STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

A TRAINING REPORT

IN

“SOLIDWORKS”

5th SEMESTER, INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
For the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(Mechanical Engineering)

SUBMITTED BY
ANKUSH

(University Roll No.87205312)

STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JUNE2021

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY

KURUKSHETRA
 STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NILOKHERI

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the training report entitled
“SOLIDWORKS” by ANKUSH” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award
of degree of B. Tech. (Mechanical Engineering) submitted in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering at STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, NILOKHERI under KURUKSHETRAUNIVERSITY, KU-
RUKSHETRA is carried out during a period from 1st of June 2021 to 1st of July 2021,
under the MSME TECHNOLOGY CENTER BADDI . The matter presented in this
report has not been submitted by me in any other University / Institute for the award
of B. Tech. Degree.
 LIST OF FIGURES

S FIGURE DISCRIPTION PAGE NO.

NO. NO.

1 1 AUTOCAD SCREEN5

2 2 WAY TO PROVIDE COMMAND 5

3 3 LINE 10

4 4 DOUBLE LINE 10

5 5 CIRCLE 12

6 6 ARC 13

7 7 SPLINE 15

8 8 ELLIPSE 16

9 9 RECTANGLE 17

10 10 POLYGAN 18

11 11 HATCH 20

12 12 MIRROR 23

13 13 FILLET 26

14 14 CHAMPHER 27

15 15 ARRAY 29

16 16 2D PROJECT 39

17 17 3D BASIC DISPLAY 41

18 18,19 LOFT AND SWEEP 43

19 20, 21 PRESSPULL AND SURFACE BLEND 44

20 22,23 SURFACE OFF SET AND TAPER FACE 45 CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION OF AUTIOCAD

CHAPTER-2 OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE

CHAPTER-3 COMMAND& DRAWING

CHAPTER-4INTRODUCTION TO 3D

CHAPTER-5 SOME 3D COMMAND

CHAPTER-6 ISOMETRIC VIEW

CHAPTER-7 BENEFIT/USE OF AUTOCAD

CERTIFICATE

Chapter-1 Introduction of AUTOCAD

1. What is CAD?

Computer aided Design And

Draughting (sometimes known as cadd). Generally, it is

the use of computers in design and drawing process.

Traditionally, technical drawing are made using manual

drafting. It is often require a lot of effort and time

consuming particularly for large complex drawing. CAD

is being used widely in modern practice. The ability of computer that enable engineers

to produce, revise, store and transmit original drawings has made it very important.

2. Why use AUTOCAD ?

Modern Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools have significantly changed the way

we design mechanical products or machines. CAD techniques offers benefits

such as rapid prototyping, less revisions in design, automatic update of drawings,

rapid turnaround time and low operating cost.

One of the most popular tools used in manufacturing industry is AutoCAD by

Autodesk Inc. With AutoCAD you get the best 2D and 3D design modules in one

package which renders a central 3D model to clearly visualize the final product.

AutoCAD software facilitates faster digital prototyping by allowing direct read and

write of native DWG files. This results in accurate format translations and greatly

improves overall efficiency of mechanical design.

3. Advantages of CAD

No need for scaling. All drawing is done full size.

The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a butto.n

All of the tools needed are supplied by the program.

Absolute accuracy can be maintained.

Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.

Eliminates the need for full size set outs.

Everything you learn about manual drawing technique applies to CAD/CAM

drawing development.

AUTOCAD SCREEN
 ( Figure 1)

(Figure 2)

Chapter-2 Overview of Software

Basic AutoCAD Functions

2-D Drafting (Mechanical) Lines, circles, arcs, polylines, rectangles, polygons,

splines, points, texts, and area hatching

3-D Modeling Wireframe modeling, surface modeling, and solid modeling

3-D primitives including boxes, wedges, cones, cylinders, spheres, and toruses;

extruded and revolved solids from 2-D objects, and

 Boolean operations to the 3-D objects including union, subtraction, and

intersection).

