Nerve Muscle Physiology Compatibility Mode
Nerve Muscle Physiology Compatibility Mode
Nerve Muscle Physiology Compatibility Mode
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Atanu saha
S d i l f B S (H) Ph i l ndd Sem
Study material for B.Sc (H) Physiology 2 S
NERVE + MUSCLE+PHYSIOLOGY
Nerve:
The filamentous bands of nervous tissue that connect
parts of the nervous system with the other organs,
conduct nerve impulses and are made up of axons and
conduct nerve impulses, and are made up of axons and
dendrites together with protective and supportive
structures.
NERVE + MUSCLE+PHYSIOLOGY
Neuron:
MUSCLE
USC
Muscle is a soft tissue
Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin
Types of Muscle
a. Skeletal Muscle;
b Smooth Muscle; and
b. Smooth Muscle; and
c. Cardiac Muscle.
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
S USC S UC U
STIMULATION AND CONTRACTION OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Excitability‐ ability to receive and respond to stimulus;
Contractility‐ ability to shorten when adequate stimulus is received;
Extensibility‐ ability of muscle to be stretched; and
Elasticity‐ ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching.
NERVE STIMULUS AND ACTION POTENTIAL
NERVE STIMULUS AND ACTION POTENTIAL
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
• Resting Membrane Potential
(RMP) is the voltage (charge)
difference across the cell
membrane when the cell is at
rest.
• RMP is a product of the
distribution of charged
particles (ions).
• There are positively charged
i
ions called
ll d cations
i Na+,
((e.g., N
K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and
negatively charged ions
called anions (e.g., Cl- and
proteins that act as anions).
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
Step 1: Resting membrane potential.
Step 2: Some of the voltage‐gated Na‐channels open and Na
2: Some of the voltage gated Na channels open and Na
enters the cell (threshold potential).
Step 3: Opening of more voltage‐gated Na‐channels and
further depolarization (rapid upstroke).
Step 4: Reaches to peak level.
Step 5:
p 5 Direction of electrical gradient for Na is reversed
g +
Na‐channels rapidly enter a closed state “inactivated
state” + voltage – gated K‐channels open (start of
repolarization).
repolarization)
Step 6: Slow return of K‐channels to the closed state (after‐
hyperpolarization).
Step 7: Return to the resting membrane potential.
ACTION POTENTIAL
• Decreasing the external Na concentration has little
effect on RMP, but reduces the size of action potential.
• H
Hyperkalemia: neuron becomes more excitable.
k l i b i bl
• Hypokalemia: neuron becomes hyperpolarized.
• H
Hypocalsemia: increases
l i i the excitability of the nerve.
h i bili f h
• Hypercalsemia: decreases the excitability.
ACTION POTENTIAL
Once threshold intensity is reached, a full action
potential is produced.
p p
The action potential fails to occur if the stimulus is sub
threshold in magnitude.
Further increases in the intensity of the stimulus
produce no other changes in the action potential.
So, the action potential is all or none in character.
S h i i l i ll i h
ALL OR NONE LAW
The all‐or‐none law is a principle that states, that the
strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is
not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus If a
not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a
stimulus is above a certain threshold, a nerve or
muscle fiber will fire. Essentially, there will either be a
y,
full response or there will be no response at all.
ACTION POTENTIAL
ACTION POTENTIAL
Absolute refractoryy
period: From the time
the threshold potential
is reached until
repolarization is about
one‐third complete.
Relative refractory
period: From the end of
absolute refractory
period to the start of
after–depolarization.
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
FLOW OF ACTION POTENTIAL
CONDUCTION of the ACTION POTENTIAL
CONDUCTION of the ACTION POTENTIAL
Unmyelinated axon:
Positive charges from the
membrane ahead and behind
the action potential flow into
the area of negativity.
g y
By drawing off (+) charges,
this flow decreases the
p
polarity of the membrane
y
ahead of the action potential.
This initiates a local
response.
p
When the threshold level is
reached, a propagated
response occurs that in turn
p
electronically depolarizes the
membrane in front of it.
CONDUCTION of the ACTION POTENTIAL
Myelinated axon:
ye ated a o :
Myelin is an effective
insulator.
Depolarization travels
from one node of
Ranvier to the next.
This jumping of
depolarization from
node to node is called
“saltatory conduction”
saltatory conduction
Faster than
unmyelinated axons.
ORTHODROMIC &
ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION
Orthodromic: From Antidromic: The
synaptic junctions or opposite direction
receptors along axons to (towards the soma).
their termination.
