Ae-Bm-F-Km-Lnxyw Þ 3: University of Calicut School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
B.A./B.Sc.
III Semester
Common Course : MAL3 A09
ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw þ 3
(2019 Admission)
19158
ae-bm-f-km-lnXywþ3
SELF LEARNING MATERIAL
ska-ÌÀ III
Common Course: MAL3 A09
B.A./B.Sc
(2019 Admission)
Calicut University P.O., Malappuram
Kerala, India – 673635
THIRD SEMESTER SELF LEARNING MATERIAL
B.A./B.Sc
(2019 Admission)
Common Course : MAL3A09
]T-\-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
I, II samUyqÄ
tUm. cmPp-¡p-«³ ]n.Pn
Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ
hnZq-c- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hn-`mKw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
III,IV samUyqÄ
cpÜnWn sI.
Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ
hnZq-c- hn-Zym-`ym-k -hn-`mKw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv

tUm. Fw.-_n. at\mPv
Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ
ae-bm-f-þ-tI-c-f-]-T-\-hn-`mKw
Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän
DÅ-S¡w
]pdw
samUyqÄþ1 1 þ 17
1. \mS-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
2. `c-X-hmIyw þ Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ
3. X\Xp \mS-I-ZÀi\w þ hbemhmkp-tZ-h³]nÅ
samUyqÄ þ 2 18 þ 36
4. Ne-¨n{Xw þ Xnc-¡Y
5. s]cp-´-¨³ þ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³\m-bÀ
6. kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Ie þ ASqÀtKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³
samUyqÄ þ 3 37 þ 55
1. Bß-IY/kvacW
2. sISm¯ Xo\m-f-§Ä þ hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv
3. ]pjv]-tKm-]pcw þ ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ
4. \oe-I-S-em-knÂ s]mXnª ]¨-¡p-Xnc þ tdmkntXm-akv
5. Icp-Xn -sh¨ Hcn-e-t¨mdvþ Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ
sam-UyqÄ þ 4 56 þ 59
k©m-c- km-lnXyw
lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ þ cmP³Im¡-\m-S³
samUyqÄ þ 1
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w
sIm¨n-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-amWv (1867) ae-bm-f-¯nse
BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw F¶p-I-cpXmw. 1866-þÂ Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³
]oen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v
Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-s−¶v
NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu \mS-I-§Ä¡pw, Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw {]Np-c-
{]-Nmcw In«n-bn-cp¶ Ime-¯m-Wv, tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ aWn-
{]-hm-f- im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ Imfn-Zm-ksâ A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw
hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. 1882-þ-emWv CXv. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶
shfp-t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv
cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯nÂ
CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf
\mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-
I-cn¨v Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¯-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-
¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv Cu \mSI {]hÀ¯-\-
§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯-Xv. tdma³ N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§Ä
hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³
\mS-Iw, bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h-¶p.
F¶mÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-§-fmbn Ah amdn.
\½psS \mS-³ Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw
k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I-
§Ä¡p ap³t] Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-−v.
F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882) Bbneyw Xncp-
1
\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv imIp-´fw "`mjm-im-Ip-´fw' F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w
\S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw \S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-
W-¸nÅ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-II-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pw hn[w
Nne s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v Hcp-]mSv
kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn.
Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`-{ZZo-£n-XÀ), D¯-c-cm-
a-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn), sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c-
¯nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw 1892 (`m-
k³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-k³), kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w
1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-þ1893
(iàn `{Z³) XpS-§n-bh hnhÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-§-fm-Wv.
\mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡-
s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \mS-
I-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv. 1892-þÂ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-
Xmbn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä ]mgvkn \mS-
I-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-
Snb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-
¶p. F¦nepw ]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I-§Ä
cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv, _ºp-e³ Ip«n-iz-
c³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \mS-I-kw-L-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-b-Xv.
Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-
t\msâ hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-I-c-RvPn\n', ]n.-
F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu kan-Xn-
IÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.
2
CtX Ime-L-«-¯nÂ e£-Wm-kw-Kw, N{µnI (1891, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ
Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891 tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h-½) F{_m-
b-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw
D−m-bn-¯p-S-§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n cNn¨v
Cw¥ojv \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D−mb BZy \mS-I-am-Wv.
{]l-k\w
ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-k-\w. Cw¥ojv
\mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-§-Ä ChnsS D−m-b-Xv. Ch ]cn-
lmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þÂ kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw'
Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡m-\mbn Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-f-cn, ]−s¯]m¨³ _SveÀ]¸³, sNdp-tX³ sImfw-
_-kv, Ibva-f-Èsâ IS-Ènss¡ XpS-§nb H¼-Xp-{]-l-k-\-§Ä kn.hn X¿m-dm-
¡n. ka-Im-en-I- km-aqly kw`-h-§Ä¡v {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p.
ên-Xhpw ]cn-lm-khpw CS-I-eÀ¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w \S-¯pI F¶-Xm-
bn-cp¶p kn.-hn.-bpsS e£yw. \mS-I-cw-K¯v Cu {]l-k-\-§Ä Ne\w
krjvSn-¨-tXmsS C.-hn. IrjvW-¸n-Å, F³.-]n. sNÃ-¸³ \mbÀ, Sn.-F³.
tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn, F³.-sI. BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb
khn-tij-co-Xn-I-fnÂ Ht«sd {]l-k-\-§Ä cNn¨v cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Zpjn¨
kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-ÃmsX Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-Xnepw
hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]l-k-\-§Ä ap³\n-c-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kwKoX \mS-I§Ä
Xangv kwKo-X-\m-SIskäp-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn AS-¡n-hm-W-t¸mÄ
ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä D−m-tI-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX t{]£-IÀ Xncn-¨-
dn-ªp. kwkvIr-X-`mjm \mS-I-§Ä¡pw Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw CS-
3
bnÂ ka-\z-b-¯nsâ hgn-tX-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-th-Zn¡v ip`-I-c-
amb XpS-¡-ap-−m-b-Xv.
ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-{]-Øm\w XnI¨pw A\p-I-c-W-¯nsâ krjvSn-
bm-sW¶pw AXnsâ ê-ambn \½psS ]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bn-
Ãm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn \ap-¡p-−mbn F¶pw Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp¶p. Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ kZmdmw, kmhn{Xn kXy-hm³,
\Ã-X¦mÄ, tImhn-e³ NcnXw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡m-\mWv ae-bmf \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ BZyw X¿m-dm-b-Xv. F¶mÂ Xangv \mS-
I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, \o− kw`m-j-W-§Ä, ]Ým-¯e
kwKoXw XpS-§nb LS-I-§Ä hnI-e-ambn A\p-I-cn-¨Xv "tImamfn
\mSI'¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡v ae-bm-f \m-SIkanXn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I-§Ä
Xcw-Xm-gm³ CS-bm-bn. Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw
AXnse A\-izc Km\-§fpw kv{Xo ]mÀ«p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶mÂ `mK-hX
\S-·mÀ ]m«p-IÄ hnIr-X-ambn ]mSn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kwKo-Xhpw kmln-
Xyhpw tami-am-bXpw kv{Xo]mÀ«p-IÄ ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kmt¦-Xn-
I-ambn Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xpw ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS
]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. I\¯ km¼-¯nI _m[y-X-bp-−m¡n ae-bmf
kwKoX \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³Xn-cn-tb-−n-h-¶p.
Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fcp-h-bnÂ Fw. N{I-]m-Wn-hm-cn-bÀ, hn.-F-kv.
B³{Uqkv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fmWv ae-bm-f-kw-KoX \mS-I-§-fnÂ A{Kn-a-
Øm-\¯p hcp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf kwKoX \mSI Ncn-{Xw)
kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä
\mtSmSn \mS-Iw, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-SIw F¶o aq¶p
ssIh-gn-I-fmWv tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]mNo-\-L-«-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
4
kwkvIr-X-\m-SI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ "IqSn-bm«w' F¶ ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-
cWw IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. CXp-Iq-SmsX kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS ae-
bmf hnhÀ¯-\hpw ImWmw. IqSn-bm-«-¯n\v c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw hÀjs¯ ]g-
¡-ap-−v. t£{X-§fpsS `mK-amb Iq¯-¼-e-§-fn-emWv A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ
cq]-¯nÂ IqSn-bm« \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv. Cý-bn-emsI Cu
¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ccn-§m-e-¡pS
IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw XrÈqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Y-t£-{X-¯n-ep-amWv Ct¸mgpw
CXv XpSÀ¶v hcp-¶-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-I-cmb NmIym-·mÀ¡v {]nb-¦-c-amb \mS-I-
§Ä BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, A`n-tjI \mS-Iw, {]Xnam \mS-Iw, kp`-{Zm-[-\-
RvPbw F¶n-h.
`mksâ \mS-I-§-fmb A`n-tj-Iw, {]Xn-a, {]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-b-Ww,
kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, _me-N-cn-Xw, Ahn-am-c-Iw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ZqX-hm-Iyw,
IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, Nmcp-Z¯w F¶nh tIc-f-¯nÂ IqSn-bm-«-cq-]-¯nÂ
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-h¶ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. iàn-`-{Zsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, Ipe-ti-
J-csâ kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xn-kw-h-c-Ww, lÀjsâ \mKm-\-µw, atl-{µ-
hÀ½sâ `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, t_m[m-b-\sâ a¯-hn-emkw F¶n-hbpw hym]-I-
ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-t]m¶ kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw
IqSn-bm-« -cq-]-¯nÂ I®qÀ PnÃ-bnÂ Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn sI.-]n. \mcm-b-
W-]n-jm-tcmSn ]d-bp-¶p-−v.
B[p-\nI Ime¯v kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v ]pXnb cwK-`m-jbpw
cwKm-h-X-c-Whpw krjvSn-¨Xv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv. a[y-a-hym-
tbm-Kw, Ducp-`w-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖpIw, imIp-´fw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä kwkvIr-
X-¯nÂ Xs¶ Imhmew Ac-§n-se-¯n-¨p.
5
tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fnÂ an¡-
Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´-fw, amf-hn-
Im-án-an-{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-
Iyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw XpS-§n-
bh A¯-c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. 1882-þÂ at\m-
tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cmsâ
tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw Ac-t§dn. ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw
F¶ t]cnÂ efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X-¼p-
cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f-
¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n-\pw Ign-
ªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-
−mb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw
(1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) ioshmÅn
\¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-
¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
X\Xp \mS-I-thZn
Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-
bÀ, Fw. tKmhn-µ³ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-
Zn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse "b£-Km-\hpw' _wKm-
fnse "Pm{X'bpw tIc-f-¯nse X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-
\-§-fm-Wv. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967-þÂ "Ien' F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-
tXm-sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xv.
{]mNo-\-`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS
6
ssNX-\yhpw emfn-Xy-hpw Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-
in-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-bpÅ
At\z-jWw Cu \mSIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-
k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v
X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-¯nsâ "Ah-\-h³ IS¼'bpw
Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS "Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn'bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ
C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ ]co-£n-¡m³ X\-
Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw \nb-X-hp-amb inev]w, ]ncn-ap-dp¡w
F¶o ]mÝmXy \mSI kt¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr-
¯-¯nÂ Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-cn¨
{][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨v \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-
cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-
Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967-þÂ imkvXmw-
tIm-«-bnse H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv X\-
Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-c-sa-gpXn
""]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm-
¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-
¯nÂ {]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-imkv{Xkt¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p
Huj-[-ho-cyhpw HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn Zo\-¸m-
bnÂ\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw.''
7
`c-X-hmIyw
Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
]cn-jW \mS-I-¯nsâ hàm-hmb Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ anI¨ \mS-I-Ir¯pw
kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. \mSI¡fcn {]Øm\w ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v
apt¶m«p t]mIm-\pÅ DuÀPw \ÂInb {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Øm]-
I-\m-bn-cp¶p Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å. 1960 IfnÂ ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]cn-jv¡-c-
W-§Ä¡mbn \nc-h[n NÀ¨-Ifpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw If-cn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p.
1977-þÂ tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS IognÂ kvIqÄ Hm^v {Uma Øm]n-
¨p. AXnsâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1930 Â Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-bnse Nnd-
bn³Iogv Xmeq-¡nÂ P\n¨ At±lw 1989 se ]pXp-h-Õ-c-Zn-\-¯nÂ A´-cn-
¨p. "ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ {KÙw ae-bmf
\mS-I-th-Zn¡v anI¨ kw`-h-\-bm-Wv. ]pjv]-In-co-Sw, \n[nbpw \oXnbpw, Kpcp-Z-
£n-W, Nn{X-i-e-`-§Ä XpS§n Hcp-]mSv \mS-I-§Ä Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-−n Fgp-
Xn. tI{µ- kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv,
tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv XpS§n
Ht«sd ]pc-kv¡m-c-§Ä At±-l-¯n\p e`n-¨p.
i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS \mS-I-§-fnÂ "`c-X-hmIyw'F¶ \mS-I-amWv X\n-t¡-
ähpw CjvS-s¸-«-sX¶v At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp-hmb F³.-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. `c-X-hmIyw I− \ncq-]-I³ s{]m^-kÀ sI.-Fw.-X-c-I³ DSs\ AXv
Cw¥o-jn-te¡v XÀPa sNbvXp. \mSIw I− \nc-h[n {]ikvX hyàn-IÄ
B \mS-Is¯ Ie-h-d-bn-ÃmsX {]iw-kn-¨p. \mS-Is¯ Kuc-h-ambn¡mWp¶
\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä `c-X-hmIyw Ct¸mgpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p.
`c-X-hm-Iy-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v t]cnÃ F¶Xv Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
\S³, an{Xw, \Sn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯n-ep-
8
Å-Xv. an{Xw \mS-I-I-¼\n amt\-P-cmbpw tUmIvS-dm-bp-saÃmw ]IÀ¶m«w \S-
¯p-¶p-−v. cwK kÖo-I-c-W-§Ä¡v BÀ`mSw \ÂIm-sX-bmWv Cu \mSIw
i¦-c-¸nÅ cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ]e kwhn-[m-b-Icpw X§Ä¡v tNcp¶ hn[-¯nÂ
cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v.