Operations to 2-D and 3-D Objects Moving, rotating, copying, mirroring, and

erasing.

Viewing Zooming and panning, multiple viewport generation, user coordinate

system (UCS) definition, and viewing direction selection.

Dimensioning and Tolerancing Linear dimensions, angular dimensions, radius

dimensions, diameter dimensions, baseline dimensions, continuous dimensions,

leaders, and size and geometric tolerances.

3-D Images Wireframe images, hidden line images, shading images, and

Rendering images.

Organization of Objects Layers, colors, line types, groups, blocks, attributes, and

references.

Plotting Generation of PostScript files.

AutoCAD Interface Environment:-

The user's interface of AutoCAD consists of a graphics window and a text window.

Graphics Window When you start with a drawing the AutoCAD graphics window

will show up. The five primary areas of the AutoCAD graphics window are as

follows:

Menu Bar -- AutoCAD's pull-down menus are accessed through the menu bar.

Status Bar -- The status bar provides status information including color, layer,

coordinate display, and so on.

Drawing Area -- The center area is the area in which you draw.
 Screen Menu -- The screen menu was AutoCAD's original menu interface but is

now primarily used for option selection.

Command Line -- The command line is the area where you enter commands and

options from the keyboard. The command line prompts you for input and provides

status on the results of AutoCAD commands, even when those commands are issued

by the menus.

Interacting with STATUS BAR:-

AutoCAD has hundreds of commands, most of which feature numerous options.

Almost all these commands relate to specific functions, such as drawing, editing, or

dimensioning. Because it is difficult to remember the hundreds of AutoCAD

commands with all their options and modifiers, the menu system offers an efficient

alternative. AutoCAD's menu is organized for simple navigation through the software.

All menu items are organized in a hierarchical data structure.

Chapter-03 Commands & Drawings

Co-Ordinate Systems :-

Each line, circle, arc, or other object you add to a drawing is located by certain
points. A line is defined by its two endpoints. A circle is defined by its center point

and a point along the circumference. A square is located by its four corner points. To

precisely locate points for objects, all CAD programs use standard point location

systems called coordinate systems. The most common type of coordinate system in a

CAD program is the Cartesian coordinate system. Points are located in this system

using three coordinate axes—the X axis, Y axis, and Z axis. The X and Y axes are
used in two-dimensional drafting.
The units of measurement for coordinates may refer to inches, feet, or metric units,

such as millimeters. Coordinates specified for absolute point locations can be positive

or negative (depending on their location in relation to the origin) and are known as

absolute coordinates. When used for basic 2D drafting applications, the Cartesian

coordinate system is divided into four quadrants and points are measured in relation to

the origin (0, 0).

COMMANDS USED IN AUTOCAD:-

•There are many commands which are used in AutoCAD drawing.

•The commands are follows:--

LINE COMMANDS:- This commands is used to draw line by mouse. The syntax

is “L” and then press “Enter”.

CONSTRUCTION LINE:- It is also called “ X-line ” . It is used to draw a hidden

lines.

MULTI LINE:- It is used to draw many lines. It is also called “ M-line”. The syntax

is “ Ml” and press “Enter”.

POLY LINE:- It is also called “P-line”. The syntax is “ PL” and press “Enter”.

POLYGON LINE:- It is used to draw hexagonal shapes.

RECTANGLE :- It is used to draw “Rectangles”. The syntax is “ REC”.

ARC:- It is used to draw “Arcs”. Syntax = “ARC”.

CIRCLE:- It is used draw circle for desired radius Syntax = “C”.

SP LINE :- It is used to draw smoother and more controllable curves Syntax =

“ S ”.
 ELLIPSE: - It is used to draw ellipse in horizontal or vertical Syntax = “E ”.

HATCH :- It is used for Hatching after drawing. The hatching can be done through

many types.

