UNIT 3: Fundamentals of Electrical

Machines
(Lecture 15 to 22 + Tutorial 7 to 8)
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head (LPU)
Outcome: Discuss the working principles and applications of transformers and motors

Fundamentals of Electrical machines : Fleming’s left hand and right hand rule, mutual
inductance and mutual coupling phenomena in transformer, transformer – working, concept
of turns ratio and applications, transformer on DC, instrument transformers, auto-transformer,
dc machines- working principles, classification, starting, speed control and applications of dc
motors, working principle of single and three phase induction motors, applications of ac
motors
UNIT-III: Fundamentals of Electrical Machines
In Brief, A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
TRANSFORMER SYMBOLS
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• What is the principle of Transformer?
A. Fleming’s Left hand rule
B. Electromagnetic Induction
C. Fleming’s Right hand rule
D. All of the above
 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
Transformer Cores
 Concentric Windings

This type of
winding is used
in Core type
Transformer. All
the turns of LV
and HV are
concentrated
about the same
axis.
 Sandwich Windings

This type of winding

Is used in shell type
Transformer. Each
HV layer is
sandwiched
by two LV layers.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• A transformer transform

A. Current
B. Voltage & current
C. Frequency
D. Voltage
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• Transformer cores are laminated in order to

a. simplify its construction

b. minimise eddy current losses
c. reduce cost
d. reduce hysterisis loss
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 16
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• A transformer having 1000 primary turns is
connected to a 250 volt ac supply, for a
secondary voltage of 400 volt, the no. of
secondary turns should be
a. 1600
b. 250
c. 400
d. 1250
TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY
What will happen if the Primary of a
Transformer is Connected to D.C. Supply????
A Transformer cannot be operated on the DC source or never
connected to DC supply. If a rated dc voltage is applied to the
primary of the transformer, the flux produced in the transformer
core will not vary but remain constant in magnitude.

So therefore no emf is induced in the secondary winding except

during the moment of switching on the dc supply. As no induced
emf is produced current cannot be delivered from the secondary
side to the load.

Therefore heavy current will flow in the transformer primary

winding which may result in burning down the transformer
primary winding.
 LOSSES OF TRANSFORMER
•Copper loss in transformer
Copper loss is I2R loss, in primary side it is I12R1 and in secondary
side it is I22R2 loss, where I1 & I2 are primary & secondary current of
transformer and R1 & R2 are resistances of primary & secondary
winding. As the both primary & secondary currents depend upon
load of transformer, so copper loss in transformer vary with load.

•Core losses in transformer

Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, both depend upon magnetic
properties of the materials used to construct the core of
transformer and its design. So these losses in transformer are fixed
and do not depend upon the load current. So core losses in
transformer which is alternatively known as iron loss in
transformer and can be considered as constant for all range of load.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• Transformer are rated in kVA instead of kW
because

a. load power factor is often not known

b. kVA is fixed whereas kW depends on load PF
c. total transformer loss depends on the volt
ampere
d. it has become customary
 Auto-Transformer
An Auto-transformer is an electrical transformer
with only one winding.
 Advantages
Some of the advantages of auto-transformer
are that,
• they are smaller in size,
• cheap in cost,
• low leakage reactance,
• increased kVA rating,
• low exciting current etc.
 Disadvantages
• Any undesirable condition at primary will
affect the equipment at secondary (as
windings are not electrically isolated),
• due to low impedance of auto transformer,
secondary short circuit currents are very high,
• harmonics generated in the connected
equipment will be passed to the supply.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• What are the types of Instrument Transformer?