A¦w H¶v
\Ssâ apdn-bn-emWv \mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImgvN \jvS-amb \Ss\
\mSI I¼-\n-bnÂ \n¶v ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. am\-kn-I-ambn henb {]bmkw
t\cn« AbmÄ apdn-bnÂ h¶v sskzcy-am-bn-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS
an{Xw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-eqsS \Ssâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨
Zpc-´-§fpw B Zpc-´-§-fn-eqsS \S³ F§s\ Cu Ah-Ø-bn-se-¯n-
sb¶pw Cu A¦¯n-eqsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. ImgvN \jvS-amb Imcys¯ ]cm-
aÀin-¨p-sIm−v an{Xw kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \S³ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v
an{Xw \Ssâ _mey-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hoSn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-
saÃmw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ B HmÀ½-I-fnÂ XS-ªp-\n¶v A½ acn-¨n«v ih-Zm-l-
¯n-\p-t]mepw t]mIm-¯Xv HmÀ¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS NnÃn« Nn{Xw ImgvN-]qÀ®-
ambn ad-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v AbmÄ ImWp-¶p. ac-W-k-a-b¯pw B A½ Xsâ
aIs\ At\z-jn¨psIm-−n-cp-¶Xv an{Xw \Ss\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
an{Xw \mSII¼\n amt\-P-cmbn thjw amdp-t¼mÄ AhnsS \Sn {]th-
in¨v \Ss\ At\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw Abmsf CjvS-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶p. \S³ AXv XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. an{Xw Abmsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. \S³
sseä-W¨v Dd-¡-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-¶p. an{Xw Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-ªn-s\-sb-¶-
t]mse ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶p.
B Ccp-«nÂ AhÀ kwkmcw XpS-cp-¶p. GI ktlm-Z-cn¡v Hcp Hm¸-td-
j³ th−n-h-¶Xpw B ka-b¯v tUmIvSÀ Agn¨p sImSp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-
9
bpsS ame-bp-ambn \o IS-¶p-I-f-ªntÃ F¶v an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
`À¯mhv ASp-¯n-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw klm-bn-t¡− D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-−m-bn«pw B
ka-b¯v \o H¶pw sNbvXn-Ã. ac-W-¯n\pw Pohn-X-¯n\pw CS-bn-epÅ
kwLÀj-k-a-b¯v ktlm-Z-cnsb Dt]-£n¨v t]m¶-h-\mWv \o F¶v ]dªv
an{Xw \Ss\ kwLÀj-¯n-em-¡p-¶p. \S³ AtXmsS Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ
]m]-t_m-[-¯n-te¡v sN¶p-ho-gp-¶p. an{Xw ho−pw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¨p-
sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw ktlm-Zcn `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶p. ame-bp-ambn ktlm-
Z-cn-bpsS ho«nÂ sN¶v am¸p ]d-bm³ \S³ {ian-¡p-¶p. AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xmbn cwK-¯-v \n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
an{Xw A{]-Xy-£-\m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v \S³ Ipcp-t£{X¯nse IYm-]p-
cp-j-\mb Zptcym-[-\-\mbn amdp-¶p. \Sn ]m©m-en-bmbpw KmÔm-cn-bmbpw
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. \S-t\mSv bp²-¯n-tâbpw ac-W-¯n-tâbpw Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-
dn¨v {Ip²-bm-Ip-¶p. hoc-kzÀ¤s¯ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. \S³ KmÔm-cnsb
\mSI \Sn-bmbn sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p. \Sn-bp-ambn Ub-temKv sXän-s¨¶ {]iv\-
ap-−m-Ip-¶p. \S\pw \Snbpw hg-¡n-Sp-¶p. kpaXn F¶ B \Sn acn¨pt]mb-
Xmbn sSe{Kmw e`n-¡p-¶p. Aev]w ap¼p hsc kpa-Xn-bpsS t]cp a{ń¨p
sIm−n-cp¶ \S³ XfÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. B cwKw \nco-£n¨p sIm−n-cp¶ cm{Xn-
©-c-·m-cn-sem-cp-h³ kt´m-j-t¯msS AhnsS \n¶v t]mIp-¶p. \S³
"kpaXn', "shfn¨w' F¶n-§s\ a{ń-¡p-¶p. Abm-fmsI XfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
an{Xw I®m-Sn-bnÂ Nmcn-\n¶v Hcp knK-cäv I¯n-¡p-¶-tXmsS A¦w Ah-km-
\n-¡p-¶p.
A¦w c−v
sXcp-hn-\-Sp¯v \Ssâ apdn. ]IÂ ka-bw. Xsâ ]I-ep-IÄ XoÀ¶p
F¶v \S³ thZ-\n-¡p-¶p. ImgvN-\jvSw Abmsf Xo{h-th-Z-\-bn-em-¡p-¶p.
10
kpa-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-IÄ Abmsf th«-bm-Sp-¶p-−v. HmÀ½-I-fnÂ
AbÂ¡m-cn-bmb B ImapIn \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. DXv¡-S-ambn kvt\ln-
¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw AXp Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Xs¶ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã F¶ kXyhpw
\S\v a\Ên-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw Imap-Insb ImWm³ `À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-te¡v
\S³ IS¶p sNÃp-¶p. Imap-In¡v Ip«n-I-fm-bn-«p-−mhpw F¶p IcpXn B
Ip«n-IÄ¡v Ifn-¸m-«-§Ä hm§n-bmWv AbmÄ t]mb-Xv. Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-
t¼mÄ AhÀ¡v Ip«n-I-fn-Ã. AhÀ AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ hnc-à-cm-bn-cn-¡p-I-
bm-Wv. Cu ka-b¯v cwK¯v Imap-In-bpsS `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶Xv \S³
Xs¶-bm-Wv. \Sn-bmWv Imap-In-bm-hp-¶-Xv. Xsâ Imap-Insb AbmÄ Bcm-[-
\-tbmsS AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-¨p. H¶p sXmSm³ t]mepw Bcm-[\ A[n-I-cn-
¨-Xp-sIm−v AbmÄ¡v km[n-¨n-Ã. an{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv \S-\mÂ _em-Xv¡mcw
sN¿-s¸-Sm³ ImapIn B{K-ln-¨n-cn¡mw F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn
\S³ kpa-Xnsb Bcm-[-\-tbmsS t\m¡n ImWp-Ibpw an{Xw kpa-Xnsb _em-
Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \Ssâ Bß-amWv an{Xw. Cu Bßw \S-\nÂ
BZÀi hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AtX kabw Abm-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶
\oN hyànXzw kpa-Xnsb _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶v
hymJym-\n-¡mw. kpaXn F¶ ImapIn \S-t\mSv \n§Ä AÔ-\m-Wv. i¸³
F¶v ]dªv B«n-¸p-d-¯m-¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS im]-amWv X\n¡p h¶p-
tNÀ¶ AÔ-Xbv¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \S³ Icp-Xp-¶p. ChnsS ]cn-ip-²-{]-W-b-
¯nsâ kwLÀj-§fpw {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§fpw Gäp-ap-
«p-¶Xp ImWmw. \S³ I¿nÂ In«nb hkvXp-sIm−v Bsª-dn-bp-¶Xv Xsâ
an{X-s¯-bm-sW-¦nepw cwKw Ccp-fp-t¼mÄ 'lm' F¶ tcmZ\w \S-\nÂ
\n¶pw ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. an{X-¯nsâ Dd-s¡-bpÅ Nncn-tbmsS c−m-
a¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
11
A¦w aq¶v
Ignª cwK-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cu cwK-¯nÂ Xe-bnÂ _m³tUPp
sI«n Hcp ]pX¸pw ]pX¨v Itk-c-bn-en-cn-¡p¶ \S³. ]n¶nÂ an{Xw. cm{Xn,
cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¯n-bn-«n-Ã. ImgvN\jvS-¯nÂ {]bm-k-s¸-Sp¶ \S³ kpa-
Xnsb¡pdn¨v an{X-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ \n\-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v
an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, AXnsâ
bmYmÀ°y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v an{Xw \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.
\Sn \S-t\mSv ho−pw ho−pw Xsâ AKm[ {]Wbw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-
Ibpw Fhn-sS-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xs¶ Iq«n-s¡m−p t]mI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
GXp Xobn-te-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xm³ hcm-sa¶pw AhÄ \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.
F¶mÂ \S³ Cu temI-t¯¡v Xm³ GI-\m-bmWv h¶-sX¶pw GI-\mbv
Xs¶ t]mIm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶p F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. an{Xw kw`m-j-W-¯n-\n-S-
bnÂ cq]w amdn \Ssâ A½m-h-\mbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. A½m-h³ \mS-I-
¯nsâ temIw Dt]-£n¨v hcm\pw a\p-jy-\mbn I¨-hSw sNbvXv Pohn-
¡m\pw \Ss\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ]gb Imcy-§Ä ]dªv AhÀ ]c-kv]cw \oc-
k-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw A½m-h³ IqsS hcm-sa-¦nÂ aI-sftbm asämcp
s]¬¡p-«n-tbtbm hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-¡m-sa¶pw I¨-hSw XpS-§m-
\pÅ ]Ww \ÂIm-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ F´p k¼m-Zn¨p F¶pÅ tNmZy-
¯n\v Xsâ \mS-I-{`m-´p-Xs¶bmWv Xsâ k¼m-Zy-sa¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.
an{Xw \Ss\ apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ \nc-ćw Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-
s−-¦nepw AhÀ X½nÂ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-s−-¦nepw [À½-]p-{XÀ bm{X
sNbvX alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te¡v an{Xw \Ss\ \bn-¡p-¶p. Db-c-§-fn-se-¯p-
t¼mÄ XWp¸v kln-¡m-\m-hmsX ]pX¸p ]pX¨v AbmÄ an{X-¯nsâ
tXmfnÂ Nmbp-¶p. e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯nb \S\v Ahn-Sps¯ shÅn shfn¨w
12
kln-¡m-\m-hmsX I®p-IÄ Cdp-¡n-b-S-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p. an{Xw AbmÄ¡v
ImgvN-IÄ hnh-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v an{X-¯nsâ `mhw ss]im-Nn-
I-ambn Xocp-¶p-−v. alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bnÂ \S³ an{X-¯nsâ
D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw Xsâ _Ô-§-sfbpw ]m]-§-sfbpw Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. Xms\-
Sp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ame \Sn¡p sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ ]m]-¯nsâ Id-bpÅ
ame X\n¡p ths−¶v AhÄ Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p. \Ssâ ]m]w Gsä-Sp-¡m³
an{Xtam Imap-Intbm X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. an{X-am-sW-¦nÂ e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯p-
t¼mÄ ss]im-Nn-I-X-bn-te¡v amdp-¶p. \S³ B `mh-amäw I−v sR«p-¶p.
FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw Hä-s¸« \S³ an{Xs¯ ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶p. an{Xw
sImSp-¡p¶ Xm¡o-Xp-Isf AbmÄ XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. sXcp-hn-eqsS \S-¡p¶
an{Xw C\nbpw hcp-sa¶v FÃm-h-tcm-Sp-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ
Ah-kcw apX-se-Sp¯v \Ss\ A]-I-S-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw
Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.
X\Xp \mS-I- ZÀi\w
tUm.- h-b-em- hm-kp-tZ-h³]nÅ
1943 Â hb-em-{Km-a-¯nÂ P\n¨ tUm. hb-em- hm-kp-tZ-h³]nÅ- amÀ
Chm-\n-bkv tImtfPv A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. \mSI If-cn-I-fn-eq-sS kPo-h-amb
tijw 1984 Â kvIqÄ- Hm^v {Uma-bnÂ Atkm-kn-tbäv Ub-d-IvS-dmbn Npa-X-
e-tb-äp. 1990 Â tdmw bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnÂ \mSI ]T-\-¯n\pt]mbn.
kphÀ®-tcJ F¶ t]cnÂ XpS-§nb \mS-I-k-an-Xn-bn-eqsS ap¸-Xn-e-[nIw
\mS-I-§Ä cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS injy-\mb hbem X\Xv
\mSI k¦-ev]-§-sfbpw hntizm-¯c \mS-I-[m-c-I-tfbpw Hcp-t]mse kzmwio-
I-cn¨ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp-¶p. 2011 Â HmKÌv 29 \v At±lw Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v
A´-cn-¨p.
13
tUm. hb-em- hm-kp-tZ-h³]nÅ X\Xp\mSIZÀi\w F¶ ]T-\-¯nÂ
X\Xp \mS-I-¯nsâ km[y-X-I-tfbpw khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw Ipdn-¨mWv ka-{K-
amb Bhn-jv¡mcw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. \½psS \mSI ioe-§Ä apgp-h-\mbpw
hfÀ¶p-h-¶Xv sshtZ-in-I-amb \mS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶m-Wv. ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-i¯v
D−mb \mS-I-cq-]-§-tfbpw khn-ti-j-X-I-tfbpw AtX-t]mse A\p-I-cn-
¨mWv \½psS \mS-I-cwKw apt¶m-«p-t]m-b-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ
cwK-kw-hn-[m-\-t¯bpw Ub-temKv {]k-tâ-j-t\bpw i_vZ-k-¶n-th-i-t¯-bp-
saÃmw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv Hcp DS-a-þ-A-Sna _Ô-¯n-te¡v \½psS \mS-I-]m-c-
¼cyw hf-cm³ Imc-W-am-Ipw. ]mÝm-XyÀ kz`m-hn-I-ambn DS-a-Ifpw Ah-cnÂ
\n¶v ISw sImÅp¶ \½Ä ASn-a-I-fp-ambn amdpw F¶v hbem A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp-¶p. cho-{µ-\mY SmtKmÀ CXv \Ã {]h-W-X-b-sÃ¶v hfsc ap³t] Xs¶
Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-«p-−v. X\n-a-bpÅ ]pXnb Iem-cq-]-§Ä ]nd-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ X\-
Xmb Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ \nt¶m Ah-bpsS IqSn-t¨-c-enÂ
\nt¶m kw`-hn-¡p-I-bp-Åp. AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ \½psS Iem-hn-I-k-\-¯n\v
XoÀ¨-bmbpw ]mÝmXy Ie-Isf ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶Xv KpW-I-c-am-hnÃ F¶v cho-{µ-
\mY SmtKmÀ Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]T-\-¯nÂ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nsâ ae-bmf amXr-I-Isf At\z-jn-¡p-t¼mÄ kn.-F³.-
{io-I-WvT³ \mb-cnepw Imhm-e-¯nepw Pn.-i-¦-c-]n-Å-bnepw sNs¶-¯p-¶p.
BZys¯ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-amb Ien cNn-¡p-¶Xv kn.-F³.-{io-I-WvT³ \mb-cm-Wv.
\mSI Ifcn {]Øm-\-¯n-eqsS Cu aq¶v \mS-Im-Nm-cy-·mcpw X\-Xp-\m-S-
Is¯ tX¨p-an-\p-¡n-sb-Sp-¯p. Ch-cpsS {ia-^-e-ambn tIc-fo-b-amb Ac§pw
A`n-\-b-k-¦-ev]hpw cq]-s¸-«p. H«p-an¡ \mS³ Iem-cq-]-§fpw Hmtcm Xc-
¯nÂ X\Xv \mSIw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. sshtZ-in-I-amb \mS-I-k-¦-ev]hpw
]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¦-ev]hpw X½nÂ henb hyXym-k-ap-−v. cwK-cq-]-¯n-eqsS
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv \mSIw F¶mWv s]mXp-[m-c-W. CXp-−m-bXv
14
]mÝmXy \mSIk{¼-Zm-b-§-fnÂ \n¶m-Wv. cwK-k-Öo-I-c-Whpw {]Im-i-hn-
\ym-khpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw kw`m-j-Whpw FÃmw ]mÝmXy \mS-I-¯nÂ
\n¶v \mw ISw sIm−-Xm-Wv. CXnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-amWv ]uc-kvXy-\m-S-Iw.
]mÝmXy amXr-Isb amän\nÀ¯m³ Ign-ªmÂ am{Xta ]uckvXy \mS-I-th-
Zn¡v {]m[m\yhpw hnIm-khpw D−m-hp-I-bp-Åq. ]uckvXy \mS-I-thZn `mc-
Xs¯ am{Xw ap³\nÀ¯n-bp-Å-X-Ã. _À½, P¸m³, ssN\, Xmbve³Uv
Ctým-t\jy XpS-§nb cmPy-§-fnse IqSn ¢mÊn-¡epw \mtSm-Sn-bp-amb
FÃm \mS-I-cq-]-§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶XmWv ]uc-kvXy- \m-S-I-thZn. CXn\v
`mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Zn-bp-ambn _Ô-ap-−v. `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkv{Xw
ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ {]mtZ-inI\mS-I-§Ä ]uckvXy tZi-¯p-Å-Xmbn ImWmw.
Hmtcm {]tZ-i-¯pÅ A\p-jvTm-\-§-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-b, DÕ-h-§-fn-e-[n-
jvTn-X-amb Imcy-§-sfÃmw X\Xp \mS-I-¯nsâ cwKm-h-X-c-W-¯n-Â IS-¶p-h-
cp-¶p. an¯p-Ifpw sFXn-ly-§fpw {]mtZ-in-I-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-tfmsS X\-
Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]mÝm-XyÀ Ch-cpsS kpL-SnX \mS-I-
¯nÂ \n¶pw Hcp-]mSv apt¶m-«p-t]mbn. F¶mÂ \mw C¶pw Ahsc AÔ-
ambn ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS coXn-Isf A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv \½psS
hfÀ¨bv¡v hnLm-X-ambn Xocp-¶p. {]i-kvX-cmb ]e \mSIIemImc-·mcpw
C¶v kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb {]Xn-tcm-[-ambn X\Xp\mS-Is¯ ImWp-¶p-−v.
Kncojv IÀWm-Sv, l_o_v X³hoÀ, hnPbv sS³UpÂ¡À XpS-§n-b-hÀ C¯-c-
¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-S-Is¯ DÄsIm-−-h-cm-Wv.
IqSn-bm-«w, IrjvW-\m-«w, IY-I-fn, sX¿w, Xnd, apSn-tb-äv, K±n-I, ]S-b-
Wn, Im¡m-cnÈn \mSIw XpS-§nb Iem-cq-]-§Ä X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nsâ A\n-
tj[y LS-I-§-fmbn amdp-¶p-−v. Xnd-bm«w X\Xp\mS-I-¯nÂ khn-ti-j-
ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ImcWw ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-eq-¶n-bpÅ {KmaoW A\p-
15
jvTm-\- I-e-bm-WnXv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ kmwkv¡m-cn-I-amb kXy-k-ÔX
Xnd-bm-«-¯nÂ ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. Xnd-bm-«-¯nse hnhn[ hmtZym-]-I-c-W-
§fpw aäpw X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-am-¡p-¶p-−v.
Imhm-e-¯nsâ Icn-¦p-«n, Ah-\-h³ IS-¼, km£n, ssZh-¯mÀ, Ien-
th-jw, Hä-ap-e¨n XpS-§n-bh X\Xv \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Pn.-i-¦-c-]n-
Å-bpsS Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn, aqt[-hn-sX-¿w, Incm-Xw, [À½-t£{X Ipcp-
t£-t{X, X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nsâ a«nÂ cNn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. km[m-cW \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ kZ-Ên\v henb
]s¦m-¶p-anÃ. F¶mÂ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ IYm-]m-{X-§fpw kZÊpw _Ô-
s¸-Sp-¶p. kw`m-jWw \S-¯p-¶p. kZÊv Hcp-]t£ \mS-I-¯nsâ `mK-am-Ip-
¶p. kZÊv kPo-h-ambn \mS-I-¯n-en-S-s]-Sp-¶p.
]n.-Fw.XmPnsâ \mS-I-§sf X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpÅ
\mS-I-§-fmbn hbem FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. XmPnsâ IpSp-¡, cmhp-®n, I\-
em-«w, IpSn-¸-I, s]cp-¼d F¶o \mS-I-§Ä km[m-cW a\p-jysâ kwLÀj-
§sf Ah-X-cn-¡p-¶p-s−¶pw Ah-Im-i-§Ä \jvS-s¸« a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯
AXv A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶p-s−¶pw AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ X\Xp\mS-I-
¯nsâ ssiensb Cu \mS-I-§Ä ]cn-N-cn-¡p-¶p-s−¶pw At±lw ]d-
bp¶p. an¯p-I-fpsS kq£vam-h-X-c-W-amb "]pen-P·w'\mS-Ihpw X\Xp\mS-I-
¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn hbem ImWp-¶p.
Cu khnti-j-X-I-fn-eqsS X\-Xp-\m-S-Is¯ kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv
Hcp ]mÝmXy Cd-¡p-a-Xn-b-Ã, ImgvN-h-kvXp-h-Ã, IuXp-I-]qÀÆw t\m¡n
ImtW− H¶-Ã. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nse c−mw ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ temI-\m-S-I-th-Zn-
bnse Gähpw \qX-\-amb Iem-ho-£Ww {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ H¶m-W-Xv. Iem-]-c-
amb D¬abpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bmYmÀ°y-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sXfn-
16
abpw X\-Xp-\m-SIw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ hnim-e-amb AÀ°-¯nÂ
\ap¡p t\sc hcp¶ A[n-\n-th-i-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸mWv X\-
Xp-\m-SIw F¶v hbem hmkp-tZ-h³]nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. X\Xp\mS-I-th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨vHcp Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.
2. ]mÝmXy ]uckvXy \mS-I-th-Zn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-
I.
3. ""A[n-\n-th-i-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸mWv X\-Xp-\m-SIw''.
F´p-sIm−v?
17
samUyqÄ þ 2
kn\na kmam\yNcn-{Xw
a\p-jysâ hnkva-b-I-c-amb I−p-]n-Sp-¯-§-fn-sem-¶mWv kn\n-a.
BZy-Im-e¯v kn\n-a-bp-am-sb-¯n-b-hsc P\w {`m´-·m-sc¶v hnfn-¨p.
t^mt«m-{Km-^n-bpsS I−p-]n-Sp-¯-t¯msS Nen-¡p¶ Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡m³
