MUSCLE & NERVE

Nerve Parts: b. A-Beta – Sensory neuron responsible for touch

1. Dendrites: conveys electrical signals towards the and proprioception
cell body (receives – afferent) c. A-Gamma – Motor neuron innervating muscle
2. Axon: conveys electrical signals away from the cell spindle
body (sends – efferent) d. A-Delta – Sensory neuron for fast/acute pain
3. Myelin Sheath: acts as an insulator (signal doesn’t and temperature
pass through as a result, jumps) e. B – Preganglionic autonomic (10, 9, 7, 3)
 Saltatory Conduction (jumping) – fast f. C – Sensory neuron slow pain (chronic) and
conduction of electrical signals temperature
4. Initial Segment: between the Axon Hillock and 1st 1. Values: Fiber types (conduction of impulses)
myelin sheath A. Large Myelinated:
5. Nodes of Ranvier: between myelin sheathes; for a. Alpha α: (120 m/s) – Extrafusal
salutatory conduction (spaces between Axon) b. Beta β: (70 m/s) – touch pressure
vibration
c. Gamma γ: (40 m/s) – intrafusal
d. Delta δ: (15 m/s) – fast pain
B. Small Myelinated: (<15 m/s)
Myelination – formation of myelin sheath C. Small Unmyelinated: (2-3 m/s) – slow pain
1 According to Numerical