The given commands are used for drawing only. Now the below commands are used

for modifying the respected drawing:-

ERASE

COPY

MIRROR

OFF SET

ARRAY

MOVE

ROTATE

STRETCH

LENGTHEN

TRIM

EXTEND

FILLET

EXPLODE

3-D ORBIT

Line

The Line command is the most frequently used command in a CAD program because

lines are the basic elements of most drawings. Each straight line requires information

as to the placement of the first point (one end) and the second point (other end).
Generally, you can enter specific coordinates for the endpoints or pick the endpoints

on screen,

AutoCAD Example:

Command: line↵

Specify first point: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4↵ (or pick a point on screen) Specify next point or
[Undo]:

Figure. A line consists of two endpoints and a segment.(3)

Double Line

Some CAD packages provide a Double Line command, although it may not have
thisname. This command is useful in creating grooves on parts and in similar

applications

(Figure 4)

Where parallel lines are required. The Double Line command is especially useful in

architectural drafting for drawing walls on a floor plan. Most CAD programs allow

you to set the distance between the double lines. In addition, some programs allow

you to control how the corners and intersections are formed.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: line↵

Current settings: Justification = Top, Scale = 1.00↵,

Style = STANDARD↵

Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style]: 0,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point: 6,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Undo]: 6,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,4 ↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 3,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,5↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: close↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Point

Points define exact coordinate locations. In addition to serving as coordinates for lines

and other entities, points can also be created as objects in most CAD programs. Points

are helpful as a reference for making constructions and placing other objects. They

can typically be created with the Point command. After entering the command, you

can enter coordinates or pick a location on screen. Most CAD programs provide

different visibility modes for displaying points on screen.

For example, you can display points as small crosses or boxes.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: point↵

Current point modes: PDMODE = 0↵

PDSIZE = 0.0000↵
Specify a point: 3,0↵ (or pick a point on screen)

Circle

The Circle command automates the creation of a circle object. Instead of drawing

several small straight-line segments to approximate a circle, this command draws an

object based on the mathematical definition of a circle. Most CAD software allows

you to select from several common methods of defining a circle.

These methods include:

• Center and radius.

• Center and diameter.

• Three points on the circle.

• Two points on the circle.

• Radius and two lines or two circles to which the circle should be tangent.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: circle↵

Figure. There are several ways to define a circle(5)

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 0,0↵ (or pick a center

point on screen)

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: diameter↵

Specify diameter of circle: 4↵ (or pick a point on the circle on screen)

Arc

An arc is a portion of a circle. Just as the Circle command automates the creation of a

circle, the Arc command automates the creation of an arc. Most CAD software allows

you to select from several methods of defining an arc.

Examples include:

• Three points on the arc.

• Starting point, center, and endpoint.

• Starting point, center, and included angle.

• Starting point, center, and length of chord.

• Starting point, endpoint, and radius.

• Starting point, endpoint, and included angle.

• Starting point, endpoint, and a starting direction.

.
 Figure. There are
several ways to define an arc (6)

Spline

A spline is a smooth curve that passes through a series of points. Usually, the points

can be edited to change the “fit” of the curve after creating the spline. This provides

greater accuracy for approximating irregular curves and other shapes that are difficult

to draw as arcs. Splines are drawn with the Spline command. There are two common

ways to create splines. One way is to pick or enter points to establish control points

along a curve. Another method is to convert a series of existing lines into a spline.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: spline↵

Specify first point or [Object]: 2,3↵

Specify next point: 5,4↵

Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: 8,3↵

Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance] <start tangent>: ↵

Specify start tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the beginning direction of the

curve)

Specify end tangent: ↵ (or pick a point to specify the ending direction of the curve)
Figure. Creating splines. A—Picking points to establish control points for

the fit of the curve. B—Creating a spline from connected lines.(7)

Ellipse

An ellipse is a closed circular object with an oval shape. The arcs making up the shape

are defined by the intersection of a major axis and minor axis. The axes intersect at

the center point of the object and divide the ellipse into four quadrants. The Ellipse

command draws the shape automatically based on points specified for the major and

minor axis endpoints.

