Ee8703 - Res - Unit 1

Renewable Energy Systems EE8703
EE8703 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
To impart knowledge on the following Topics
 Awareness about renewable Energy Sources and technologies.
 Adequate inputs on a variety of issues in harnessing renewable Energy.
 Recognize current and possible future role of renewable energy sources.
UNIT I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES 9
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of renewable
sources of energy, Sustainable Design and development, Types of RE sources,
Limitations of RE sources, Present Indian and international energy scenario of
conventional and RE sources.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY 9
Power in the Wind – Types of Wind Power Plants(WPPs)–Components of WPPs-
Working of WPPs- Siting of WPPs-Grid integration issues of WPPs.
UNIT III SOLAR PV AND THERMAL SYSTEMS 9
Solar Radiation, Radiation Measurement, Solar Thermal Power Plant, Central
Receiver Power Plants, Solar Ponds.- Thermal Energy storage system with
PCM- Solar Photovoltaic systems : Basic Principle of SPV conversion – Types of
PV Systems- Types of Solar Cells, Photovoltaic cell concepts: Cell, module,
array ,PV Module I-V Characteristics, Efficiency & Quality of the Cell, series
and parallel connections, maximum power point tracking, Applications.
UNIT IV BIOMASS ENERGY 9
Introduction-Bio mass resources –Energy from Bio mass: conversion processes-
Biomass Cogeneration-Environmental Benefits. Geothermal Energy: Basics,
Direct Use, Geothermal Electricity. Mini/micro hydro power: Classification of
hydropower schemes, Classification of water turbine, Turbine theory, Essential
components of hydroelectric system.
UNIT V OTHER ENERGY SOURCES 9
Tidal Energy: Energy from the tides, Barrage and Non Barrage Tidal power
systems. Wave Energy: Energy from waves, wave power devices. Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (OTEC)- Hydrogen Production and Storage- Fuel cell :
Principle of working- various types - construction and applications. Energy
Storage System- Hybrid Energy Systems.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
Dr.R.Dharmaprakash Page 1
OUTCOMES:
 Ability to create awareness about renewable Energy Sources and
technologies.
 Ability to get adequate inputs on a variety of issues in harnessing
renewable Energy.
 Ability to recognize current and possible future role of renewable energy
sources.
 Ability to explain the various renewable energy resources and
technologies and their
 applications.
 Ability to understand basics about biomass energy.
 Ability to acquire knowledge about solar energy.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Joshua Earnest, Tore Wizeliu, „Wind Power Plants and Project
Development‟, PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 2011.
2. D.P.Kothari, K.C Singal, Rakesh Ranjan “Renewable Energy Sources and
Emerging Technologies”, PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 2013.
3. Scott Grinnell, “Renewable Energy & Sustainable Design”, CENGAGE
Learning, USA, 2016.
REFERENCES
1. A.K.Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur,” Photovoltaic Systems: Analysis and
Design”, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2011
2. Richard A. Dunlap,” Sustainable Energy” Cengage Learning India Private
Limited, Delhi, 2015.
3. Chetan Singh Solanki, “ Solar Photovoltaics : Fundamentals,
Technologies and Applications”, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi,
2011
4. Bradley A. Striebig,Adebayo A.Ogundipe and Maria Papadakis,”
Engineering Applications in Sustainable Design and Development”,
Cengage Learning India Private Limited, Delhi, 2016.
5. Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable energy”, Open University, Oxford University
Press in association with the Open University, 2004.
6. Shobh Nath Singh, „Non-conventional Energy resources‟ Pearson
Education, 2015.
UNIT I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of renewable

sources of energy, Sustainable Design and development, Types of RE sources,
Limitations of RE sources, Present Indian and international energy scenario of
conventional and RE sources.
Introduction
Energy plays a very important role in our lives, providing comfort,
increasing productivity and allowing us to live the way we want to. Since the
beginning of mankind, we have made use of wood, water, and fossil fuels as a
means of heating and making machines work. Almost for all types of activities,
we rely on one or another form of energy.
Amount of energy used by a society is an indicator of its economic
growth and development. Without energy even our body would be unable to
perform basic functions like respiratory, circulatory, or digestive functions to
name a few. Plants would also be unable to complete the process of converting
Carbon dioxide, water and minerals into food without the light from the Sun.
Almost all the machines used for the production and manufacture of different
types of items would be unable to operate without the use of a source of
electrical energy. Almost everything we see around us, the clothes we wear, the
food we eat, the houses we live in, the paper we write on, the vehicles we drive,
all need energy to be created or transformed from some natural resource to the
final product. Nowadays, the electrical energy has become so important that
almost in all walks of life electricity is required. For example all electrical
appliances in our homes and at our workplace require electricity. All the
industries and factories run on electricity.
Sources of Energy
In simple terms we can say that anything out of which usable energy can
be extracted is a source of energy. There is a variety of sources that provide us
energy for different purposes. You must be familiar with coal, petrol, diesel
kerosene and natural gas. Similarly you must have also heard about
hydroelectric power, wind mills, solar panels, biomass etc.
Fossil Fuels – Conventional Source of Energy

