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    Probability and Statistics For Engineers: Teacher

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    زياد- 90
    This document summarizes key rules about additive probabilities from a probability and statistics lesson. It states that if A and B are events, the probability of their union is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection. It also notes that if events are mutually exclusive, their union probability is simply the sum of the individual probabilities. Examples demonstrate calculating probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.

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    Probability and Statistics For Engineers: Teacher

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    زياد- 90
    23 views33 pages
    This document summarizes key rules about additive probabilities from a probability and statistics lesson. It states that if A and B are events, the probability of their union is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection. It also notes that if events are mutually exclusive, their union probability is simply the sum of the individual probabilities. Examples demonstrate calculating probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.

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    Lesson14

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    This document summarizes key rules about additive probabilities from a probability and statistics lesson. It states that if A and B are events, the probability of their union is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection. It also notes that if events are mutually exclusive, their union probability is simply the sum of the individual probabilities. Examples demonstrate calculating probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views33 pages

    Probability and Statistics For Engineers: Teacher

    Uploaded by

    زياد- 90
    This document summarizes key rules about additive probabilities from a probability and statistics lesson. It states that if A and B are events, the probability of their union is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection. It also notes that if events are mutually exclusive, their union probability is simply the sum of the individual probabilities. Examples demonstrate calculating probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.

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    of 33

    TAIBAH UNIVERSITY

    ‫جامعة طيبة‬
    Faculty of Science
    ‫كلية العلوم‬
    Department of Math.
    ‫قسم الرياضيات‬

    Probability and Statistics for Engineers


    STAT 301
    Second Semester 1435/1436

    Teacher :
    Lesson
    12
    Additive Rules
    Additive Rules
    Theorem
    If A and B are any two events, then:
    P(AB)= P(A) + P(B)  P(AB)
    Corollary 1
    If A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint)
    events, then:
    P(AB)= P(A) + P(B)
    Additive Rules
    Corollary 2
    If A1, A2, …, An are n mutually exclusive
    (disjoint) events, then:
    P(A1 A2 … A n)=
    P(A1) + P(A2) +… + P(An)

     
    P  A   P( A )
    n

    i 1
    i
    n

    i 1
    i
    Additive Rules
    Corollary 3
    If A1, A2, …, An is a partition of
    sample space S, then
    P(A1  A2  …. An) =
    P(A1) + P(A2) + …+ P(An)
    = P(S) = 1.
    Additive Rules (Example 1)
    Note: Two event Problems:

    Total area= P(S)=1


    *In Venn diagrams, consider the probability
    of an event A as the area of the region
    corresponding to the event A.
    * Total area= P(S)=1
    Additive Rules (Venn Diagram)

    Total area= P(S)=1


    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(A)= P(AB)+ P(ABC)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(AB)= P(A) + P(ACB)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(AB)= P(A) + P(B)  P(AB)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(ABC)= P(A)  P(AB)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(ACBC)= 1  P(AB)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    1
    Additive Rules (Example)
    1  P(AB)
    Additive Rules (Example)
    P(ACBC)= 1  P(AB)
    Additive Rules (Example 2)

    The probability that Ali passes Mathematics

    is 2/3, and the probability that he passes

    English is 4/9. If the probability that he

    passes both courses is 1/4, what is the

    probability that he will:


    Additive Rules (Example 2)

    (a) pass at least one course?

    (b) pass Mathematics and fail English?

    (c) fail both courses?


    Additive Rules (Example 2)
    Solution
    Define the events:
    M={Ali passes Mathematics}
    E={Ali passes English}
    We know that:
    P(M)=2/3 , P(E)=4/9,
    and P(ME)=1/4.
    Additive Rules (Example 2)

    (a) Probability of passing at least one

    course is:

    P(ME)= P(M) + P(E)  P(ME)

    2 4 1 31
       
    3 9 4 36
    Additive Rules (Example 2)
    (b) Probability of passing Mathematics
    and failing English is:
    P(MEC)= P(M)  P(ME)

    2 1 5
      
    3 4 12
    Additive Rules (Example 2)
    (c) Probability of failing both courses

    is:

    P(MCEC)= 1  P(ME)

    31 5
     1 
    36 36
    Additive Rules
    Theorem
    If A and AC are complementary events, then:
    P(A) + P(AC) = 1  P(AC) = 1  P(A)
    Proof
    Since A  AC = S and the sets A and AC are
    disjoint, then
    1 = P(S) = P(A  AC) = P(A) + P(AC).
    Additive Rules (Example 3)
    If the probabilities that an automobile mechanic

    will service 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more cars on any

    given workday are, respectively, 0.12, 0.19, 0.28,

    0.24, 0.10, and 0.07, what is the probability that

    he will service at least 5 cars on his next day at

    work?
    Additive Rules (Example 3)
    Solution
    Let E be the event that at least 5 cars
    are serviced.
    Now, P(E) = 1 — P(EC),
    where EC is the event that fewer than 5
    cars are serviced.
    Additive Rules (Example 3)
    Since

    P(EC) = 0.12+ 0.19 = 0.31,

    it follows from the last Theorem that

    P(E) = 1 - 0.31 = 0.69.


    Additive Rules (Example 4)
    Suppose the manufacturer specifications
    of the length of a certain type of
    computer cable are 2000 ± 10
    millimeters. In this industry, it is known
    that small cable is just as likely to be
    defective (not meeting specifications) as
    large cable. That is,
    Additive Rules (Example 4)
    the probability of randomly producing a
    cable with length exceeding 2010
    millimeters is equal to the probability of
    producing a cable with length smaller
    than 1990 millimeters. The probability
    that the production procedure meets
    specifications is known to be 0.99.
    Additive Rules (Example 4)

    (a) What is the probability that a cable


    selected randomly is too large?

    (b) What is the probability that a randomly


    selected cable is larger than 1990 millimeters?
    Additive Rules (Example 4)
    Solution
    Let
    M be the event that a cable meets
    specifications.
    S and L be the events that the cable is too
    small and too large, respectively. Then
    Additive Rules (Example 4)

    P(M) = 0.99

    P(S) = P(L) = 1  0.99 = 0.005.


    2
    (b) Denoting by X the length of a

    randomly selected cable, we have


    Additive Rules (Example 4)

    P(1990 < X < 2010) = P(M) = 0.99.

    Since P(X > 2010) = P(L) = 0.005

    then

    P(X > 1990) = P(M) + P(L) = 0.995.


    Additive Rules (Example 4)
    This also can be solved by using the last

    Theorem :

    P(X > 1990) + P(X < 1990) = 1.

    Thus, P(X > 1990) = 1 – P(S)

    = 1 - 0.005 = 0.995.
    The End

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