A. Auto Transformer
B. Current transformer
C. Potential Transformer
D. Both B and C
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 17
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 What is an electric motor?
• An electric motor is an electromechanical
device that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
• All electric motors operate through the
interaction of magnetic fields and current-
carrying conductors to generate force.
 Flemings left
hand rule

• The direction of force exerted on the conductor is

given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
• Thumb indicates the direction of force experienced by
the conductor Index finger represents direction of
magnetic field
• Middle finger indicates direction of current
• This rule is used in motors.
 Flemings Right
hand rule

• When a current passes through a conductor, lines of

magnetic force (flux) are generated around the
conductor.
• The direction of the flux is dependent on the direction
of the current flow. The magnetic field produced by
the conductor is shown in Figure above.
• This can be found by using Right Hand Thumb Rule.
• This rule states that If the thumb points in the
direction of the current, then the curled fingers show
the direction of the magnetic field.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• Which of the following rule is used to
determine the direction of rotation of D.C
motor?
A. Coloumb’s Law
B. Lenz’s Law
C. Fleming’s Right-hand Rule
D. Fleming’s Left-hand Rule
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES

DC motor stator Rotor of a dc motor

 Principle of operation
When current carrying conductor is placed in
a magnetic field, it experienced a force.
In case of DC motor, the magnetic field us
developed by the field current i.e. current
flowing in field winding and armature winding
plays the role of current carrying conductor
So armature winding experienced a force and
start rotating.
 Back EMF
• When the armature winding of a dc motor starts
rotating in the magnetic flux produced by the field
winding, it cuts the lines of magnetic flux.
• Hence according to the faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction, there will be an
induced emf in the armature winding.
• As per the Lenz’s law, this induced emf acts in
opposite direction to the armature supply voltage.
Hence this emf is called as the back emf and
denoted by Eb.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• The efficiency of the DC motor at maximum
power is
A. 90%
B. 100%
C. Around 80%
D. Less than 50%
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• By looking at which particular part of the
motor we can Identify a “DC motor”?

A Shaft
B Field winding
C Commutator
D Armature winding
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 18
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Windings in DC Machine
• In any dc machines, there are two windings:
1. Field winding 2. Armature winding

Out of these, the field winding is stationary

which does not move at all and armature
winding is mounted on a shaft. So it can
rotate freely.
Construction of DC Motor
 Revision Quiz (Poll 1)
According to Fleming’s left-hand rule if the
index finger points in the direction of the field
than the middle finger will point in the
direction of
a) Current in the conductor
b) Resultant force on the conductor
c) Movement of the conductor
d) None of the above
 Types of DC Motors
• Depending on the way of connecting the
armature and field windings of a d.c. motors
are classified as follows:
DC Motor

DC series Shunt motor Compound Separately

motor motor excited motor

Short shunt Long shunt

compound compound
 DC Shunt Motor
In DC shunt type motor, field and armature
winding are connected in parallel as shown,
and this combination is connected across a
common dc power supply.
• The resistance of shunt field winding (Rsh) is
always much higher than that of armature
winding (Ra).
• This is because the number of turns for the
field winding is more than that of armature
winding.
The field current Ish always remains constant.
Since V and Rsh both are constant. Hence flux
produced also remains constant. Because field
current is responsible for generation of flux.
∴ ø ∝ Ish
This is why the shunt motor is also called as the
constant flux motors.
 DC Series Motor
• In DC series motor, the armature and field
windings are connected in series with each other
as shown in fig.(1).
• The resistance of the series field winding (Rs) is
much smaller as compared to that of the armature
resistance (Ra).
• The flux produced is proportional to the field
current. But in series motor, the field current is
same as armature current.
∴ ø ∝ Ia or
∴ ø ∝ Is
• The armature current Ia and hence field current
Is will be dependent on the load.
• Hence in DC series motor the flux does not
remains constant.

Fig.(1):DC series motor schematic diagram

 DC Compound Motor
1. Long Shunt Compound Motor:
• As shown in fig.(1), in long shunt dc motor, shunt
field winding is connected across the series
combination of the armature and series field winding.
2. Short Shunt Compound Motor:
• In short shunt compound motor, armature and field
windings are connected in parallel with each other and
this combination is connected in series with the series
field winding. This is shown in fig.(2).
 The long shunt and short shunt compound motors are
further classified as cumulative and differential
compound motors
Fig.(1): Long shunt compound dc motor fig.(2):Short shunt compound dc motor
Voltage Equation of a DC Motor

