Heat and Thermodynamics

Topic 01.2: Quantity of Heat

Calorimetry
Phase Changes

Based from Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics

with Modern Physics 13th ed
Quantity of Heat
● Energy transfer that takes place solely because of a temperature difference is
called heat flow or heat transfer, and energy transferred in this way is called
heat.
● Unit of heat is calorie
– 1 calorie (cal.) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat:

1 cal. = 4.186 J
Quantity of Heat
● The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a mass m of a
certain material from initial temperature Ti to a final temperature Tf is found to
be approximately proportional to the temperature change ΔT=Tf – Ti.
● The quantity of heat Q is also proportional to the mass m of material

𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄𝜟𝑻

where c is a quantity, different

for different materials, called the
specific heat of the material.

• The specific heat of water is

approximated to be:

𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4190 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾

= 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 Τ𝑔 ⋅ 𝐶 ∘
Quantity of Heat
A Hot Jogger
In a half hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0 × 105 𝐽 of heat. This heat is
removed from jogger’s body by a variety of means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how much
would the jogger’s body temperature increase?

Solution The average specific heat capacity of the human body is 3500
J/(kg(C°). With this value, we have
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇 →→ Δ𝑇 =
𝑚𝑐

8.0 × 105 𝐽
Δ𝑇 = = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝑪°
3500 𝐽
65 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐶°
Quantity of Heat

An increase in body temperature of 3.5 °C could be life-threatening.

One way in which the jogger’s body prevents it from occurring is to
remove excess heat by perspiring. In contrast, cats, as in Figure 12.23, do
not perspire but often pant to remove excess heat.
Quantity of Heat
Example: In an effort to stay awake for an all-night study session, a student
makes a cup of coffee by first placing a 200-W electric immersion heater in
0.320 kg of water.
(a) How much heat must be added to the water to raise the temperature from
20.0°C to 80.0°C?
(b) How much time is required? Assume that all the heater's power goes into
heating the water?
(a) E1. Solve for the heat that must be added (𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4190 𝑘𝑔⋅𝐶°
𝐽
) 𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝑄 = 80,448𝐽
(b) Recall that power is energy/ time which translates into heat/ time
𝐽 𝑄 𝑄 80,448𝐽
𝑃 = 200𝑊 = 200 𝑃= 𝑡= =
𝑠 𝑡 𝑃 200 𝐽Τ𝑠
𝑄 = 80,448𝐽
𝑡 = 402.24𝑠
E2. How long will it take to boil the water from 20.0°C?
𝑄 𝑚𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Δ𝑇 0.320 4190 100 − 20
𝑡= = = = 536.32𝑠
𝑃 𝑃 200
Quantity of Heat
Example: An aluminum tea kettle with mass 1.50 kg and containing 1.80 kg of
water is placed on a stove. If no heat is lost to the surroundings, how much heat
must be added to raise the temperature 20.0°C to 85.0°C?

𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4190 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ C° 𝑚𝐴𝑙 = 1.50𝑘𝑔

𝑐𝐴𝑙 = 910 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ C° 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.80𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝐴𝑙 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

= 𝑚𝐴𝑙 𝑐𝐴𝑙 Δ𝑇 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Δ𝑇
910 J
= 1.50 kg 85.0°𝐶 − 20.0°𝐶
kg ⋅ C°
4190 J
+ 1.80 85.0°𝐶 − 20.0°𝐶
kg ⋅ 𝐶°
910 J 4190 J
= 1.50 kg 65.0 𝐶° + 1.80 65.0 𝐶°
kg ⋅ C° kg ⋅ 𝐶°
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 578, 955 J = 579𝑘𝐽
Calorimetry
● Sign of the quantity of heat Q
– Q > 0 if ΔT > 0 or the temperature of the substance increases (heat enters
the material)
– Q < 0 if ΔT < 0 or the temperature of the substance decreases (heat leaves
the material)
When heat flow occurs between two or more objects that are isolated from
their surroundings, the algebraic sum of the quantities of heat transferred to all
the bodies is zero.
𝑁
෍ 𝑄𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1

𝑚1 𝑐1 Δ𝑇1 + 𝑚2 𝑐2 Δ𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑁 𝑐𝑁 Δ𝑇𝑁 = 0

𝑚1 𝑐1 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇1 + 𝑚2 𝑐2 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑁 𝑐𝑁 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑁 = 0

When thermal equilibrium is reached, all the material will have the same final
temperature Tf.
Calorimetry
Example: A copper pot with mass of 0.500 kg contains 0.170 kg of water, and
both are at a temperature of 20.0°C. A 0.250-kg block of iron at 85.0°C is
dropped into the pot. Find the final temperature of the system, assuming no
heat is loss to the surroundings.
𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4190 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.170𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20.0∘ 𝐶
𝑐𝐶𝑢 = 390 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝐶𝑢 = 0.500𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝐶𝑢 = 20.0∘ 𝐶
𝑐𝐹𝑒 = 470 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝐹𝑒 = 0.250𝑘𝑔 𝑇𝐹𝑒 = 85.0∘ 𝐶

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝐶𝑢 + 𝑄𝐹𝑒 = 0

𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝑐𝐶𝑢 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝐶𝑢 + 𝑚𝐹𝑒 𝑐𝐹𝑒 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝐹𝑒 = 0

E3. Derive the formula for the final temperature in terms

𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝑇 = 27.5∘ 𝐶
of the given variables and give the final temperature.
Calorimetry and Phase Change

A solid can melt or fuse into a liquid if heat is

added, while the liquid can freeze into a solid if
heat is removed.