Ellipses can be drawn by several methods. One method is to locate the two axes by

selecting two endpoints of one axis and one endpoint of the other axis. Another
method is to locate the ellipse’s center, and then specify one endpoint of each axis. A

third method is to pick the ellipse’s major axis endpoints and then enter a rotation

angle.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: ellipse↵

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 4,4↵

Specify other endpoint of axis: 8,4↵

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 6,5↵

Command:

Figure. There are several ways to create ellipses(8).

In this example,points are picked to identify the major and minor axes.

Rectangle

A square or rectangle can be drawn using the Line command. However, the Rectangle

command automates the process of creating a square or rectangle. Most CAD

software provides at least two methods for constructing a rectangle. These are

specifying the width and height of the rectangle or specifying opposite corners of the

rectangle.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: rectangle↵
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/

Thickness/Width]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on screen)

Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 6,3↵(or pick a point on

screen)

Command:

Figure. You can draw a rectangle by specifying opposite corners.(9)

Polygon

The Polygon command automates the construction of a regular polygon. A regular

polygon is an object with sides of equal length and included angles. The Polygon

command can create an object with three or more sides. A common approach used by

many CAD programs is to either inscribe the polygon within a circle or circumscribe

it about a circle. The information required in these instances includes the radius of the

circle, method desired, and number of sides for the polygon. Another method

available in some CAD programs is to define the end points of one side of the

polygon. The software generates the remaining sides to create a regular polygon.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: polygon↵

Enter number of sides <4>: 5↵

Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 1,5↵(or pick a point on screen)

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: c↵

Specify radius of circle: 2↵

Command: ↵

POLYGON Enter number of sides <5>: 5↵

Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 6,5↵(or pick a point on screen)

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <C>: i↵

Specify radius of circle: 2↵

Command:

Figure. A polygon can be circumscribed (left) or inscribed (right).(10)

Text

You can add text to a drawing using the Text command. This is important for placing

notes, specifications, and other information on a drawing. Most CAD packages

provide several standard text fonts to choose from. Text generally can be stretched,

compressed, oblique, or mirrored. Placement can be justified left, right, or centered.

Text can also be placed at angles.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: mtext↵
Current text style: “Standard” Text height: 0.2500

Specify first corner: 2,3↵(or pick a point on screen) Specify

opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line

spacing/Rotation/Style/Width]: 9,5↵(or pick a point on screen)

(enter the text in the text boundary that appears and then pick the OK button)

Command:

Hatch

Hatching is a fundamental part of drafting. In both mechanical and architectural

drafting, hatching is used in section views to show cutaway parts and to represent

specific materials. Hatching is also used on pictorial drawings to represent surface

texture or other features. The Hatch command is used to hatch an area of a drawing.

Areas to be hatched are selected with the pointing device and elements within the

boundary can be excluded, if desired. Most CAD software includes several standard

hatch patterns for use with the command. Some programs also provide other types of

fill patterns, such as color gradients. In addition, most CAD software allows you to

add more patterns and define your own.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: hatch

(In the Hatch and Gradient dialog box, select a pattern. Then, select the Add: Pick

points or Add: Select objects button. When the dialog box is temporarily hidden,

select internal points or pick objects to hatch. Then, press [Enter] to redisplay the

dialog box. Pick the OK button to apply the hatch.)

Command:

Figure. Hatch patterns can be used to represent different materials in a section view.
(11)

Editing and Inquiry Commands

Editing commands allow you to modify drawings. Inquiry commands are designed to

list the database records for selected objects and calculate distances, areas, and

perimeters. Common editing and inquiry commands described in this section include:

Erase, Undo, Move, Copy, Mirror, Rotate, Fillet, Chamfer, Trim, Extend,

Array, Scale, List, Distance, and Area.