 Other books: (Myelination)  Type Ia & II – sensory neurons innervating muscle

 CNS: Neuroglia/Glial Cells spindle
 Types: Neuroglia/Glial Cells  Type Ib – sensory neuron innervating GTO
a. Astrocyte  Type III – fast pain
b. Oligodendrocytes  Type IV – slow pain
c. Microglia Receptor Organs:
Site of Action Potential Initiation
Q: “Where does the Action Potential generated in a sensory
neuron?”
i. Initial Segment – Motor Neuron
ii. Axon Hillock – General Neuron
iii. 1st Node of Ranvier – Sensory Neuron
Classification of Neurons:
1 According to Fiber Types: CODE: (Location)
A lpha *Muscle Spindle ex: patella reflex; a DTR
 Stretch reflex (stimulus) ex; DTR
E xtrafusal
 Sensed by Type Ia and II
G amma
 Response A-Gamma (contract muscle)
I ntrafusal
 Kick / reflex (to protect muscle)
S
*GTO
 High Tension / Increase in load
 Sensory Ib
 Response Alpha Motor (relax)
 Drop the load (to protect muscle)
UMNL (CNS): ↑DTR = hypereflexive
Ex: Stroke/CVA, cerebral palsy, MS, (mga brain
a. A-Alpha – Motor neuron innervating skeletal conditions)
muscle LMNL (PNS): ↓DTR = hyporeflexive/areflexive
Ex: PNS lesions (plexus, nerves)
Nerve Action Potential: 3. Hyperpolarization
 Impulses to be able to move, touch, basically everything  Slow closure of voltage gated K+ Channel
 Rapid changes in membrane potential  Charge becomes more negative than -70
1. Depolarization 4. Resting Membrane Potential
2. Repolarization  to stabilize back to -70 mV
3. Hyperpolarization  Na-K ATPase Pump Activates
4. Resting Membrane Potential  “Tri-Na out-2K in”: 3 Na will move out, 2K
 Firing level: an increase in membrane potential of 15-30 will move in
mV usually is required to cause an explosive Concepts:
development of Action Potential 1. Refractory Period
 “All or None Principle” – action potential is only elicited a. Absolute Refractory Period: period during
beyond the firing level which a second Action potential cannot be
Membrane Potential elicited even with a strong stimulus Relative
 Resting Membrane Potential (-70 mV): there is positively b. Refractory Period: starts at 1/3 of
charge on the outside & negatively charge inside repolarization onwards
a. 3 Conditions  Stronger than normal stimulus elicits
new Action Potential
2. Summation
a. Temporal (Time): when 1 nerve discharge,
 Most abundant: “NaCl Oak+ 2x” – Sodium, action potential many times
Chloride, Organic Anion, Potassium; inside the b. Spatial Summation (Space): when multiple
circle is Intracellular nerve discharge at the same time
Mechanisms:
1. Gate Control Theory (Mask Pain)
A. Perceive Pain
 2K in 3Na out i. Nociceptors (pain receptor: skin)
 Positive; outside ii. Fast pain (A-Delta Fibers: primary neuron/first
 Negative; inside order neuron)
 More positive charge goes outside as a result, iii. Travel to SC (substancia gelatinosa) then sends
outside becomes positive and inside becomes excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate) to
negative connect with secondary neuron
b. Guyton states that Potassium is 100x more Complicated:
permeable to cell membrane than the Sodium  Delta fiber impulses arrive in presynaptic
c. Nerve: -70 mV terminal, action potential generated by A-
d. Skeletal Muscle: -90 mV Delta fibers triggered the Ca channels
e. Cardiac Muscle: -88 mV (voltage gated) to open
f. Smooth Muscle: -40 to -60mV  Ca influx, releasing excitatory
g. GIT: -56 mV neurotransmitters (glutamate: fast pain &
Phases of Action Potential substance p: slow pain)
1. Depolarization “Overshoot phase” iv. Glutamate excites secondary nerve generating
 Opening of voltage gated Na+ channel action potential
 Na+ influx v. Secondary neuron  thalamus (sensory relay
 The charge of the cell becomes (+) station: “bridge”) via spinothalamic tract
 From -70 the charge will go up d/t Na+ vi. Secondary neuron connects impulses 
influx Tertiary neuron
2. Repolarization vii. Tertiary neuron  brain (post central
 2 Causes gyrus/Area 312; part of the brain that
i. Rapid closure of voltage gate Na+ perceives pain)
Channel/inactivation gates are closed B. Why we touch the painful area?
ii. Opening of Voltage gated K+ Channel i. Rubbing painful area = stimulates Pacinian
(Potassium Efflux/Outward) (touch)
iii. The charge of the cell becomes negative
 ii. Pacinian  A-Beta fibers (touch)  SC  Ex: Burn/Injury = muscles activated to
(substancia gelatinosa) withdraw our extremity
iii. Arrival of A-Beta: (+) Action potential, causing
release of inhibitory neurotransmitter MUSCLE:
(enkaphalins) Difference between Skeletal, Heart, Smooth Muscle
 Enkephalins closes Ca channels = Skeletal Heart Smooth
Characteristic Long & cylindrical (+) Branching of Fusiform
↓glutamate = ↓ action potential intercalated disc
(secondary neuron) # of Nucleus Multinucleated Uninucleated
Striations (+) (-)
 ↓ pain sensation Voluntary Involuntary
Contractions
iv. A-Beta stops primary neuron from sending Types of Twitch: jerky, ↓10th Rhythmic Tonic
Contractions of a 2nd tetanic (-) Troponin
neurotransmitters to secondary neuron contraction
Simplified:
Smooth muscle – organs
 1st neuron  SG (transmits impulses)  2nd neuron
Tetanic – (prolonged) voluntary
(cross to opp. side and goes up)  thalamus (3rd
Tonic – (prolonged) involuntary
neuron)  Area 312 Organization of a Muscle:
 Touch the painful area (stimulates touch receptors) 1. Muscle Fiber
 Receptors  SG (inhibit 1st neuron from  Covering: Endomysium
transmitting impulses: “asya gate kay gin sasadhan 2. Muscle Bundle/Fascicle
an channel”  (↓) impulses to 2nd neuron  less  Covering: Perimysium
will travel to thalamus  (↓) pain 3. Skeletal Muscle
perception/sensation  Covering: Epimysium