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in
ancient photosynthesis. Millions of years ago the remains of dead plants and
animals were buried under the ground. Over the years by the action of heat
from the Earth‟s core and pressure from rock and soil, these buried and
decomposed organic materials have been converted into fossil fuels.. Fossil
fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and
natural gas. Coal, crude oil and natural gas are common examples of fossil
fuels. They are used to run the vehicles, cooking, lighting, washing, to generate
electricity, for making plastics and paints etc.
Advantages Disadvantages
 Provide a large amount of  Nonrenewable
thermal energy per unit of mass  Burning produces smog
 Easy to get and easy to  Burning coal releases
transport substances that can cause acid
 Can be used to generate precipitation
electrical energy and make  Risk of oil spills
products, such as Plastic, paints  High cost
etc.
Energy from the Atom – Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy
to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to
produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be obtained
from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion. The atoms of a few
elements such as radium and uranium act as natural source of energy. In fact
atoms of these elements spontaneously undergo changes in which the nucleus
of the atom disintegrates. The energy stored in the nuclei of atoms can be
released by breaking a heavy nucleus such as uranium into two lighter nuclei.
The splitting of the nucleus of an atom into fragments that are roughly equal in
mass with the release of energy is called nuclear fission.
When a free neutron strikes a Uranium (235) nucleus at a correct speed,
it gets absorbed. A Uranium (235) nucleus on absorbing a neutron becomes
highly unstable and splits into nuclei of smaller atoms releasing huge amount
of energy in the process. During this process, a few neutrons are also released.
These neutrons split other nuclei of the Uranium (235). The reaction continues
rapidly and is known as the chain reaction. In this process a large amount of
energy is released. This energy is used for boiling water till it becomes steam.
Steam so generated is used to drive a turbine which helps in generating
electrical energy.
 Very concentrated form of  Produces radioactive waste
energy
 Power plants do not produce  Radioactive elements are
smog nonrenewable
Sun - The Ultimate Source of Energy

Solar energy is energy derived from sun in the form of solar radiation. It is
hardness by either direct sources (like solar cooker, solar steam systems, solar
dryer, solar cells, etc.), or indirect sources (biomass production, wind, tidal,
etc.). The output of the sun is 2.8 x 1023 Kwy-1. The energy reaching the earth
is 1.5x 108 Kwy-1. It is used for drying, cooking, heating, generating power etc.
 Almost limitless source of  Expensive to use for large scale
energy energy production
 Does not produce air  Only practical in sunny areas
pollution  It is intermittent in nature
Wind Energy
Wind power is another alternative energy source that could be used without
producing by-products that are harmful to nature. Like solar power,
harnessing the wind is highly dependent on weather and location. However, it
is one of the oldest and cleanest forms of energy and the most developed of the
renewable energy sources. There is the potential for a large amount of energy to
be produced from windmill.
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Renewable  Only practical in windy areas
 Relatively inexpensive to  Produces less energy
generate  Wind mill is big, bulky and
 Does not produce air inconvenient to use as
pollution compared to other forms of
energy
Biomass Energy
Organic material made from plants and animals (microorganisms). Biomass
has an existing capacity of over 7,000 MW. Biomass as a fuel consists of
organic matter such as industrial waste, agricultural waste, wood, and bark.
Biomass can also be used indirectly, since it produces methane gas as it
decays or through a modern process called gasification. Methane can produce
power by burning in a boiler to create steam to drive steam turbines or through
internal combustion in gas turbines and reciprocating engines.
 Renewable  It is dispersed and land intensive
 Cleaner burning source
than oil  Produces smoke
 Abundant  It has low energy density
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is energy derived by tapping the heat of the earth itself like
volcano, geysers, hot springs (etc.). These volcanic features are called
geothermal hotspots. Basically a hotspot is an area of reduced thickness in the
mantle which expects excess internal heat from the interior of the earth to the
outer crust. The heat from these geothermal hotspots is altered in the form of
steam which is used to run a steam turbine that can generate electricity.
 Reliable  High cost of investment
 Sustainable  Emission of greenhouse gases
 Environmentally friendly during extraction of heat from
 Abundant Supply ground
Ocean Tidal and Wave energy

Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity.
 Wave energy, also known as ocean energy is defined as energy
harnessed from oceanic waves. As the wind blows across the surface of
the ocean, it creates waves and thus they can also be referred to as
energy moving across the surface of the water
 Tides are defined as the rise and fall of sea level caused by the
gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth. They are not
only limited to the oceans, but can also occur in other systems whenever
a gravitational field exists.
 Ocean thermal energy (OTE) is the temperature differences (thermal

gradients) between ocean surface waters and that of ocean depths.
Energy from the sun heats the surface water of the ocean. In tropical
regions, surface water can be much warmer than deep water. This
temperature difference can be used to produce electricity and to
desalinate ocean water
 Running cost is negligible  Low efficiency
 Continuous power supply  High installation cost
Classification of energy sources

