Chapter 2

Analysis and Design of Beams

2.1 Analysis of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement
• Generally , in the analysis problems the following information are known:
1. Beam dimensions and reinforcement (b,h,d and As).
2. Materials strength (fy and fc`).

As (Reinforcement area)

And following information are required:

• Check the adequacy of the section according to ACI requirement.
• Compute design moment ∅Mn.
• Compute the maximum live or dead load.

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Procedure Analysis for Rectangular Beams with tension

Reinforcement (Singly reinforcement)
As
1. Calculate ρ =
bd
π
Where As = n × × D2
4
n = number of bars.
D = diameter of reinforcement bar.
Check if the provided ρ is in agreement with ACI requirements.
f` εu
ρ ≤ ρmax = 0.85β1 c
fy εu + 0.004
εu = 0.003
0.25√fc` 1.4
As ≥ As minimum = bw d ≥ bw d
fy fy
2. Calculate ∅
As × fy
a=
0.85 × f`c × b
a
c=
β1
• According to ACI code β1 can be calculated from table below

dt−c
𝜀t = 𝜀u where: 𝜀 u = 0.003
c
• If 𝜀 t ≥ 0.005, then ∅ = 0.9
• If 𝜀 t < 0.005 then
∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 × 𝜀t

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

3. Calculate ∅Mn
∅Mn can be calculated from:
a
∅Mn = ∅Asfy(d − )
2
Or
a
∅Mn = ∅0.85fc`ab(d − )
2
Or
ρfy
∅Mn = ∅ ρfybd2(1 − 0.59 )
f`c
4. Find Mu and compare it with ∅Mn
If ∅Mn ≥ Mu the section is Ok.
Else if ∅Mn < Mu the section is not Ok.

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 1: Check the adequacy of the beam shown below according to ACI
requirement, use fc`= 25 MPa, fy = 400 MPa, neglect the self-weight
Pu=100 kN

3∅20mm
Solution:
π 𝜋
As = n × × D2 = 3× × 202 = 942 mm2
4 4
As 942
ρ= = = 5.71 × 10-3
bd 300 × 550
fc` 𝜀𝑢 25 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 19. 4 × 10-3
fy 𝜀𝑢 + 0.004 400 0.003 + 0.004
ρ< ρmax O.k
1.4 1.4
Asminimum= bw d = × 300 × 550 = 525 mm2
fy 400
As > Asminimum o.k
As × fy 942 × 400
a= = = 59.1 mm
0.85fc` × b 0.85 × 25 × 300
a 59.1
c= = = 69.5 mm
β1 0.85
dt − c 550 − 69.5
𝜀𝑡 = × 𝜀𝑢 = 69.5
× 0.003 =20.7 × 10-3
c
𝜀𝑡 > 0.005
∅=0.9
𝑎 59.1
∅Mn= ∅As × fy(d − ) = 0.9 × 942 × 400 × (550 − ) × 10-6 = 176 kN.m
2 2
Pu × L 100 × 5
Mu = = =125 kN.m ∅Mn > Mu the section is O.k ∎
4 4

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 2: Check the adequacy for the beam below according to ACI
requirement, if the beam is subjected to uniform dead load (3) kN/m (without
self-weight) and uniform live load (2) kN/m, use fc`= 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
WD = 3 kN/m (without self-weight), WL = 2 kN/m

3∅25 mm

Solution:
π π
As = n × × D2 = 3 × × 252 = 1472.6 mm2
4 4
∅bar 25
D = h − cover−stirrups− = 600 − 40−10− = 537.5 mm
2 2
As 1472.6
ρ= = = 6.85 × 10-3
bd 400 × 537.5
f`c 𝜀𝑢 28 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.0206
fy 𝜀𝑢 + 0.004 420 0.003+0.004
ρ< ρmax O.k
1.4 1.4
As minimum= bwd = × 400 × 537.5 = 716.67 mm2
fy 420
As > As minimum
As fy 1472.6 × 420
a= = = 64.96 mm
0.85fc`b 0.85 × 28 × 400
𝑎 64.96
c= = =76.43 mm
β1 0.85
dt−c 537.5−76.43
εt = 𝜀𝑢 = × 0.003 = 0.018
c 76.43
𝜀𝑡 = 0.018 > 0.005
∅ = 0.9
𝑎 64.96
∅Mn= ∅Asfy(d − ) = 0.9×1472.6 × 420× (537.5 − ) ×10-6 = 281.1kN.m
2 2
Find Mu
Wu × ℓ2
Mu =
8
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL
WD self-weight = γ × b × d = 24 × 0.4 × 0.6 = 5.76 kN/m
WD total = 5.76 + 3=8.76 kN/m
Wu= 1.2 × 8.76 + 1.6 × 2=13.712 kN/m
Wu × ℓ2 13.712 × 52
Mu = = = 42.85 kN.m ∅Mn > Mu section is O.K. ∎
8 8

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 3: check the adequacy of the cantilever shown below; the cantilever
is subjected to uniform dead load (3) kN/m (include self-weight) and uniform
live load (4) kN/m, fc`=28 MPa and fy= 420 MPa