NERVE FIBER TYPES & FUNCTION
FIBER TYPE FUNCTION FIBER CONDUCTIO MYELINATIO
DIAMETER N VELOCITY N
(µm) (m/s)
Aα Proprioception, 12‐20 70‐120 Myelinated
somatic motor
Aβ Touch, pressure 5‐12 30‐70 Myelinated
B Preganglionic,
autonomic
˂3 3‐15 Myelinated
In large muscles it can not shows the full pictures but
only a proportion of muscle fibers can be stimulated.X
only a proportion of muscle fibers can be stimulated X
It can not show the site of lesion.X
Optimum timing of SDC
Optimum timing of SDC:
SDC test can be done 10 – 14 days after the lesion has
occurred.
The degeneration of nerve from the proximal to distal
Th d i f f h i l di l
is called Wallerian degeneration.
When the motor end plate is no longer functioning, it
When the motor end plate is no longer functioning it
is done weekly under the same condition until there is
recovery and decision has been reached on the
y
eventual final state of the muscle.
SDC is used to identify denervation, partial
i
innervation, and compression.
i d i
Methods of SDC:
Take a neuromuscular stimulator (TENS, DL‐2‐
stimulator) having rectangular duration i.e. 0.3, 0.1, 1,
3 10 30 100 300 ms and constant current
3, 10, 30, 100, 300 ms and constant current.
Put the passive electrode over the midline of the body
or near the origin of the muscle
or near the origin of the muscle.
Put the active electrode over the fleshy belly of the
muscle.
Alternately both the electrodes are placed on both
ends of the muscle.
First apply current having longest duration and look
Fi l h i l d i d l k
for minimum perceptible contraction, gradually
shorten the impulse duration and note the
corresponding increase in current strength.
The electrode placement should not be changed
p g
through out the test.
Plot a SD graph from the results of the test.
STRENGTH DURATION CURVE
1901‐Weiss
Purpose‐ measurement of excitability of tissues;
a. nerve i.e action potential; and
b. muscle i.e contraction.
Innervated Muscle
When all the nerve fibers supplying the muscles are
intact, the strength duration curve has a shape
characteristic of normally innervated muscles as
shown in the figure.
The same strength of stimulus is required to produce a
response with all the impulses of longer duration,
while those of shorter duration require an increase in
strengths of the stimulus each time the duration is
reduced.
l
Denervated muscles:
When all the nerve fibers supplying a muscle have
degenerated, the strength duration produced is
characteristic of complete denervation as shown in the
figure.
For all impulses with duration of 100 ms or less the
strength of the stimulus must be increased each time
the duration is reduced and no response is obtained to
impulses of very short duration. The curve rises steeply
and is shifted to the right than that of normally
innervated muscle.
innervated muscle
Partial denervated muscles:
The kink produce show the partial denervation
Factors affecting Rehobase &
Factors affecting Rehobase &
Chronaxie
1. Ion channels Na+ & K+
main
2. Activity of sodium potassium ATP ase;
If decreases intracellular Na increases
Transmembrane Na gradient decreases
sensitivity decreases
3.Temperature.
4.Demyelination there will be right ward shift of curve.
STIMULATION FOR WOUND HEALING
STIMULATION FOR WOUND HEALING
The use of an electrical current to transfer energy to a
wound
W f
Wave form:
Monophasic twin peaked High Voltage Pulsed Current (
HVPC)
The pulse width varies with a range from 20‐200
microseconds.
The HVPC devices also allow for selection of polarity
Th HVPC d i l ll f l i f l i
and variation in pulse rates both of which seem to be
important in wound healing.
important in wound healing
It is a very safe current because it's very short pulse
duration prevents significant changes in both tissue
p g g
pH and temperature.
Therefore, the most tested and safe type of stimulation
i h
is the one recommended.d d
Bioelectric System
The body has its own bioelectric system.
This system influences wound healing by attracting
the cells of repair, changing cell membrane
h ll f i h i ll b
permeability ,enhancing cellular secretion through cell
membranes and orientating cell structures.
membranes and orientating cell structures
A current termed the "current of injury" is generated
between the skin and inner tissues when there is a
break in the skin.
The current will continue until the skin defect is
repaired.
i d
Healing of the injured tissue is arrested or will be
incomplete if these currents no longer flow while the
wound is open.
wound is open
A moist wound environment is required for the
bioelectric system to function.
bioelectric system to function
Rationale for applying electrical
Rationale for applying electrical
stimulation
It mimics the natural current of injury and will jump
start or accelerate the wound healing process.
Clinical Wound Healing Studies
Early studies using direct current stimulation reported
long treatment times of 20‐40 hours per weeks.
Whereas after advance & recent research studies with
Wh f d & h di i h
HVPC report a mean healing time of 9.5 weeks with
45 60 minute treatment 5 7x/wk.