km[n¡pw F¶ Nn´-bp-−m-bXv 17-þmw \qäm-−nsâ c−mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-em-Wv.
s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡mbn BZy-ambn kn\na {]ZÀin-¸n-¨Xv eqan-bÀ
ktlm-Z-c-·m-cm-Wv. {^m³knse s_k-\-\nÂ P\n¨ ChÀ emamÀ«n-\o-bÀ
F¶ {]i-kvX-amb sSIv\n-¡Â kvIqfnÂ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. ]nXm-hnsâ
t^mt«m-{Km-^n¡v Øm]-\-¯nÂ ]co-£Ww \S¯n AhÀ hfÀ¶p. ^mIvS-
dn-bnÂ \n¶v sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ Cd-§n-h-cp-¶Xpw sdbnÂth tÌj-\n-te¡v
{Sbn³ hcp-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p BZys¯ Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä. Nen-¡p¶ Cu Nn{X-
§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n-¨-Xnsâ t]cnÂ {^m³kn-Â \n¶v Hfn-t¨m-tS-−n-h¶ eqan-bÀ
ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ 1896 Pqsse-bnÂ t_mws_-bn-se-¯n.
ZmZm-km-tl_v ^mÂsI F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Zń-cmPv tKmhnµv ^mÂsI-
bmWv Cý³ kn\n-a-bpsS ]nXm-hv. cmPmlcn-Ý{µ F¶ \ni-_vZ-Nn-{X-
¯nsâ \nÀ½m-Xmhpw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw Iyma-dm-am\pw Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-I-\p-
saÃmw ^mÂtI Bbn-cp-¶p. {ioIrjvW P·, `kvam-kpc tamln-\n, kmhn-{Xn,
tkXp-_-Ô³ F¶o kn\n-a-Ifpw At±lw \nÀ½n-¨p 1969-þÂ At±-l-¯nsâ
kvac-WmÀ°w tI{µ Kh¬saâv ZmZm-km-tl_v ^mÂt¡ AhmÀUv GÀs¸-
Sp-¯n-. 1931 emWv Bew-Bc F¶ i_vZ-Nn{Xw Cý-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv.
18
kn\na tIc-f-¯nÂ
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ \ni-_vZ-Nn-{X-amb hnK-X-Ip-am-c³ ]pd-¯p-h-
¶Xv 1928-þ-em-Wv. sP.-kn.-Um-\n-tbÂ Bbn-cp¶p Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ \nÀ½m-
Xmhpw kwhn-[m-b-I-\pw Iymadmam\p-sa-Ãmw. Xsâ FÃm k¼m-Zyhpw hnäp
\nÀ½n¨ Cu kn\n-a-bpsS BZy {]ZÀi\w Xs¶ Ipg-¸-¯n-em-bn. ]n.-sI.-
tdmkn F¶ ZfnXvkv{Xosb \mbn-I-bm-¡n-b-XnÂ {]Xn-tj-[n¨v khÀ®
t{]£-IÀ kv{Io\n\p t\sc IsÃ-dn-bp-Ibpw kv{Io³ Iodp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
FÃmw \jvS-s¸«v \ncm-i-\mbn Um\n-tbÂ a{Zm-kn-te¡p \mSp-hn«p. tdmkn¡v
IpSpw_w Dt]-£n¨v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Dt]-£n¨v t]mth-−n-h-¶p. ae-bmf
kn\n-a-bpsS ]nXmhv F¶v Um\n-tb-ens\ hnfn-¡mw. kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ
sP.kn. Um\n-tb-ensâ t]cnÂ AhmÀUpw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy -i_vZNn{Xw _me-\m-Wv. CXnse \mb-I³ \mSI
\S³, ImYn-I³ F¶ \ne-bn-seÃmw {]i-kvX-\mb sI.-sI.AcqÀ F¶
sI.Ip©³ \mb-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Cý³ Ne-¨n{X cwKs¯ ià-amb km¶n-²y-
amWv ae-bm-f-¯n-tâ-Xv. BtKmf {]i-kvX-cmb Ht«sd Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·m-scbpw
Ne-¨n-{X-§-tfbpw ae-bmfw kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-«p-−v. 1951 Â {]ZÀi-\-¯n-s\-
¯nb "PohnX\uI'bmWv hym]mc hnPbw t\Snb BZy-Nn-{Xw. 1954-þÂ ]pd-
¯n-d§nb "\oe-¡p-bnÂ' Ht«sd AhmÀUp-IÄ t\Sn-b-tXmsS ae-bmf kn\na
tZio-b-X-e-¯nÂ Xs¶ {i²n-¡-s¸-«p-Xp-S-§n.
kn\na F¶ k¦-c-Ie
Hmtcm Iem-cq-]-§-fp-sSbpw DÛ-hhpw hfÀ¨bpw At\z-jn¨p sNÃp-
t¼mÄ AXv asäm-¶nÂ \n¶v Dcp-¯n-cnªp h¶-Xm-sW¶p ImWmw. AXp-
sIm−v CXc Ie-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-an-Ãm¯ Iem-cq-]-§-fn-sÃ¶Xv Hcp
bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. AXn\v Gähpw henb DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv kn\n-a. t^mt«m-{Km-
19
^n, Nn{X-I-e, kwKo-Xw, Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, t\mhÂ, hmkvXp-in-ev]-Ie F¶n-h-
bp-sS-sbÃmw kzm[o\w kn\n-a-bnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw. kn\n-a-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-
e¯v kzX-{´-amb Hcp Iem-kr-jvSn-bmbn AXns\ hnaÀi-IÀ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-Ã.
ImcWw AXv aäv ]e Ie-I-fpsSbpw k¦-c-cq-]-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv kn\na
X\na sXfn-bn¨ Iem-cq-]-ambn hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨p. Hä-t\m-«-¯nÂ kn\n-abv¡v
Nn{X-c-N-\-tbmSpw \mS-I-t¯mSpw t^mt«m-{Km-^n-tbmSpw IqSp-XÂ _Ô-sa¶p
a\-Ên-em-¡mw. F¶mÂ AXn\v kwKo-X-t¯mSpw t\mh-en-t\mSpw CW-]n-cn-
bm¯ _Ô-ap-s−¶p ImWmw. Hcp t\mh-enÂ Fgp-Xn-t¨À¡m-hp¶ kw`-h-
§tfm {]tXy-I-X-Itfm kn\n-a-bnepw ImWn-¡mw. kn\n-a-bpsS "\tc-änhv'
kz`mhw aqe-am-WnXv Ign-bp-¶-Xv. t\mhÂ `mjm-]-c-amb \tc-j-\mWv \S-¯p-
¶-sX-¦nÂ kn\na Cta-Pp-IÄ sIm−v AXp km[n-¡p¶p F¶ hyXym-k-ta-
bp-Åq.
kn\n-a-bpsS BZy-Im-e¯v IqSp-XÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯nb Ie-bmWv
\mS-Iw. i_vZ-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS hc-thmsS \mS-I-¯nsâ skÃp-tem-bvUn-epÅ
Bhn-jv¡-c-Wsa¶ \ne-bn-te¡v AXv Npcp-§n-t¸m-bn. \mS-I-s¯bpw kn\n-
asbbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ LSIw AXnÂ c−nepw DÄsIm-−n-«pÅ kw`m-j-W-
am-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw \mSIw AtX-]Sn skÃp-tem-bvUnÂ ]IÀ¯n kn\n-a-
bm-¡m³ {ian¨hscÃmw ]cm-P-b-a-S-ªp. F¶mÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ Bßm-hns\
kzmwio-I-cn¨v ]p\x-krjvSn \S-¯n-b-hÀ hnP-bn-¨n-«p-−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v
tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS amIv_¯v F¶ \mS-Is¯ Ipd-tkmh kn\n-a-bm-¡n-b-Xm-
Wv. AsXmcp amÌÀ]o-km-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn\na \mS-I-¯nsâ ]e Xe-
§fpw DÄsIm-Åm³ {ian-¨n-«p-−v. kw`m-j-Ww, kwKo-Xw, Km\w Ch-sbÃmw
{]Xy-£-¯nÂ \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶v kn\n-a-bn-te-s¡-¯n-b-h-bm-sW¶p ImWmw.
am{X-aÃ BZy-Ime ae-bmf kn\n-a-IÄ \mS-I-§sf HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶p
F¶Xpw Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.
20
kn\n-a-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kwKoXw t{]£-I-\nÂ Df-hm-¡p¶ A\p-
`qXn hnti-j-§sf B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p kn\n-a-bpsS hnP-bw. t{]£-I³
kn\na ImWp-t¼mÄ \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ D−m-Ip-¶-Xp-t]mse kw`-h-§-fnÂ
kzbw `mK-hm-¡m-Ip-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm−v bmYmÀ°y-t_m[w krjvSn-¡m³
th−nbmWv _m¡v{Ku−v ayqkn¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. hfsc {]k-à-amb
H¶mWv CXv. ]t£ t{]£-I³ Cu kwKoXw {i²n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Abm-fpsS
At_-m[-¯n-eqsS a\-ÊnÂ Ae-sbm-en-I-fp-−m-¡m³ Cu kwKo-X-¯n\p Ign-
bp-Ibpw sN¿pw. AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ t{]£-Is\ kn\n-a-bpsS sshIm-cnI
aÞ-e-¯n-te¡v DbÀ¯n-sIm−p hcm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww
_m¡v{Ku−v ayqkn-¡v.
C§s\ A\-h[n Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb k¶n-th-i-amWv kn\n-a-
bmbn cq]m-ćw {]m]n-¡p-¶-sX¶p ImWmw. ]pXnb Ime¯v kn\na Xs¶
temI¯v Gähpw {]Nmcw t\Snb kzX{´ Ie-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨n-«p-s−¶pw
ImWmw.
Xnc-¡Y
Ne-¨n-{X-¯n-\mbn Fgp-Xp¶ Zriy-§-fpsS tcJ-Isf Xnc-¡-Y-sb¶p
hnfn-¡mw. Hcp Zriy-¯nÂ AS-§n-bn-«pÅ Øew, Imew, IYm-]m-{X-§Ä,
i_vZw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Ne-\w, at\m-\ne XpS§n \mS-Io-bXhsc Hcp
Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ D−m-bn-cn-¡pw. Nne Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡Ä Hmtcm ko\pw hc¨v
Xnc-¡-Y-tbm-sSm¸w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xpw ]Xn-hm-Wv. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnÂ `c-
X³ C¯-c-¯nÂ Xnc-¡-Y-bnse Hmtcm ko\pw hc-bv¡p-¶Xv ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p.
Xnc-¡Y kzX-{´-amtbm kmln-Xy, Iem-cq-]-§sf Ah-ew-_nt¨m Fgp-Xm-dp-
−v. Ipd-tkm-h, Btâm-Wn-tbmWn, s^Ãn-\n, s_ÀKvam³ XpS-§nbhcpsS
Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ anI-¨Xpw kmlnXy KpW-ap-Å-h-bp-am-Wv.
21
Xnc-¡Y Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bm-Wv. Hcp IY kn\namam[y-a-
¯nsâ km[y-X-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ AXv Xnc-¡-Y-bm-Ip-¶p.
Xnc-¡Y C¶v Hcp kmln-Xy-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnÂ {i²-t\-Sn-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p.
{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-h-cp¶ Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ bYmÀ° Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-
am-bn-cn-¡pw. hmbn-¡m³ Ffp-¸-apÅ coXn-bn-te¡v Xnc-¡Y amä-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v.
kn\n-a-bv¡-Sn-Øm\w Xnc-¡-Y-bm-sW¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-b-an-Ã. ]t£ Xnc-
¡-Y-bn-ÃmsX kn\n-a-sb-Sp-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-b-I-cp-ap-−v.
Ne-¨n-{X-¯n\v Hcp IY thWw. IY BZn-a-²ym-´-ap-Å-Xm-hmw. Xe-ap-d-
IÄ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-hmw. Hcp hyàn-bpsSXmhmw, Hc-´-co-£-¯n-sâtbm
\nan-j-¯n-tâtbm Bhmw. Cu IYsb kn\n-a-bv¡p-th−n ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯p¶
asämcp {]{Inb Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXmWv Xnc-¡Y F¶v Xnc-¡-Y-sb-¸än Fw.-Sn.
hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. F¶mÂ Xnc-¡-Y-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-
sf-¡p-dn¨v Fw.-Sn.bpw Nnń-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-«n-Ã. t\mh-en-Ìn-s\-t¸mse IYm-]m-{X-
§-fpsS a\-Ênsâ ASn-¯-«n-te¡v Cd-§n-s¨-Ãm³ kv{Io³t¹ cN-bn-Xm-hn\v
Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c\v Hcp-]t£ AXp km[y-amIpw F¶v At±lw
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. ae-bm-f-¯nse {]i-kvX-cmb Xnc-¡-Ym-Im-c-·mÀ Ddq-_v,
Fw.-Sn, ]ß-cm-P³, ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n, Fkv.-FÂ.-
]pcw kZm-\-µ³, tXm¸nÂ `mkn, tPm¬t]mÄ, temln-X-Zm-kv, {io\n-hm-k³
XpS-§n-b-h-cm-Wv.
s]cp-´-¨³ (Xn-c-¡-Y)
Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ
ae-¸pdw PnÃbnse s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nÂ IqS-Ãq-cnÂ 1933 Pqem-bnÂ
P\-\w. A[ym-]-I³, ]{Xm-[n-]À, IYm-Ir¯v, t\mh-en-Ìv, Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯v,
kn\nam kwhn-[m-b-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]i-kvX-\m-bn. Fw.-Sn. Xnc-¡-Y-sb-
22
gp-Xnb ]e kn\n-a-IÄ¡pw tZio-b, kwØm\ _lp-a-Xn-IÄ e`n-¨p. IShv
F¶ Nn{Xw kn¦-¸qÀ, P¸m³ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \S¶ Ne-¨n-t{Xm-Õ-h-§-
fnepw AhmÀUp-IÄ t\Sn. "Imew' F¶ t\mh-en\v tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-
Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. 1996 Â Úm\-]oT ]pc-kv¡m-c-¯n\v AÀl\m-bn. 2005-
þÂ ]ß-`q-j¬ e`n-¨p. 2011--þÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ ]pc-kv¡m-c-¯n-\Àl-\m-bn.
tIcfkmlnXy A¡m-Zan {]kn-U-−v, tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan FIvkn-Iyq-
«ohv sa¼À, Xp©³ kvacmI A[y-£³ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ kmln-Xy-¯nse
A[n-Imc Øm\-§Ä hln-¨n-«p-−v.
Xnc-¡Y Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ N§-e-h-«-bnÂ \n¶v Xncn- I-¯n¨v IÂhn-f-
¡nÂ hbv¡p¶ hr²s\ ImWp-¶p. Ahn-sS-bpÅ X®oÀ ]´-enÂ InS-
¡p¶ \mev]-¯n-b©v hbÊp {]mbw tXm¶n-¡p¶ HcmÄ AbmÄ h¶v
Imäns\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p¶ IÂ`n¯n AhnsS Øm]n-¨p. hnf¡p sISmsX
I¯m³ XpS-§n. hr²³ Abmsf ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. s]cp-´-¨³ {]mÀ°\
Ignªv `kvaw sXmSp-t¼mÄ HcmÄ Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. tImtem-t¯¡v
hcm³ ]d-sª¶v AbmÄ ]d-ªp. kwi-bn-¨p-\n¶ s]cp-´-¨-t\mSv am¼ä
D®n hnfn-¡p¶p F¶v ZqX³ hyà-am-¡n.
tImhn-e-I-¯nsâ ]pd¯v Im¯p-\nÂ¡p¶ D®n-X-¼p-cms\ s]cp-´-
¨³ ImWp-¶p. AhÀ ]gb kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-Wv. AhÀ ]e Imcy-§fpw ]dªv
Nncn-¡p-¶p. s]cp-´-¨s\ ho«n-\-I¯p Ib-än-bXpw Ccp-¯n-bXpw amWn
F{¼m-ń-cn¡v CjvS-am-bn-Ã. B \ockw X¼p-cm-«n-bn-te¡pw hcp-¶Xp
ImWmw. kXv¡mcw Gäp-hm-§nb tijw s]cp-´-¨³ X¼p-cmsâ `mcysb
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ip«n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÀ¡v Xm\p-−m¡n sImSp¯
tImem-bnse DuªmÂ ImWp-¶p. aäv Bim-cn-amÀ s]cp-´-¨s\ _lp-am-
\n¨v Fgp-t¶äp \nÂ¡p-¶p. ]Wn-bm-cw-`n-¡p¶ tImhn-ensâ ZÀi\w s]cp-´-
23
¨³ \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. X¼pcm\pw X¼p-cm-«nbpw H¶p KWn¨v t\m¡m³ Bh-
iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ kz´w Imcyw KWn-¨-XnÂ ]ng-hp-h-¶-Xp-sIm−v B
]Wn Xm³ \nÀ¯n-sb¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp¶p. AbmÄ Abm-fpsS IY ]d-
bp-¶p. B ho«nÂ Ip«n-I-fn-Ãm-¯-Xns\ Dt±-in¨v AhnsS Hcp sXm«n-emWv
th−-sX¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶p. X¼p-cm«n FÃm Imcy-§fpw s]cp-´-¨-
t\mSv ]d-ªp-sh¶v X¼p-cms\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. F¶mÂ Ahn-Sps¯ e£-
W-§-fmWv X\n-¡nXp a\-Ên-em-¡m-\n-S-h-¶-sX¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶p.
X¼p-cm³ Cu kuI-cy-§-fnÂ \n¶v Zcn-{Z-amb kz´w Xd-hm-«n-te¡v aS-t§-
−n-h-cptam F¶v `b-s¸-Sp-¶p. X¼p-cm«n X¼p-cms\ Cd-¡n-hn-Sptam F¶v
s]cp-´-¨³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
X¼p-cm«n InS-¸-d-bnÂ B`-c-W-§Ä Agn-¨p-h-bv¡p-t¼mÄ s]cp-´-¨³
kzbw-hc ZpÀ¤-bpsS apJ-sa¶p ]d-ª-tXmÀ¯-t]mse hmÂ¡-®m-Sn-bnÂ
apJw t\m¡p-¶p. ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ Ipfw thW-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«-hÀ¡v Ipfw
\nÀ½n¨p sImSp¯ IY X¼p-cm-t\mSv s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v
ssIhn-f¡pw ]nSn¨v h¶ ZmknbpsS ]n¶mse X¼p-cm³ X¼p-cm-«n-bpsS Dd-
¡-d-bn-te¡v t]mIp-¶p. s]cp-´-¨s\ {]IoÀ¯n¨v X¼p-cm³ kwkm-cn-¡p-
t¼mÄ X¼p-cm-«n¡v AXn-jvS-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. X¼p-cm-«nsb Xtem-Smt\m emfn-
¡mt\m {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ X¼p-cm«n Xsâ kuµ-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Hcm-imcn ]d-
ª-t¸mtg t_m[yw h¶pÅp F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
amWn IÃn-s\m¶pw KpWw t]mcm F¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-ªXv X¼p-cm-
«nsb Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Hmetaª ]Wn-¸p-c-bn-te¡v X¼p-cm«n sIm¯p-]Wn
ImWm³ hcp-¶p. s]cp-´-¨\pambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. IÃnÂ kv{Xobpw ]pcp-
j\pw \]pw-k-Ihpw Ds−¶v s]cp-´-¨³ X¼p-cm-«n-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-
b¯v s]cp-´-¨sâ `mcym-k-tlm-Z-c³ tIi-h³ ZoÀL-Zq-c-¯p-\n¶v Ahn-sS-
24
sb-¯p-¶p. `mcy acn-¨-Xn-\p-tijw s]cp-´-¨sâ aIs\ t\m¡p¶Xv tIi-
h\pw ktlm-Zcn tZh-In-bp-am-Wv. c−phb-Êm-Im-dm-bn«pw Ip«n¡v tNmdp
sImSp-¯n-«n-sÃ¶pw aäpw AbmÄ ]cmXn ]d-bp-¶p. Ah-cpsS ho«n-te¡v
tNmdq¬ Ign-¡m³ Hcp-Zn-hkw \nÝ-bn¨v sNÃm³ tIi-h³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-
¶p. s]cp-´-¨³ Xsâ tPmen-bnÂ {i²n¨p \nÂ¡p-¶p.
X¼p-cm³ ]Wn \S-¡p¶ Øe-s¯¯n {]Xn-jvT-bpsS Imcyw kwkm-
cn-¡p-¶p. amWn-sb-{¼m-ńcn tIihs\ At\z-jn-¨-t¸m-gmWv s]cp-´-¨³
tIi-hsâ Imcy-am-tem-Nn-¨-Xv. At¸m-tg¡pw AbmÄ t]mbn. aIsâ Imcyhpw
`mcy acn-¨Xpw AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v X¼p-cm-t\mSv s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶p.
tIi-h³ ho«nÂ Xncn-s¨¯n tZh-In-tbmSv s]cp-´-¨-s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-
¶p. Ip«n asämcp kv{XobpsS I¿nÂs¨¶v s]S-cp-sX¶v AhÀ Btem-Nn-¡p-
¶p. cmas\ Im¯n-cp-¶mÂ \o aq¯v \c¨v t]mIp-sa¶v tZh-In-tbmSv tIi-
h³ ]d-bp-¶p. AhÄ \ncm-i-tbmsS Xe Ip\n¨v AI-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p.
s]cp-´-¨sâ ]Wn-Øew, apI-fnse amfn-I-bnÂ \n¶v X¼p-cm«n
hoW-ao-«p-¶Xp tIÄ¡p-¶p. IÃn\pw kwKo-X-ap-s−¶v s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶p.
IÃnÂap«n AbmÄ kwKoXw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-¶p. amWn AXns\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-
¶p. Im¡Xqh-enÂ Nhp«n \nÂ¡p¶ amWn¡v IjvS-Im-e-am-sW¶pw
`£Ww Hcp t\c-am-¡-W-sa¶pw s]cp-´-¨³ ]d-bp-¶Xv amWn hniz-kn-
¡p¶p. X¼p-cm³ AXv icn hbv¡p-¶p. AhÀ `b-s¸«pt]mIp¶ amWnsb
I−v Nncn-¡p-¶p. s]cp-´-¨³ ]Wn-¸p-c-bnÂ tPmen sN¿p-¶p. IÃp-fn-bpsS
i_vZw tI«v X¼p-cm«n {i²n-¡p-¶p. A¼-e-¯nsâ ]Wn-bpsS Ah-km-\-L«w
_e-n¡-Ãn-s\-¡p-dn¨v aq¯m-imcn tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Hcp Ip«n h¶-t¸mÄ Ifn-
¡m³ amWn-sb-{¼m-ń-cn-bpsS Omb-bpÅ ]mh s]cp-´-¨³ \nÀ½n¨p \ÂIp-
25
¶p. X¼p-cm³ bm{X-t]m-Ip¶p. IqsS amWn-bp-ap-−v. bm{X-bnepw Hcn-¡-eqWv
]men-¡tWm F¶v amWn s]cp-´-¨t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.
]Wn \S-¡p¶ CS-t¯¡v X¼p-cm«n hcp-¶p. AhnsS Ib-dm³ X¼p-
cm\v t]mepw A\p-hm-Z-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£ X¼p-cm-«n¡v A\p-hmZw e`n-¨p.
hnf-¡nsâ {]Im-i-¯nÂ kzbw-hc ZpÀ¤-bpsS apJw X¼p-cm«n ImWp¶p.
AXnÂ AhÀ Xr]vX-bm-Ip-¶p. s]cp-´-¨³ Ccp-«nÂ \n¶v {]th-in¨v X¼p-cm-
«n-bpsS apJw ]nSn¨pt\m¡p-¶p. AhÀ sR«p-¶p-s−-¦nepw inev]n-bpsS am\-
kn-Im-hØ IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v AXv Hcp {]iv\-ambn amdp-¶nÃ. inev]w ]qÀ®-
ambn Ign-ª-t¸mÄ AÀ²-cm{Xn Xs¶ X¼p-cm-«nsb hnfn-¡m³ AbmÄ
t]mIp-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv sXäm-sW¶p Xncn-¨-dnªv B Ad-bpsS ap³]nÂ
\n¶v AbmÄ Xncn-¨p-t]m-cp-¶p. AXnÂ ]Ým-¯-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. bm{X
Ignªv Xncn-s¨-¯nb X¼p-cm³ Ad-bpsS ap³]nÂ s]cp-´-¨s\ I−v kwi-
b-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. Xm³ inev]\nÀ½mWw Ignª hnhcw Adn-bn¡m³
h¶XmsW¶p ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ inev]-\nÀ½mWw Ign-ª-tXmsS inev]n
]pd-¯m-hp-¶p. X¼p-cm³ s]cp-´-¨\pambn sXäp-¶p. inev]w ssZh-ambn cq]m-
ćw {]m]n-¡p-¶-tXmsS inev]n A\y-\m-Ip¶ sshcp[yw ChnsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Hcp t£{X-ZÀi\ ka-b¯v Gsd¡me-¯n\p tijw X¼p-cm«n s]cp-
´-¨s\ ImWp-¶p. AhÀ KÀ`n-Wn-bmWv. Ipªn\v Hcp Nµ\sXm«n-ep-−m-
¡m³ Nn§-¯nÂ hc-W-sa¶v X¼p-cm«n s]cp-´-¨t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. ]t£
X¼p-cm\v kwi-b-ap-Å-Xp-sIm−v s]cp-´-¨s\ Ahn-tS¡v hcm³ k½-Xn-¡p-
¶n-Ã. X¼p-cm-«nbpw s]cp-´-¨\pw X½nÂ _Ô-ap-t−m-sb¶v X¼p-cm³ kwi-
bn-¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡mhv Xsâ aIÄ Xs¶-bmtWm F¶v AbmÄ kwi-bn-¡p-
¶pap−v. F¶mÂ ]n¶oSv Ipªn-¡mhv Xsâ aIÄ Xs¶-bm-sW¶v X¼p-
26
cm\v a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶p. aIÄ buÆ-\-bp-à-bm-Ip-¶-tXmsS `mÀ¤hn X¼p-cm«n
ac-W-s¸-Sp¶p.
s]cp-´-¨sâ aI³ I®³ bphm-hm-b-tXmsS Xsâ sXmgnenÂ AbmÄ
JymXn t\Sp-¶p. AXnÂ s]cp-´-¨\v A`n-am-\hpw B\-µhpw tXm¶p-¶p-−v.
s]cp-´-¨t\mftam AXnÂ IqSp-Xtem Abm-fpsS {]ikvXn Fhn-sSbpw
F¯n XpS-§p-¶p. `mÀ¤hn X¼p-cm-«n-bpsS aIÄ Ipªn-¡mhv tZim-´-c-
¯n\v t]mIp¶ hgn tXmWn-bnÂ h¨v I®s\ ImWp-¶p. AbmÄ B kabw
Hcp ]qWqÂ [cn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-I−v Ipªn-¡m-hnsâ Iq«p-Im-cn-IÄ Abm-
sfmcp \¼q-Xn-cn-bm-sW¶v sXän-²-cn¨v _lp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡mhpw B
coXn-bnÂ Xs¶-bmWv Abmsf ImWp-¶-Xv. AbmÄ Bim-cn-bmWv F¶p a\-
Ên-em-¡n-b-t¸mÄ Abmsf _lp-am-\n-¨-tXmÀ¯v Ipªn-¡m-hnsâ Iq«p-Im-cn-