Erase

The Erase command permanently removes selected objects from the drawing. Many

CAD programs provide a “select” option in the command that allows you to select the

objects to erase. Also, some programs provide a “last” option that erases the last

object drawn.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: erase↵

Select objects: last↵

1 found
Select objects: ↵(or pick other objects on screen)

Command

Undo
The Undo command reverses the last command. If the last command was Erase, the

objects that were deleted are restored. You can sequentially step back through

previous commands, but you cannot “jump” a command in the sequence. Certain

limits are usually applied to this command.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: erase↵

Select objects: last↵

1 found

Select objects: ↵ (the last object drawn is erased)

Command: undo↵

Current settings: Auto = On, Control = All, Combine = Yes

Enter the number of operations to undo or [Auto/ Control/BEgin/End/Mark/Back]

<1>: ↵

ERASE

(the erased object is restored)

Command:

Move

The Move command allows one or more objects to be moved from the present

location to a new one without changing their orientation or size. Generally, you must
pick a starting point and a destination point. Relative displacement is often used for

this operation. With relative displacement, you pick any starting point. Then, you

specify a displacement from that point in terms of units, or units and an angle.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: move↵

Select objects: (pick any number of objects using the cursor)

Select objects: ↵

Specify base point or [Displacement] <Displacement>: (pick any point on screen)

Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: @2,3 (the @ symbol

specifies relative displacement; the object will be moved 2 units on the X axis and 3

units on the Y axis)

Command:

Copy

The Copy command usually functions in much the same way as the Move command.

However, it is used to place copies of the selected objects at the specified location

without altering the original objects. Many CAD programs offer a “multiple” option

with this command. This option is sometimes the default option and allows multiple

copies of the selected objects to be placed in sequence.

Mirror

The Mirror command draws a mirror image of an existing object about a centerline.

This command is especially useful when creating symmetrical objects, Figure 4-13.

The Mirror command in most CAD programs allows you to either keep or delete the

original object during the operation. The mirror line can generally be designated.
AutoCAD Example:

Command: mirror↵

Select objects: (select the objects to mirror)

Select objects: ↵

Specify first point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick an endpoint of the line

about which to reflect the objects)

Specify second point of mirror line: (enter coordinates or pick the second endpoint of

the line about which to reflect the objects)

Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: n↵ Command:

Figure. The hole pattern shown was created using mirror operations.(12)

The pattern was first mirrored vertically, then the original and the

mirrored copy were mirrored horizontally. The mirrored copies are shown

in color.

Rotate

The Rotate command is used to alter the orientation of objects on the drawing.
Typically, you must specify a center for the rotation. This command is perhaps one of

the most used editing commands.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: rotate↵

Current positive angle in UCS:

ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0

Select objects: (pick the objects to rotate)

Select objects: ↵

Specify base point: (enter coordinates or pick a point about which to rotate the

objects)

Specify rotation angle or [Copy/Reference]: <0>: (enter an angle or drag the cursor to

the desired rotation)

Command:

Scale

The size of existing objects can be changed using the Scale command. When using the

Scale command, most CAD programs require you to specify a base point for the

operation. This point is generally on the object, often the center of the object or a

reference corner.

In CAD programs with parametric modeling capability, you can change the base size

parameter, or any other parameter, of the object without using the Scale command.

For example, you can scale a 5 circle up by 50% by simply changing its diameter to

7.5 without using the Scale command.

AutoCAD Example:
Command: scale↵

Select objects: (pick the objects to scale)

Select objects: ↵

Specify base point: (enter coordinates or select a point about which the objects will be

scaled)

Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference] <1.0000>:

1.5↵

Command:

Fillet

A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc of a specified radius between two lines, arcs,

or circles. A round is just like a fillet, except it is an exterior arc, Figure 4-14. Most

manufactured parts, including those for architectural applications, have some fillets or

rounds. The Fillet command is used to place fillets and rounds onto the drawing. After

drawing the curve, the command trims the original objects to perfectly meet the curve.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: fillet↵

Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = 0.2500

Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: radius↵

Specify fillet radius <0.2500>: .50↵

Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/ Multiple]: (select one of the two

objects between which the fillet or round is to be placed)

Select second object or shift-select to apply corner:

(select the second of the two objects between which the fillet or round is to be placed)
Command:

Figure. Fillets and rounds on a drawing.(13)

Chamfer

The Chamfer command is very similar to the Fillet command. However, instead of a

curve, a straight line is placed between the chamfered lines. Just as with the Fillet

command, the original lines are trimmed to meet the straight line (chamfer).