Similarly, a liquid can evaporate into a gas if heat is

supplied, while the gas can condense into a liquid
if heat is taken away. Rapid evaporation, with the
formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid, is
called boiling.

Finally, a solid can sometimes change directly into

a gas if heat is provided. We say that the solid
sublimes into a gas.
Calorimetry and Phase Change
● Heat is also involved in phase changes, such as melting of ice or boiling of water.
● For any given pressure, a phase change takes place at a definite temperature,
usually accompanied by absorption or emission of heat and a change of volume
and density.
● The temperature does not change during a phase change.
● The heat Q that must be supplied or removed to change the phase of a mass m of a
substance is
𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿
m is the mass of the material undergoing a phase change
Latent heat is positive (+) when heat is gained/added and negative if heat is
lost/removed.
L is the latent heat
– Latent heat of fusion, 𝐿𝑓 : heat required per unit mass to change a solid phase into
its liquid phase (+) or liquid to solid (–)
– Latent heat of vaporization, 𝐿𝑣 : heat required per unit mass to change a liquid
phase into its gaseous phase (+) or gas to liquid (–)
– Latent heat of sublimation, 𝐿𝑠 : heat required per unit mass to change a solid
phase into its gaseous phase (+) or gas to solid (–)
Calorimetry and Phase Change
Calorimetry and Phase Change
Ice at 0°𝐶 is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 0.32 kg of lemonade at 27 °𝐶. The
specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as that of water; that is, 𝑐 =
4190 J/(kg ⋅ C°). After the ice and lemonade reach an equilibrium temperature, some
ice still remains. The latent heat of fusion for water is 𝐿𝑓 = 3.34 × 105 J/kg. Assume that
the mass of the cup is so small that it absorbs a negligible amount of heat, and ignore
any heat lost to the surroundings. Determine the mass of ice that has melted.

Reasoning According to the principle of energy conservation, the amount of heat

gained by the melting ice equals the amount of heat lost by the cooling lemonade.
The amount of heat gained by the melting ice is 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 , where m is the mass of the
melted ice, and 𝐿𝑓 is the latent heat of fusion for water. The amount of heat lost by the
lemonade is given by 𝑄 = m𝑐ΔT, where Δ𝑇 is the higher temperature of 27 °𝐶 minus the
lower equilibrium temperature. The equilibrium temperature is 0°𝐶, because there is
some ice remaining, and ice is in equilibrium with liquid water when the temperature is
0 °𝐶.
Calorimetry and Phase Change
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 + 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = |𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 |

𝑚𝐿𝑓 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇 𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒

𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑚𝑐 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 =
𝐿𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒

4190 𝐽
0.32 𝑘𝑔 0°𝐶 − 27°𝐶
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐶°
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 =
3.34 × 105 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

4190 𝐽 4190 𝐽
0.32 𝑘𝑔 −27𝐶° 0.32 𝑘𝑔 (27𝐶°)
𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐶° 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐶°
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = =
3.34 × 105 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 3.34 × 105 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒈
Calorimetry and Phase Change
Example: You put heat into a 500.0-g solid
sample at a rate of 10.0kJ/min, while recording
its temperature as a function of time. You plot
your data as shown in the figure shown.
(a) What are the specific heats of the liquid
and solid states of the material?
(b) What is the latent heat of fusion for this
solid?
E4. Solve for (a)
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 1.33 × 103 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 1.00 × 103 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾

E5. Solve for (b)

𝐿𝑓 = 3.00 × 104 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔
Calorimetry and Phase Change
Example: A copper calorimeter can with mass 0.100 kg contains 0.160 kg of
water and 0.0180 kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If
0.750 kg of lead at a temperature of 255°C is dropped into the calorimeter can,
what is the final temperature? Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings.

𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 334 × 103 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.0180𝑘𝑔

𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4190 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.160𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝐶𝑢 = 390 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝐶𝑢 = 0.100𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑃𝑏 = 130 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝑃𝑏 = 0.750𝑘𝑔

𝑄𝑃𝑏 + 𝑄𝐶𝑢 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0

𝑚𝑃𝑏 𝑐𝑃𝑏 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑃𝑏 + 𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝑐𝐶𝑢 𝑇 − 𝑇𝐶𝑢 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 +𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇 − 0.0∘ = 0

𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝑇 = 21.4∘ 𝐶
Phase Change and Pressure

● Pressure can also be used to change the phase of the substance.

Consider the image above, as piston compresses the gas, pressure (P)
increases. Once the boiling point is reached, gas turns to liquid. As compression
continues, P increases until melting points is reached. At this point, liquid freezes
to solid.
During the whole process, T is constant and only P is changing.