 Weight on Earth
• Your weight on Earth is the magnitude of Earth’s
gravitational force exerted on you (m)
(m).
GM E m ⎛ GM E ⎞ where R is the distance
W= 2
= m⎜ 2 ⎟
R ⎝ R ⎠ between you and Earth’s
Earth s center

• The weight of an object of mass m “near” Earth’s

surface is:

where
(g is called the gravitational field strength)

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 14

 Weight on Other Planets
• The weight of an object of mass m “near” a
planet’s
planet s surface is:
GM Planet m ⎛ GM Planet ⎞
Wat Planet = 2
= m⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = mg Planet
RPlanet
Pl t ⎝ RPlanet
Pl t ⎠
GM Planet
where g Planet = 2
RPlanet

• For example, gMoon = 1.62 N/kg ≈ 1/6 gEarth.

– Let
Let’s
s say there is a man whose mass is 100 kg
kg.
• At the surface of Earth, his mass and weight are 100 kg and
980 N (=m·gEarth), respectively.
• At the
th surface
f off M
Moon, hi
his mass and
d weight
i ht are 100 kkg and
d
162 N (=m·gMoon), respectively.
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 15
 Weight on Earth and on Moon
• How far above the surface of the Earth does an object
have to be to have the same weight as it would have
on the
th surface
f off the
th moon?
? Neglect
N l t effects
ff t from
f the
th
Earth’s gravity on the Moon’s surface and vice versa
ME MM
FE = Gm 2 = Gm 2 = FM
r rM
ME 2
r2 = rM
MM
5.97 × 1024 Kg
( )
2
r= × 1
1.744 × 103 km
k = 1.57
1 × 104 kkm
7.35 × 10 Kg
22

Height over surface r-rE = 1.57 × 104 km − 6.371 × 103 km = 9.3 × 103 km

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 16

Things are different on the Moon
Earth Moon
Surface g
gravity
y 1 0.17
compared to Earth
Your mass 40 Kg 40 Kg
Energy to stop a 1 Kg 625 Joules 625 Joules
ball moving at 90
km/hour
How much can you lift 10 kg 60 kg
How high
g can yyou jjump
p 20 cm 120 cm
How far can you kick a 20 m 120 m
ball

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 17

 Force of Gravity
For objects on the surface of the earth:
• F = GMm/R2 = m(GM/R
( 2) = mg
g
• g = GM/R2 = 9.8 N/kg = 9.8 m/s2
What about at the top of Mount Everest? (h=8850m or
29,035 feet F =W =
GME m
r2
−2
WEverest 1 ⎛ hEverest ⎞
2( )
2
= r = ⎜ 1+ ⎟ =
Wsurface ( r + hEverest ) ⎝ r ⎠
⎛ hEverest ⎞ −3
⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ = 1 − 2.76 × 10 = 1 − 0.00278 = 0.99722
⎝ r ⎠
The approximation hEverest 8.850×10 3
−3
= = 1
1.389
389 × 10
works well since: r 6.371×106
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 18
 r2 r1
Your weight
g
decreases as your
altitude g
goes up.
p

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 19

 Weight
The weight (W) of an object is
equal
q to the magnitude
g of the
gravitational force acting on a
body of mass m

W = mg
Dropping
D i an object
bj t causes it
to accelerate at free-fall
acceleration g

Fg = mg
W = Fg
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 20
 ILQ: Gravitation
Does a man weigh more

A)) at the top

p of Mt. Everest or

B) at the base of the mountain?

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 21

 Which Forces Enter in a FBD?
Several force must be taken into account:
• Gravity
• Normal Force
• Friction
• Push or Pull
• Tension

W
Gravity: if the sled has a mass m the force
d to gravity
due i iis W = mg
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 22
 Which Forces Enter in a FBD?
N
• Normal force: always perpendicular
th surface
the f with
ith which
hi h a bbody
d iis iin
contact.
• Friction: the frictional force is parallel
W
to the surface and it always opposes
the direction of motion.
• P h or pullll
Push N
f P

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 23

 Normal (= Perpendicular) Force
• The normal force is a contact force
perpendicular to the contact surfaces that
prevents two objects from passing through one
another.
• Normal force is a vector
vector.
– Direction: always perpendicular to the “contact
surface” ((rather than the horizon))
– Magnitude: depends on the weight of the object
(see different cases on next pages)

• Type: contact force (not long-range force)

• Normal force is usually denoted by N.
N
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 24
 What Causes Normal Force?
• Atoms inside solid objects are
inter-connected by molecular
bonds which act like springs.

• When you place an object on top

off a table,
t bl the
th table
t bl ddeforms
f
slightly. This bend is usually not
visible to the eye
eye.

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 25

 Normal Force: Case 1
• If the table’s surface (contact surface) is
horizontal,
horizontal
– Direction of the normal force is perpendicular to the
“contact surface.” In this case, vertically upward.
– Magnitude of the normal force is
the book’s weight, according to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

N = W (= mg)
according to
ΣFy = 0 for an object in equilibrium

Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 26

 Normal Force: Case 2
• If the contact surface is horizontal and there is
another vertical force acting on the book
book,
– Direction of the normal force is perpendicular to the
“contact surface.” In this case, vertically upward.
– Magnitude of the normal force is
the book’s weight plus the magnitude
of the additional force, according to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

N = W (= mg) + F
according to
ΣFy = 0 for an object in equilibrium
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 27
 Normal Force: Case 3
• If the contact surface is not horizontal (with an
inclination angle θ),
θ)
– Direction of the normal force is perpendicular to the
“contact surface.” In this case, it is not vertical.
– Magnitude of the normal force is
+y
the book’s weight times cosθ,
according to Newton’s
First Law of Motion.
θ
N = W cosθ (= ( mg cosθ) +x W θ
Wcosθ
according to
ΣFy = 0 for an object in equilibrium Wsinθ
θ
Lecture 5 Purdue University, Physics 149 28