BUILDING TECHNOLOGY LECTURE

NOTES
 ROOF DECK – Mainly built for the purpose of
future expansion
BUILDING AND STRUCTURES
 FOUNDATION
 Construction below grade
BUILDING  Natural Material - condition of the soil
o NGL – Natural Grade/Ground Line
 A relatively permanent enclosed structure -Undisturbed soil ; compact soil
constructed over a plot of land for habital use  Special Construction – System of foundation
 Will not stand without the structural systems to be used: Footing, Pilots, Foundation Wall,
shallow or deep foundation, etc. ; system of
STRUCTURE construction to be adapted to transfer load to
the ground
 Beam, Walls, Columns, etc.
 A stable assembly of structural elements designed  TYPES OF FOUNDATION SPECIAL
and constructed to function as a whole in CONSTRUCTION
supporting and transmitting applied loads (ref. a.) Shallow Foundations – Footings ; Mat Foundatio
D.K. Ching) b.) Deep Foundations – Piles
c.) Foundation Wall – Extendend wall below graded line.
PARTS OF A BUILDING Can be concrete, chb, bricks, etc.
d.) Grade Beam – supports exterior wall of building,
bears directly on the column ftg.
1. FOUNDATION
 Lowest division of a building below the NGL
designed to support and transmit the loads of the
superstructure to the earth.

2. SUBSTRUCTURE
 Slab on fill, slab on grade
 Basement
 Still habitable

3. SUPERSTRUCTURE
 Vertical extension of a building or other
construction above the foundation (DK Ching)

TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURE
e.) Wall Footing – Strip (narrow footing); Usually 200-
250mm thickness; 600mm depth from NGL; load
direct to ground
1. SLAB ON GRADE
 Concrete slab on top of the ground surface  GRADE BEAM vs WALL FOOTING
2. CRAWL SPACE
 Minimum height of 18 inches, or 0.45 meters
 Has height accessible for crawling

3. BASEMENT
 Area that is partly or wholly built below ground
level
 g.) Column – a post; can be steel, wood, concrete
h.) Beam – Girder if larger
- Can be steel, wood or composite

i. Grade beam supports sa surrounding i.) Suspended Slab – at higher level slab
exterior wall j.) Slab on Grade / Slab on Fill – at ground level slab
ii. For interior walls, Wall footing shall be k.) Non-Bearing / Bearing Wall –
the foundation
iii. Cannot be grade beam + wall footing on
certain location.

 GRADE BEAM vs TIE BEAM

- Load Bearing Wall – carries the load of the structures

above it ; e.g. CHB / bricks & stone / reinforce
concrete
 RC Wall – w/ reinforced bars
 Retaining Wall – Any wall to retain soil

SITE WORKS

EARTH MATERIAL

-Consolidated Bedrock / Soil

 Tie beams are used to counteract differential

settlement/leveling
 Grade beam can be tie beams

f.) Footing Tie Beams – connect / tie footings AASHTO Soil Classification System (USCS)
- Classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade Shearing Strength – mababang shearing strength means
materials in terms of good drainage and bearing madaling gumuho
capacity -cohesive (silt,clay) , non-cohesive(gravel and sand)
a.) Boulders – more than 300mm (nahahawakan ng
dalawang kamay) Water Table – point of water submersion
b.) Cobbles – less than 300mm but greater than 75mm
(nahahawakan ng isang kamay) LABORATORY TESTING FOR SOIL:
c.) Gravel – 75mm to 4.75 mm (kayang hawakan Moisture content – ratio of the weight of water to the
gamit dalawang dailiri) weight of the oven dry soil
d.) Sand – 4.75 – 0.07mm
e.) Silt – smaller than 0.075 mm Atterberg limits – liquid limit followed by plastic limit
f.) Clay – less than 0.075mm

Gradiation and Sorting- range of particles sizes present

within any soil sample

Soil According To Particle Size:

Fine Grail Soil – silt and clay
-less load bearing capacity
- with change in strength if water content is change
-retains water
-less permeable
* expansive soil – would take time to settle

Coarse Grain Soil

-good LBC
-no change in strength if water content is changed
-does not retain water
-more permeable
* settles a lot faster

FILL MATERIAL – escombro

SOIL EXPLORATION – to determine properties of soil
Backfill – returning what soil you excavated
Borrow fill – selected – quarrier/supplier grades the soil to
TEST PIT / TRIAL PIT
segregate particles
-to determine particle size
-unselected – come what may
1m (ordinary), 3m (bedrock)
Cut and fill – same site for source of fill
Aggregate subbase/base coarse material –
TEST BORING
Allowable Bearing Capacity – safe bearing capacity
-9m depth in practice but 12m
1 borehole if less than 50
2 boreholes if less than 500
2+n [area / 100] if more than 500

Usually asked by geodetics when conducting boring test

- Lot area
- Ilang butas
- Area
- Ilang storey

*boring test – required for 3 storey above

PLATE LOAD TEST

SOIL MECHANICS:
-speed of settlement
PERCOLATION TEST
Density – mas dense mas mahirap hukayin
-permeability test (how much water it retains)

CLEARING AND GRUBBING

-Clearing – nakalitaw
-Grubbing – hindi pa nakalitaw

TRENCH EXCAVATION
-makitid

BULK EXCAVATION
-More than 15ft

GRADING AND LEVELING

-like cut and fill but not as deep

COMPACTION
-increased shear strength
-minimize permeability
-minimize compressibility
-200mm interval – compaction interval

Field density test – testing for compaction of fill

-dry density
-compaction rate