Depending on the CAD program, this command may require that the two objects to be

chamfered are lines, not arc segments.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: chamfer↵

(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 0.5000, Dist2 = 0.5000

Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: distance↵

Specify first chamfer distance <0.5000>: .25↵

Specify second chamfer distance <0.2500>: ↵

Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: (pick the

first line to chamfer)

Select second line or shift-select to apply corner: (pick the second line to chamfer)

Command:

Figure :- chamfer (14)

Trim

Mechanical Engineering Department

Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology

The Trim command is used to shorten a line, arc, or other object to its intersection

with an existing object. The object that establishes the edge you are trimming to is

called acutting edge. The cutting edge is defined by one or more objects in the

drawing. Some CAD programs allow you to trim objects without specifying a cutting

edge. In this case, the nearest intersection is used for the trim operation. Most CAD

programs place limitations on which types of objects can be trimmed. In addition,

there are usually only certain types of objects that can be used as boundary edges.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: trim↵

Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=Extend

Select cutting edges…

Select objects or <select all>: (pick a cutting edge)

1 found

Select objects: ↵

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or

[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/erase/Undo]: (select the object to trim)

Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or

[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/erase/Undo]: ↵

Command:

Extend

Extending an object lengthens the object to end precisely at an edge called a boundary

edge. The Extend command sequence is similar to the Trim command sequence. The

boundary edge is defined by one or more objects in the drawing. There are usually

limitations on which types of objects can be extended or used as boundary edges.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: extend↵

Current settings: Projection=UCS, Edge=Extend

Select boundary edges…

Select objects or <select all>: (pick the objects to use as a boundary)

1 found

Select objects: ↵

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or

[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: (select the objects to extend to the boundary)

Mechanical Engineering Department

Indus Institute of Engg. & Technology

Select object to extend or shift-select to trim or

[Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/Undo]: ↵

Command:

Array

The Array command is essentially a copy function. It makes multiple copies of

selected objects in a rectangular or circular (polar) pattern. See Figure 4-15. CAD

programs that have 3D drawing capability typically have an option of the Array

command to create arrays in 3D. To create a rectangular array, you typically select the

object(s) to array, specify the number of rows, specify the number of columns, and

then enter distance or “offset” values for the spacing of the rows and columns.

Figure 15

The highlighted bolt head was arrayed to create a pattern of two rows and
three columns. An offset value of 2.0 (equal to the spacing between objects) was used

for both the row and column distances. To create a polar array, you typically select the

object(s) to array, specify a center point about which to array the object(s), enter the

number of objects in the array, and enter an angular rotation value. the highlighted

circle was arrayed about the center point of the part in a 360pattern, with a total of 12

objects specified. AutoCAD Example:

Command: -array↵ (If you enter the command without the hyphen, the array settings

are made in a dialog box.)

Select objects: (pick the objects to array)

Select objects: ↵

Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <P>: r↵

Enter the number of rows (---) <1>:

Enter the number of columns (|||) <1>: 3↵

Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 2↵

Specify the distance between columns (|||): 2↵ Command:

-array↵

Select objects: (pick the objects to array)

Select objects: ↵

Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p↵

Specify center point of array or [Base]: (pick a point about which the objects will be

arrayed)

Enter the number of items in the array: 12↵

Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, –=ccw) <360>: ↵

Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: n↵

Command:

Figure. Creating rectangular and polar arrays. A—A pattern of bolt heads

drawn as a rectangular array. The arrayed objects are shown in color. B—

The bolt holes in this part were drawn as a polar array. The arrayed objects

are shown in color.

List/Properties

The List and Properties commands show data related to an object. For example, the

properties for a line may include the coordinates of the endpoints, length, angle from

start point, and change in X and Y coordinates from the start point. These commands

can be useful in determining the type of object, which layer it is drawn on, and the

color and line type settings of the object.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: list↵

Select objects: 1 found

Select objects: ↵

(The text window that appears lists the properties of the selected object.)