Fig.(1):Equivalent circuit of DC motor

• As shown in fig.(1), the armature supply
voltage V has to overcome the opposition
posed by the back emf Eb and some other
voltage drops such as brush drop and the
voltage drop across Ra.
• From fig.(1), we can write that,
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Vb …….(1)
• But voltage drop across brushes is negligible.
∴ V = Eb + Ia Ra ……(2)
 Torque Equations
Torque produced by a motor will always
be proportional to the air gap flux ø and
the current flowing through the armature
winding (Ia).
That means T ∝ ø Ia
1. Torque equation of DC shunt motor:
 For DC shunt motor field current = V/ Rsh =
constant
 Hence the flux ø is constant.
∴ T ∝ Ia ……..(2)
 Hence in dc shunt motor, torque is
proportional to only to the armature current.
2. Torque equation DC series motor:
 For DC series motor, the field current is equal
to the armature current i.e. Ifield = Ia.
 Hence T ∝ Ia Ia
∴ T ∝ Ia2 ………(3)
 Hence in dc series motor, torque is
proportional to the square of armature current.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• Which DC motor is preferred for constant
speed?

a) Series motor
b) Compound motor
c) Shunt motor
d) Differential motor
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• If Ta be the armature torque and Ia be the
armature current then which of the following
relation is valid for DC series motor before
saturation?
• Ta ∝ Ia
• Ta ∝ Ia2
• Ta ∝ 1/Ia
• Ta ∝ 1/Ia2
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 19
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Types of DC Motors
• Depending on the way of connecting the
armature and field windings of a d.c. motors
are classified as follows:
DC Motor

DC series Shunt motor Compound Separately

motor motor excited motor

Short shunt Long shunt

compound compound
 Important Equations
Voltage Equation
V = Eb + Ia Ra + Vb …….(1)
• But voltage drop across brushes is negligible.
∴ V = Eb + Ia Ra ……(2)
Torque equation of DC shunt motor:
 ∴ T ∝ Ia ……..(3)
Torque equation DC series motor:
 T ∝ Ia Ia = T ∝ Ia2 ………(4)
 Revision Quiz (Poll 1)
• Which part will surely tell that given motor is
DC motor and not an AC type?

a) Winding
b) Shaft
c) Commutator
d) Stator
 Speed Equations
 We know that the expression for the back emf is,

 But P, Z and 60A are constants. Therefore we can write that,

Eb ∝ ø N ……(1)
 Therefore the speed can be expressed as,
N ∝ Eb/ ø …….(2)
N = k Eb/ ø ………(3)
 But V = Eb + Ia Ra
∴ Eb = V - Ia Ra ………..(4)
 Substituting eq.(4) into eq.(2) we get,
N ∝ (V - Ia Ra) / ø …….(5)
 Since ø ∝ Ifield , we can write,
N ∝ (V - Ia Ra) / Ifield …….(6)
Thus speed can be controlled by:
• Flux control method: By Changing the flux
by controlling the current through the field
winding.

• Armature control method: By Changing the

armature resistance which in turn changes
the voltage applied across the armature
 Flux Control Method
Advantages:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
 Armature Voltage Control Method
The speed is directly proportional to the
voltage applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential Divider Control
If the speed control from zero to the rated
speed is required , by rheostatic method then
the voltage across the armature can be varied
by connecting rheostat in a potential divider
 Applications of DC Motor
1. Shunt motor applications:
i. Various machine tools such as lathe
machines, drilling machines, milling
machines etc.
ii. Printing machines
iii. Paper machines
iv. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
v. Blowers and fans etc.
2. Series motor applications:
i. Electric trains
ii. Diesel-electric locomotives
iii. Cranes
iv. Hoists
v. Trolley cars and trolley buses
vi. Rapid transit systems
vii. Conveyers etc.
3. Cumulative compound motor applications:
i. Elevators
ii. Rolling mills
iii. Planers
iv. Punches
v. Shears
4. Differentials compound motors applications:
 The speed of these motors will increase with increase
in the load, which leads to an unstable operation.
 Therefore we can not use this motor for any practical
applications
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
No-load speed of which of the following motor
is highest?

a) Differentially compound motor

b) Cumulative compound motor
c) Series Motor
d) Shunt Motor
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
In which of the following application DC series
motor is used?