Based on usability
 Primary resources:- Primary sources can be used directly, as they
appear in the natural environment: coal, oil, natural gas and wood,
nuclear fuels (uranium), the sun, the wind, tides, mountain lakes, the
rivers (from which hydroelectric energy can be obtained) and the Earth
heat that supplies geothermal energy.
 Secondary resources:- They are derived from the transformation of
primary energy sources: for example petrol that derives from the
treatment of crude oil and electric energy obtained from the conversion of
mechanical energy (hydroelectric plants, Aeolian plants), chemical plants
(thermoelectric), or nuclear (nuclear plants). Electric energy is produced
by electric plants, i.e. suitable installations that can transform primary
energy (non-transformed) into electric energy.
Based on transaction
 Commercial Energy:-The energy sources that are available in the
market for a definite price are known as commercial energy. By far the
most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and
refined petroleum products.
 Non Commercial Energy:-The energy sources that are not available in
the commercial market for a price are classified as non-commercial
energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood,
cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered,
and not bought at a price and used especially in rural households. These
are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored
in energy accounting.
Based on energy storage or cycling time involved

 Renewable energy (inexhaustible) are mostly biomass based and are
available in unlimited amount in nature. Since these can be renewed
over a relatively short period of time, energy sources that are replenished
more rapidly are termed as renewable. These include firewood or fuel
wood from forest, petro plants, plant biomass ie. agricultural waste like
animal dung, solar energy, wing energy, water energy in the form of
hydro-electricity and tidal energy and geothermal energy etc.
 Non-renewable energy (exhaustible) are available in limited amount and

develop over a longer period of time. As a result of unlimited use, they
are likely to be exhausted one day. These include coal, mineral, natural
gas and nuclear power. Coal, petroleum and natural gases are common
sources of energy being organic (biotic) in this origin. They are also called
fossil fuels.
Based on traditional use

 Conventional energy sources:- The sources of energy which have been
in use for a long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.
They are exhaust able except water and cause pollution when used, as
they emit smoke and ash.
 Non-conventional energy sources:- The resources which are yet in the

process of development over the past few years. It includes solar, wind,
tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal. They are inexhaustible, pollution
free, easy to maintain and less expensive due to local use.
Renewable energy is important because of the benefits it provides

a. Environmental Benefits
Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that
have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy
technologies.
b. Energy for Our Children's Children (Sustainability)

Renewable energy will not run out. Ever, other sources of energy
are finite and will someday be depleted.
c. Jobs and the Economy

Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and
workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly
energy imports. Renewable energy investments are usually spent within
frequently in the same state, and often in the same town. This means
your energy dollars stay home to create jobs and fuel local economies,
rather than going overseas.
d. Energy Security
After the oil supply disruptions of the early 1970s, our nation has
increased its dependence on foreign oil supplies instead of decreasing it.
This increased dependence impacts more than just our national energy
policy
Availability of renewable energy resources

 Renewable Energy sources are not depleted, and it is distributed over a
wide geographical area, these resources are quickly renewed through
natural process
 It won‟t create any environmental pollution problems
 The main advantage of using renewable resource is it is available
throughout the year
 By an one time investment we can drew energy for many decades without
affecting the environment
Advantages of renewable energy

 These sources of energy are renewable and there is no danger of
depletion. These recur in nature and are in-exhaustible.
 The power plants based on renewable sources of energy don‟t have any
fuel cost and hence negligible running cost.
 Renewable are more site specific and are used for local processing and
application. There is no need for transmission and distribution of power.
 Renewables have low energy density and more or less there is no
pollution or ecological balance problem.
 Most of the devices and plants used with the renewables are simple in
design and construction which are made from local materials, local skills
and by local people. The use of renewable energy can help to save foreign
exchange and generate local employment.
 The rural areas and remote villages can be better served with locally
available renewable sources of energy. There will be huge savings from
transporting fuels or transmitting electricity from long distances.
Disadvantages of renewable energy

 Low energy density of renewable sources of energy need large sizes of
plant resulting in increased cost of delivered energy.
 Intermittency and lack of dependability are the main disadvantages of
renewable energy sources.
 Low energy density also results in lower operating temperatures and
hence low efficiencies.
 Although renewables are essentially free, there is definite cost
effectiveness associated with its conversion and utilization.
 Much of the construction materials used for renewable energy devices
are themselves very energy intensive.
 The low efficiency of these plants can result in large heat rejections and
hence thermal pollution.
 The renewable energy plants use larger land masses.
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use:

The conversion of energy from one form to another generally affects the
environment. Hence, without considering the impact of energy on the
environment, the study of energy is not complete. Fossil fuels have been used
since 1700s which has helped the industrial growth and the amenities of
modern life. During the combustion of fossil fuels the emitted pollutants are
strongly responsible for smog, acid rain, global warming and climate change.
The environmental pollution has reached such a high level that it

becomes a serious threat for vegetables growth, wild life and human health. Air
pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment
and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer, which is
leading to climate change. Hundreds of elements and compounds such as
benzene and formaldehyde are known to be emitted during the combustion of
coal, oil, natural gas, engine of vehicles, furnaces and even fireplaces. Dust
storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to
chemical and particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in
one country but the impact of pollution may be felt elsewhere.
Major air pollutants and their sources are listed below:

Carbon monoxide (CO):
This is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel and wood. It is also
produced from the combustion of natural and synthetic products such as
cigarettes. It lowers the amount of oxygen that enters our blood. It can slow our
reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide (CO2):

This is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human
activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC):
These are gases that are released mainly from air conditioning systems
and refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere,
where they come in contact with other gases, which lead to a reduction of the
ozone layer that protects the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the
Sun.
Lead:
This is present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products,
etc. Lead affects children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage
and digestive problems and, in some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone (O3):
This occurs naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This
important gas shields the Earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun.
However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with highly toxic effects. Vehicles
and industries are the major source of ground level ozone emissions. Ozone
makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and
pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx):

This causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels
including petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children
susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM):

This consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and vapour
that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of
haze, which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in
can lodge in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2):

This is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power
plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of
metals, produce sulfur dioxide. It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.
The major areas of environmental problems may be classified as follows water
pollution, ambient air quality, hazardous air pollutants, maritime pollution,
solid waste disposal, land use and siting impact, acid rain, stratospheric ozone
depletion, global climate change (greenhouse effect).
Vital Problems Because of Environmental Issues:

Acid Rain:
Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid
precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.) Atmospheric pollutants, particularly
oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, can cause precipitation to become more acidic
when converted to sulfuric and nitric acids, hence the term acid rain. Motor
vehicles also contribute to SO2 emissions since petrol and diesel fuel also
contains small amounts of sulfur.
The sulfur oxides (SO2) and nitric oxides (NO) react with water vapour
(H2O) and other chemicals in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight to
form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3).
These are below in above Figure 1.2. The acids formed usually dissolve in
the suspended water droplets in clouds or fogs. These acid-laden droplets are
washed from the air to the soil by rain or snow onto the Earth. This is known
as acid rain.
The soil is capable of neutralizing a certain amount of acid. However, the
power plant, which uses high-sulfur coal, pollutes many lakes and rivers in
industrial areas that have become too acidic for fish to grow. Forests in
different regions of the Earth also experience a slow death due to absorption of
acids from acid rain through the leaves, needles and roots of the trees.
Acid Rain
Depletion of Ozone Layer:

It is well known that the natural buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere
gradually led to the formation of the ozone layer. This layer is found between
19 and 30 kilometers (km) above the ground. The ozone layer filters out
incoming radiation from the Sun that is harmful to life on Earth. The
development of the ozone layer allowed more advanced life forms to evolve.
Most ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere, a layer of atmosphere
between 10 and 50 km above the Earth‟s surface, but it can be found
throughout the whole of the atmosphere. The ozone layer plays a natural and
equilibrium maintaining role for the Earth through the absorption of ultraviolet
(UV) radiation (240–320 nm) and absorption of infrared radiation.
A global environmental problem is the distortion and regional depletion
of the stratospheric ozone layer. This effect due to the emissions of NOx and
CFCs, etc. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere can lead to increased levels of
damaging ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This increases rates of
skin cancer, eye damage and other harm to many biological species.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and NOx emissions are produced by fossil fuel and
biomass combustion processes and play the most significant role in ozone
depletion. Hence, the major pollutant, NOx emissions, needs to be minimized to
prevent stratospheric ozone depletion.
Global Warming and Climate Change (Greenhouse Effect):

The greenhouse effect is a process by which radiative energy leaving a
planetary surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called greenhouse
gases. They transfer this energy to other components of the atmosphere, and it
is reradiated in all directions, including back down towards the surface. This
transfers energy to the surface and lower atmosphere, so the temperature there
is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only
warming mechanism.
The greenhouse effect is also experienced on a larger scale on Earth. This
warms up as a result of the absorption of solar energy (shortwave length)
during the day, cools down at night by radiating part of its energy into deep
space as infrared radiation (long wavelength). Carbon dioxide (CO2), water
vapour and trace amounts of some other gases such as methane (CH4) and
nitrogen oxides act like a blanket and keep the Earth warm at night by
blocking the heat radiation from the Earth, as shown in the Figure 1.3
Therefore, they are called „„greenhouse effect‟‟ gases. In this case, the CO2 is
the primary component.
The greenhouse effect makes human life on the planet Earth feasible by
keeping the Earth warm at about 30°C. However, excessive amounts of
greenhouse gases emitted by human being disturb the delicate balance by
trapping too much energy. This causes the average temperature of the Earth to
rise and the climate generally changes at some localities. These undesirable
features of the greenhouse effect are generally referred to as global warming or
climate change.
The excessive use of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and
natural gas in electric power generation, transportation and manufacturing
processes is responsible for global climate change. The present concentration of
CO2 in the atmosphere is about 416.39 ppm . This is 20 percent higher than
the level a century ago.Under normal conditions, vegetables consume CO2 and
release CO2 during the photosynthesis process, thus keeping the CO2
concentration in the atmosphere in check. A mature growing tree consumes
about 12 kg of CO2 a year and exhales enough oxygen to support a family of
four. However, deforestation and the huge increase in CO2 production due to
the fast growing industrialization in recent decades have disturbed this
balance.
Significance of Renewable Energy System
There is a growing concern worldwide on the use of fossil fuels for the
following reasons:
a) There is ever-increasing use of fossil fuels.
b) Depletion of fossil fuels is taking place at a rapid pace.
c) Oil crisis that happened in 1973 during that year Organization of Petrol
Exporting Countries (OPEC) has put restriction on oil production and
export; they also started controlling strategy on oil price resulting in
energy crisis and steep rise in oil prices worldwide.
Owing to above reasons, more importance is being given to the
development of alternative sources of energy such as non-conventional,
renewable and environmental-friendly.
The importance of non-conventional energy resources is also increasingly
felt due to the following reasons:
 The demand of energy is rapidly increasing due to fast industrialization
and population growth. The conventional energy resources are
insufficient to meet such growing demand.
 The conventional energy resources are non-renewable and these are
depleting fast.
 The conventional energy resources cause pollution, thereby degrading
the environment.
 The projects to harness large hydro resources affect wildlife, cause
deforestation and affect nearby villagers due to submerging of a vast
area.
 Fossil fuels are also used as raw materials in the chemical industry.
There is need to conserve fossil fuels for future generation.
It is important to explore and develop renewable energy resources to
reduce excessive dependence on Non-Renewable resources. The present trend
is to develop Renewable resources to serve as supplement rather than
alternative for Non-Renewable Resources.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy System