45‐60 minute treatment 5‐7x/wk
l l l ff h b l l h
Electrical stimulation affects the biological phases
of wound healing in the following ways:
Inflammation phase
1. Initiates the wound repair process by its effect
on the current of injury.
2. Increases blood flow.
3. Promotes phagocytosis.
4. Enhances tissue oxygenation.
5. Reduces edema perhaps from reduced
microvascular leakage.
6 A
6. Attracts and stimulates fibroblasts and
d i l fib bl d
epithelial cells.
7. Stimulates DNA synthesis.
8. Controls infection ( Note: HVPC proven
bacteriocidal at higher intensities than use in
clinic and may not be tolerated by patient).
9. Solubilizes blood products including necrotic
tissue.
Proliferation phase
Stimulates fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
Stimulates DNA and protein synthesis.
Increases ATP generation.
Improves membrane transport.
Produces better collagen matrix organization,
Stimulates wound contraction.
Epithelialization phase
Stimulates epidermal cell reproduction and migration
Produces a smoother, thinner scar
INDICATIONS FOR THE
INDICATIONS FOR THE
THERAPY
Pressure Ulcers Stage I through IV
Diabetic ulcers due to pressure, insensitivity and
dysvascularity
Venous Ulcers
T
Traumatic Wounds
ti W d
Surgical Wounds
Ischemic Ulcers
Vasculitic Ulcers
Donor Sites
Wound Flaps
Burn wounds
Protocol for treatment
Wound Healing Phase Diagnosis: Inflammation phase
Expected outcomes:
Wound progresses to the Proliferation phase
Change in Wound Healing Phase Diagnosis:
Proliferation phase
l
Stimulator settings:
Polarity ‐ negative
Pulse rate ‐ 100 ‐ 128 pps
Intensity ‐ 100‐150 volts
Duration ‐ 60 minutes
Frequency 5‐7 x per week, once daily
Expected Outcomes:
Wound progresses to Contraction and Epithelization
phase.
Epithelialization phase
Stimulator settings:
Polarity ‐ alternate every three days ie 3 days negative
followed by 3 days positive
Pulse rate ‐ 64 PPS
Intensity ‐ 100‐150 volts
Duration ‐ 60 minutes
Frequency 5‐7 x per week, once daily
Expected Outcomes:
Wound progresses to Remodeling phase
Setting Up the Patient
Have supplies ready before undressing the wound.
Position patient for ease of access by staff and comfort
of both.
f b h
Remove the dressing and place in an infectious waste
bag.
bag
Cleanse wound thoroughly to remove slough, exudate
and any petrolatum products
Sharp debride necrotic tissue, if required, before
HVPC treatment
Open gauze pads and fluff, then soak in normal saline
solution, squeeze out excess liquid. An alternative is to
use an amorphous hydrogel impregnated gauze
use an amorphous hydrogel impregnated gauze.
Hydrogel sheets can also be used to conduct current
under the electrodes
Fill the wound cavity with gauze including any
undermined/tunneled spaces. Pack gently.
Place an electrode over the gauze packing cover with
dry gauze pad and hold in place with bandage tape.
Connect an alligator clip to the foil.
C lli li h f il
Connect to stimulator lead
Dispersive electrode
Dispersive electrode
placement:
Usually placed proximal to the wound
Place over soft tissues, avoid bony prominences
Place a washcloth, wetted with water and wrung out,
under the dispersive electrode
Place against skin and hold in good contact at all edges
with a nylon elasticized strap.
If placed on the back, the weight of the body plus the
If placed on the back the weight of the body plus the
strap can be used to achieve good contact at the edges
Dispersive pad should be larger than the sum of the
areas of the active electrodes and wound packing.
The greater the separation between the active and
Th h i b h i d
dispersive electrode the deeper the current path. Use
for deep and undermined wounds
Dispersive and active electrodes can be close together
but should not touch. Current flow will be shallow>
Use for shallow, partial thickness wounds
PRECAUTIONS
Check for skin irritation or tingling under the
electrodes.
Patients with severe peripheral vascular occlusive
P i i h i h l l l i
disease (PVD), may experience some increased pain,
usually described as throbbing in the leg after
usually described as throbbing, in the leg after
electrical stimulation.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Placement of electrodes tangential to the heart
Pl t f l t d t ti l t th h t
Presence of a cardiac pacemaker
Placement of electrodes along regions of the phrenic
nerve
Presence of malignancy
Placement of electrodes over the carotid sinus
Placement of electrodes over the laryngeal
musculature
Placement of electrodes over topical substances
containing metal ions
Placement of electrodes over osteomyelitis