Sir Jay (TENS): Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve

Stimulation
 Feeling: intense vibration
 Stimulates A-Beta (deep touch and vibration)
 Inhibits pain:
i. A-Beta stimulated  SG (inhibits 1st neuron to
send impulses to 2nd neuron)  decrease pain
sensation

2. Reflexes
a. Monosynaptic Reflex: composed of 1 afferent & 1
efferent
 Ex: DTR
5 Parts of DTR:
1. Sensory Input
2. Afferent/Sensory
3. Spinal Cord
4. Efferent/Motor
5. Area of attachment of Motor
b. Bi-synaptic Reflex: composed of 2 afferent & 2
efferent
 Ex: Reciprocal Inhibition/Co-contraction
 Agonist: Biceps
 Antagonist: Triceps
 *For smooth movement of elbow
flexion, brain will inhibit triceps.
c. Polysynaptic Reflex: composed of 3 or more AFF & Sarcomere:
EFF  Functional unit of a muscle fiber
 Flexor withdrawal  Portion between the 2 Z discs
 During muscle contraction
Myofilaments
 Thin Only – I Band
 Thick & Thin – A Band
 Thick Only – H Band
 Middle Line – M Line
 Whole Thing – Sarcomere
 Sarcomere: basic unit of tension of muscle
fiber

Thin (Actin) Filament

Thick (Myosin) Filament
H-zone will be pulled toward each other during muscle
contraction then disappears
Sarcolemma: cell membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcotubular System/T-Triad: composed of 3 structures
o Located between A & I band Neuromuscular Junction/Myoneural Junction
o 1. (1) T-Tubule (Transverse) – conveys  ACh Receptors in Skeletal Muscle: Nicotinic
action potential inside the muscle receptor
o 2. (2) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum – storage of  ACh Receptors in Smooth Muscle:
calcium muscarinic receptors
 Aka: Terminal Cisternae  ACh is the main neurotransmitter of a
Thin Filaments Thick Filaments Neuromuscular Junction
Actin Protein Myosin Protein  ACh binds with ACh receptors 
Myosin Binding Site Myosin Head development of Action Potential  trigger T-Tubule
Troponin C Myosin Tail  trigger (2) sarcoplasmic reticulum (release Ca) 
Filaments bind with Troponin C
1. Thin Filaments: composed of 3 protein molecules
 Once Ca is released, contraction occurs.
a. Actin: double stranded Filamentous Actin
protein molecules (F-actin)
i. A single globe is Globular (G) Actin,
multiple G Actin make up one F-Actin

G-Actin  F-Actin  Actin

b. Tropomyosin: spiral over the actin that

covers actin binding sites
G-Actin: (+) Holes Sequence of Muscle Contraction
(binding sites);
holes covered by 1. AP arrives at the pre-synaptic terminal
tropomyosin 2. Opening of Voltage gated Ca++ channel
3. Ca++ Influx triggers the release of Ach into
c. Troponin
the synaptic cleft
I also covers the actin binding sites
C high affinity with calcium 4. Ach binds with Ach receptors triggering
T forms a complex called Troponin- depolarization (AP)
Tropomyosin Complex 5. T-tubules conveys action potential inside
T: binds
Tropomyosin and the muscle and sends it towards the Sarcoplasmic
troponin I & C = reticulum
Troponin-
Tropomyosin
6. SR releases Ca++
Complex
 7. Ca++ binds with troponin C (exposure of actin
binding sites; bc whole complex moves)
8. Myosin binds with actin and releases ATP
(ATP  ADP = hydrolysis)
9. Powerstroke – myosin head tilts its head to
pull the actin inward – “Sliding Filament Theory”

Myosin binds w actin = ATP expenditure

ATP breaks into ADP+P to attach

Myosin to Actin = energy to attach and
pull

ADP+P returns to ATP

ATP attaches to Myosin head
ATP: (+) Myosin ATPase
Enzyme that breaks their bond
(↓affinity to binding sites)
Causes detachment