IÄ¡v Ien-h-cp-¶p−v. F¶mÂ Ipªn-¡mhv I®-\p-ambn {]W-b-¯n-embn
Ign-ªp.
s]cp-´-¨³ \nÀ½n¨ ]mh-bpsS apJ-¯-Sn-¡p¶ ]mhsb \nÀ½n¨pw
\nÀ½m-W-§Ä¡v Is−-¯nb Øe-§-fpsS tZmjw hne-bn-cp¯nbpw I®³
s]cp-´-¨-s\-¡mÄ hnZ-Kv²-\mbn amdp-¶p-−v.
X¼p-cm«n Gsd¡me-ambn B{K-ln-¨n-cp¶ kc-kzXn aÞ]w ]Wn
Ign-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v X¼p-cm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. s]cp-´-¨t\mSv Btem-Nn¨v I®-
\-S-§p¶ kwL-¯n\v X¼p-cm³ kc-kzXn aÞ]w \nÀ½n-¡p¶ tPmen
GÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. ]Wn \S-¡p¶ ka-b¯v I®³ PmXym-Nm-c-§-sftbm ]mc-¼-
cy-s¯tbm am\n-¡m¯ kzX-{´-hy-àn-bm-bmWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. AXp-
sIm−p Xs¶ Xsâ {]W-bn-\n-bmb Ipªn-¡m-hn-t\mSv AbmÄ kzmX-{ý-
t¯msS CS-]-g-Ip-¶p. CXv X¼p-cm-s\bpw Ipªn-¡m-hns\ hnhmlw Ign-¡-
27
W-sa¶v Icp-Xp¶ \oe-I-WvT³ F¶ bphm-hn-s\bpw ]mc-¼-cy-hm-Zn-bmb
s]cp-´-¨s\bpw Hcp-t]mse Akz-Ø-cm-¡p-¶p.
\oe-I-WvT³ I®s\ `nj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. ]t£ bpàn-bpsS `mj-
bnÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw Imcy-§sf ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ I®³ Bscbpw
A\pkcn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ipªn-¡m-hp-am-bpÅ I®sâ _Ôw ZrV-am-hp-¶p.
CXnÂ Akz-Ø-\mb X¼p-cm³ hoXp-fn-sb-dnªv e£yw ImWp¶ s]cp-´-
¨t\mSv Xs¶-sbm-¶p -sIm-¶p-X-cmtam F¶v bmNn-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ Ipªn-
¡m-hn-tâbpw I®-tâbpw t{]a-k-Ãm]w t\cn«p ImWp¶ \oe-I-WvT-tâbpw
X¼p-cm-tâbpw Zb-\o-bm-hØ s]cp-´-¨³ t\cn«p ImWp-¶p. CtXmsS ]mc-
¼-cy-¯nepw PmXn-bnepw hniz-kn¨v Pohn-t¡-−n-h¶ s]cp-´-¨³ kwLÀj-
¯n-em-hp-¶p. Xsâ aI-t\mSv ]dªp Xncp-¯m-hp-¶-Xn-ep-a-[nIw Ahsâ
{]W-b-_Ôw apt¶m-«p-t]mbn F¶ bmYmÀ°yhpw s]cp-´-¨\p a\-Ên-em-
hp¶p. ]mc-¼-cyhpw PmXnbpw Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ kwLÀjhpw aIsâ kzmX-
{ý-Zmlw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ kwLÀjhpw s]cp-´-¨s\ th«-bm-Sp-¶p. kc-kzXn
aÞ-]-¯nsâ IqSw Dd-¸n-¡p¶ ka-b¯v s]cp-´-¨³ apI-fnÂ Ccn-¡p-Ibpw
Xmsg I®³ aeÀ¶p InS-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ s]cp-´-¨³ aIs\ Xsâ
I¿nse hoXpfn hogv¯n sIme-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Bfp-IÄ aI³ AÑs\¡mÄ
tIa-\m-bXv kln-¡m³ Ign-bmsX s]cp-´-¨³ sIme \S-¯n-sb¶v hnfn-¨p-]-
d-bp-¶p. s]cp-´-¨³ X¼-pcm-t\m-SpÅ kvt\lhpw aIsâ hgn-hn« PohnXw
Xsâ Ipe-¯nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸p Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-¡p-sa¶pw Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-«mWv
B {]hr-¯n sNbvX-Xv. AXv X¼p-cm-\p-th-−nbpw ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\pw PmXym-Nm-
c-¯n\pw th−n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. aI³ ac-W-t¯m-S-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ apI-fnÂ \n¶n-
d§p¶ s]cp-´-¨³ ka-\ne \jvS-s¸«v HmSn-sb¯n Xsâ hkv{X-§Ä¡pw
{KÙ-§Ä¡pw ]Wn-im-ebv¡pw Xo¿n-Sp-¶p. {ItaW B XobnÂ s]cp-´-
¨³ ac-W-¯n\p Iog-S-§p-¶p.
28
aI-t\m-SpÅ Akq-b-bÃ adn¨v kml-N-cy-§-fpsS k½À±-amWv s]cp-
´-¨s\ sIme \S-¯m³ t{]cn-¸n-¨-sX¶v Fw.-Sn. Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ sXfn-bn-¡p-
¶p. IY \S-¡p¶ Imew, aqey-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä AXn\p ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¡p¶ PmXn, ]mc-¼-cy-t_m[w Ch-sbÃmw hfsc kq£va-ambn Cu Xnc-¡-Y-
bnÂ ImWmw. s]cp-´-¨sâ hyàn-Xzw, sshZKv[yw, ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-epÅ
hnizmkw CsXÃmw hfsc sXfn-¨-t¯msS Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ ImWmw.
I®s\ ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS bpàn-t_m-[-t¯msSbpw kzmX-{ý-t_m-[-t¯m-
sS-bp-amWv ImWm³ Ign-bp-I. AXp-t]mse X¼p-cm-«n-bpsS A[n-Im-chpw
Iem-ckn-I-Xzhpw IqÀ½-_p-²n-bp-saÃmw Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ ImWm³ Ign-
bp¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. Fw.-Sn. s]cp-´-¨³ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ an¯p-I-fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-
ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?
2. Imew, tZiw, IYm-]m-{X-§Ä CsXÃmw IrXyX ]men-¡p¶ Xnc-¡-Y-
bmWv s]cp-´-¨³ NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.
3. c−p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS Gäp-ap-«-emWv s]cp-´-¨³ F¶ Xnc-¡Y hni-Z-am-
¡pI?
kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Ie
ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³
1941 Â ASq-cnÂ P\n¨ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ ]qs\ ^nenw C³Ìn-äyq-«nÂ
\n¶v Xnc-¡-Ym-c-N-\-bnepw kwhn-[m-\-¯nepw _ncp-Zm-\-ć Unt¹m-a-IÄ
t\Sn. kzbw-hcw BZy-Nn-{Xw. anI¨ Nn{X-¯n\pw Xnc-¡-Y-bv¡p-apÅ tZiob
29
AhmÀUv c−p-{]m-hiyw e`n-¨p. anI¨ kwhn-[m-b-I-\pÅ AhmÀUv A©v
XhW t\Sn. A´ÀtZ-iob Ne-¨n-{X-ta-f-I-fnÂ At±-l-¯nsâ kn\n-a-IÄ
{]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-«p-−v. ]ß-{io, ]ß-hn-`q-j³ DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n ]pc-kv¡m-c-§Ä
e`n-¨p. tZiob]pc-kv¡mcw t\Snb kn\n-a-bpsS temIw, kn\n-am-\p-`-hw,
kn\n-a-km-lnXyw PohnXw F¶o {KÙ-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-−v.
1895 Â {^m³knse eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ Nen-¡p¶ Nn{X-§Ä
km[y-am-¡n-bXp ]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm-−mWv ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ kwhn-[m-
b-Isâ Ie F¶ kn\namte-J\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. imkv{X-Úsâ ]Wn-¸p-
c-bnÂ s]äp-hoW Hc-Xv`pX inip-sh¶Xnep-]cn asämcp {]m[m-\yhpw A¡m-
e¯v kn\n-a¡v Iev]n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ {]`mXInc-W-
§Ä Im¯v kn\n-a-sb¶ {]Xn-`m-k-¯n\v Ign-tb-−n-h-¶p. At¸m-tg¡pw
bqtdm-¸nepw Ata-cn-¡-bnepw Iem-cw-K-¯nsâ hyh-km-bn-I-cWw Bcw-`n-¨p.
AXnsâ ê-ambn Iqä³ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e-Ifpw h¼n¨ s{]m^-j-WÂ
\mS-I-kw-L-§fpw henb Hm¸d HmÀ¡kv{Sm I¼-\n-Ifpw \yqkv t]¸À {SÌp-
Ifpw hfÀ¶p-h-¶p. C¡m-e¯v Ne-¨n{Xw Hcp hyh-km-bambn s]s«¶v amdn.
Ac-§nsâ hniz-kvX-amb ]IÀs¸-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Hcp-]m-[n-bm-bmWv \mS-I-
¡mÀ Ne-¨n-{Xs¯ I−-Xv. {^m³knse ]mtY I¼-\n-bp-ambn Ahn-Sps¯
\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä CXn\v ZoÀLIme Icm-dp-I-fnÂ GÀs¸-«p. am{X-aÃ \mSI
\S-·mÀ DZym-\-§-fn-epw, acp-`q-an-I-fnepw Cd§n \n¶v A`n-\-bn-¡m\pw XpS-
§n. ]n¶oSv FÃm Iem-cq-]-§fpw kn\n-a-bn-eqsS {]Xy-£-s¸«p XpS-§n. ]pcm-
W-§fpw CXn-lm-k-§fpw skÃp-tem-bvUn-eqsS Aa-cXzw t\Sn.
kn\n-am-\nÀ½m-W-¯nsâ _p²n-ap-«p-IÄ hÀ²n-¨-t¸mÄ \nÀ½m-Xm-hv,
Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, kwhn-[m-b-I³, i_vZ-te-J-I³, Ombm-{Km-l-I³, Nn{X-k-¶n-
th-i-I³, Iem-kw-hn-[m-b-I³, kwKo-X-kw-hn-[m-b-I³ F¶n-§s\ kn\n-am-
30
tPm-en-IÄ hnlnXw hbv¡-s¸-«p. h¼n¨ apXÂ apS¡pw Iq«mb {]hÀ¯hpw
hyXy-kvX-amb thX-\hpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw Akm-am\y hnÂ¸\ km[y-X-
bp-saÃmw kn\n-a-bnÂ kw`-hn-¨-t¸mÄ CsXmcp hyh-km-b-am-sW¶v ]d-ª-
hÀ¡v FÃm-hcpw icn-bm-sW¶v aqfn-s¡m-Sp-¯p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ ]nÂ¡m-
e¯v kn\na XpWn, tkm¸v, ]uUÀ hyh-kmbw t]mse -am-dn. ]t£ XpS-¡-
Imew apXÂt¡ kn\n-abv¡v [nj-W-im-en-I-fpsS ]cn-N-cWw e`n-¨p. Ata-cn-
¡-bnÂ t]mÀ«dpw {Kn^n¯pw ^vfmlÀ«nbpw djy-bnÂ sFk³ssÌ\pw
]ptUm-hvIn\pw sUmhvsj-t¦mbpw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ {^näv Ém§pw apÀt\mbpw
tdm_À«v ho\pw {^m³knÂ G_Â Km³kpw ImÂt{U-bdpw gm³hn-tKmbpw
Cw¥-−nÂ {Kotb-gvk\pw lnNvtIm-¡pw, kzoU-\nÂ kokvt{Kmapw amdnkv
ÌnÃ\pw kn\n-asb X§-fpsS Iem-k-]-cy-¡pÅ cwK-ambn sXc-sª-Sp-¯p.
AhÀ AXnsâ `mj-bnÂ hymI-cWw Fgp-Xn-t¨À¯p. i_vZw hcpw ap³t]
]mI-Xbpw ]Iz-Xbpw h¶ Iem-cq-]-ambn kn\na amdn.
"aZdpw' _mänÂjn¸v t]msSwIn\pw "s_À¯v Hm^v G t\j\pw'
"Iym_n-\äv Hm^v tUmIvSÀ Ien-K-cnbpw' "tPm¬ Hm^v BÀ¡pw' kn\na
kz´-amb AkvXnXzhpw hyàn-Xz-hp-apÅ Hcp Ie-bm-sW¶pw Iymad \mS-I-
th-Zn-bpsS ]IÀs¸-Sp-¡m-\pÅ ImÀ_¬ IS-emkv AsÃ¶pw sXfn-bn-¨p.
kn\na Ie-bm-sW¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ hyh-km-b-hm-Zn-IÄ hg-¡p-−m-¡pw.
t{]£-Isc ap¶nÂ I−v Ah-iy-L-S-I-§Ä Xp−p-I-W-¡n\p Iq«n-t¨À¯p-
−m-¡p¶ Iq«-hn-bÂ ]mI-¯n-epÅ Ne-¨n-{Xm-`m-k-aÃ ChnsS Dt±-in-¡p-¶-
sX¶v ASqÀ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p.
Iesb \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-hm¯ ASqÀ {]tNm-Z-\w, {]tbm-Kw,
{]Im-i\w F¶n-h-bmWv Iem-kr-jvSn-bn-epÄs¸-Sp¶ aq¶p L«-§-sf¶v AS-
bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. NneÀ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf Ah-ew-_n¨v kn\n-a-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.
31
NneÀ A§-s\-sbmcp IrXn-bn-ÃmsX kzX-{´-ambn kn\n-a-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n kn\n-a-sb-Sp-¯n-«pÅ Ae³
sdss\bpw _p\p-hepw {Xpt^mbpw At´m-Wn-tbm-Wnbpw Ah-km\w sN¶p-
\n-¶n-«p-ÅXv aqe-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-ambn kz´w ImgvN-¸m-
Snsâ {]I-S-t\m-]m-[n-bmbn Xocp¶ Ne-¨n-{X-§-fpsS hmÀs¯-Sp-¸n-em-Wv.
kn\na \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v ap¶q-tdmfw hnhn[ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ A²zm-\n-
¡p-¶p-s−¶v Hcp ckn-I³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. F¶mÂ Ihnbpw IS-
emkpw t]mepÅ _Ô-¯n-te¡v kwhn-[m-b-I\pw skÃp-tembvUpw ASp-¯n-
«p-ÅXv C¶v ImWmw. Ihn-sb-t¸mse kwhn-[m-b-I\pw Nen-¡p¶ Nn{X-§-fn-
eqsS Xsâ Bi-bm-hn-jv¡-cWw \S¯n kÀ¤-kr-jvSn-bpsS kpJ-a-\p-`-hn-¡p-
¶p. Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ {]Im-i\w t{]£-I-cpsS ap³]n-emWv. kn\na Hcp hyh-
kmb DXv¸-¶-am-sW¶v ]d-bm-\pÅ Imc-W-an-XmWv F¶mWv \nÀ½m-Xm-¡-
fpsS Øncw ]Ã-hn. t{]£-Isâ Xmsg-¸-Sn-bn-epÅ Bkzm-Z\ \ne-hm-cw,
X§Ä Xs¶ krjvSn¨ Zqjn-X-h-e-b-¯nsâ `mK-ambn kw`-hn-¨-Xm-sW¶
D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXn-\p-]-Icw AXv t{]£-I-
cpsS Xe-bnÂ sI«n-h-bv¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ie kwth-Z\£a-X-bp-Å-Xm-
hWw F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ XÀ¡-an-Ã. Bkz-mZ-I-\n-se-¯n-sb-¦nÂ am{Xta Iem-
krjvSn ]qÀ®-am-hp-I-bpÅp F¶p IcpXn Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS icm-icn [nj-W-
]m-c-¼-cy-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ \n¶p sIm−p-thWw Ne-¨n-{X-krjvSn \S-¯m³
F¶v iTn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ aXn-sb¶v ASqÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ atäXp
Ie-bn-tebpw t]mse krjvSm-hnsâ [njW P\-e-£-§sf \bn-¡p-Ibpw
thWw.
Ihn-bp-sSbpw Nn{X-Im-c-tâbpw t\mh-en-Ìn-tâbpw IrXn-I-fm-kz-Zn-¡m³
A\p-hm-N-Icpw Bkzm-Z-Icpw kmwkv¡m-cn-I-amb X¿m-sd-Sp-¸n\p Xp\n-bp-¶p-
32
s−-¦nÂ AXp-t]mse kn\n-a-bv¡p-th−n, AXnsâ Bkzm-Z-\-¯n\v t{]£-
I³ kz´w \ne-hmcw {kjvSmhv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ \ne-hm-c-¯n-te¡v Db-À¯-
Ww. \mS-Iw, \r¯w, KpkvXn, amPn¡v CsXÃmw Bkz-Zn-¡m³ kn\n-am-im-e-
IÄ Xs¶ thW-sa¶v t{]£-I³ \nÀ_Ôw ]nSn-¡-cp-Xv. AXv Zpjn¨ Hcp
hnt[-b-Xz-am-sW¶v ASqÀ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
kwhn-[m-b-I³ F¶ ]Zw \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶v ISw hm§n-b-Xm-Wv. \mS-
I-Ir-¯nsâ cN-\sb A`n-t\-Xm-¡-fn-eqsS cwK-{]-Im-i\w sN¿p-I-bmWv \mS-
I-kw-hn-[m-b-I³ sN¿p-¶-Xv. \mS-Is¯ AtX-]Sn ]IÀ¯p-Ibpw ISw-sIm-
Åp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ kwhn-[m-b-I-\-S-¡-apÅ ]e-Xn-s\bpw
Ct§m«v {]Xn-jvTn-¨n-cp¯n ]nÂ¡m-e¯v \mS-Ihpw kn\n-abpw thÀ]n-cn-ª-
t¸mgpw ]gb t]cp-IÄ AhnsS¯s¶ _m¡n-bmbn A§-s\h¶ Hcp
kwÚ-bmWv kwhn-[m-b-I³. {^©p-k-¦Â¸w AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ
kwhn-[m-b-Is\ amän AXv Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c³ F¶m-¡-Ww.
\½psS P\-km-am\yw kwhn-[m-b-Is\ Imcy-¡m-ct\m Ig-I-¡m-ct\m
Bbn-«mWv ImWp-¶-Xv. AXn\v sXfn-hmbn Hcp kn\n-am-\n-cq-]-I³ ]d-bp-¶Xv
ASqÀ FSp¯p tNÀ¡p-¶p. AXn-{]-Im-c-amWv ""Xmc-X-tay\ teiw IqSp-XÂ
D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw kwhn-[m-b-IÀ¡p-s−-¶-ÃmsX GsX-¦nepw \nÀ®m-b-I-amb
]cn-[n-hsc t]mepw Nn{X-§-fpsS \ne-\nÂ¸v \ne-sIm-Åp-¶Xv Ahsc B{i-
bn-¨-Ã. At\ym\ ]qc-I-§-fmb \nc-h[n LS-I-§-fp-sSbpw At\Iw hnZ-
Kv²³am-cp-sSbpw kwtbm-P-\-¯n-eqsS DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xs{X Ne-¨n-{Xw. Hcp-X-c-
¯nÂ ]d-ªmÂ kwhn-[m-b-Isâ tPmen ap¡mepw bm{ń-I-am-Wv. IS-em-kp-
]-Wn-IÄ XoÀ¡p-¶-hÀ t\cs¯ \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ AXnÀh-c-¼p-IÄ hn«v A{X-
sbm¶pw t]mIm³ AbmÄ¡v kzmX-{ý-anÃ''F¶-Xns\ ASqÀ \J-in-Jm´w
FXnÀ¡p-¶p. Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä F¶ t]cnÂ hcp¶ Ne-¨n-{Xm-`m-k-§-sf-bmWv
33
Dt±-in-¨-sX-¦nÂ Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb FXnÀ¡m³ hnj-a-ap-−m-Ip-sa¶pw
At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. \mSI ]IÀs¸-Sp-¡m³ ]mtY I¼-\n-bp-ambn IcmÀ H¸p-
sh¨ \mS-I-kw-L-¡mÀ t]mepw C¯-c-samcp \nco-£Ww \S-¯m³ ss[cy-
s¸-Sn-sÃ¶v ]d-ªp-sIm−v kn\na kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Ie-bm-sW¶v ASqÀ
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. slÀ_À«v doUv km£-c-X¡p]pdta Ne-
¨n-{Xm-h-t_m-[hpw t\S-W-sa¶p ]d-ª-Xn-s\bpw At±lw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Ihnbpw Kmb-I\pw hm¡p-I-sfbpw kzc-§-sfbpw D]m-[n-I-fm-¡p-t¼mÄ Ne-
¨n-{X-Im-c³ Zriy-§sf D]-tbm-Kn¨v Bß-{]-Im-i\w \S-¯p-¶p.
amaqÂ kn\n-a-bpsStaÂ ià-amb kÀ¤m-{I-aWw \S-¯nb {^©v
\yqthhv kn\n-abpw Cw¥-−nse "{ôkn-\na'bpw Ata-cn-¡-bnse Ub-dIvSv
kn\n-abpw Ata-cn-¡-bnse tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bpsS \ocm-fn-¸n-Sp-¯-¯nÂ
\n¶-I¶v \yqtbmÀ¡v, km³{^m³kn-kvt¡m, Nn¡mtKm XpS-§nb h³\-K-c-
§-fpsS ad-hnÂ Hcp kzImcy Øm]-\-ambn XpS§n {ItaW B[p-\nI kn\n-
a-bpsS h¼n¨ kÀ¤ t{kmX-Êmbn hfÀ¶ A−À{Ku−v kn\na F¶n-hsb
A£-c-¯nepw AÀ°-¯nepw sshb-ànI kn\n-a-bpsS H¶m-ćw DZm-l-c-
W-ambn ASqÀ FSp¯p Im«p-¶p.
B[p-\nI kn\n-a-bnse A\ÀL-c-Xv\-§-fmb Ae³ sds\-bpsS
"lntcm-jna tam¬ Atamdpw' bm³s\-a-¡nsâ "ssUa−vkv Hm^v Zn ss\äpw'
tKmZmÀZnsâ "hos¡³Upw' s^Ãn-\n-bpsS "ekvt{SmU'bpw Unko-¡-bpsS
"ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkpw' bkp-Pntcm Hkp-hnsâ "tSm¡ntbm tÌmdnbpw' Ipd-
tkm-h-bpsS "dmj-aWpw' XÀt¡m-hvkv¡n-bpsS "tÌm¡dpw' tdbpsS "]tYÀ]m-
©en'bpw F¶p-th− H¶mw-In-S-bnÂs¸« Hmtcm Ne-¨n{XkrjvSnbpw kn\na
Ne-¨n-{X-Im-csâ krjvSnbpw Bßm-hn-jv¡m-tcm-]m-[n-bp-am-sW¶v asäm-c-`n-{]m-
34
b-¯n\v CS-an-ÃmsX sXfn-bn¨p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v ASqÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. kn\na kwhn-[m-b-Isâ Ie-bm-sW¶v ASqÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Imc-W-
§-sf´v?
2. ""\mSI ]IÀs¸-Sp-¡m³ ]mtY I¼-\n-bp-ambn IcmÀ H¸p-h¨ \mSI
kwL-¡mÀt]mepw C¯-c-samcp \nco-£Ww \S-¯m³ ss[cy-s¸-SnÃ''.
BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ? F´p-sIm−v? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
3. kn\na Hcp hyh-km-b-am-sW¶p ]dª \nÀ½m-Xm-¡Ä kn\n-abv¡p
hcp¯nb {]iv\w F´m-bn-cp-¶p?
35
klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä
ae-bmf \mS-I-{]-Øm\w þ Im«p-amSw \mcm-b-W³
\mSI ZÀi\w þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
]uckvXy \mS-I-ZÀi\w þ ]p¯-³Imhv am¯³ Xc-I³
\mS-Iobw þ ssI\n-¡c Ipam-c-¸nÅ
tIcf kwKo-X-\m-SI Ncn{Xw þ tUm.-sI. {ioIp-amÀ
Db-cp¶ bh-\nI þ kn.-sP. tXmakv
ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ
\mS-I-{]-th-inI þ F.-Un. lcniÀ½
IÀ«³ þ F³.-F³. ]nÅ
ae-bmf \mSI kÀhkzw þ aS-hqÀ `mkn
]co-£W {]h-W-X-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I- þ
¯nÂ tUm.-FÂ. tXma-kvIp«n
kn\n-a-bpsS temIw þ ASqÀ
Ne-¨n{X kao£ þ hnP-b-Ir-jvW³
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY þ hnP-b-Ir-jvW³
IYbpw Xnc-¡-Ybpw þ tUm.-BÀ.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c³
Ne-¨n{X PmeIw þ tImgn-t¡m-S³
Ne-¨n{X kzcq]w þ ]n.-F³.-{io-Ip-amÀ
temI kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn{Xw þ tNe-§mSv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³
hm¡pw t\m¡pw þ Fw.-sI. km\p
kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw þ hn.-sI. tPmk^v
kn\na Zriyhpw ]T-\hpw þ the-¸³ Be-¸mSv
36
samUyqÄ 3
Bß-IY / kvacW
Pohn-X-¯nsâ BJym-\-§-fmWv Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-IÄ. Xsâ Pohn-X-IY
AbmÄXs¶ Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv Bß-IY F¶p-]-d-bmw.kXy-k-Ô-Xbpw
Bß-\n-jvT-X-bp-amWv A¯cw cN-\-I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z. sshIm-cn-I-X-bmWv
Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-I-fnÂ ap¶n-«p-\nÂ¡p-I. sshIm-cn-IX Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ AXv
kw`-h-hn-h-c-W-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡p Xmgp-¶p. kz´w Pohn-X-¯nse
sshNm-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-am-b- Aw-i-§sf th−-hn[w kzmwio-I-cn-¨p-Å-
Xm-bn-cn¡pw an¡ Bß-I-Y-I-fpw. {Ko¡v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb skt\m-^³,
tdma³ Nn´-I\mb knktdm F¶n-hÀ Bß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ ]nXm-¡-
·m-cmbn KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Pqen-bkv kok-dnsâ Iaâdn BZy Bß-I-Y-
bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-dp-−v. e£-W-sam¯ Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-bmbn ]d-bp-¶Xv
AK-Ì-knsâ I¬^-j³kv BWv. dqtÊm, F¨v. Pn. shÂkv, tkmaÀskäv
tamw, dkvIn³, _p¡À Sn hm-jnw-K-S¬, slÃ³sIÃÀ F¶n-h-cpsS Bß-I-Y-
Ifpw ]mÝmXy Bß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nse F®-s¸« cN-\-I-fm-Wv. Cý³
kmln-Xy-¯nepw [mcmfw anI-¨-c-N-\-IÄ D−m-bn-«p-−v. KmÔn-Pn, Ph-
lÀemÂ s\lvdp, kptc-{µ-\mYv _m\ÀPn, cmtP-{µ-{]-km-Zv, F.-]n.-sP.
A_vZpÄIemw F¶n-h-cpsS Bß-I-Y-IÄ FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-−-h-bm-Wv. Bß-
I-Y-t]m-se-Xs¶ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv kvac-W-I-fpw.
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy Bß-I-Y-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-t]m-cp-¶Xv
ssh¡w ]m¨p-aq-¯-Xnsâ Bß-I-Y-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-tijw h¶ kztZ-im-`n-
am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS Fsâ \mSp-I-S-¯Â F¶ IrXn-bmWv e£-W-
sam¯ Bß-I-Y-bmbn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kv{XobpsS BZy Bß-
IYm/Poh-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bmbn IW-¡m-¡m-hp¶ H¶mWv kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS
37
`mcy-bmb _n. Ieym-Wn-b-½-bpsS hymg-h-«-kva-c-W-IÄ. Xsâ Bß-IY F¶-
Xn-\-¸pdw `À¯m-hnsâ Poh-N-cn-{X-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv AXv Fgp-X-s¸-«-Xv. C.-
hn. IrjvW-]n-Å-bpsS Pohn-X-kva-c-W-IÄ, sI.Fw. ]Wn-¡-cpsS Bß-I-Y,
sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\msâ Ign-ª-Im-ew, tPmk^v ap−-tÈ-cn-bpsS sImgnª
Ce-IÄ, XI-gn-bpsS HmÀ½-bpsS Xoc§-fnÂ, _jo-dnsâ HmÀa-bpsS Ad-IÄ,