Command:

Distance

The Distance command measures the distance and angle between two points. The

result is displayed in drawing units. This command is very useful in determining

lengths, angles, and distances on a drawing without actually placing dimensions.

AutoCAD Example:
Command: dist↵

Specify first point: (pick the first endpoint of the distance to measure)

Specify second point: (pick the second endpoint of the distance to measure)

Distance = 9.1788, Angle in XY Plane = 29, Angle from

XY Plane = 0

Delta X = 8.0000, Delta Y = 4.5000, Delta Z = 0.0000

Command:

Area

The Area command is used to calculate the area of an enclosed space. Often, you can

select a closed object or simply pick points on an imaginary boundary. Most CAD

programs allow you to remove islands, or internal areas. The Area command has

many applications in technical drafting, such as calculating the area of a surface to

determine the weight of an object, or calculating the square footage of a house.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: area↵

Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]:

add↵

Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: (pick the first point of the area Specify

next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point of the

area

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD mode): (pick the next point

of the area, as

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total

(ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total)

(ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area Specify next corner point or press

ENTER for total )

(ADD mode): (pick the next point of the area)

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total (ADD

mode): (pick the next point of the area)

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total

(ADD mode): (pick the last point of the area)

Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total

(ADD mode): ↵

Area = 657.3750, Perimeter = 103.5000 Total area = 657.3750

Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: subtract↵

Specify first corner point or [Object/Add]: object↵

(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects: (select the internal circle)

Area = 1.7671, Circumference = 4.7124 Total area = 655.6079

(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects: ↵ Specify

first corner point or [Object/Add]: ↵

Command:

The Area command can be used to calculate how many square feet of tile are required

for this garage floor. The surface to be covered in tile is outlined in color. Notice the

drain that will be removed from the calculation.

Display Control Commands

Display control commands are used to control how a drawing is displayed on screen.

These commands are used to control the position and magnification of the screen

window, save views for later use, and redraw or “clean up” the screen. Commands

covered in this section that are common to CAD packages include Zoom, Pan, View,

and Redraw/Regenerate.

Zoom

The Zoom command increases or decreases the magnification factor, which results in

a change in the apparent size of objects on screen. However, the actual size of the

objects does not change. You can think of this as using the zoom feature on a video

camera or set of binoculars. Zoom may be the most-used display control command.

Generally, the Zoom command has several options that may include zooming to the

drawing limits or extents, dynamically zooming, and zooming by a magnification

factor.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: zoom↵

Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or

[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: .5↵

(the magnification factor is reduced by 50%)

Command: ↵

ZOOM Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or

[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/ Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>:

previous↵ (the previous magnification factor is restored)

Command:
Pan

The Pan command moves the drawing in the display window from one location to

another. It does not change the magnification factor. If you think of the drawing as

being on a sheet of paper behind the screen, panning is moving the sheet so a different

part of the drawing can be seen. The Pan command is useful when you have a

magnification factor that you like, but there are objects that are “off” the screen.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: pan↵

Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display shortcut menu.

(This is AutoCAD’s “real time” pan function; pick, hold, and drag to pan the drawing;

then press [Enter] or [Esc] to end the command.)

Command:

View

When constant switching back and forth between views and magnification factors on

a large drawing is required, the View command can be used to speed the process. This

command allows you to save a “snapshot” of the current drawing display. The

“snapshot” includes the view and the magnification factor. You can then save the

view and quickly recall it later. This can be much faster than zooming and panning to

return to the desired view.

AutoCAD Example:

(Pan and zoom the drawing so the desired view is displayed.)

Command: view↵
(The View Manager Dialog box is displayed; pick the New… button and enter a name
in the New View dialog box that is displayed. Then close both dialog boxes.)

