Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids:
Substances which release hydrogen ions as the only positiveions in aqueous solutions are
called Acids.
Alkalis:
Substances which release hydroxide ions as the only negative ions in aqueous
solutions are called Alkalis.Bases:
Alkalis which are insoluble in water are called bases.
Physical properties of Acids:
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 Acids have a sour taste
 They turn blue litmus paper blue
 They turn Phenolphthalein to colorless.They turn
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methyl orange to red.
 Most acids are colorless.
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 Mineral acids can corrode metal, fabric and even skin!
Chemical properties of Acids:
 Acids react with metals, above hydrogen in the reactivity series, to form
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salt and release hydrogen.HCl (aq) + Ca (s) = CaCl2 (s) + H2 (g)
 cids react with bases/alkalis to form salt and wateronly. This reaction is
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known as neutralization reaction.

 HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) = NaNO3 (s) + H2O (l)
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 Acids react with metal carbonates to form a salt,water and

carbon dioxide only.
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 HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) = CaCl2 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
Physical Properties of Bases:

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 Most of the bases are colored.

 Most of the bases are insoluble in water.Soluble
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Bases are known as alkalis.

Physical Properties of Alkalis:
 Alkalis can dissolve proteins therefore touching alkalis is unsafe as our
skin is made up of proteins.Alkalis turn red litmus paper blue.
 Alkalis turn methyl orange yellow. Alkalis turn
phenolphthalein to pink.
 Alkalis have a bitter taste. They have a soapy touch.

Chemical properties of Alkalis/ bases:
 Alkali reacts with ammonia salt on warning to producesalt, water and
ammonia.
 NaOH (aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (s) = Na2SO4 (s) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
 Alkalis/Bases react with Acids to form salt and wateronly. This reaction is
known as neutralization reaction.
 KOH (aq) + HCl (aq) = KCl (s) + H2O (l)
Strong acids:
Acids which ionize to a large extent in dilute aqueous solution and release hydrogen ions
in a large number arecalled strong acids.
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Weak acids:
Acids which ionize poorly in aqueous solution and releasehydrogen ions in small number,
are called weak acids.
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Strong alkalis:
Alkalis which ionize to a large extent in dilute aqueous solution and release hydroxide ions
in a large number arecalled strong alkalis.
Weak alkalis:
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Alkalis which ionize poorly in dilute aqueous solution andrelease hydroxide ions in a small
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number are called weak alkalis.
Neutralization reaction:
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The reaction between acids and bases/alkalis to form saltand water only.
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Ionic equation for neutralization reaction.

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HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) = NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Now separate each ion like this:
H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) = Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) +
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H2O (l)
Now cancel out the ions of same element with same charge in
same state.
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The equation reduces to:

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) = H2O (l)
Note:
Every neutralization reaction would be neither oxidation nor
reduction (Not even redox reaction)
The ionic equation to every neutralization reaction is the
same as mentioned above.
pH indicator:
It is a mixture of several indicators. It is used as a solution or in the form of indicator
paper. It gives a number of color changes from red to purple when treated with acid or
an alkali. When the color change takes placeit is compared with the scale and pH of
the solution is determined.
pH meter:
It is an electronic device which consists of a probe (sensor) and a display. The is placed
in the solution who’spH to be determined when the apparatus is turned on the display
gives the value of the pH of the solution.
How can we determine the pH of soil?
pH soil is determined by taking a sample of soil and shaking it with distilled water. The
mixture is than filtered and pH of filtrate is determined. This is taken aspH of soil.
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Why do we need to measure pH of soil?
Most plants do not grow well in acidic soil. The best pHfor most of the crops is 6.5
which is almost neutral.
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Farmers have to regulate the pH of soil before planting a new crop. This is done to get
maximum yield from a crop andto prevent plants from absorbing poisonous substances
from the soil.
How do we treat excess acidity in soil?
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Access acidity in the soil is neutralized by adding calciumhydroxide which is an alkali it is
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also known as slacked lime. When slaked lime is added to the soil it is known as liming
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of the soil.
Now slacked lime is selected for the treatment of soil asit is easily available, cheap,
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and is water soluble.

Now follow the following steps to treat excess acidity insoil:
1. Spread calcium hydroxide on the land.
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2. Plough the land to mix the alkali with the soil

3. Irrigate the fields so that alkali can react withacids in the soil properly.
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Oxide:
Binary compounds of oxygen are called oxides.
Acidic Oxides:
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Acidic oxides are oxides of non-metals. They turn damp bluelitmus paper red.
Chemical properties of acidic oxides:
 Soluble acidic oxides dissolve in water to form acids.
 SO3 + H2O = H2SO4
 Acidic oxides react with alkalis to form salt andwater only.
(Neutralization)
Basic oxides:
Oxides of metals are called Basic oxides. They turn dampred litmus paper blue.
Chemical properties of basic oxides:
 Soluble metal oxides dissolve in water to form theirrespective
hydroxide.
 Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH
 Metal oxides react with acids to form salts and water.
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(Neutralization).
Amphoteric oxides:
These oxides have a dual nature.
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 In their reaction with acids, they behave as basicoxides and form salt
and water.
Example:
•
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Aluminum oxide, Al2O3
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 In their reaction with alkalis, they behave as acidicoxides and form salt and
water.
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• Zinc oxide, ZnO
• Lead (II) oxide, PbO
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Reaction of Amphoteric oxides with acids:

Al2O3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2OZnO +
H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2O
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Reaction of Amphoteric oxides with alkalis:

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2NaAlO2. 2H2O (Sodium aluminate)ZnO + NaOH + H2O =
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Na2ZnO2. 2H2O (Sodium Zincate) Neutral Oxides:

Neutral oxides are neither acidic nor alkaline. The do notaffect litmus paper or other
indicators.
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Example: Carbon monoxideWater

Di nitrogen oxide
Salts:
Salts are compounds obtained by replacing ionizable hydrogen form an acid, partly or
completely by metal atoms.
Solubility chart:
All acids are soluble.
All sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are
soluble.
All nitrates are soluble.
Most of chlorides are soluble except silver
chloride, lead (II) chloride and mercury chloride.
Most of sulphates are soluble except lead (II)
sulphate, barium sulphate and calcium sulphate.
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Most of the carbonates are insoluble except sodium
carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium
carbonate.
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Most of the metal oxides are insoluble except
sodium oxide potassium oxide and calcium oxide.
Most of the hydroxides are insoluble except sodium
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hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide
and ammonium hydroxide.
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Acids, Bases and Salts

Physical properties of Acids:

known as neutralization reaction.

 Acids react with metal carbonates to form a salt,water and

Physical Properties of Bases:

 Most of the bases are colored.

Bases are known as alkalis.

 Alkalis have a bitter taste. They have a soapy touch.

Ionic equation for neutralization reaction.

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) = NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

The equation reduces to:

and is water soluble.

2. Plough the land to mix the alkali with the soil

Reaction of Amphoteric oxides with acids:

Reaction of Amphoteric oxides with alkalis:

Na2ZnO2. 2H2O (Sodium Zincate) Neutral Oxides:

Example: Carbon monoxideWater

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