a) Centrifugal Pump
b) Motor Operation in DC and AC
c) Water pump drive
d) Starter for car
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 20
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Previous Lecture topics
• Speed Equation
N ∝ (V - Ia Ra) / ø

• Speed Control Methods

• Starters
• Need of Starters
 Revision Quiz (Poll 1)
The reason for using starter while starting of DC
motor is
a) To restrict armature current as there is no
back E.M.F at starting
b) Motors are not self-starting
c) Restrict starting torque
d) None of the above
 Specifications of DC Motor
• Some of important specifications of a DC motor:
1. Output power in horse power(H.P.)
2. Rated voltage
3. Type of field winding
4. Excitation voltage
5. Base speed in RPM
6. Current
7. Frame size
8. Rating
Typical specifications of DC series
motor
Sr. Specifications/Rating Value
No.
1. Output power in horse power 3HP
2. Rated voltage 230V
3. Type of field winding Series
4. Excitation voltage 230V
5. Insulation B
6. Base speed 1000RPM
7. Current 11Amp
8. Frame size 132
9. Rating Continous
10. S.R.Number 840858
DC Generators

Chap 2: DC Machines 7
 d
e
dt
 Applications of DC Generator

Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• The armature of DC generator is laminated to

a) Reduce Hysteresis loss

b) Insulate the Core
c) Reduce eddy current loss
d) Provide air cooling passage
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• The thickness of lamination in D.C machine is
approx

a) 5 mm
b) 0.5 mm
c) 0.005 mm
d) 5 mm
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 21
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 INDUCTION MOTORS
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the
electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding
 Single Phase Induction Motor
 The single-phase induction machine is the most
frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and
so forth.
 The single-phase motor stator has a laminated
iron core with two windings arranged
perpendicularly.
 One is the main and
 The other is the auxiliary winding or starting
winding

3
Making Single-Phase Induction Motor
Self-Starting
• The single-phase induction motor is not self starting
and it is undesirable to resort to mechanical spinning of
the shaft or pulling a belt to start it.
• To make a single-phase induction motor self-starting,
we should somehow produce a revolving stator
magnetic field. This may be achieved by converting a
single-phase supply into two-phase supply through the
use of an additional winding.
• When the motor attains sufficient speed, the starting
means (i.e., additional winding) may be removed
depending upon the type of the motor.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• The torque developed by a single-phase motor
at starting is

a) less than the rated torque

b) More than the rated torque
c) zero
d) None of the above
 Single Phase Induction Motor

• The single-phase induction motor operation

can be described by two methods:
– Double revolving field theory; and
– Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is perhaps the easier
of the two explanations to understand
• Learn the double revolving theory only

10/4/2020 20
 Single Phase Induction Motor
Double revolving field theory
• A single-phase ac current supplies the main
winding that produces a pulsating magnetic
field.
• Mathematically, the pulsating field could be
divided into two fields, which are rotating in
opposite directions.
• The interaction between the fields and the
current induced in the rotor bars generates
opposing torque

21
 Single Phase Induction Motor
• Under these conditions,
with only the main field
energized the motor
will not start
• However, if an external
torque moves the
motor in any direction,
the motor will begin to
rotate.
• Single-phase motor
main winding generates
two rotating fields,
which oppose and
counter-balance one
another.
22
 Applications
• Fans
• Hair driers
• Washing machines
• Vacuum Cleaners
• Mixers
• Refrigerators
• Food Processors
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• If any two phases for an induction motor are
interchanged
A. The motor will run in the reverse direction
B. The motor will continue to run in the same
direction
C. The motor will stop
D. The motor will Burn
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
A centrifugal switch is used to disconnect
starting winding when motor has

a) Picked up 10% speed

b) Picked up 20% speed
c) Picked up 5 – 10% speed
d) Picked up 50 – 70% speed
 UNIT-III

Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Lecture 22
Prepared By:
Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor and Head
 Introduction
• Three-phase induction motors are the most common and
frequently encountered machines in industry
– simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
– wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
– run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load
– Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
 Construction
• An induction motor has two main parts
– a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding

Stator of IM
 Construction
– a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor
winding
• Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
– squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted
at both ends by shorting rings.
– wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly
as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three
rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft.
In this way, the rotor circuit is accessible.
 Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Images
 Construction
Slip rings

Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and
the slip rings

Brushes
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced three
phase source
• A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed
120 f e
nsync  rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called the
synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions
per minute)
 Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
 Quick Quiz (Poll 1)
• Induction motors have the advantage of

A. Less Maintenance
B. Less cost
C. Simple in construction
D. All of the above
 Principle of operation
• This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
• The rotor current produces another magnetic field
• A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
 Induction motor speed
• So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 The Slip
ns  nr
s OR nr  ns (1  s )
ns

Where; ns = synchronous speed (rpm)

nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm)
s = slip
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the
above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t
have units
 Rotor Frequency
• The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by Pn
fr 
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  ( ns  nm )
fr 
120
P  sns
  sf e
120
Induction Motors and Transformers
• Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
– Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
– Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
– The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move
– Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of
the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
• Advantages of Three-Phase Induction Motor:
These motors are self-starting and use no
capacitor, start winding, centrifugal switch or
other starting device.

APPLICATIONS
• Three-phase AC induction motors are widely
used in industrial and
Commercial applications.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 2)
• A 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a full
load speed of 1440 r.p.m. The number of
poles in the motor is
a) 2 pole
b) 4 pole
c) 6 pole
d) 8 pole
 Explanation
• P = 120f/N
• = 120 x 50/ 1400
• = 4.28
• The number of poles should be even and the
whole number. Therefore the number of
poles must be 4.
 Quick Quiz (Poll 3)
• A three phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor
has a full load speed of 1440 rpm. The full
load slip will be
a) 3%
b) 5%
c) 4%
d) 2%
 Explanation
• Ns = 120f/P
= 120 × 50/4
= 1500

and slip is equal to

s = Ns − Nr/Ns
= 1500 − 1440/1500
= 4%
Tutorial 7
 Example 1
• A transformer has a primary coil and a
secondary coil with the number of loops are
500 and 5000. Input voltage is 220 V. What is
the output voltage?
 Solution
• Primary coil (NP) = 500 loops
• Secondary coil (Ns) = 5000 loops
• Primary voltage (VP) = 220 Volt
• Secondary voltage (VS) = ?

• Solution :
• Vs / Ns = Vp / Np
• Vs / 5000 = 220 / 500
• Vs / 5000 = 0.44
• Vs = (0.44)(5000)
• Vs = 2200 Volt
 Example 2
• A transformer has primary coil with 1200
loops and secondary coil with 1000 loops. If
the current in the primary coil is 4 Ampere,
then what is the the current in the secondary
coil.
 Solution
• Solution :
• IS/IP = NP/NS
• The current in the secondary coil :
• IS/4 = 1200/1000
• IS/4 = 1.2
• IS = 1.2 (4)
• IS = 4.8 Ampere
 Example 3
• The secondary voltage is 220 Volt and primary
voltage is 110 volt, then a comparison of the
secondary coil and primary coil is…
 Solution
Given :
• Secondary voltage (VS) = 220 Volt
• Primary voltage (VP) = 110 Volt
Required NS/NP
• Solution :
• VS/VP = NS/NP
• 220/110 = NS/NP
• 22/11 = NS/NP
• 2/1 = NS/NP
• 12/6 = NS/NP
 Example 4
• Based on figure below, what is the primary
voltage of the transformer.
 Solution
Given :
• Secondary voltage (VS) = 24 Volt
• Primary loops (NP or N1) = 11 N
• Secondary loops (NS or N2) = 1 N = N
Primary voltage (VP) = ?