3∅20mm

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
As = n × × D2 = 3 × × 202 = 942 mm2
4 4
20
d = 600 − 40−10 − = 540 mm
2
As 942
ρ= = = 6.98 × 10-3
bd 250 × 540
fc` 𝜀𝑢 28 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.0206
fy 𝜀𝑢 + 0.004 420 0.003 + 0.004
ρ < ρmax O.k
1.4 1.4
Asminimum= bw d = × 250 × 540 = 450 mm2
fy 420
As > Asminimum o.k
As × fy 942 × 420
a= = = 66.5 mm
0.85fc`× b 0.85 × 28 × 250
𝑎 66.5
c= = = 78.23 mm
β1 0.85
dt−c 540 − 78.23
εt = εu = × 0.003 = 0.0177
c 78.23
𝜀𝑡 > 0.005
∴ ∅ =0.9
a 66.5
∅Mn = ∅Asfy(d − ) = 0.9 × 942 × 420 × (540 − ) ×10-6 = 180.44 kN.m
2 2
Calculate Mu
Wu × ℓ2
Mu =
2
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 × 3 + 1.6 × 4 =10 kN/m
Wu×ℓ2 10×4.82
Mu = = =115.2 kN.m
2 2
∅Mn> Mu section is O.K.∎

Tension side of beam where the

reinforcement shall be put

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 4: check the adequacy of a simply supported beam shown in figure

below when subjected to a factored load of Wu 70 kN/m (including self-
weight), use fc`= 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.

Wu=70 kN/m

5∅25 mm
Solution:
π π
As = n × × D2 = 5 × × 252 = 2454 mm2
4 4
25
d = 600 − 40 −10 −25− = 512 mm
2
As 2454
ρ= = = 0.0159
bd 300 × 512
f`c εu 28 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.0206
fy εu + 0.004 420 0.003 + 0.004
ρ< ρmax O.k
1.4 1.4
As minimum = bwd = × 300 × 512 = 512 mm2
fy 420
dt
As > As minimum o.k
As × fy 2454 × 420
a= = =144 mm
0.85fc` × b 0.85 × 28 × 300
𝑎 144
c= = =169.83 mm
β1 0.85
dt−c 537.5−169.83
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑢 = × 0.003 = 6.5×10-3 > 0.005
c 169.83
Then ∅ = 0.9
a 144
∅Mn= ∅As × fy(d − ) = 0.9 × 2454 × 420 × (512 − ) ×10-6 = 408 kN.m
2 2
Wu × ℓ2 70 × 52
Mu = = = 218.75 kN.m ∴ ∅Mn> Mu section is O.K.∎
8 8

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 5: for the precast beam shown in Figure below, the designer intended
to use 4∅20mm ,check the adequacy of the beam according to ACI requirement
, the beam is subjected to uniform dead load (15) kN/m (with self-weight) and
uniform live load (20) kN/m.
Assume in your solution:
• The beam is simply supported.
• fc`= 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
• Single layer of reinforcements.
• Beam with 250 mm and effective depth 500 mm.

3D View

Side View

Solution:
π π
As = n × × D2 = 4× × 202 = 1256.63 mm2
4 4
As 1256.63
ρ= = = 0.01
bd 250 × 500
f`c εu 28 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.0206
fy εu +0.004 420 0.003+0.004
ρ< ρmax O.k

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage
1.4 1.4
As minimum = bwd = × 250 × 500 = 416.7 mm2
fy 420
As > As minimum o.k
As fy 1256.63 × 420
a= = = 88.7 mm
0.85fc`b 0.85 × 28 × 250
a 88.7
c= = =104.35 mm
β1 0.85
dt−c 500−104.35
εt = εu = × 0.003 = 0.0113 > 0.005
c 104.35
Then ∅ = 0.9
𝑎 88.7
∅Mn = ∅Asfy(d − ) = 0.9 × 1256.63 × 420 × (500 − ) ×10-6
2 2
∅Mn = 216.43 kN.m
Calculate Mu
Wu =1.2WD + 1.6WL=1.2 × 15 + 1.6 × 20 = 50 kN/m
Wu × ℓ2 50 × 62
Mu = = =225 kN.m
8 8
∅Mn < Mu the section is not O.K ∎
• Beam dimensions must be increasing or using more reinforcement area.

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 6: a rectangular beam with a width of 305 mm and an effective depth

of 444 m. it is reinforced with 4∅29mm (assume Abar= 645 mm2) if fc`=27.5
MPa and fy = 414 MPa. Check the beam adequacy and compute its design
strength according to ACI requirements.
Solution:
As = n × Abar= 4 × 645 = 2580 mm2
𝐴𝑠 2580
ρ= = = 0.019
𝑏𝑑 305 × 444
f`c εu 27.5 0.003
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.0205
fy εu + 0.004 414 0.003+0.004
ρ < ρmax O.k
1.4 1.4
As minimum= bwd = × 305 × 444 = 458 mm2
fy 414
As > As minimum o.k
As fy 2580 × 414
a= = =150 mm
0.85fc`b 0.85 × 27.5 × 305
𝑎 150
c= = =176 mm
β1 0.85
dt − c 444 − 176
εt = εu = × 0.003 = 0.00457 < 0.005
c 176
Then:
∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 × 𝜀𝑡
∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 × 0.00457
∅ = 0.86
a 150
∅Mn = ∅Asfy(d − ) = 0.86 × 2580 × 414 × (444 − ) ×10-6
2 2
∅Mn = 339 kN.m ∎

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Chapter Two: Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd Stage

Example 7: Check the adequacy of the beam shown below according to ACI
requirement, fc`= 28 MPa ,fy = 420 MPa

3∅30 mm

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
As = n × × D2 = 3× × 302 = 2120.57 mm2
4 4
d = 400 − 40 − 10−15 = 335 mm
As 2120.57
ρ= = = 0.03165
bd 200 × 335
ρ > ρmax
The section is not O.K and may not be used according to ACI requirements ∎

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