tIi-h-tZ-hnsâ FXnÀ¸v, C.-Fw.-F-knsâ Bß-I-Y, sNdp-Im-Snsâ Pohn-X-¸m-
X, hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ I®ocpw In\m-hpw, ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³\m-b-cpsS Ihn-
bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ F¶nh {][m\ Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-I-fmWv. efn-Xmw-_nI
A´ÀÖ-\-¯nsâ Bß-I-Y-bvs¡m-cm-ap-Jw, am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS Fsâ IY,-
knÌÀ Pkvan-bpsS Bta³ F¶nh kv{XoB-ß-I-Y-I-fnÂ anI¨ Nne-Xm-Wv.
5. sISm¯ Xo\m-f-§Ä
(I®ocpw In\mhpw)
hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse PoÀ®-X-IÄs¡-Xn-cmbn Xsâ PohnXw apgp-
h-³ t]mcm-Snb hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn. F¶ Npcp-¡-t¸-cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶
shÅn-¯n-cp¯n Xmg-¯n-Ã¯p cma³`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv. 1896 amÀ¨v 26þ\v ]gb
s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡nse tag-¯pÀ hntÃ-PnÂ shÅn-¯n-cp¯n Xmg-¯n-Ã¯v
P\n-¨p. AÑ³ Xp¸³ `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv, A½ {iotZhn A´ÀÖ-\w. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-
co-Xn-bn-epÅ thZm-[y-b\w t\Sn. ]Xn-t\gmw hb-ÊnÂ imń-hr¯n Bcw-`n-
¨p. 1918-þÂ sslkvIqÄ PohnXw Bcw-`n-s¨-¦nepw AXv XpS-cm³ Ign-ªn-
Ã.1919-þÂ XrÈqÀ CS-¡p-¶n-bnÂ \¼q-Xncn hnZym-ebw Bcw-`n-¨-t¸mÄ AhnsS
hnZymÀ°n-bmbn tNÀ¶p. Ahn-sS-\n¶pw B\-µ-a-T-¯nsâ IognÂ hnZymÀ°n
F¶ amknI kz´w ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ IÃ-¨nÂ ASn-¨n-d-¡n. tbmK-t£a
k`-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb tbmK-t£-aw, bph-P-\-k-`-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb D®n-\-
38
¼q-Xncn F¶o {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. \¼q-Xncn bph-P-\-kw-Lw,
tbmK-t£-a-k-`, \mj-WÂ tIm¬{KÊv F¶n-h-bnse kPoh {]hÀ¯-I-\m-
bn-cp-¶p. \¼q-Xncn hnZym-e-b-¯nsâ [\-ti-J-cm-WÀ°w KmÔn sXm¸nbpw
Nm¡pw [cn¨v bmN-\m-bm{X \S-¯n. kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-kw, an{i-hn-hm-lw, hn[-
hm -hn-hmlw F¶n-hbv¡v t{]mÕml\w \ÂIn. 1982 s^{_p-hcn 12 \v A´-
cn-¨p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v (\m-S-Iw) cP-\o-cw-Kw, t]mwhgn (I-
Y-I-Ä) kXy-sa-¶Xv ChnsS a\p-jy-\m-Ip-¶p, shSn-h-«w, Ime-¯nsâ km£n,
Fsâ a®v (te-J-\-§Ä), I®ocpw In\m-hpw, IÀ½-hn-]m-Iw, Pohn-X-kva-c-W-
IÄ (B-ß-IYm cN-\-IÄ)
ae-bm-f-¯nse Bß-I-Y-I-fnÂ F®-s¸-tS− Hcp IrXn-bmWv hn.Sn.
`«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ I®ocpw In\m-hpw. Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ kXy-k-Ô-amb
Bhn-jvI-c-W-amWv hn.-Sn. CXn-eqsS \S-¯p-¶-Xv. hnImc Xo{h-X-sIm−pw
_mey-Im-e-kva-c-W-I-fpsS at\m-lm-cnX sIm−pw anI-¨p-\nÂ¡p-¶-XmWv
I®ocpw In\m-hpw. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ Hcp A]v^-\mbn P\n¨ Xsâ
Pohn-Xm-h-ØIÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ \¼q-Xncn kv{XoPo-hn-X-
¯nsâ Zb-\o-bm-hØ IqSn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. Imcy-am-
sbm¶pw sN¿m-\n-Ãm¯ Hc-]v^³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS PohnXw Fgp-Xp-I-bm-sW-
¦nÂ Gdn-bmÂ Act]Pn-e-[nIw GXp kmln-Xy-Ir¯n\pw hen-¨p-\o-«m³
km[n-¡m-¯{X kw`hhnc-f-amWv F¶-t±lw ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp \¼q-Xncn
kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xhpw Hcp JÞn-I-bnÂ HXp-¡mw. A¶s¯ Hcp \¼q-Xn-cn-
bpsS Pohn-X-IÀ¯-hy-§sf D®p-I, Dd-§p-I, KÀ`-ap-−m-¡p-I F¶ aq¶p
39
hm¡nepw kv{Xobp-sS-Xns\ shbv¡p-I, hnf-¼p-I, {]khn-¡pI F¶ aq¶p
hm¡nepw HXp-¡m-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
sISm¯ Xo\m-f-§Ä F¶ ]mT-`mKw hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ I®ocpw
In\mhpw F¶ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ\n¶pw FSp-¯n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. sjmÀ®q-cn-\-Sp-
¯pÅ ap−-apIimkvXmw-tIm-hn-ense imń-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ ka-bs¯ Pohn-
Xm-\p-`-h-§-fmWv hn.-Sn. Cu A[ym-b-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. A¼-e-¯nse A¯m-
g-]qP Ignªv `à-scÃmw ]n³hm-§n-b-tijw Xsâ tPmen-sbÃmw XoÀ¯n-cn-
¡p-t¼m-gmWv A½ hmc-kymcpw Ah-cpsS t]c-¡p-«n-bmb A½p-¡p-«nbpw \S-
¡Â {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. Ah-cpsS P·nbpw Ducm-f-\p-amb Hcp {]mbw sN¶
{_mÒ-W-\p-ambn A½p-¡p-«nbv¡v kw_Ôw \nÝ-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v hn.-
Sn.-bpsS A\p-{Klw hm§m-\mWv AhÀ h¶-Xv. AhÀ¡v Cu kw_-Ô-¯n\v
CjvS-a-sÃ-¦nepw kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Iogvhg-¡-§sf A\p-k-cn-¡p-I-bÃmsX
aäp amÀ¤-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ am{X-am-W-Xn\p hgn-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶v Ah-cpsS kwkm-
c-¯nÂ\n¶pw hyà-am-Wv. tXh-cpsS tNmdpw Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS Iqdpw \ne-
\nÀt¯-−-h-cmWv A¼-e-hm-kn-IÄ. AXn-\mÂ Ah-cpsS \nÊ-lm-bm-hØ
hn.-Snbv¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. A½p-¡p-«nsb hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ hn.-Sn.-bpsS a\-
Ênepw B{K-l-ap-−v. ]t£, Xsâ \nÊ-lm-bm-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶p-−mb A]-
am-\-`m-c-¯mÂ Dcp-Ip-I-bm-W-t±-lw.
]ntä¶v DW-cm³ sshIn-b-Xn-\mÂ IÀ½-§fpw sshIn. Znh-k-§Ä
IS-¶p-t]m-bn. Hcp-Zn-hkw D¨]qP Ignªv kzØ-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ At±-l-
¯nsâ a\-Ên-eqsS ]e-]e Nn´-IÄ IS-¶p-t]m-bn. kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb A\m-
Nm-c-§fpw ASn-bm-bvabpw IpSn-bm-bva-bp-saÃmw ]pXnb Xe-apd XIÀ¯p
apt¶-dp-¶Xpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-¯nse Xobpw ]pIbpw Bfn-¸-S-cp-¶-Xp-saÃmw
At±lw kz]v\w I−p. kmaq-lnI \thm-°m\w Hc-ä-¯p-\n¶v I¯n-¸-S-cp-
40
t¼mÄ shdpw ImgvN-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶mÂ aXntbm F¶-t±lw kzbw tNmZn-¨p.
F´m-bmepw Xsâ Imc-W-h-·m-cpsS ]mc-¼cyw ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-cp-I-bn-sÃ¶v hn.-
Sn. i]Yw sNbvXp. imń-¡m-c-\mbn Ign-bp¶ Ime¯v `mhn-sb¸än Hcp
{]Xo-£bpw hn.-Sn-bv¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Xsâ ap¶nÂ hcp-¶-sX´pw Nh-¨p-t\m-
¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p At¸mÄ sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. AXnÂ \Ã-tXXv No¯-tbXv
F¶ hnth-N-\-_p-²n-sbm¶pw D−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]n¶o-sS-t¸mtgm IpSpw-_-Po-hn-
X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v a[p-c-kz-]v\-§Ä I−p-Xp-S-§n. B kz]v\-§-fnÂ A½p-¡p«n
F¶ a[pc]Xn-t\-gp-Imcn Ib-dn-¡q-Sn. Hcn-¡Â ]pg-h-¡s¯ Ipän-¡m-Sn-\-Sp-
¯p-sh¨v Ahsf I−Xpw NqSpÅ Hc-`n-\n-thiw X¶nÂ Xnf-¨p-s]m-§n-bXpw
hn.-Sn. HmÀ¡p-¶p.
Xsâ a[p-cm-`n-em-j-§Ä Fs¶-¦nepw km£m-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-sa¶v
At±lw Bin-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. ImcWw Hc-]v^³ \¼q-Xn-cnbv¡v hnhmlw A\p-h-
Z-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AbÂ hoSp-I-fnse X«n³]pd¯v Ań-a-b-§p¶ s]¬In-
Sm-§Ä¡v t]Snkz]v\-am-Ip¶ òIcP´p-hmbn Xm³ amdp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-
t¨mÀ¯v At±lw \Sp-§n-t¸m-Im-dp-−v. Hc-]v^sâ Pohn-X-s¯-¸än \¶mbn
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw A½p-¡p-«n-bp-sam-¯pÅ Hcp Pohn-Xhpw a\-Ênsâ
tImWn-se-hn-sStbm Hcp kz]v\-ambn sIm−p-\-S-¶n-cp-¶p.At¸m-gmWv kw_-
Ô-hmÀ¯ Adn-bp-¶-Xv. DÅnÂ sam«n« {]Wbw AtXmsS hmSn-sIm-gn-ªp-
t]m-Ip-¶p. kv{Xosb¶ \ne-bnÂ A½p-¡p«n A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ Akzm-X-{ý-
s¯-¡p-dn¨v Nnń-¡p-¶p. ]utcm-lnXy tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâbpw ]pcp-jm-[n-
]-Xy-¯n-sâbpw _en-bm-Sp-I-fmbn amtd-−n-h-cp-¶-h-cmWv kv{XoIÄ F¶pw
Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Cu Ah-kcw Imc-W-am-bn. Zpjn-¨p-\m-dnb ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw
]utcm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Iim-¸p-im-e-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡-Wsa¶pw
kmaq-ln-I-amb FÃm sI«p-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sn hyàn-kzm-X-
{ý-¯nsâ NqSpw ssNX-\yhpw DÄs¡m-Å-W-sa¶pw DÅ Nn´-IÄ D−m-bn.
41
Xsâ kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ kw_-Ôw, _me-hn-hmlw t]mepÅ
Zpjn-¨p-\m-dnb k{¼-Zm-b-§Äs¡Ãmw Adp-Xn-h-cp-¯m³ Ign-bptam Fs¶m-
s¡-bpÅ Nn´-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Ft´m Ip¯n-¡p-dn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶-t¸m-gmWv
apdn-bn-te¡v A½p-¡p«n IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. ]nSn-sam-´bpw Hcp Ce-s¸m-Xn-bp-am-
bpÅ Ah-fpsS hchv Fń-sâtbm Bcw-`-¯n-\pÅ `mh-am-sW¶v Duln-¨p.
kabw ]IÂ ap¶p-a-Wn. hnP-\-amb A¼-e-]-cn-kcw I\¯ \ni-_vZ-X-bnÂ
AhÀ c−p-t]cpw am{Xw. Ipd¨p ka-b-¯n-\p-tijw "Ft¶mSv tZjy-am-bn-
cn¡pw' F¶p-]-dªv AhÄ \ni-_vZX `RvPn-¨p. Fs¶ F´p-th-W-sa-
¦nepw sNbvtXm-fq.Cu ]nW¡w H¶-h-km-\n-¸n-¡mtam? F¶ Ah-fpsS
tNmZy-¯nÂ FÃmw At±-l-¯n\p hyà-am-bn-cp-¶p. "A½p-¡p-«o.......' F¶
lrZ-b-lm-cn-bmb Hcp hnfn apgp-an-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v AhÄ hn§n-s¸m-
«nt¸mbn. XnS-¸-Ån-bnÂ Xosb-cn-ªp-sIm-−n-cp-¶p. Aán-aotf ]ptcm-lnXw
F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ EtKz-Z-¯nse BZy-kqàw Xm³ icn¡pw ]Tn-¨Xv A¶m-bn-
cp¶p F¶mWv hn.-Sn. B aplqÀ¯s¯ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. B Hcp hmIy-
¯nÂ Xs¶ Xsâ A\p-`-hs¯ DÅ-S¡w sN¿m³ hn.-Sn.bv¡p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-
¶p. A½p-¡p-«n-bp-sam-¯pÅ B \nan-j-§sf kXy-k-Ô-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-
¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ A{Xbpw lrZ-b-lm-cn-bp-am-Wv. kXy-k-Ô-X-bmWv Hcm-ß-I-
Ybv¡v Bh-iyw th− KpWw. B KpWw Cusbm-c-[ym-b-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ
I®ocpw In\mhpw F¶ IrXn-bn-ep-S-\ofw \ap-¡Xv ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. hn.-Sn.-
bpsS Bß-IY A{X-taÂ kzoIm-cy-am-hp-¶Xpw AXp-sIm-−p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.
6. ]pjv]-tKm-]pcw
(I-hn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ)
]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ
"Zn¡pw s]m¡p-a-dn-bmsX t\chpw Zqc-hp-a-dn-bmsX A\´ hnlm-b-
ÊnÂ Ing-t¡-Xm-sW¶v At\z-jn-¨p-sIm−v Aeªp Xncn-bp¶ Hcp hnjp-¸-
42
£n. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Hcp Ihn-bpsS Bßmhv IS-¶p-IqSn AXv AhnsS IqSp-Iq-
«p-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv.' þ ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbsc Ipdn¨v Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn-bpsS
hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. hnc-l-th-Z-\bpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xzhpw Imev]-\nI Ihn-I-fpsS
s]mXp kz¯m-sW-¦nÂ B _m¦nÂ Gähpw hn]p-e-amb Ønc-\n-t£]w
Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-cpsS t]cnÂ Xs¶ ]Xn-ªp-In-S-¡pw. ]n.-bpsS IhnXm
kmI-ey-¯nÂ kmwtKm-]mwKw hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ \jvS-t_m-[-¯n\v Hcp
hyàn-X-ehpw Hcp kaq-l-X-ehpw D−v. ssIhn-«p-t]m¶ ssii-hw, [n¡-cn¨p
t]m¶ CjvS P\-k-¼-¶-amb Xd-hm-Sv, ]qÀW-ambn kz´-am-¡m¯ hnZy,
\nµn-¡-s¸« kw]qPy Kpcp-P\w Ch-sb-]-än-bpÅ \jvS-t_m-[hpw A\p-i-
bhpw hyànXe-¯nÂ Ch Xs¶ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-ambn Xocp-t¼mÄ kmaq-ln-I-
am-\hpw ssIh-cp-¶p.
{][m\ IrXn-IÄ þ hmkń ]q¡Ä, aWn-hoW, ]q¼m-ä-IÄ, Ań-¯n-cn,
A\-´³ Im«nÂ, `{Z-Zo]w, ]S-hmÄ, \nd-]-d, ]mXn-cm-¸q-hv, iwJp-\m-Zw, t{]a
]uÀW-an, hc-`n-£, Ifn-b-Ñ³, \£-{X-am-e, ]q¯m-en, ]qam-e, Xma-c-t¯m-
Wn, HW-¸q-¡Ä, Nne-s¼m-en, ctYm-Õ-hw.
Ihn-bpsS ImÂ¸m-Sp-IÄ, Fs¶ Xnc-bp¶ Rm³, \nXy-I-\y-I-sb-
t¯Sn F¶nh ]n.Ipªncm-a³ \mb-cpsS Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-I-fm-Wv. AXnÂ
Ihn-bpsS ImÂ¸m-Sp-I-fnse Hcp A[ym-b-amWv ]pjv]-tKm-]p-cw. \nXy k©m-
cn-bmb Ihn Ime-§Ä¡p-ti-jw, Xsâ jjvSn-]qÀ¯n-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v Xd-hm-
«n-te¡v hcp-¶-Xnsâ A\p-`-h-§-fmWv Cu `mK¯v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Hcp Ihn-X-
bpsS hmb-\m-\p-`hw ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶-XmWv ]n.-bpsS KZy-c-N-\-I-fpw. A¯cw
Imhym-ß-I-amb Hcp cN-\-bm-Wn-Xpw. {]IrXn ]n.-bpsS cN-\-I-fnse ASÀ¯n-
am-äm-\m-hm¯ Hcp km¶n-[y-am-Wv. Cu `mKw hmbn-¡p-t¼mgpw \ap-¡Xv
43
t_m[y-am-hpw. Xsâ bm{X-bv¡n-S-bnÂ I−p-ap-«p¶ a\p-jy-tc-¡mÄ {]Ir-Xn-
_nw-_-§-sf-bmWv Ihn Xt¶mSv tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-¶-Xv.
Xoh-−n-bnÂ Ihn P·-\m-Smb Imª-§m-t«-¡pÅ bm{X-bnÂ
ImWp¶ ImgvN-I-sfÃmw Krlm-Xp-c-amb kvac-W-I-fn-te¡v Ihnsb \bn-¡p-
¶p. Icn-ta-L-§Ä tabp¶ ISpw-\o-e-a-ebpw ]¨-Xmgvhcbpw Ip¶n³ sNcn-
hnse Ifn-ho-Sp-Ifpw sImän-Ifpw Ipf-t¡m-gn-Ifpw ]p©-h-bepw XIÀ¶ hgn-b-
¼-e-§fpw sI«pw `mÞ-hp-ambn \mSp-Np-äp¶ Ipd-h\pw Ipd-¯n-bp-saÃmw \nd-
apÅ ImgvN-I-fmbn Ihn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Xm\m-cmWv? Fhn-tS-¡mWv Xsâ
bm{X? Ah-km-\n-¡m¯ Cu thj-§Ä Fń-\mWv? F¶o tNmZy-§Ä
Ihn kzbw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ Nn´-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw Ihn {]Ir-Xn-_nw-_-§sf
tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-¶p.
Xsâ A\-´-amb Cu bm{X-bnÂ Iq«p-ImÀ ]ncn-ªp-t]m-bn. Xm³
\S¶ hgn-IÄ, ]n¶n« Zqc-§Ä, XWÂa-c-§Ä, X§nb hgn-b-¼-e-§Ä
FÃmw Ihn HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. ]n¶n-«-Xn-seÃmw Fńt\m th−n-bpÅ
A´À±mlw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.
ho«n-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bm-Wn-Xv. hoSv, \mSv, A½, \m«p-ImÀ F¶n-§s\
kÔybpw ISepw Xcn-ip-\n-ew-t]mepw Ihnsb HmÀ¯v Ic-bp-¶p. s\m´p-
s]ä A½-bv¡pt]mepw H¶pw Xncn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\m-hm-¯-Xnsâ thZ\ Ihn-
bnÂ \nd-bp-¶p. ]nd¶ a®nsâ hnfn Ihn tIÄ¡p-¶p. ]nd-¶mÄ D®m-
\mbn A½ aIs\ £Wn¡p-¶p. A½bv¡v Hcp HmW-t¡m-Sn-t]mepw
\ÂIm³ Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. A½bv¡v aIsâ apJw H¶p I−mÂ am{Xw aXn
F¶m-Wm-{K-lw.
Ihn Imª-§mSv sdbnÂth tÌj-\nÂ Cd-§n-b-t¸mÄ Xm³ Dt]-£n-
¨p-t]m-b-t¸m-gpÅ Xsâ \mSv Ct¸mÄ BsI amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶p.
44
\ote-iz-chpw Imª-§mSpw ImkÀtKmUpw tIc-fhpw Cýbpw kly-]ÀÆ-
Xhpw ISepw hsc Gsd amdn-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ihn-bpsS IqsS-bpÅ In«³
amcmÀ AÑsâ ]gb Imcy-Ø-\m-bn-cp-¶p. AÑsâ HmÀ½-bv¡mbn c−p-dp-
¸nI amcmÀ¡v \o«n.tÌj-\nÂ \n¶pw Cd-§p-t¼mÄ shfp¯p XSn¨, ISp-¡-
\n« t]mÀ«sd ImWp¶p þ Xn½-¸³. Ihnsb I−-]msS Ccp-¼p-h-f-bpÅ
ssI s]m¡n Xte-s¡-«-gn¨v ASp-¯p-h-¶p. _mKp-ambn tIm«-t¨-cn-bn-se¯n
ImdnÂ Ib-dp-¶-Xp-hsc IqsS \S-¶p. Ihn-bpsS AÑs\ HmÀ¯mWv AbmÄ
A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. Ihn-bm-Is« Ducp-sX-−n-bm-bn-t¸m-bn.
Ipªn-cm-a³ h¶p-sh-¶mWv ac-¯nse {]mhpw shfp¯ ]qgnbpw
aWw hoip¶ then-¸q-¡fpwhsc ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ihnbv¡p h¶ henb amäs¯
AhÀ AXn-i-b-t¯m-sS-bmWv t\m¡p-¶-Xv.]meq«n t]män-b-hÀ¡v I®ocp
]Icw sImSp¯ ]l-b³ F¶v ISÂ¡mäv ]ndp-]n-dp-¯p. jjvSn]qÀ¯n-
bv¡mbn Ihn h¶-XnÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw Bizm-k-am-Wv. F¶mÂ ssIX-¸q-
¡fpw aª-¸q-a-chpw Xs¶ i]n-¡p-¶Xv Ihn Adn-bp-¶p-−v. Ipªp-\mÄ
sXm«v Xm\-dn-bp¶ aWÂ¡p¶pw amhp-Ifpw ¹mhp-Ifpw ac-§fpw FÃmw
tZjy-t¯m-sS, FtSm Ipªn-cm-am, Xm³ F´p-t\Sn?F¶v tNmZn-bv¡p-¶Xv
Ihn tIÄ¡p-¶p-−v. BÀ¡pw t\Àhgn Im«p¶ {]`m-X-civan apJ-¯-Sn-¨-Xp-
t]mse ]d-ª-Xpw Ihn tIÄ¡p-¶p þ IhnX tXSn thiym-sX-cp-hn-se-¯n,
A¼ew tXSn NpS-e-bnÂ F¯n, \£-{X-§-sf-tXSn InW-änÂ NmSn, tXm«-
¡m-csâ tPmen-tbäp IÃ-Sn-bnÂ InS-¶p-d-§n, IÂ¡−w th−m-¯-hÀ¡v
sImSp¯v ItÃ-dp-hm-§n, BImiw F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m³ NmSn `qan \jvS-s¸-«p.
C§s\ Ihn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hmtcm¶pw FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-I-bmWv {]`m-X-c-ivan.
F¶mÂ Ie-¡-sh-Åhpw sXfn-sh-Åhpw ISÂ GÂ¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Ccp-«nsâ
sXäv {]`mXw Xncp-¯p-¶p-sh¶pw ]dªv IpbnÂ Ihnsb kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-I-
bm-Wv. AÚmX {]]-©-ku-µcyw Bhm-ln-¡p-¶, a\Êp \jvS-s¸« Imhy-
45
I-em-tbm-Kn-bmWv Ihn F¶pw \jvS-s¸« a\-Êns\ ap§n-¯¸n FSp-¡Ww
F¶pw Ihnsb HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v IpbnÂ. tIm«-t¨-cn-bnÂ \n¶pw ImdnÂ
\m«n-te¡p t]mIp-t¼mÄ ImWp¶ ImgvN-I-fn-eqsS Ihn Xsâ \mSns\ Adn-
bp-I-bm-Wv. \K-c-¯nsâ Im]-Sy-¯n-te¡pw Xo£vW-X-bn-te¡pw \mSv F¯n-
b-Xmbn Ihn Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. bm{X-bnÂ I−-sXÃmw ad¶v C\n kzbw
Is−-¯m³ {ian-t¡-−n-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v Ihn Nnń-bv¡p-¶p. \o \ns¶
I−mÂ \o tXSp¶ \nXy-I-\y-Isb I−p F¶m-WÀ°w. hoSns\ e£y-
am¡n apt¶m«p t]mIp-t¼mÄ hgn-bnÂ A¼-c-¶p \nÂ¡-cp-sX¶pw PwKvj-
\nÂ F¯n-bmÂ AÔm-fn-¡-cp-sX¶pw kzbw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Xt¨mfn
HtX-\sâ hoc-Km-Y-IÄ ]mSp¶ hbÂ apdn¨v IS¶v ta¨nÂ ]d¼v tIdn
t]mIp-t¼mÄ hmb-sI-«nb ss]¡n-Sm-§sf ImWp-¶p. Imc-ap-Åp-h-Sn-bp-ambn
I¶men sNdp-¡-s\bpw, a\p-jy³ A\y³ tabv¡p¶ I¶m-en-bmWv F¶v
sNt¼m¯v Ihn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Xd-hm-«n-se-¯nb Ihn BZyw I−Xv \mcm-
b-Wn-sb-bm-Wv. P]w Ignªv ]qap-J-¯p-h¶v A½ aIs\ kzoI-cn-¨p.
ASp¯ ho«nse cm[ Im¸nbpw ]e-lm-chpw D−m-¡n. A½ AXv Ihnbv¡p
\ÂIn.ho«nÂ \nÂ¡p-t¼mgpw ISw ho«n-bnÃ F¶v ]dh ]mSp-¶Xv Ihn
tI«p. Ipgn-a-Sn-b³, Xd-hmSp apSn-b³ F¶v sNt¼m¯p hnfn¨p ]d-bp-¶Xpw
tI«p. {]mWm-bm-ahpw `P-\-bp-sam-s¡-bmbn Ign-bp-I-bmWv Ihn-bpsS A½.
Ihn h¶-X-dnªv {]tZ-is¯ kmln-Xy-k-anXn {]hÀ¯-Icpw kplr-¯p-¡-fp-
sams¡ ho«n-te¡v h¶p. Ipªn-cm-asâ jjvSn-]qÀ¯n Imcy-§-sfÃmw FÃm-
hcpw IqSn `wKn-bmbn \S-¯n-¯-c-W-sa¶v A½ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ihn-sb-¡p-
dn¨v k¦-S-s¸«v Hmtcm¶v ]d-ªp-sIm-−n-cp-¶p A½. F¶mÂ cmh-W-kw-
lmcw Ignªv Atbm-[y-bnÂ F¯n IncoSw NqSnb cma-\mWv ap¶n-ep-ÅXv
F¶ a«m-bn-cp¶p \¼o-i³ amÌÀ¡v. aq¯ aI-s\-sNmÃn A½bv¡v B[n-
th− F¶v At±lw ]d-sª-¦nepw A½bv¡v Bizm-k-am-bn-Ã.
46
jjvSn]qÀ¯n-bm-tLm-j-§-fpsS _l-f-am-bn-cp¶p ]ns¶. ]ecpw
h¶pw-t]m-bp-an-cp-¶p. ]eXpw ]d-ªp. Ihn Xsâ \m«nse amXrIm IÀj-I-
\mb i¦-c-s\m¸w cma-Zm-km-{i-a-¯n-te¡p t]mbn. imń tXSn ]ecpw B
imń-\n-tI-X-\nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶n-cp-¶p. C\nbpw X\n-¡-hnsS hc-W-sa¶pw
Ipsd-Zn-hkw X§-W-sa¶pw i¦-c-t\mSp ]d-ªp. AhnsS Aen-hp-sÅmcp
A½-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. B{i-a-¯nse hr£-§Ä At±-ls¯ hnfn-¨p. a\p-
jy³ F´m-sW¶pw a\p-jy-Po-hnXw F´m-sW¶pw X§Ä ]d-ªp-X-cm-sa-
¶p-amWv hr£-§Ä ]d-bp-¶-Xv. B Øe-s¯, B \nan-js¯ AńapInÂ
NnX-dnb \h-cXv\aÞ]w t]mse ]pcm-X\ kuµ-cy-t£-{X-¯nsâ DbÀ¶
]pjv]-tKm-]p-c-ambn Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶-t¸mse Akz-Ø-amb a\-
ÊpÅ Ah-[q-XÀ¡v imń e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v tbmPn¨ Hcn-S-am-bn-«mWv Ihn B
B{i-as¯ ImWp-¶-Xv.
7. \oe-¡-S-em-knÂ s]mXnª ]¨-¡p-Xnc