Advantages:
 Cost: At present these are cheaper than Renewable sources.
 Security: As storage is easy and convenient, by storing certain quantity,
the energy availability can be ensured for certain period.
 Convenience: These sources are very convenient to use as technology for
their conversion and use is universally available.
Disadvantages:
 Fossil fuels generate pollutants. Main pollutants generated in the use of
these sources are CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, particulate matter and heat.
These pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards and
cause various other problems. CO2 is mainly responsible for global
warming also.
 Coal is used as raw material for various chemical, pharmaceuticals and
paints, etc. industries. From long-term point of view it is desirable to
conserve coal for future needs.
 There are safety and technical issues with nuclear energy. Major
problems associated with nuclear energy are as follows:
 The waste material generated in nuclear plants has radioactivity of
dangerous level. Its safe disposal, which is essential to prevent
radioactive pollution, is a challenging task. Also the disposed
radioactive waste is required to be guarded for a long period (till its
radioactivity level comes down to a safe limit) in order to prevent
against going in wrong hands.
 Possibility of accidental leakage of radioactive material from reactor
 Uranium resource, for which the technology presently exists, has
limited availability.
 Sophisticated technology is required for using nuclear resources.
Only few countries possess the required expertise to use nuclear
energy.
 Hydroelectric plants are cleanest but large hydro-reservoirs cause
following problems:
 As large land area submerges into water, it leads to deforestation
 Causes ecological disturbances such as earthquakes
 Affects wild life
 Causes dislocation of large population and their rehabilitation
Problems
Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy System

