11 Capacity Design of Piers

PF‐3937
Análisis y Diseño de Puentes 7/1/2013
Capacity Design of Piers
Lesson 11
Universidad de Costa Rica 1
PF‐3937 Análisis y Diseño de Puentes 7/1/2013

• Member actions using capacity design
principles for single- and multi-column piers
• Capacity protection of reinforced concrete
columns for shear
• Capacity-protected design of beam-column
joints
11-2
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this lesson you will be
able to:
• Develop the design overstrength forces for a
column
• Design columns for shear
• Design joints for shear
11-3

principles for single- and multi-column
piers
columns for shear
joints
114
Column Flexural Strength

• Flexural strength is provided based on:
• Required moment capacities for FBM (i.e. R-based
forces)
• Non-seismic load cases and minimum strengths for
DBM
• Flexure is typically the designated yielding/ductile
element
• Detailing provides for
• Confinement of plastic hinge zones
• Restrictions on lap and other splicing techniques
• Adequate shear strength of columns and joints
• Anchorage of reinforcement (both longitudinal and
transverse) 11-5
Wall-Type Piers
• Wall piers - clear height-to-width ratio < 2.5
• Flared columns width - minimum section
• Wall piers designed as:
• Columns in weak direction - walls are ductile in this
direction
• Walls in strong direction - typically shear-controlled
or foundation-controlled (i.e. weak link) in this
direction
• Skewed walls can have significant
longitudinal/transverse coupling due to
stiffness difference in pier directions
11-6

• Capacity protection of reinforced
concrete columns for shear
joints
11- 7
Capacity Protection - Longitudinal
Superstructure Overstrength Moment
Lateral Force ............--------""'"'l!'l

M 1op
po
Plastic
Overstrengt
Le Shear
Plastic Hinge Zones
Mpobot
Must Include Permanent Load Effects Too
11-8
Capacity Protection - Transverse
Lateral Force
Mpotop
Plastic
Overstrength
Shear
M bot
po
Must Include Permanent Load Effects Too

11-9
Shear Resistance of RC Sections

Basic Relationship for Seismic Loading
<f>sVn >Vu
Vn ==Ve + Vs
Concrete contribution diminishes as plastic deformation

and damage accrue in plastic hinge zones.
Fundamental difference between seismic and non-seismic

loading .
11-10
Concrete Contribution
Concrete Force
Axial load on
eoh.Jmn at
A = 0 HA Effechve Area ~ overstrength
~ • g ~ condition
v
c
=0.032a'(t+~ l i1;- s o.11~'/rC
'A v c · , ,
or O.C>47a' rF
-
'
~ '
\J
Axial contnbution
\ 3 5\f'c unrts =kSt (typ)
1/\1000
puts Ve in vc :::: Oif column If converted I
unrts of ksi is in tension to psi units
, , 11
Concrete Shear Contribution, a'

Circular Sections:
0.3 <a' = _L_+3.67 - µ 0 < 3.0

0.15 µ0 =member displacement
ductility demand
fs = Psf yh < 0.3 5 transverse steel * yield
4Asp 4 * Aspiral
Ps =D'- spacing * diameterspiral
s
11-12
Concrete Contribution to Shear

Stren th
-ps = 0.003
- ps = 0.005
...n:s 1 -- - .;....... - ps =0.00583
Q)
.c
en
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Displacement Ductility, µ 0
11-13
Steel Contribution
Circular Sections
Spi,rallii2!11~1
I
I
~I
I I I I
j-·-·-·--·-·o--
I I I I I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
VU I I I I I I I I I I
1 I
I
I
I
I I I I
I I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-
. . Steel Forces
Angle of spiral (1n plan) resisting force
varies along crack
Accounts for circular

nature of section and
transverse steel force
orientation.
11·14
Plastic Shear Force Demand

STEP 1: Determine the overstrength moment
capacity based on non-seismic axial forces
STEP 2: Determine the corresponding plastic
shear force
STEP 3: Determine the total shear force in the
pier and corresponding overturning axial forces
in multi-column pier
STEP 4: Determine revised overstrength
moments and plastic shears corresponding to
newly calculated axial forces. Cycle back to
step 3 until shear force is within 10% of
previous value.
1116
P-M Interaction Curves

