Y ONIP_L ‘f i Frequency SYNTHESIS AND osciLLaroRs. Dnbroduction =>) Dacillaatts wit} highs apalty foctor (Q) eshibik bode Epectial denvity. | > Most ef the Lromseet vers operate. at: odtfterent fesqpencies which Come Lack of tuning Capability. = Go ordey ty oyeycome. he paublem o tuving Capability The sesonabors one used Sox eoch Freqpencs - OB pespeneg divider ip used fo ai syothesigens to Propertg model the effect on Loop stabi ty. eheger-N synthesis “The Aienplest pie Frequency aysthegiger ugeg one Se Porerne opeillaby and tive Foagpercy divides. : alfa Clan ct. Focapenc, Symthesigenee wo the Loop fovcep the Veo to a Frequency that makes if, ps to the pit equal En fea, - Bee 2 Rut >» ©: N NH ~~ Sour = AL Seep 6). =) Tha ‘oy Noowing fie divide meduls HEN, ony Sattonal Multiple of Re tp se Pemnce peqpency Gon be genesalid >) The ofp Beqperey Con be incremental to skp» of Saat hs aod thy py nepmeseerts Ake swt. ot uthich Phase ceticts, \P peskerned in the phi: = for this aynthepiger , Sout a ae : Seg ©. =) The modi hicodion herefore improves the. Joop bandoidt, Combraink ly a factor of py >The ple eteillates ptimes Pasta ond he =H counta NUR OF Much fostin _. previous Ayo tepigen. Po ;Modifre d PLL Frespency sycthepiger =3 The onoifey soodi fresction of the ip the divédex ogc block . =) The Logic Connuti, Prescatey (divides . inltge —N Mamepi ger of tio Counter, acd a dual - modulus, =) one Countgs, a... | ~Apacing (oe ssatlors’’) Counter ia made progzamnenatole bo enable. Chonne| delectin, =) The other counter Colledag Rome Counts, (also knswo > Pregroon Courts) ubich dedinmines te total A: op NX Prescaley Ofcles Ahab Periborens, Cerbain opesiations,. ; zy The prercala,, intially divides toy Wt until He chanel Spacing Court py op When iL divides bytn’) until the fame Couey, overtius and Re Cycle repeats.=) 24 °8' ip the maximum Value of the channel - tpaci Counts and “Ff” ip the cpanimum vokue oy the. frame Count, “Meo “the prercalay divider the ho ole by Wt) foy Styeley 7) Then by F-3 fon Caycles .' The cHective wvenatl divide modulus? ig, M= (ads +lF-8)q M= N¥eS + NE NA. " M= Neas ——@. =) The lp Apeqpency t Fiactional t ny FFeMe wel f Pasay Sytionin [Bytes er wt ath tag la 25 Be Sr enedule the dertred channel Spacing directly Conrtains Re oop bardusid th. 3 Pn this ey sartkapige there will be actin module Lo qenesate. Channel Apacings Rok axe aenaller tran tho Soferen, Frespenciy : a Fregpency Tacrernent tp thus equal to he me ftteneg. ® , = the Peatcentage of time spent on ony one meduly, fT usitl change the effective mocdulup (exg medal) of the aiqnas 1 30 Rak Re olp can be tnevemented: by pespency akep> Amaller than te i\p aeference Paegyserey =) here ote mony Sortie, Sor dostteching of ,o"twe moduli. wkich geld ARe same aula medulug. =) The mest Common rbsatigy oped bythe ftoctional »- Ayrtheziger TP) the one ushich divides Veo olpbya ene modulug (N+1) for every" co cycles : =) the oer vy Ce) for the next Cycles: =) Hence *he average divide factor ig, Nepe 7 wey(K)+ n(1-) = N(%) +(Y.) +N - NU)‘Phase, Meine: ‘oe = The tined sitllatoo produce op sith Higher spechy denat ty Ahon aelarction orcillatorn. \ =) High — & neronadoy atfinuates apectal component — | Fron the conten Frespency. =) Ths veduceg the distortions (distertiens one dup premed ). Bh oddition a supprening dirtorctons , a. xex0nator alse _ atkiouotes dpectial components conbibubed by the Source Buch ap thermal noise ete . ) Phage note tp to minimige the problem of Drectpmcol > Mma waperhetrodune seceiver the Local pserltater tp Completely nore- Pree. =) Hence “the tics Re signals sionply branalate the feesprency ble each sles. =) OL Ne local geitlatny tp tepure (includes home Moire) then the tite RE lps hettodine wlth tte “holo produce Aa pats of ae alge- s BB8ince the bo’ spectre Ag iz % 9 of non-zero, the clownconvertd pe ‘lg Cont be -bramslated efficiently. 7 Merce stetipamcak erining tates place. heterodyning of gp Sg with hme vawantid Components. : ; Lo £ elatafeee paused £ Recipvo cal Vining due 4p ho Phase Nowe .VY « General Conatdervattong te = AgRume that the energy restorer oh ovirelens < =) The tank -rettacre ve Aherefore Re only robo lament Aa the model. . Perfect Efficient” Re oncillatna. | =) The atgnal enexgy stored by the tank tg, Eaig = %O%R >O 23) The. mean- Aqproste la (cassies) Volkoge Se, Vig = §sg 3@. cq 2) The total mean Sqpase noise voltage Gn be obtained by Wkesfati ng Fe nests qhesmal neige density over ta. Mebe Bas of the Ric resonatos: , VR = yere Peto - STP fap. Jt c = UKTR Liew ols = ey. +3 he eqs @g@, we obhain a avise —to~ Cossies ctio a, N,V Vpig = kT ce. kn 9 Big Cc (Nos kr _y © * i 7 ® os The Manal levels has to ‘be mMasdmiged to roinim ige the Oeise - to — Carrier oiatio. =) The Sesonatr @ Con be defined ay Energy tore d by the Signal divided by the energy clini pated : Q= wokatg 36). tt, =) Eatg = Pry s — @ From 1 @, ri er 7 Esig /Nee kT c Eptg N - kr © Qh Wy Hence the Netxe ty —cawier aatio ip inversely. proportions h Whe product of the bersonator 8g the power Consumed. 2 fi direct - proportional, te the. orcallationy Preqperey. > eras Oscillator reac Regimes :=. The olp amplttide 0 bias coment iB, Vite = 2aag:R —® Where. ds a constant of Froportionalaty usith Re dimen: F sterstance . 2 This Constant tp to tran Pposttional, to the gpl valent Povallel donk sexisince Vstg ol “anal >@® SThe caxtey power, frig « Going Ranke —> 2) The mean AAplosie. vise. Volbage in Tot of the tank Copacitay 4 = KT 3 @ ic Buk th Ga also be Speed to -toims of tink Pocludtainee, ve h “EAT site oe UL. “The tise to Coserien Patio ty the Castent —Leatted region ig,