Advantages:
 These sources of energy are renewable and there is no threat of
depletion. These persist in nature and are in-exhaustible.
 Don‟t have any fuel cost and hence negligible running cost.
 Renewable are more site specific and are used for local processing and
application. There is no need for transmission and distribution of power.
 Renewable have low energy density and more or less there is no pollution
or ecological balance problem.
 Most of the devices and plants used with the renewable are simple in
design and construction which are made from local materials, local skills
and by local people. The use of renewable energy can help to save foreign
exchange and generate local employment.
 The rural areas and remote villages can be better served with locally
available renewable sources of energy. There will be huge savings from
transporting fuels or transmitting electricity from long distances.
Disadvantages:
 Low energy density of renewable sources of energy need large sizes of
plant resulting in increased cost of delivered energy.
 Intermittency and lack of dependability are the main disadvantages of
renewable energy sources.
 Low energy density also results in lower operating temperatures and
hence low efficiencies.
 Although renewables are essentially free, there is definite cost
effectiveness associated with its conversion and utilization.
 Much of the construction materials used for renewable energy devices
are themselves very energy intensive.
 The low efficiency of these plants can result in large heat rejections and
hence thermal pollution.
 The renewable energy plants use larger land masses.
Types of Renewable Energy System
Solar
Ocean
Thermal
Energy Wind
Conversion
(OTEC)
Types of
Renewable
Energy
Ocean
Wave System Biomass
Ocean Tidal Geothermal
Solar Energy:
Solar energy is energy derived from sun in the form of solar radiation. It
is hardness by either direct sources (like solar cooker, solar steam systems,
solar dryer, solar cells, etc.), or indirect sources (biomass production, wind,
tidal, etc.). The output of the sun is 2.8 x 1023 Kw per Year. The energy
reaching the earth is 1.5x 108 Kw per Year. It is used for drying, cooking,
heating, generating power etc.
Advantages
 Almost limitless source of energy
 Solar energy is available freely in nature
 Does not produce air pollution
Disadvantages
 It is available only during daytimes and clear days
 Solar energy obtainable also depends on seasonal variations
 It requires a large area to entrap appreciable solar energy for the
generation of an economical amount of electricity.
Wind Energy:
Wind is induced in atmosphere by uneven heating of earth‟s surface by
the sun. The wind energy can be used to run windmill, which in turn will drive
a generator to produce electric power or run water pumps. The energy available
in the wind is about 1.5*107
Advantages
 Renewable
 It is freely and abundantly available in nature
 Relatively inexpensive to generate
 Does not produce air pollution
 Windmills require minimal maintenance and operating cost
Disadvantages
 Only suitable in windy areas
 Produces less energy
 Wind mill is big, bulky and inconvenient to use as compared to other
forms of energy
Biomass:
Organic material made from plants and animals (microorganisms).
Biomass has an existing capacity of over 7,000 MW. Biomass as a fuel consists
of organic matter such as industrial waste, agricultural waste, wood, and bark.
Biomass can also be used indirectly, since it produces methane gas as it
decays or through a modern process called gasification. Methane can produce
power by burning in a boiler to create steam to drive steam turbines or through
internal combustion in gas turbines and reciprocating engines.
Advantages
 It's a Clean & Renewable Energy Source
 It Reduces Soil & Water Pollution
 Cleaner burning than oil
 Abundant
Disadvantages
 It is dispersed and land intensive source
 Produces smoke
 It has low energy density
Geothermal:
Geothermal energy is energy derived by tapping the heat of the earth
itself like volcano, geysers, hot springs (etc.). These volcanic features are called
geothermal hotspots. Basically a hotspot is an area of reduced thickness in the
mantle which expects excess internal heat from the interior of the earth to the
outer crust. The heat from these geothermal hotspots is altered in the form of
steam which is used to run a steam turbine that can generate electricity.
Advantages
 Reliable and Sustainable
 Environmentally friendly
 It has a good potential to meet the power requirement
Disadvantages
 High cost of investment
 Emission of greenhouse gases during extraction of heat from ground.
 Groundwater is likely to be polluted from gaseous effluents
 Components of the plants are liable to be corroded
Ocean Tidal:
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained
from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Tides are defined as
the rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and
the sun on the Earth. They are not only limited to the oceans, but can also
occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field exists
Advantages
 It is free from pollution
 The tidal basin can also be used for fish farming
 It is best suited to meet peak power demands
 It is superior to hydel energy as it does not depend on rains
Disadvantages
 Tidal power plant is costly compared to thermal and hydel power plants
 Limited locations are available for the construction of tidal power
stations
 Power generation is not continuous and depends on the capacity of tidal
basin
Ocean Wave:
Wave energy, also known as ocean energy is defined as energy harnessed
from oceanic waves. As the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it
creates waves and thus they can also be referred to as energy moving across
the surface of the water.
Advantages
 Running cost is negligible
 Continuous power supply
Disadvantages
 Low efficiency
 High installation cost
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):

Ocean thermal energy (OTE) is the temperature differences (thermal
gradients) between ocean surface waters and that of ocean depths. Energy from
the sun heats the surface water of the ocean. In tropical regions, surface water
can be much warmer than deep water. This temperature difference can be used
to produce electricity and to desalinate ocean water
Advantages
 Power generation is continuous throughout the year.
 Energy is available from nature at no cost.
Disadvantages
 It has a small temperature gradient which gives a small thermodynamic
efficiency.
 Capital cost is high due to necessity of heat exchanger, boiler and
condenser.
Indian Energy Scenario
The economic development of the country is strongly depends on its

energy utilization. Presently, India ranks as the world‟s third largest producer.
This country is also the world‟s third largest energy consumer. The total energy
production in India is 371054 MW (as on 30.6.2020) out of which 35.90% i.e
1,33,368MW of energy is generated by renewable energy and 64% i.e
2,37,686MW. The conventional energy production has been dominated by Coal.
The graph given below has shown the total power production as on date.
In 1982, a separate Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(DNES) was created in the Ministry of Energy to look after all the aspects
relating to New and Renewable Energy. The Department was upgraded into a
separate Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992 and
was rechristened as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), in October
2006.
Sector Wise Renewable Energy Mw (As on 31.12.2019)
Solar Energy:
National Solar Mission (NSM), launched on 11th January, 2010, had set
a target for development and deployment of 20 GW solar power by the year
2022. The Cabinet in its meeting held on 17/6/2015 had approved revision of
target under NSM from 20 GW to 100 GW.
This scheme covered large solar power plants of total 1,000 MW capacity
connected to grid at 33 kV and above - 500 MW capacity each based on Solar
Thermal (ST) and Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technologies. It included three
stages: (i) Migration Scheme (ii) NSM Phase-I, Batch-I and (iii) NSM Phase-I,
Batch-II.
Top Ten states in Solar Power Production (As on 31.12.19)