(C-h-s\sâ {]nb kn.-sP.)
tdmkn tXmakv
1927-þÂ hcm-¸p-g-bn-emWv tdmkn tXma-knsâ P\-\w.]nXmhv ae-bm-f-
¯nse {]ikvX \ncq-]-I-\mb Fw.]n.-t]mÄ. amXmhv tacn t]mÄ. Fw.-]n.
t]mfnsâ Syqt«m-dn-bÂ tImtf-PnÂ A[ym-]-I\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp¶
kn.-sP. tXma-kns\ {]W-bn¨p hnhmlw Ign-¨p. H¼Xv hÀjw am{Xw \o−
Zm¼-Xy-¯n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ Xsâ 31-þmw hb-ÊnÂ tdmkn tXmakv hn[-h-bm-bn.
42þmw hb-ÊnÂ Xs¶ kn.-sP.tXmakv AÀ_p-Z-_m-[n-X-\mbn ac-W-¯n\p
Iog-S-§p-¶p. `À¯m-hnsâ kvac-W-bnÂ Fgp-Xnb tdmkn tXma-knsâ Ch³
Fsâ {]nb kn.sP {it²-b-amb cN-\-bm-Wv. CXv amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn-¸nÂ
JÞ-ix-{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. Dd-§p¶ knwlw Fs¶mcp HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IqSn
Fgp-Xn. B\n F¶ Hcp t\mhepw PmeI¡mgvN, ae-shÅw F¶o D]-\ym-
47
k-§fpw Atacn-¡-bnÂ Hcp ae-bm-fn-s¸®v F¶ bm{Xm--hn-h-c-W-Ir-Xnbpw
Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v. s_m¡m-¨ntbm IY-IÄ, B\n-aÂ ^mw, tkm sa\n
lwtKgvkv F¶nh hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ 2009 Unkw-_À 16-þ\v 82-þmw hb-ÊnÂ
A´-cn-¨p. _nt\m-bv, _o\, t]mÄ F¶n-hÀ a¡Ä.
Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.sP F¶ IrXn-bnse Hc-[ym-b-amWv \oe-¡-S-em-
knÂ s]mXnª ]¨-¡p-Xnc F¶-Xv. kn.-sP. tXma-kp-am-bpÅ {]W-bm-\p-`-
h-§-fmWv Fgp-¯p-Imcn tdmkn tXmakv Cu A[ym-b-¯nÂ ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶-
Xv. kn.-sP. tXma-knsâ \mev]-¯n-c−v hÀjs¯ Pohn-X-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ \mep-
hÀjw ImapInbmbpw H¼-Xp-hÀjw `mcy-bmbpw At±-l-t¯m-sSm-cp-an-¨p-
−mbn. F¦nepw Xsâ kn.-sP.sb ]cn-]qÀ®-ambn hmb-\-¡m-cpsS ap¶n-
te¡v Xcm-\m-hnÃ F¶-hÀ ap³Iq-dmbn ]d-bp-¶p. "Rms\mcp [n¡m-c-¯n\p
apXn-cp-I-bmWv' F¶v ]d-ª-Xp-sIm-−mWv AhÀ Cu Ipdn¸v Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xp-
X-s¶. Xs¶-t¸mse Bbn-c-I-W-¡n\v hn[-h-IÄ ap{I-bn«v Ic-ªmepw temI-
¯n\v H¶pw kw`-hn-¡p-I-bnÃ F¶pw AhÀ ]d-bp¶p. 1951 P\p-hcn 8þ\mbn-
cp¶p Ah-cpsS hnhm-lw. 18 hb-Êp-Å-t¸m-gmWv kn.-sP.-bp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xv. ]nXmhv Fw.-]n. t]mfnsâ DS-a-Ø-X-bn-epÅ Syqt«m-dn-b-enÂ Cw¥ojv
A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP. I−n-«p−v F¶-ÃmsX ASp¯p ]cn-N-b-ap-−m-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Nn{X-tZmbw hmcn-I-bnÂ _mesâ aq¶mw t]Pv hmbn-¡m-dp-−m-bn-
cp-¶p. B teJ-\-§Ä kn.-sP.-bpsSXmsW¶v ]n¶oSv Adn-ªp.
BZy-ambn kn.-sP.sb I−Xv tdmkn tXmakv HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. Hcp
sNdp-¸-¡m-csâ {]k-cnt¸m kt´m-jtam H¶p-an-Ãm¯ Ihn-fn-te¡v Hen-¨n-d-
§nb IrXmhv At±-ls¯ aäp-Å-h-cnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.
hnjm-Zm-ß-I-X-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ apJ-¯p-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. sIm¨p kmÀ
F¶m-bn-cp¶p hnZymÀ°n-IÄ kn.sP.sb hnfn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. A¸sâ kl-{]-
48
hÀ¯-I³ F¶ \ne-bn-epÅ kzmX{ýw AhÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. ]¨-¡p-
Xnc F¶v Xs¶ Ifn-bmbn hnfn-¨n-cp-¶Xpw AhÀ HmÀ¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ
Iq«w IqSn kn.-sP.-tbmSv kwibw tNmZn-¡m³ hcp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tNmZn-¨-
t¸mÄ ""]ns¶, Cu s]®p-§-fpsS hnbÀ-¸p-\mäw ASn-¨n«v `b-¦c kpJw
Xs¶'' F¶pÅ adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p ]d-ª-Xv. kn.-sP.-bpsS s]cp-am-ä-¯n-
epÅ kzmX-{ýhpw A´Êpw AhÀ¡v \t¶ CjvS-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Fs´-¦nepw
hmbn-¡p-Itbm Fgp-Xp-Itbm sN¿p¶ kn.-sP.-sb-bmWv Ft¸mgpw ImWm-\m-
hp-I. \¶mbn Nn{Xw hc-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F³.-_n.Fknse
]pkvX-I-§Ä¡v IhÀ Nn{Xw hc-¨n-cp-¶Xv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp kplr-¯n-
t\m-sS-¶-t]m-se-bpÅ kvt\lhpw aXn¸pw _lp-am-\-hp-am-bn-cp¶p BZy-L-«-
¯nÂ At±-l-t¯m-Sp-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Bbn-Sbv¡v At±-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v tI«
Hcp A]-hmZw kn.-sP.bv¡v hn[-h-bmb Hcp kv{Xobp-ambn _Ô-ap−v F¶-Xm-
bn-cp-¶p. CtX¸än At\z-jn-¨-t¸mÄ IqSp-XÂ H¶pw At±lw ]d-ªn-Ã.
"Rms\mcp \nÀ`m-Ky-hm-\mWp sImt¨'F¶p am{X-am-bn-cp¶p {]Xn-I-c-Ww.
kn.-sP.-bpsS i{Xp-¡Ä D−m-¡nb sI«p-I-Y-bm-bn-cp¶p AsX¶v ]n¶o-S-dn-
ªp. {ItaW kn.-sP.-tbm-SpÅ at\m-`m-h-¯nÂ amäw h¶p.sXäp sN¿m¯
B a\p-jy³ A\p-`-hn-¨ncp¶ thZ\ X¶n-te¡pw ]S-cp-¶-Xmbn tXm¶n.
]gb kzmX{ýw \jvS-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. I®nse {]Wbw ad-¨p-sh-
bv¡m³ {ian-¨p. kn.-sP. Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-sXÃmw sN¿m³ DÕm-l-am-bn-cp-¶p.
GtXm Hcp iàn X§sf ASp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶n. kn.-sP. tIm«-b-
t¯¡p t]mb-t¸mÄ AhÀ Hcp I¯-b-¨p. AXnÂ Hc-£-cw-t]mepw Fgp-Xn-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã. apgp¯ Hcp ]¨-¡p-Xn-csb ]nSn¨v sIm¶v \oe-¡-S-em-knÂ ]än-¨p-
sh¨v Ih-dn-em¡n Ab-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
]pkvX-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Nn{X-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-sam-s¡-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p
Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-§Ä A[n-I-hpw. BÀ¡pw kwibw tXm¶m-¯-hn-[-
49
¯nÂ AhÀ X½nÂ ASp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A§-s\-bn-cn-s¡-bmWv ]c-kv]-c-
{]-Wbw Xpd¶p {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Hc-h-kcw h¶p-tNÀ¶-Xv. tdUntbm {]kw-K-
¯n-\p-th−n Fw.-]n.-t]mfpw `mcybpw a{Zm-kn-te¡v t]mb ka-b¯v {]kwKw
tIÄ¡m³ th−n sjt¸ÀUv kmdnsâ ho«nÂ t]mbn cm{Xn-bnÂ Xncn-¨p-h-cp-
t¼mÄ c−p-t]cpw Hä-bv¡m-b-ka-b¯v thh-em-Xn-tbmsS asä-s´m-s¡tbm
]d-ªp-sIm−v \S-¶p. hoSn\v ap¶n-se-¯n-bXpw tdmkn ho«n-te¡v HmSn-¡-
bdn.km[m-cW ho«nÂ th−-s¸-«-hÀ Bcp-an-Ãm-¯-t¸mÄ kn.-sP.Ib-dm-dn-Ã.
A¶-t±lw tdmknsb A\p-K-an-¨p. B kµÀ`w tdmkn tXmakv C§s\
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p þ ""apä¯v Hcp H«p-amhv ]´-en¨p \nÂ¸p−v. AÂ¸w \nem-hp-
−m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn HmÀ¡p-¶p.amhnsâ Nmª-in-J-c-§Ä, \ne¯v sI«n-a-dn-
bp¶ \ng-ep-IÄ ...... "sImt¨......' Fsâ t\À¡v ssIIÄ \o«n. Rm³ Adn-
bmsX B ssII-fn-te¡v hgp-Xn-ho-Wp.e¡n-Ãm-¯-h-s\-t¸mse kn.-sP. Fs¶
Npw_n-¨p. \nan-j-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-bn. s]s«¶v ]cn-k-c-tamÀan¨v kn.-sP.
]Sn-I-S¶v tdmUn-en-d-§n.''
AXn-\p-tijw A`n-\bw XpS-cm³ Ign-ªnÃ F¶v Fgp-¯p-Imcn ]d-
bp-¶p. hfsc Npcp-§nb hÀj-§Ä am{X-amWv kn.-sP.-bvs¡m¸w Ign-ª-sX-
¦nepw HmÀa-bpsS sN¸nÂ Hfn-a-§msX Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m-\pÅ {]W-b-\n-an-j-
§Ä Hcp-]m-Sp-s−¶v tdmkn tXmakv ]d-ªn-«p-−v. "Hcp \qäm−v H¸w Ign-
ªmÂ In«p-¶-Xn-e-[nIw kvt\lhpw Icp-Xepw kn.-sP.-bnÂ \n¶v In«n-bn-«p-
−v' F¶v Hcn-¡Â AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p-−v. \mS-Ihpw hnaÀi-\hpw Iayq-Wn-
khpw hn¹-h-hp-sam-s¡-bmbn ]pd-sa-\n¶v t\m¡p-¶-hÀ¡v Hcp [n¡m-cn-bmbn
tXm¶p-sa-¦nepw ho«nÂ {]W-bm-Xp-c-\mb Hcp Imap-I-\m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP.-
sb¶v tdmkn tXmakv ]d-bp-¶p. ]pd-tabv¡v Hcp ISpw-]n-Sp-¯-¡m-c\pw
[n¡m-cn-bp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP.-sb-¦nepw AIta teme-lr-Z-b-\m-bn-
cp¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ BZyta tdmkn tXma-kn\v Ignªncp¶p.
50
t{]ahpw kl-\-hp-saÃmw \nd-ªp-\n¶ Ah-cpsS PohnXw AXp-sIm-−p-
Xs¶ AÀ°-k-¼qÀ®-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ B A\p-{K-lo-X-Po-hnXw hfsc
Ipd-¨p-Imew am{Xta AhÀs¡m-cp-an¨p XpS-cm-\m-bp-Åq. AXn-\mÂ¯s¶
Xsâ {]nb-s¸-«-hsâ HmÀ½-Isf hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-bv¡p-I-bm-Wn-
hnsS Fgp-¯p-Im-cn.
8. Icp-Xn-sh¨ Hcn-e-t¨mdv
(H-c-Ñsâ HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ)
s{]m^: Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ
1921 HIvtSm-_À 28-þ\v XrÈq-cnse tNÀ¸nÂ IrjvW-hm-cy-cp-sSbpw
sIm¨p-Ip«n hmc-kym-cp-sSbpw aI-\mbn«mWv Cu¨-c-hm-cy-cpsS P\-\w. A[ym-
]-I³, Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, ]uc-hm-Imi {]hÀ¯-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-
¨n-cp¶ Hcp hyàn F¶-Xn-\-¸pdw ASn-b-ń-cm-h-Ø-¡m-es¯ t]meokv `c-
W-IqS òI-c-X-bnÂ s]men-ªp-t]mb Hcp hnZymÀ°n-bpsS AÑ³ F¶ \ne-
bnÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ kaq-l-a-\-Êm-£n-bv¡p ap¶nÂ \odp¶ HtcmÀ½-bmWv
Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ. sIm¨n cmPy-{]-Pm-a-Þ-e-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-I\pw Iayq-WnÌv
]mÀ«n kl-bm-{Xn-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. XrÈqÀ skâv tXmakv tImtf-Pv,
Fd-Wm-Ipfw alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pv, NnäqÀ Kh¬saâv tImtf-Pv, Kh¬saâv
BÀSvkv B³Uv kb³kv tImtfPv tImgn-t¡mSv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ lnµn
A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. cm[m-hm-c-kym-cmWv ]Xv\n. cmP-s\-Iq-SmsX ca, Nmµv\n
F¶n-hcpw a¡-fm-Wv. cmP-s\-t¯-Sn-bpÅ Xsâ ZoÀL-Im-es¯ At\z-j-W-
§-fp-sSbpw \nb-a-t]m-cm-«-§-fp-sSbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-I-fmWv Hc-Ñsâ HmÀ½-
¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ F¶ IrXn. Cu ]pkvX-I-¯n\v 2004-þÂ tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-
Zan ]pc-kvImcw e`n-¨p. cmPsâ ac-W-¯n\v ap¸-tXmfw hÀj-§Ä¡p-ti-j-
amWv At±lw CsX-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. Cu IrXn-bnse Hc-[ym-b-amWv Icp-Xn-sh¨
Hcn-e-t¨mdv F¶-Xv.
51
ASn-b-ń-cm-h-Ø-Im-e¯v Imb® t]meokv tÌj³ A{I-a-hp-ambn
_Ô-s¸«v tImgn-t¡mSv doPy-WÂ F©n-\o-b-dn§v tImtf-Pnsâ (C-¶s¯
\mj-WÂ C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v sSIvt\m-f-Pn, tImgn-t¡m-Sv) tlmÌÂ apä-¯p-\n-
¶mWv Cu¨-c-hm-cy-cpsS aI³ cmPs\ t]meokv AdÌv sNbvXp-sIm-−p-t]m-
Ip-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv aI-s\-¡p-dn¨v bmsXmcp hnh-chpw e`n-¨n-Ã. A§s\ Xsâ
aIsâ Xntcm-[m-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v At\z-jn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\mWv 1976
amÀ¨v 10þ\v Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ A¶s¯ B`y-´-c-a{ń sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-csâ Xncp-h-
\-´-]p-cs¯ a³tam-l³ ]me-kn-se-¯p-¶-Xv. Xsâ Bh-iy-ap-¶-bn¨v hmcyÀ
ap«p¶ Ah-km\ hmXn-ep-I-sfm-¶m-bn-cp¶p AXv. At±-l-¯nsâ IqsS
kplr-¯mb Hcp s{]m^-kdpw injy-\mb BÀ.-kp-tc-{µ\pw D−m-bn-cp-¶p.
Icp-Wm-I-csâ hoSnsâ AI-¯-f-§-fnÂ hsc Ib-dm³ kzmX-{ý-apÅ Bfm-
bn-cp¶p s{]m^-kÀ. Icp-Wm-I-csâ `mcy Ieym-Wn-¡p-«n-b-½bv¡pw {]nb-¦-c-
\m-bn-cp¶ B s{]m^-k-dmWv IqSn-¡mgvN icn-bm-¡n-b-Xv. \ndª Nncn-
tbmsS IS-¶p-h¶ Icp-Wm-I-csâ apJ¯v Xs¶I−-t¸mÄ Hcp hnjm-Z-Omb
]SÀ¶pthm F¶v hmcyÀ kwi-bn-¨p. t\ct¯ ]d-ªn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Imcy-§-
sfms¡ thKw icn-bm-¡m-am-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv Icp-Wm-I-c³ ]d-ªXv. hmcyÀ
Xsâ aIsâ \nc-]-cm-[nXzw Bhpw-hn[w shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Imb®
t]meokv tÌj³ A{Iaw \S-¡p-t¼mÄ aI³ ^mdqJv tImtf-PnÂ bq¯v
s^Ìn-h-enÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pnse BÀSvkv
Atkm-kn-tb-j³ sk{I-«-dn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p cmP³. hnh-c-§Ä At\z-jn¨v
Adn-bn-¡m-sa¶v Biz-kn-¸n-¨mWv Icp-Wm-I-c³ Ahsc Xncn-¨-b-¨Xv.
aIs\ Ah-km-\-ambn I−Xv Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ HmÀ¡p-¶p. 1976 s^{_p-
hcn 26-þ\v Xsâ temUvPv apdn-bnÂ Ah³ h¶-t¸mÄ ]T-\m-h-[n¡v \m«nÂ
hcWw F¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ah³ AXv k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
F¶mÂ ]n¶o-sSm-cn-¡epw At±-l-¯n\v aIs\ ImWm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A¡m-
52
e¯v hmcyÀ tImgn-t¡mSv Kh¬saâv BÀSvkv Bâv kb³kv tImtf-Pn-em-bn-
cp-¶-Xp-sIm−v tImgn-t¡ms« tIc-f-`-h³ temUvPn-em-bn-cp¶p Xma-kn-¨n-cp-
¶Xv. Fd-Wm-Ip-fs¯ ho«nÂ\n¶pw 1976 amÀ¨v 1þ\v tImtf-PnÂ F¯n-b-t¸m-
gmWv cmPs\ t]meokv ]nSn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]mb hnhcw Adn-bp-¶-Xv. Xte-Zn-
hkw cm{Xn ^mdqJv tImtf-Pnse bq¯v s^Ìn-h-enÂ ]s¦-Sp¯v ]peÀs¨
tlmÌ-en\v ap¼nÂ _kn-d-§n-b-t¸m-gmWv cmPs\ ]nSn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]m-b-sX¶v
Adn-bp-¶Xv. cmPs\ BZyw Imb® t]meokv tÌj-\n-te¡pw ]n¶oSv
I¡bw Iym¼n-te¡pw sIm−p-t]m-sb¶pw At±lw Adn-ªp. DSs\
At±lw I¡-b-t¯¡v t]msb-¦nepw cmPs\ ImWm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. ImhÂ
\n¶ t]meo-kp-Im-c³ AI-t¯¡p IS-¯n-hn-«n-Ã. Iym¼nsâ Xe-h-\m-bn-
cp¶ Pbdmw ]Sn-¡-ens\ ImW-W-sa¶v At]-£n-s¨-¦nepw AXpw A\p-h-Zn-
¨n-Ã. Xsâ k¦Sw apgp-h³ Abm-tfmSv ]d-sª-¦nepw H¶pw A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-
«n-Ã. Ic-ªp-sIm−v Xncn-¨p-t]m-cms\ Ign-ªp-Åq.
Icp-Wm-I-cs\ I−-Xn-\p-tijw amXr-`q-an-bpsS tImgn-t¡mSv dnt¸mÀ«-
dmb kmZn-cn-t¡mbsb sN¶v ImWp¶p−v At±-lw. Icp-Wm-I-csâ hew-I-
¿m-bn-cp¶p AbmÄ.Hcp \Ivk-ensâ Xmhfw ImWn-¡m³ sIm−p-t]m-Ip-
t¼mÄ t]meokv Po¸nÂ\n¶pw cmP³ HmSn c£-s¸«p F¶ hnh-c-amWv
Abm-fnÂ \n¶v e`n-¨-Xv. hniz-k-\o-b-amb Hcp tI{µ-¯nÂ \n¶mWv X\n-
¡o-hn-hcw e`n-¨-sX¶pw AbmÄ ]d-ªp. AXv Icp-Wm-I-c³ Xs¶-bm-bn-cn-
¡p-sa¶v Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n. kmZn-cn-t¡m-b-bpsS shfn-s¸-Sp-¯Â
AÂ]w Bizmkw ]IÀs¶-¦nepw aI-s\-hnsS F¶ At\z-jWw A\-´-
ambn XpSÀ¶p. Hcn-¡Â kplr-¯p-¡-fp-ambn Pbdmw ]Sn-¡-ens\ ImWm³
sN¶p-sh-¦nepw hfsc tami-am-bn-«m-bn-cp¶p AbmÄ s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. tImtf-
Pnse aäv Ip«n-I-sf-sbms¡ Iym¼nÂ I−n-cp-s¶-¦nepw Xsâ aIsâ apJw
am{Xw Fhn-sSbpw I−n-Ã. cmP³ Ft¸m-sg-¦nepw hni-¶p-h-eª hb-dp-ambn
53
ho«n-te¡v IS-¶p-h-cp-sa¶v At¸mgpw B AÑ³ {]Xo-£n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-
sIm−p Xs¶ Hcn-e-t¨mdv Ft¸mgpw Icp-Xn-sh-bv¡Ww F¶-bmÄ `mcy-tbmSv
]d-ªn-cp-¶p. Ccp-«nÂ \n¶pw AÑm F¶v hnfn-¨p-sIm−v Xsâ aI³ Ib-dn-
h-cp-¶Xpw Im¯v AbmÄ \nev¡m-dp-−v. ASÀ¶p hogp¶ I®p-\oÀ
AbmÄ¡v XS-tb-−-Xp-−m-bn-cp¶p. ImcWw Ahsâ A½ CsXm¶pw Adn-b-
cp-sX¶v AbmÄ B{K-ln-¨p. aIsâ Xntcm-[m-\-¯n-\p-tijw _p²n-Øn-cX
\jvS-s¸« Ah-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp¶p B A½. acn-¡p-t¼mgpw AhÀ aIs\
At\z-jn-¨p. Hcp IpSpw-_s¯ Xocm-th-Z-\-bn-te¡p XÅn-hn« `c-W-IqS
\njv{In-b-Xz-s¯bpw t]meokv òI-c-X-sbbpw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv Cu¨-c-
hm-cy-cpsS Cu A\p-`-h¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ. \oXn--bv¡p-th−n Xsâ Pohn-X-Im-e-a-
{Xbpw Ae-ªp-XoÀ¯ Hc-Ñsâ Ipdn-¸p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Cu Ipdn-¸p-I-fn-eqsS IS-
¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ HmÀ½-bnÂ hcp¶ Hcp IY-bmWv H.hn. hnP-bsâ ISÂXo-c-
¯v. AXnse shÅm-bn-b-¸sâ s\m¼cw Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ F¶ AÑ-\n-eq-
sSbpw hmbn-¡mw. CXv Xncn¨pw ]d-bmw. ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ Ime-¯mWv B
IY Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw. Xsâ aIs\ Fń-\mWv `c-W-IqSw sIme-¡p-ä-¯n\v
in£n-¨Xv F¶-dn-bmsX `c-W-IqSkwhn-[m-\-§Ä¡pap-¶nÂ \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn
\nÂ¡p¶ shÅm-bn-b-¸³ Cu¨-c-hm-cy-cpsS {]Xn-_nw-_-ambn amdp-¶p−v.
\½psS a\-Ê-en-bn-¡p¶ Xo{h-amb Hcp ]nXr-þ-]p-{X-_-Ô-amWv B IY-bnÂ
H.-hn. hnP-b³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. aIs\t¯SnbpÅ Cu¨-c-hm-cy-cpsS bm{X-