Overstrength
Axial Load, P P 0 , Mpo
(Increase both P and MPby Amo)
Plastic Pne• MP
(Guide Spec)
xpected Property
Dead Load •
(Non-seismic
Loads)
Moment, M
(l'>P Due to Overturning, Not P-LI Effect)
11-16
Plastic Mechanism Overstrength

Forces
l
t:-;f.'.
1·
V po
P
M 1
po_ op
M poRepresents
Overstrength
Moment h
Mpo = ;A•moM p
~- ~
-------i-------i•
- ~ -6P
Vpo p t Mpo_bot a
V = M po_top+Mpo_ bot hv;owl- LM,mbot
po H Af>=-----
cir a
FBD of Column with Seismic Axial Forces on Columns
Plastic Hinges
11-17
Multi-column Pier Example

Columns - 48 in diameter, 24 #11 s longitudinal,
#4@6 in transverse, 1.5 in. cover
concrete: f'c = 4 ksi (f'ce = 5.2 ksi),
steel: fy = 60 ksi (fye = 68 ksi)
Required:
Design the columns for
shear
30 ft Same pier and columns as

example in Lesson 8
11-18
Approach
1. Develop overstrength P-M interaction data
2. Use Mpo = AmoMp where Amo=1.2 (A706
I
steel)
3. Estimate axial force on columns
4. Calculate plastic shear for columns
5. Re-estimate the axial forces
6. Re-calculate plastic shears
7. Calculate concrete contribution to shear
8. Then check and revise transverse steel
11-19
Recall P-M Interaction Curve

3200 -
D=48", 24#11, #4@6 :
2700
I I
2200 Need Mpo (1680 kips, 76000 kip-in)
Axial Load, for these 1
P (kips) 1100
1200 P0 -Mpo
P=1000 kip
700
Interaction
Curve
20
(400 kips: 62000 kip-in)
-300 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 ' 50000 10000 soooo P-Mp
Interaction
-800
Curve
Moment, M (kip-in)
11-20
Plastic Mechanism Overstrength

Forces
Mpo = 1.2 MP pl
Assume top and bottom moment
T~ f:\M,,
rJ
capacities are equal.
From P-M curve:
PoA = 400 kip & MpoA = 62,000 kip-in Vcot pt M po

PoB = 1680 kip & MpoB = 76,000 kip-in
VpoA = 2(62,000)/30*12 = 344 kip M po to!f Mpo_bot

VpoB = 2(76,000)/30*12 = 422 kip vpo=
H eir
11-21
Shear and Axial Forces in Pier

vtotal
~- -
From individual column calcs:
h = 33 ft
VpoA = 344 kip
VpoB = 422 kip
vtota l = 766 kip
i1P = {766*33 -
(62000+76000)/12}/20
L1P = 689 kip /JP = h Ji;otal - LMpo hot
a
PA= 1000- 689 = 311 kip
P8 = 1000 + 689 = 1689 kip
11 -22
Re-check Moments From P-M Curve

3200 T
Need Mpo
for 311 kips and 1689 kips
2200 f.,-... ·•· ·< .•.
---
. 1Interaction
p o-Mpo
Curve
200 ; (311 kips, 61300 kip-in)
50t~
-300 .l... ..
55000 60000 ~~~~' ;~~~'-:;~~~ ... ;~~
Moment, M (kip-in)
11-23
Design Forces at Overstrength
From P-M curve:
P 0 A = 311 kip & MpoA = 61,400 kip-in } Less than 2% difference from
. before, say OK
PoB = 1689 kip & MpoB =76,000 kip-in
Set:
MpoA = 62,000 kip-in V poA = 344 kip
poB = 1689 kip MpoB =76,000 kip-in vpoB =422 kip
11 -24
Shear Resistance of Concrete'> Vc

Require transverse steel quantity and displacement ductility
demand on column:
Transverse steel #4@ 6 in_ > Ps =0.003 =4 (0.2)/ 6 (44.5)

=
Recall that pier displacement ductility capacity 3.2, and
since column B yielded last and controlled, its ductility
capacity = 3-2.
No demand has been calculated for this pier;, thus assume

that the full ductility capacity is utilized, making the ductility
=
demand, µ 0 3.2.
Since column A yielded at almost the same time as B, the

column A ductility can also be taken as 3.2. 11-25
Concrete Shear Resistance, Column A