Wind Energy:
India‟s wind energy sector is led by indigenous wind power industry and
has shown consistent progress. The expansion of the wind industry has
resulted in a strong ecosystem, project operation capabilities and
manufacturing base of about 10,000 MW per annum. The country currently
has the fourth highest wind installed capacity in the world with total installed
capacity of 37.50 GW (as on 31st December, 2019)
Biomass:
Ministry has been promoting Biomass Power and Biogases Co-generation
Programme with the aim to recover energy from biomass including biogases,
agricultural residues such as shells, husks, de-oiled cakes and wood from
dedicated energy plantations for power generation. A new scheme to support
promotion of biomass based cogeneration in sugar mills and other industries
has been notified.
The potential for power generation from agricultural and agro-industrial

residues is estimated at about 18,000 MW. With progressive higher steam
temperature and pressure and efficient project configuration in new sugar mills
and modernization of existing ones, the potential of surplus power generation
through biogases cogeneration in sugar mills is estimated at around 8,000 MW.
Thus the total estimated potential for biomass power is about 26,000 MW.
Over 500 biomass power and cogeneration projects with aggregate
capacity of 9186.50 MW have been installed in the country up to December
2019.
Green Energy Corridor:

In order to facilitate integration of large scale renewable generation
capacity addition, the Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs (CCEA) in FY
2015-16, approved the creation of Intra-state Transmission System in the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu, rich in renewable resource
potential and where large capacity renewable power projects are planned, at an
estimated cost of Rs.10,141.68 crore with Government of India contribution of
Rs.4056.67 crore.
The activities envisaged under the project includes establishment of Grid
sub-stations of different voltage levels with aggregate transformation capacity
of approx. 22600 Mega Volt Ampere (MVA) and installation of approx. 9700
circuit kilometers (ckm) of transmission lines in these eight states. The creation
of the Intra-State Transmission System will facilitate the evacuation of over 20
GW of power from renewable energy generation stations to load centers. The
project is anticipated to be completed by 2021 with funding mechanism
consisting of 40% Central Grant, 40% KfW loan (Euro 500 million) and the
remaining 20 percent as State contribution
World Energy Scenario:

 The decade-long trend of strong growth in renewable energy capacity
continued in 2018 with global additions of 171 GW, according to new
data released by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) on
April 2, 2019.
 A third of global power capacity is now based on renewable energy.
 IRENA‟s annual Renewable Capacity Statistics 2019, the most
comprehensive, up-to-date and accessible figures on renewable energy
capacity indicates growth in all regions of the world, although at varying
speeds.
 While Asia accounted for 61% of total new renewable energy installations
and grew installed renewable capacity by 11.4%, growth was fastest in
Oceania that witnessed a 17.7% rise in 2018. Africa‟s 8.4% growth put it
in third place just behind Asia.
 Nearly two-thirds of all new power generation capacity added in 2018
was from renewables, led by emerging and developing economies.
 IRENA‟s analysis also compared the growth in generation capacity of
renewables versus nonrenewable energy, mainly fossil-fuels and nuclear.
 While non-renewable generation capacity has decreased in Europe, North
America, and Oceania by about 85 GW since 2010, it has increased in
both Asia and the Middle East over the same period.
 Net electricity generation (to the grid) in countries that are not part of the
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
increases an average of 2.3% per year from 2018 to 2050, compared with
1.0% per year in OECD countries.
 Renewable (including hydropower) are the fastest-growing source of
electricity generation during the 2018 to 2050 period, rising by an
average of 3.6% per year. Technological improvements and government
incentives in many countries support their increased use.
 By 2050, China, India, OECD Europe, and the United States have almost
75% of the world‟s renewable generation. Growth in these regions results
from both policy and, in the case of India and China, increasing demand
for new sources of generation.
 Natural gas generation grows by an average of 1.5% per year from 2018
to 2050, and nuclear generation grows by 1.0% per year. The level of
coal-fired generation remains relatively stable, but its share of electricity
generation declines from 35% in 2018 to 22% by 2050 as total generation
increases.
 By 2025, in the Reference case, renewable surpasses coal as the primary
source for electricity generation, and by 2050, renewable account for
almost half of total world electricity generation.
 With modest growth, hydropower‟s share of renewable generation falls
from 62% in 2018 to 28% in 2050 because resource availability in OECD
countries and environmental concerns in many countries limit the
number of new mid- and large-scale projects.
 Generation from non-hydropower renewable increases an average of
5.7% per year from 2018 to 2050. By 2050, China, India, OECD Europe,
and the United States are responsible for more than 80% of the world‟s
non-hydropower renewable generation.
 Among renewable energy sources, electricity generation from wind and

solar resources increase the most between 2018 and 2050, reaching 6.7
trillion and 8.3 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh), respectively, as these
technologies become more cost competitive and are supported by
government policies in many countries.
 By 2050, wind and solar account for over 70% of total renewable
generation.
Question and Answers

PART – A
1. What is mean by renewable energy?
Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially
inexhaustible. Ex: wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal
power and hydroelectric power
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable system?

Advantages:
 They are abundant and affordable. For example, oil and diesel are still
good choices for powering vehicles.
 Non-renewable energy is cost effective and easier to product and use.
Disadvantages:
 Once sources of non-renewable energies are gone, they can't be
replaced.
 Mining of non-renewable energy and the by-products they leave
behind causes damage to the environment.
 Global warming caused due to burning of fossil fuel.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of renewable system?