IÄ \½-fnÂ A¯cw s\m¼cw Xs¶-bmWv krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. 1988-þse jmPn.-
F³.-I-cp¬ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX ]ndhn F¶ kn\na ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶Xpw
CtX hnj-b-am-Wv. 2013-þse CSp¡n tKmÄUv F¶ kn\n-a-bnepw Cu kw`-h-
¯nsâ ]cm-aÀi-ap-−v. kn.-BÀ.-Hm-a-\-¡p-«³ Fgp-Xnb ihw-Xo-\n-IÄ F¶
]pkvX-Ihpw Cusbmcp kw`-h-¯nse \njvTq-c-Xsb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
""]n.-cm-P³ aÀ±-\s¯ XpSÀ¶v I¡bw Iym¼nÂ acn¨p F¶v kml-N-cy-s¯-
54
fn-hp-I-fnÂ \n¶v A\p-am-\n-¡mw. F¶mÂ arX-tZlw Is−-Sp-¯n-«n-Ã. AXp
\in-¸n-¨-Xmbpw sXfn-bn-¨n-«n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ sIme-¡päw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn
sXfn-bn-¨n-«nÃ” (tIm-b-¼-¯qÀ tImSXn hn[n).
ASn-b-ń-cm-hØsb tIcfw Gähpw IpSp-X-embn HmÀ½n-bv¡p-¶Xv
t]meo-knsâ Dcp-«n-s¡m-e-bv¡n-c-bmb cmPsâ t]cn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. tIc-f-¯nÂ
\Ivk-enkw thcp-d-¸n¨ Hcp Ime-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. 1976 s^{_p-hcn 28-þ\v
sI.-th-Wp-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Hcp-Iq«w \Ivk-ep-IÄ Iqcm-¨p-−n-\-Sp-¯pÅ
Imb® t]meokv tÌj³ B{I-an¨v tXm¡p-IÄ Ih-cm³ {ian-¨p-sh-¦nepw
]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. t]meokv tÌj³ Xnsh-bv¡-s¸-«p. Cu tIkp-ambn _Ô-s¸-
«mWv cmP-\-S-¡-ap-Å-hsc IÌ-Un-bn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. cmP-t\m-sSm¸w tImcp,
KwKm-[-c-¡p-dp¸v F¶o tlmÌÂ Poh-\-¡mcpw Nmen, tPm¬.-sI.-t]mÄ
F¶o kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw Ad-Ìn-em-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ kPoh \IvkÂ {]hÀ¯-
I\pw BÀ.-C.-kn. hnZymÀ°n-bp-am-bn-cp¶ apcfn I®-¼-Ånsb t]meo-kn\v
In«n-bn-Ã. apc-fn-bpsS apdn-bnÂ cmP\pw aäp hnZymÀ°n-Ifpw h¶p-t]m-bn-
cp¶p F¶-XmWv Ahsc tIkp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Imc-Wambn ]d-bp-¶-
Xv. F¶mÂ cmP\v Cu tIkp-ambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpw D−m-bn-cp-¶nÃ
F¶mWv Cu¨-c-hm-cyÀ AS-¡-ap-Å-hÀ Dd-¸n¨p ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. F´m-bmepw
`c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Dcp-¡p-ap-jvSn-bnÂ Hcp PohnXw sRcn-ª-aÀ¶p F¶-XmWv
kXyw.
55
samUyqÄ þ 4
k©mc kmlnXyw
k©m-ckm-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CjvShmb-\m-hn-`-h-am-Wv.
\mw ImWm¯ Øe-§sf hmb-\m-\p-`-h-§-fn-eqsS F¯n-¨p-X-cp-hm³
k©mckm-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡v km[n-¡p-¶p. ]mtdam-¡Â tXmam-I-¯-\m-cpsS
tdmam-bm-{X-bpsS hnh-c-W-amb hÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvX-I-amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy
bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ù-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-X. I«-bm«v tKmhn-µ-ta-t\msâ Imin-
bm{Xm dnt¸mÀ«v, F.-]n. ]nÅ-bpsS e−\pw ]mcokpw, am\-hn-{I-a³ G«³
X¼p-cmsâ Imin-bm-{Xm-N-cn{Xw XpS-§n-bh BZy-Ime bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-
fnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. \Sp-h-¯-Ñsâ AjvS-an-bm{X ]Zy-cq-]-¯nÂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp
bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-amWv. At±-l-¯nsâ Xs¶ irwtK-cn-bm-{X, HSp-hnÂ Ipªn-
Ir-jvW-ta-t\msâ Ipw`-tIm-W-bm-{X, Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ aZn-cm-in-bm-{X,
sI.-kn. tIi-h-]n-Å-bpsS Imin-bm{X F¶n-hbpw C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶p.
Fkv.-sI. s]mä-¡mSv k©m-c-km-ln-Xys¯ _en-jvT-amb Hcp kmlnXy
{]Øm-\-am¡n amän. bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-temIw bYm-X-Y-ambn \s½bpw
A\p-`-hss¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p s]mä-¡m-Snsâ cN-\-IÄ.kml-kn-I-amb
Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Äs¡m−pw DtZym-K-ap-WÀ¯p¶ hnh-c-W-§Äs¡m−pw
anI¨p \nÂ¡p-¶-h-bmWv Fkv.-sI. bpsS IrXn-IÄ. Fkv.-sI.-s]m-sä-¡m-
Snsâ {][m-\-s¸« bm{Xm-hn-h-cWIrXn-I-fmWv ss\Â Ub-dn, C³tUm-t\-
jy³ Ub-dn, ]mXn-cm-kq-cysâ \m«nÂ, ae-b-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ, knwl-`q-an-bnÂ apX-
em-b-h. sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\msâ _nem-¯n-hn-ti-jw, F³.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy-
cpsS DW-cp¶ D¯-tcý, XI-gn-bpsS Ata-cn-¡³ Xnc-Èoe, C.-Fw.-F-knsâ
Iayq-Wnkw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpsS IqsS, _Àen³ Ub-dn, C.-sI.-\m-b-\m-cpsS
Fsâ djy³ Ub-dn, Ata-cn-¡³ Ubdn F¶n-hbpw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-−-h-bm-
Wv. IqSmsX Fw.-Sn.-bpsS BÄ¡q-«-¯nÂ X\n-sb, a\p-jyÀ \ng-ep-IÄ, ]p\-
56
¯n-ensâ thmÄK-bnÂ aªp-s]-¿p-t¼mÄ, tPmÀPv HmW-¡q-dnsâ Henhv ac-
§-fpsS \m«nÂ, Bjm tat\msâ AS-cp¶ I¡-IÄ, k¨n-Zm-\-µsâ ]e-
temIw ]e-Im-ew, hn.-ap-km-^À Al-½-Znsâ acp-`q-an-bpsS Bß-IY F¶nh
]pXnb cN-\-I-fm-Wv.
9. lnam-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ
cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³
cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³ ae-bm-f-¯nse Hcp Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw \S\pw Nn{X-
Im-c-\p-am-Wv. 1942 HmKÌv 24-þ\v tPmÀÖv Im¡-\m-S-sâbpw tdmk-½-bp-sSbpw
aI-\mbn P\n-¨p. {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c³ Im¡-\m-S³ Ct±-l-¯nsâ
ktlm-Z-c-\m-Wv. Nn{X-Im-c³ F¶ \ne-bnepw kml-kn-I-\mb Hcp k©mcn
F¶ \ne-bnepw {]kn-²-\m-Wv. \mS-Ihpw kn\n-abpw Nn{X-I-ebpw Fgp¯pw
FÃmw Ct±lw hym]-cn-¡p¶ taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. ss^³ BÀSvknÂ Unt¹m-a-sb-
Sp¯v Nn{X-I-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v Xan-gv\m-Sv, UÂln, cmP-Øm³, _wKmÄ
t_mws_ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Xm{ńIv ssien-bn-epÅ Nn{X-§Ä
sIm−v {it²-b³. kn\n-a-bnÂ Ac-hn-µsâ FkvX-¸m-\nse \mb-I-thjw
{it²-b-am-Wv. Cý apgp-h³ k©-cn¨v Xsâ bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä lrZ-b-kv]r-
¡mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n. dbnÂth-bnÂ DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp-¶p.
IrXn-IÄ þ lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ, AaÀ\mYv Kpl-bn-te¡v (bm{Xm-hn-h-c-
W§Ä),t\c-an-Ãm¯t\c¯v(t\m-hÂ).
lnam-e-b-¯n-te-¡pÅ Xsâ bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ cmP³
Im¡-\m-Ssâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ù-amWv lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ. AaÀ\mYv
Kpl-bn-te¡v F¶ asämcp bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{KÙw IqSn Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn-«p-
−v. lcn-Zzm-dnÂ \n¶p XpS§n _Z-co-\m-Ysâ k¶n-[n-bn-se-¯p-¶-Xp-h-sc-
bpÅ Imcy-§Ä hmb-\-¡m-cnepw bYmÀ°-amb Hcp bm{Xm-\p-`hw \ÂIn-
57
s¡m−v cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³ Nn{Xo-Icn-¨n-«p-−v. bm{X-bnse ck-I-c-amb
aplqÀ¯§fpw ZpÀL-S-amb A\p-`-h§fpsaÃmw IrXy-ambn CXnÂ hc¨p
Im«p-¶p. k©-cn¨ hgn-bnse t£{X-§Ä, k©m-c-at[y ]cn-N-b-s¸« kzman
cmam-\-µn-s\-t¸m-epÅ hyàn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hÀW--\-IÄ, Øe-§Ä F¶n-h-
sb-¡p-dn-s¨Ãmw hfsc hni-Z-am-bn-¯s¶ Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶p.
cmP-³ Im¡\m-Ssâ, 1975-þÂ lnam-e-b-¯n-te¡p \S-¯nb ImÂ \S-
bm-{Xsb Bkv]-Z-am-¡nsbgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-amWv lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ.
lcn-ZzmÀ, Ejn-tI-iv, Kp]vX-Im-in, tIZmÀ \mYv, XpwK-\mYv t£{Xw, _Z-co-\m-
Yv, F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p¶ Ccp-]-¯n-c−p A²ym-b-
§-fmWv {KÙ-¯n-ep-Å-Xv.v. AXy´w Imhym-ß-I-amb ssien IrXnsb
hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶p. ""sX¡³ cmP-Øm-\nse B_p irwK-¯nsâ hS¡p ]Sn-
ªm-dmbn KtWjv t]mbnâv Fs¶mcp Øm\-ap-−v. Ahn-sS-\n¶pw t\m¡n-
bmÂ Ingp¡mw Xq¡mb ae-IÄ¡p Iosg, \mem-bn-c-t¯mfw ASn XmgvN-bnÂ
AXnhnkvXr-X-amb `q]çv At\-I-ssa-ep-IÄ AI-se, N{I-h-mf-¯nÂ ebn-
¡p¶ Ahy-à-amb ImgvN, acp-`q-an-bnÂ \n¶p-b-cp¶ s]mSn-]-S-e-§Ä¡n-S-bn-
eqsS ImWmw. AkvX-ab kqcy³ IS-en-se-¶-t]mse acp-¸-c-¸nse aWÂ¯n-
c-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ ad-bp¶ Akm-[m-c-W-amb B ImgvN ImWm³ `mc-X-¯nsâ
\\m-`m-K¯p \n¶pw kµÀi-IÀ B_p-hn-se-¯m-dp-−v''. F¶-cmw-`n-¡p¶p
cmP³ Im¡-\m-Snsâ lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ F¶ {KÙw. B_p]ÀÆ-X-
¯nÂsh¨mWv {KÙ-Im-c³ D¯-c-J-Þ-nte-¡pÅ bm{Xbv¡p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
¡p-¶-Xv. 1975 Pq¬ BZy-hmcw UÂln-bn-se-¯p-Ibpw aq¶mw Znhkw lcn-
Zzm-dn-te-¡pÅ s{Sbn-\nÂ Ib-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lcn-Zzm-dnÂ F¯n-¡-gnªmÂ
lnam-ebw ImWm-sa¶ sXän-²m-cW AhnsS F¯n-b-tXmsS amdn. Ejn-tI-
inÂ F¯n-bn-«p-thWw lnam-e-b-¯n-te-¡p-t]m-Im³ F¶v At\z-jn-¨-t¸mÄ
58
a\-Ên-em-bn. Ejn-tI-inÂ sN¶ tijw Imin-bnepw {]bm-K-bnepw aäpw
t]mIm-\mbn Cd-§n-¯-cn¨v aq¶p-\mep kzman-am-cpsS IqsS Hcp SmIvkn-bnÂ
Ejn-tI-in-te-¡pÅ bm{X Bcw-`n-¨p. kÔy-tbmsS E.-jn-tI-in-se-¯n.
kl-bm-{Xn-I-cn-sem-cm-fmb kl-Pm-\-µnsâ \nÀt±-i-{^-Imcw B{Ôm B{i-a-
¯nÂ XM-Mn. ASp¯ Znhkw KwKm-Pn-bnÂ kv\m\w \S-¯n, KwKm Xoc¯v
B{Ô-bnÂ \ns¶-¯nb inev]n-IÄ B{Ô `à-kw-L-¯nsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-
Imcw ]WnX t£{X-¯nÂ sXmgp-Xp. ImÂ\-S-bmbn tIZm-cnepw _Z-cn-bnepw
ad-dp-sa¯n ZÀi\w \S-¯m-\mWv Xsâ Dt±-iy-sa¶v {KÙ-Im-c³ ]d-ªXv
aäp kzman-amÀ¡v AÛp-X-ap-f-hm-¡n. lnam-e-b-s¯-¸än th{−{X {]mtbm-KnI
]cn-Úm-\-apÅ kl-Pm-\µpw htbm-[n-I-\mb asämcp kzmanbpw ImÂ\-S-bm-
{Xsb \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-¦nepw {KÙ-Im-c³ Xsâ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn
apt¶m-«p-t]m-Im³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. Ejn-tI-inÂ \n¶v hS-t¡m«p \S-¶mÂ tZh-
{]-bm-Kn-se-¯p-sa¶p a\-Ên-em¡n AhnsS e£y-am¡n \S-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨p.
c−mw Znhkw kÔy-tbmsS tZh-{]-bm-Kn-se-¯n. bm{X-bnÂ CS-¡nsS KwKm-
\-Zn-bpsS km¶n[yw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. tZh-{]-bm-KnÂ \n¶v Hcp hgn
tIZmÀ\mYv, _Zcn F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te¡pw asäm¶v KwtKm-{Xn-bn-te¡pw Xncn-
bp-¶p. BZys¯ hgn-bmWv {KÙ-Im-c³ Xnc-sª-Sp-¯-Xv. KwKbpsSbpw
Af-I-\-µ-bpsSbpw Xoc-¯p-IqSn \mep-Zn-hkw \S¶v KUp-hm-fnse {io\-KÀ
F¶ ]«-W-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. {io\-KÀ ØnXn sN¿p¶ Ip¶nÂN-cn-hnsâ
ASn-hm-c-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ae-I-\µ kmam\yw hoXn-bnÂ Hgp-In-sIm−ncp-¶p.
AXnsâ Ic-bn-epÅ Hcp sNdnb t£{X-¯nÂ ZÀi\w \S-¯n. ZpÀ¤m-tZ-hn-
bpsS {]Xn-jvT-bpÅ B t£{Xhpw ]cn-k-chpw BsI Ae-t¦m-e-am-bn-¡n-S-
¶n-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯nsâ Xn®-bnse I«nen-en-cp¶v Ahn-Ss¯ ]qPmcnbmb
{_mÒWs¡m-¨³ ap-¶nen-cn-¡p¶ c−p-t]-tcm-Sp _Z-cn-bnse a{Zm-kn-bmb
taÂimńsb¡p-dn¨v tami-ambn kwkm-cn-¨p-s¡m-−n-cp-¶p. {io\-K-dnÂ
59
\n¶pw ASp¯ Znhkw cp{Z-{]-bmKv e£y-am¡n \S-¶ {KÙ-Im-c³ \nÈ-
_vZhpw hnP-\-hp-amb {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-eqsS aµm-In-\n-bpsS \ne-bv¡m¯
kwKo-X-am-kz-Zn-¨p-sIm−v Xsâ ImÂ \S-bm{X XpSÀ¶p. Kp]vX-Im-inbpw
tIZmÀ\Ypw Kuco-Ip-Þhpw DJo-aTpw Xm−n A\p-`-h-k-¼-¶-amb bm{X
XpSÀ¶p. DJo-a-TnÂ \n¶pÅ bm{X-¡nsS Hcp Kpl-bnÂ cm{Xn Ign-¨p-Iq-«nb
Av\p-`hw ck-I-c-am-Wv. XpwK-\m-Y-t£-{Xhpw Nt\mfn [À½-im-ebpw
Ignªp _Z-co-\m-Yn-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bv¡n-sS-bp-−mb Hcp Zpc-\p-`hw ad-¡m-
\m-hm¯v cm{Xn F¶ A²ym-b-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-Wv.
[À½-im-e-bnÂ cm{Xn-bpsS XWp-¸nÂ ac-Ws¯ Im¯p InS¶ Hcp a\p-jy-
Po-h\p NqSp-shÅw IpSn-¡m-s\-¯n-¡m-\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ hn^-e-{iaw
thZ--\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. kpJhpw ZpJhpw CS-I-eÀ¶ kpJ-I-chpw Akp-J-c-hp-
ab ImgvN-IÄ \ndª, \Zo {]hm-l-§sf km£n-bm¡n \nd-th-änb bm{X-
bpsS Ah-km-\-L-«-¯nÂ _Z-co-\mY t£{X-¯nÂ F¯nb {KÙ-Im-cs\
kzoI-cn-¨-Xv bm{Xmcw`-¯nÂ ]cn-N-b-s¸«v ]n¶oSv hg-n-Xn-cn-ªp-t]mb kl-
Pm-\-µnsâ i_vZ-am-Wv. ""_Zco B{i-a-¯n-te¡p kzmK-Xw, hcq, BcXn XpS-
§n. _Z-co-\m-Ys\ ZÀin-¡mw''. hgn-b-¼-e-§fpw ]pÂ¡p-Sn-ep-Ifpw Xm−n-
bpÅ Hmtcm bm{Xbpw Pohn-X-¯nsâ sNdnb sNdnb ]Xn-¸p-IÄ IqSn-bm-
sW¶v hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶p−v Cu bm{Xm-\p-`-hw.
60
amXrIm D]-\ymk tNmZy-§Ä
1. Aán-aotf ]ptcm-lnXw F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ EtKz-Z-¯nse BZy-kqàw
icn¡pw Rm³ ]Tn-¨Xv A¶m-Wv. kµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
2. Imhym-ß-I-amb Hcp KZy-c-N\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ ]pjvtKm-]pcw F¶
]mT-`m-Ks¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
3. "\oe-¡-S-em-knÂ s]mXnª ]¨-¡p-Xnc' {]W-bm-\p-`-h-§-fpsS \ndw
]I-cp¶ Pohn-X-Nn-{X-§-fmWv þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
4. ae-bm-f-¯nse Bß-I-Ym-km-lnXyw þ {][m\ cN\-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n
Hcp hnh-cWw X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
5. `c-W-IqS\njv{In-b-X-bp-sSbpw \oXn-]m-e-I-cpsS \oXn-\n-tj-[-¯n-
sâbpw Hcp HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯-emWv Icp-Xn-sh¨ Hcn-e-t¨mdv þ hni-Z-am-¡p-
I.
6. k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ þ F¶ hnj-b-¯nÂ Hcp-]-\ymkw
X¿m-dm-¡p-I.
7. lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ F¶ cN-\sb ap³\nÀ¯n cmP³ Im¡-\m-
Snsâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-ssi-ensb hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
8. cmP³ Im¡-\m-Snsâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-IrXn aäv bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-
fnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-¶-sX-§ns\? NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.
9. lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ ]d-bp¶ A\p-`-h-§-
fnÂ\n¶pw bm{X-bv¡n-S-bnÂ Xm³ I− a\p-jy-sc-¸-än-bpÅ {KÙ-Im-
csâ hnh-c-W-§Ä kw{K-ln-¡p-I.
10. XoÀ°m-S-\-¯nsâ Bßob ]cn-thjw NmÀ¯p¶ cN-\-I-fmWv cmP³
Im¡-\m-Snsâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§Ä. lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ F¶
bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ws¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n NÀ¨-sN-¿p-I.
61
klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä (Reference)
1. \Sp-h«w tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³ þ Bß-I-Ym-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ,
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 1998.
2. hn.-Sn. `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv þ I®ocpw In\m-hpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw.
3. ]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ þ Ihn-bpsS Imev]m-Sp-IÄ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tIm«-bw, 2006.
4. tdmkn tXmakv þ Chs\sâ {]nb kn.-sP., Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,
1970.
5. Cu¨chmcyÀ þ Hc-Ñsâ HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, XriqÀ,
2005.
6. cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³ þ lna-hmsâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ, ]qÀ® ]»n-t¡-j³,
tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 2010.
7. cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³ þ AaÀ\mYv Kpl-bn-te-¡v, ]qÀW ]»n-t¡-j³,
tImgn-t¡m-Sv.
62