Is =pJ'yh= 0.003· 60 = 0.1 8:::; 0.35
0.3 ::s; a' = Is +3.67-µ 0 = O.lS +3.67- 3.2 = 1.67::;; 3.0
0.15 0.15
Ve = 0.032a'(l + ~ ]ff::::; 0.1 lff

2A8
vc = 0.032·1.67(1 +
311
2· 1810
)J4 = 0.12 · ksi Column A
~ = vcAe = vc0.8Ag =0.12(0.8)1810 = 173·kzp

<P~ = 0.9· 173 = 156· kip
11-26
Steel Shear Resistance, Column A
V, = ~ ( nA,p: yi,d, = ~ J c· 0.2· ~O· 44.5) = 140· kip
ifJ~. =0.9·l40=l26·kip
ifJV,, = 156+ 126= 282· kip < ~' = V poA = 344· kip Need More
Shear Steel!
.
Required V 5 .
. V = ~ - ¢~ = 344-156 = 209· kzn
.
,) ¢ 0.9 :r
11-27
Determine Required Shear Steel,

Column A
Require # 4 at 4 in. , not at 6 in.! Column A
Column is adequately ductile with #4 at 6 in., but

inadequate for shear for this column height!
# 4 spiral
S =4 inches
11-28
Same Checks for Column B
V0 =0.Q32a'(J+
2~Jff 5,Q 11ff
Ve= 0.032·1.67( 1+
1689
2·1810
J-!4 = 0.16 ·ksi
</JVC=</NcAe =<Pvc0.8Ag =(0.9)0.16(0.8)1810= 209·kip
Require More
</J~ = 209+ 126= 335· kip < 422· kip
Shear Steel
(Closer Spacing)
v = 422- 209 = 237·ki
s 0.90 p
11-29
Required Spiral Spacing for

Column B
s = ;r(n4p~hdsJ = ;r ( l ·0.2·60·44.5) = 3.S· in.
2 V,. 2 237
Require# 4 at 3.5 in. , not 6 in.! Column B - Use for Both!
# 4 spiral
As a comparison:
S = 3.5 inches - - - - - - - : :
g =4Asp = 4· 0.20 =O.OOS J

s~ 3.5·44.5
11-30
Summary of Shear Design
• #4 spiral must be tightened from a 6 in.

spacing to a 3.5 in. spacing for shear
• #4 spiral at 6 in. spacing is adequate for
flexural ductility and confinement, but not for
shear
• As with displacement capacity, column B
controls
• Concrete supplies about 50°/o of shear
resistance
11-31

columns for shear
• Capacity-protected design of beam-
column joints
11-32
Joint Shear Concept

Consider a column anchored into a frictionless-side hole:
Develop BIG shear force in
joint to "develop" moment,
. . . . - - - - - . - - - . . . . - - - - - . Mmax (Vjoint =VQ/lt force}
Only
compression
reactions
against column
are available to
resist bending
Vapplied M v
11-33
Behavior of Tee Joints

Compression Strut, Cs
Tension Field, Ts
Lateral Loading
of a Pier
I~
-ID!-
t Average Stresses
In Joint
11-34
Principal Stresses in Joints

Pc= principal compression
Pi= principal tension
__vi1
fh L ;uinHn UI'""'
----- fh = horizontal normal stress
f v = vertical normal stress

............" " - - - - - - - '
Viv= shear stress on vertical plane
vih =shear stress on horizontal plan
11 -35
Dimensional Definitions for Joints
)
Vertical joint area,
AJV = Bcap*lac ~I
(Shown normal to
plane of slide)
0c
De= Column dimension parallel

to plane of bending
Os = Depth of superstructure for
integral joints and depth of
cap for non-integral caps.
Horizontal joint area, ~h =(De+ Ds)Bcap _ _..,.__ _ _ ___.
11-36
Calculation of Applied Stresses

vj v- ~
-
- A
JV
11 -37
Calculation of Tc
Summing moments about the
compression center of gravity:
M po = Tc ·h + Pc ·h p
cg c
cg section Note that compression Pc also

contributes to the moment the
section can resist.
11-38
Calculation of Principal Stresses
(!i1 +iv )- (i~ -fv ) +v.