Command:

Redraw/Regenerate

The Redraw command “cleans up” the display by removing marker blips, etc. Some

Commands automatically redraw the screen, as when a grid is removed or visible

layers are changed. However, sometimes it is useful to request a redraw when other

operations are being performed. The Regenerate command forces the program to

recalculate the objects in the entire drawing and redraw the screen. This operation

takes longer than redraw, especially on large or complex drawings.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: regen↵ Regenerating

model.

Command:

Dimensioning Commands

One of the advantages of using CAD is automated dimensioning. In almost all

drafting applications, the drawing must be dimensioned to show lengths, distances,

and angles between features on the objects (parts). There are five basic types of

dimensioning commands. These are Linear, Angular, Diameter, Radius, and Leader.

A linear dimension measures a straight line distance. The distance may be horizontal

vertical, or at an angle. Typically, you have several choices on how the dimension text

is placed.
The text may be aligned with the dimension lines, always horizontal on the drawing,

or placed at a specified angle. In architectural drafting, dimension text for a linear

dimension is never perpendicular to the dimension line. An angular dimension

measures the angle between two nonparallel lines. The lines can be actual objects or

imaginary lines between an origin and two endpoints. Typically, you have the same

options for text placement as with linear dimensions. Diameter and radius

dimensions are very similar.

A diameter dimension measures the distance across a circle through its center. A

radius dimension measures the distance from the center of an arc to a point on that

arc. A radius dimension can also be used for a circle, but it is not typically used in this

manner. A leader is used to provide a specific or local note. A leader consists of an

arrowhead (in some form), a leader line, and the note. Often, an optional shoulder is

placed on the end of the leader before the note.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: dim↵

Dim: horizontal↵

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

(pick the first endpoint of the horizontal distance)

Specify second extension line origin: (pick the second endpoint of the horizontal

distance)

Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:

(drag the dimension to the correct location)

Enter dimension text <15.500>: (enter a value for the dimension text or press [Enter]

to accept the default actual distance)

Dim: vertical↵

Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:

(pick the first endpoint of the vertical distance)

Specify second extension line origin: (pick the second end point of the vertical

distance)

Specify dimension line location or [mtext/Text/Angle]:

(drag the dimension to the correct location)

Enter dimension text <6.000>: (enter a value for the dimension text or press [Enter] to

accept the default actual distance) Dim: (press [Esc] to exit dimension mode)

Command:

Snap

Snap is a function that allows the cursor to “grab on to” certain locations on the

screen. There are two basic types of snap. These are grid snap and object snap. A grid

snap uses an invisible grid, much like the visible grid produced by the Grid command.

When grid snap is turned on, the cursor “jumps” to the closest snap grid point. In most

CAD programs, it is impossible to select a location that is not one of the snap grid

points when grid snap is on. Just as with a grid, you can typically set the snap grid

density or spacing.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: line↵

Specify first point: mid↵

Specify next point or [Undo]: (move the cursor to the second endpoint of the new line

and pick)

Specify next point or [Undo]: ↵

Command:

Ortho

Ortho is a drawing mode used to ensure that all lines and traces drawn using a

pointing device are orthogonal (vertical or horizontal) with respect to the current

drawing plane. Ortho is useful in drawing “square” lines that will be later extended or

trimmed to meet other objects. Ortho is activated with the Ortho command. Ortho

must be turned off to draw a line at an angle unless coordinates are manually entered.

AutoCAD Example:

Command: ortho↵

Enter mode [ON/OFF] <OFF>: on↵

(Lines can now only be drawn horizontally and vertically at 90° angles unless

coordinates are entered.)

Command:
2D Project

Figure 16
Construction
1.) Make a circle of radius 25.
2.) Make a circle of radius 15 from the centre of circle of radius 25 at a distance
of 30 on left and right side.
3.) Draw a tangent from bigger circle to smaller circle .there is 4 tangent make
with bigger circle and smaller circle.
4.) Trim the part which is not useful .
5.) Make a circle of radius of 8 at the distance of 30 from the centre of bigger
circle on both sides.
1). 3D Basics Display
Figure 17
Figure 18 and 19 of loft and sweep.
figure 20 and 21
Figure 22 and 23
Isometric View
Thank you