Ae-Bm-F-Km-Lnxyw Þ 3: University of Calicut School of Distance Education

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Common Course : MAL3 A09

THIRD SEMESTER SELF LEARNING MATERIAL

kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-bXv

sIm¨n-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-amWv (1867) ae-bm-f-¯nse

BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw F¶p-I-cpXmw. 1866-þÂ Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³

]oen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v

Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-s−¶v

NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu \mS-I-§Ä¡pw, Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw {]Np-c-

{]-Nmcw In«n-bn-cp¶ Ime-¯m-Wv, tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ aWn-

{]-hm-f- im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ Imfn-Zm-ksâ A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´fw

hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. 1882-þ-emWv CXv. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶

shfp-t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv

cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯nÂ

CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf

\mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-

I-cn¨v Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¯-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-

¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv Cu \mSI {]hÀ¯-\-

§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯-Xv. tdma³ N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§Ä

hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³

\mS-Iw, bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h-¶p.

F¶mÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-§-fmbn Ah amdn.

\½psS \mS-³ Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw

k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I-

§Ä¡p ap³t] Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-−v.

F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882) Bbneyw Xncp-

\S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw \S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-

W-¸nÅ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-II-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pw hn[w

Nne s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v Hcp-]mSv

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn.

Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`-{ZZo-£n-XÀ), D¯-c-cm-

a-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn), sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c-

¯nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw 1892 (`m-

k³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-k³), kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w

1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-þ1893

(iàn `{Z³) XpS-§n-bh hnhÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-§-fm-Wv.

\mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡-

s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \mS-

I-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv. 1892-þÂ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-

Xmbn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä ]mgvkn \mS-

I-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-

Snb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-

¶p. F¦nepw ]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I-§Ä

cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv, _ºp-e³ Ip«n-iz-

c³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \mS-I-kw-L-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-b-Xv.

Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-

t\msâ hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-I-c-RvPn\n', ]n.-

F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu kan-Xn-

IÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.

Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891 tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h-½) F{_m-

b-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw

D−m-bn-¯p-S-§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n cNn¨v

Cw¥ojv \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D−mb BZy \mS-I-am-Wv.

ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-k-\w. Cw¥ojv

\mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-§-Ä ChnsS D−m-b-Xv. Ch ]cn-

lmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þÂ kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw'

Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-