Advantages
 It‟s a renewable resource.
 Cost of operation is less since the fuel is derived from nature.
 Renewable energy is eco-friendly.
Disadvantages
 Bulk Power Generation cannot be done.
 Low-efficiency levels.
 Requires a huge upfront capital.
4. List out the major factors influencing the amount of GHG emissions.
 Industrial revolutions
 Deforestation
 Fluorinated gases such as hydro fluorocarbon, per fluorocarbon,
sulfur hexafluoride
 Release of Carbon dioxide
 Depletion of fossil fuels
5. Give any two environmental aspect of electric energy conversion.

 Increased atmospheric pollution
 Depletion of fossil fuels
 Reduction in sustainable development
6. List various renewable energy resources.

 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Biomass
 Geothermal energy
 Ocean
 Tidal Power
 Ocean Wave Power
 Ocean Thermal energy conversion
7. Discriminate spring and neap tides?

The difference between spring and neap tides is that spring tides are
much higher than normal and neap tides are lower than normal. Spring
tides occur because of the combined effects of the sun and moon,
whereas neap tides happen when the sun and the moon are at right
angle.
8. Explain the principle of power generation using tides?

Tide or wave is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. Tides occur
due to the attraction of sea water by the moon. Tides contain large
amount of potential energy which is used for power generation. When the
water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood tide. When water level
is below the mean level it is called ebb tide.
9. Compose various ocean tidal energy conversion schemes available.

 Tidal energy – from gravitational fields of sun and moon
 Thermal energy (OTEC) – from solar radiation
 Marine current – by thermal and salinity differences in addition to
tidal effects.
 Ocean waves – by winds blowing over the ocean surface.
 Salinity gradient
10. List the green houses gases emission due to combustion of fossil fuels.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
11. What is greenhouse effect?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) envelope present around the globe in the
atmosphere behaves similar to a glass pane and forms a big global green
house. This tends to prevent the escape of heat from earth, which leads
to global warming. This phenomenon is known as greenhouse effect.
12. What is mean by global warming?

Global warming is the continuing rise in the average temperature
of the earth‟s atmosphere and ocean‟s surface due to greenhouse effect
13. What is green power?

The green power is used to describe the sources of energy which
are environmental friendly, non-polluting, and having a remedy to effects
of pollution and global warming. These sources are called renewable
energy sources such as sun, wind, water, biomass and waste.
14. List the major energy end use sectors.

Industrial, Residential, Transportation and Commercial
PART - B
1. Explain the impact of renewable energy generation on environment in
detail.
2. How does environment get affected by the use of the renewable energy?
And also discuss GHG emissions from the various energy sources.
3. Explain the influence of different renewable energy sources with special
reference to the global warming context.
4. Explain the consequences of greenhouse effect.
5. Explain the Importance of renewable sources of energy
6. Summarize about Indian energy scenario
7. Summarize about World energy scenario
8. Explain about the Environmental consequences of fossil fuel
9. Explain in detail about the Types of renewable energy systems
10. List the Advantage and Disadvantages of conventional energy systems
11. List the Advantage and Disadvantages of non - conventional energy
systems

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Renewable Energy Systems EE8703

EE8703 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

UNIT I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES

Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of renewable

Fossil Fuels – Conventional Source of Energy

Energy from the Atom – Nuclear Energy

Sun - The Ultimate Source of Energy

Ocean Tidal and Wave energy

 Ocean thermal energy (OTE) is the temperature differences (thermal

Classification of energy sources

Based on energy storage or cycling time involved

 Non-renewable energy (exhaustible) are available in limited amount and

Based on traditional use

 Non-conventional energy sources:- The resources which are yet in the

Renewable energy is important because of the benefits it provides

b. Energy for Our Children's Children (Sustainability)

c. Jobs and the Economy

Availability of renewable energy resources

Advantages of renewable energy

Disadvantages of renewable energy

Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use:

The environmental pollution has reached such a high level that it

Major air pollutants and their sources are listed below:

Carbon dioxide (CO2):

Nitrogen oxide (NOx):

Suspended particulate matter (SPM):

Sulfur dioxide (SO2):

Vital Problems Because of Environmental Issues:

Depletion of Ozone Layer:

Global Warming and Climate Change (Greenhouse Effect):

Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy System

Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy System

Types of Renewable Energy System

Ocean Tidal Geothermal

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):

Indian Energy Scenario

The economic development of the country is strongly depends on its

Top Ten states in Solar Power Production (As on 31.12.19)

The potential for power generation from agricultural and agro-industrial

Green Energy Corridor:

World Energy Scenario:

 Among renewable energy sources, electricity generation from wind and

Question and Answers

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable system?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of renewable system?

5. Give any two environmental aspect of electric energy conversion.

6. List various renewable energy resources.

7. Discriminate spring and neap tides?

8. Explain the principle of power generation using tides?

9. Compose various ocean tidal energy conversion schemes available.

11. What is greenhouse effect?

12. What is mean by global warming?

13. What is green power?

14. List the major energy end use sectors.

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