2
Principal Tension in
P= 2
I 2 ' 2 JV Joint
=(iii+2 iv )+\ (!ii-2 1~) +v.

2
Principal Compression
p 2 in Joint
c JV
11-39
Limiting Principal Stresses

• Joints should be proportioned such that the
principal tension is:::; 0.38 "'1f'c (12 ..Jf'c in psi) and
the principal compression is :::; 0.25 f c·
• If Pt@0.11 .,,/fc (3.5 --./fc in psi), then joint
transverse steel, p5 , should at least be 0.11 ..Jf'c/fyh.
• If p@0.11 .,,/fc• then Ps ~ 0.40 Ast/1ac2 , which

depends on the development length of the tensile
steel.
• Additional beam transverse steel is used around

the column joint region - discussed in Lesson 17.
11-40
Detailing Requirements
Joint zones
In joint zones:
1. Anchor bars with hooks

turned inward, if possible -
some bars.
2. Anchor bars as close to
horizontal
3. steel as possible.
4. Continue transverse steel
into joint
5. Add prescriptive bars in
beams as required in GS. 11-41
Capacity Design Requirement

• Capacity protection is required for all members
that are not participating as part of the energy
dissipating system
• Capacity protected members include:
- Superstructures
- Joints and cap beams
- Spread footings
- Pile caps
- Foundations
These will be discussed in the next lessons.

11-42
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this lesson you will be
able to:
• Develop the design overstrength forces for a
column
• Design columns for shear
• Design joints for shear
11-43
Lesson 11
Questions
11-44

11 Capacity Design of Piers

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PF‐3937

Capacity Design of Piers

Capacity Design of Piers

Column Flexural Strength

Capacity Design of Piers

Capacity Protection - Longitudinal

Superstructure Overstrength Moment

Lateral Force ............--------""'"'l!'l

Must Include Permanent Load Effects Too

Capacity Protection - Transverse

Must Include Permanent Load Effects Too

Shear Resistance of RC Sections

Concrete contribution diminishes as plastic deformation

Fundamental difference between seismic and non-seismic

unrts of ksi is in tension to psi units

Concrete Shear Contribution, a'

0.3 <a' = _L_+3.67 - µ 0 < 3.0

fs = Psf yh < 0.3 5 transverse steel * yield

Concrete Contribution to Shear

Accounts for circular

Plastic Shear Force Demand

P-M Interaction Curves

Plastic Mechanism Overstrength

Multi-column Pier Example

30 ft Same pier and columns as

Recall P-M Interaction Curve

Plastic Mechanism Overstrength

From P-M curve:

PoA = 400 kip & MpoA = 62,000 kip-in Vcot pt M po

VpoA = 2(62,000)/30*12 = 344 kip M po to!f Mpo_bot

Shear and Axial Forces in Pier

vtota l = 766 kip

Re-check Moments From P-M Curve

Design Forces at Overstrength

From P-M curve:

MpoA = 62,000 kip-in V poA = 344 kip

poB = 1689 kip MpoB =76,000 kip-in vpoB =422 kip

Shear Resistance of Concrete'> Vc

Transverse steel #4@ 6 in_ > Ps =0.003 =4 (0.2)/ 6 (44.5)

No demand has been calculated for this pier;, thus assume

Since column A yielded at almost the same time as B, the

Concrete Shear Resistance, Column A

Ve = 0.032a'(l + ~ ]ff::::; 0.1 lff

~ = vcAe = vc0.8Ag =0.12(0.8)1810 = 173·kzp

Steel Shear Resistance, Column A

V, = ~ ( nA,p: yi,d, = ~ J c· 0.2· ~O· 44.5) = 140· kip

Determine Required Shear Steel,

Require # 4 at 4 in. , not at 6 in.! Column A

Column is adequately ductile with #4 at 6 in., but

Same Checks for Column B

Required Spiral Spacing for

Require# 4 at 3.5 in. , not 6 in.! Column B - Use for Both!

g =4Asp = 4· 0.20 =O.OOS J

Summary of Shear Design

• #4 spiral must be tightened from a 6 in.

Capacity Design of Piers

Joint Shear Concept

Behavior of Tee Joints

Principal Stresses in Joints

Pi= principal tension