• Solution :
• Vs / Ns = Vp / Np
• 24 / 1 = Vp / 11
• 24 = Vp / 11
• Vp = (24)(11)
• Vp = 264 Volt
 Example 5
• Based on figure below, what is the input
voltage of the transformer
 Solution
Given :
• Primary coil (N1) = 21 N
• Secondary coil (N2) = 3 N
• Secondary voltage (V2) = 20 Volt
• Primary voltage (V1) = ?
• Solution :
• V2 / N2 = V1 / N1
• 20 / 3 N = V1 / 21 N
• 20 / 1 = V1 / 7
• 20 = V1 / 7
• V1 = (7)(20)
• V1 = 140 Volt
 Example 6
• According to figure below, what is the amount
of the secondary loops of the transformer.
 Solution
• Vs / Ns = Vp / Np
• 1100 Volt / Ns = 220 Volt / 200 loops
• 1100 / Ns = 220 / 200
• 1100 / Ns = 1.1
• Ns = 1100 / 1.1
• Ns = 1000 loops
 Example 7
• If the primary coil has 800 loops, then
determine the secondary coil.
 Solution
• Vs / Ns = Vp / Np
• 55 / Ns = 220 / 800
• 55 / Ns = 22 / 80
• NS = (80)(55) / 22
• NS = 4400 / 22
• NS = 200 loops
Quick Quiz 1
Quick Quiz 2
 Quick Quiz 3
• Turns ratio of the transformer is directly
proportional to ____________

a) Resistance ratio
b) Currents ratio
c) Voltage ratio
d) Not proportional to any terms
 Quick Quiz 4
• Which of the following statement is correct
regarding turns ratio?

a) Current ratio and turns ratio are inverse of each

other
b) Current ratio is exactly same to the voltage ratio
c) Currents ratio is exactly same to the turns ratio
d) Voltage ratio and turns ratio are inverse of each
other
 Tutorial 8

DC Machines and AC Machines

 Example 1
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5
percent. What is the synchronous speed of
this motor?
 Explanation

120 fe 120(60)
nsync    1800 rpm
P 4
 Example 2
• A 3-phase induction motor is wound for 4
poles and is supplied from 50 Hz system.
Calculate
• (i) Synchronous speed
• (ii) Rotor speed when slip is 4%
• (iii) rotor frequency when motor runs at 600
rpm.
Explanation
 Example 3
• A slip ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at
full load, when connected to 50 Hz supply.
Determine the number of poles and slip?
 Explanation
• N = 290 rpm
• Ns has somewhere near it ,say 300 rpm
• If Ns is assumed as 300 rpm then
300 = 120 X 50/P
Hence P = 20
S = (300-290)/300
= 3.33%
 Example 4
• A three phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole slip ring induction
motor has a star connected rotor. The full load
speed of the motor is 1460 rpm. Determine
the synchronous speed and percentage slip.
 Explanation
• (i) Ns = 120f/p = 120 x 50 /4 = 1500 rpm;

• (ii) slip = (Ns – N) / Ns = (1500 – 1460)/ 1500 =

0.0266
• Percentage slip = 2.66 %
 Example 5
• A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor operates
from a supply whose frequency is 50 Hz,
Calculate
• (i) the speed at which magnetic field of stator
is running
• (ii) the speed of the rotor when slip is 0.04
Explanation
 Example 6
• The stator of 3 phase induction motor has 3
slots per pole per phase. If supply frequency is
50 Hz, then Calculate
• (i) number of stator pole produced and total
number of slots on the stator
• (ii) speed of the rotating stator flux
Explanation
 MCQ 1
• A 3-
phase 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has 4% sli
p. The frequency of rotor e.m.f. will be
• (a) 200 Hz
• (b) 50 Hz
• (c) 2 Hz
• (d) 0.2 Hz
 Answer
• Ans: c
 MCQ 2
• 5 H.P., 50Hz, 3-
phase, 440 V, induction motors are available f
or the following r.p.m. Which motor will be th
e costliest ?
• (a) 730 r.p.m.
• (b) 960 r.p.m.
• (c) 1440 r.p.m.
• (d) 2880 r.p.m.
 Answer
• (a) 730 r.p.m.
 Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2

The armature Itis used in low

windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no 2 brushes
of poles
 Example
• A DC motor takes an armature current of 110
Amp. at 480 volts. The armature circuit
resistance is 0.2 ohm. The machine has 6-
poles and the armature is lap connected with
864 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb.
Calculate the speed of DC motor.
Explanation
 Example
• A 250 V, 4 pole wave wound dc series motor
has 782 conductors on its armature. It has
armature and series field resistance of
0.75ohm. The motor takes a current of 40
Amp. Calculate the speed when flux per pole
is 25mWb.
Explanation