8

Science
Quarter 4
Module 1: Digestive System
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with your mind. It is here to help you
master Digestive System. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations.
This module contains:
Week 1:
• explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion;
(S8LT-IVb-13)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a piece of paper.
1 Structure in the small intestine that absorb the nutrients that result from the
digestive process?
a. duodenum
b. intestinal glands
c. intestinal muscles
d. villi
2.Proper sequence of structures in the gut is ___________.
a esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
b. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
c. esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
d. stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
3.Which of the following is not a work of liver?
a. detoxifies drugs
b. synthesis of bile
c. synthesis insulin
d. synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
4.Digestion of carbohydrates occurs mostly with the enzymes from the ________.
a. liver
b. pancreas
c. salivary glands
d. stomach
5.The human body needs supply of protein to survive. The first part of the
digestive system that begins digesting protein is ___________.
a. duodenum
b. stomach
c. esophagus
d. mouth
6. Person who had the gallbladder removal may be expected to have difficulty in___.
a. absorbing minerals
b. digesting fats
c. excreting urea
d. storing glycogen
v
7.Select the incorrect connection.
a. Stomach- grinds and liquefies food
b. Colon (large intestine) – digest food
c. Pancreas – secretes digestive enzymes
d. Small intestine – absorbs fluid and food
8. Throat is divided into two separate tubes: the windpipe and the gullet. What part
prevents food from entering the windpipe?
a. uvula
b. tongue
c. epiglottis
d. trachea
9. How does digested food reach the bloodstream?
a. It passes through the gullet into the blood.
b. It is absorbed into the blood through blood vessels.
c. It is absorbed into the blood through the walls of the lungs.
d. It passes from the small intestine into the large intestine, then into the blood.
10.Solid waste leaves the body passing through the rectum then the anus. Liquid
waste leaves the body through the ________.
a. Kidney and bladder
b. Large intestine and bowel
c. blood vessels and lungs
d. small and large intestine
11. Process that grinds food down into smaller molecules for easy swallowing
a. Chemical digestion
b. ingestion
c. mechanical digestion
d. hydrolysis
12.First activity of the digestive system is to take in food through the mouth, the
process is called:
a. ingestion
b. hydrolysis
c. peristalsis
d. absorption
13.Removal of indigestible wastes through the anus
a. hydrolysis
b. ingestion
c. mastication
d. defecation
14 Movements that propel the particles through the digestive tract:
a. swallowing
b. deglutition
c. peristalsis
d. absorption
15. Speed up the hydrolysis process:
a. digestive enzymes
b. carbohydrates
c. proteins
d. fats

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 Lesson What I Know
The Digestive System
1
What’s In
The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract—also
the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs
joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the down to the anus. The
hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.

This Photo by Leysi24 author

Digestion begins when food enters the(oral cavity) mouth . In which

mechanical and chemical digestion occurs. Teeth break up and grind food
(mechanical), while an enzyme in saliva called amylase begins to break down
carbohydrates (chemical).
After the food is swallowed, the chewed food (now called a bolus) moves
down to the esophagus. The esophagus acts as a connection between the
mouth and stomach.
The bolus that reaches the stomach, where more chemical and
mechanical digestion take place.Muscles in the stomach walls churn the bolus
(mechanical), allowing to mix it with gastric acids(chemical and digestive
enzymes. This process changes the bolus into liquid called chyme.
Digestion continues for several hours in the stomach. This time, an
enzyme called pepsin breaks down most of the protein in the food. Slowly the
chyme transported into the small intestine, where most chemical digestion

1
 takes place. Bile, which is made in the liver, is released from the gallbladder,
helps digest fats.Enzymes from the pancreas and intestinal walls together with
the chyme starts the final part of digestion.

THE ACCESSORY ORGANS OF OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

It helps with digestion but are not part of the digestive tract.
Pancreas - pancreatic juices is secreted to help in digestion of proteins and
carbohydrates.
Gallbladder – It stores bile that is produced by the liver.
Liver - creates bile for fat digestion, processes absorbed vitamins and
detoxifies blood.
Salivary glands - moisten food and begin chemical digestion of starches.

What’s New?

ACTIVITY 1
CONNECTION SYSTEM
Procedure: Identify the organs of the human body that was being described and
pick your answer from the word bank.

WORD BANK

Stomach Large Intestine Muscles Heart

Bones Small Intestine Liver Urinary Bladder

Brain Pancreas Kidney Lungs

1. Takes oxygen from air you breathe in and sends it to the blood.
__________________.
2. It is connected to the nerves that send signals throughout your body,
without me you cannot control your thoughts, movements, decisions and
memories. __________________.
3. Makes digestive juices to help the small intestine break down food.
_________________.
4. A bean shaped which is responsible in eliminating waste products from the
blood and produce urine. _______________.
5. Made up of strong muscles that pumps blood through your body. My size is
as size of your fist, I am located near the center of your chest. _____________
6. Mix food when you eat with chemicals made by your body, then chum up
your food into smaller parts and send it to small intestine. ______________
7. The one which give support and protection to your organs. ______________
8. Absorb the nutrients that your body needs from your food and I put it on
your bloodstream so your body can use it. _________________
9. It work with bones to provide movement, strength and power. _____________
10. It is the place where urine is stored until it is eliminated from your body.
_______________

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 What is It
Digestive system is all about getting food in our body,food
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of the materials you don't
need (feces). All animals have one sort of digestive system or another.
Anything that eats another creature must have a way of bringing nutrients in
and removing of what they don't need.

When we are hungry, for sure we will get food then we will eat. Once we
had place the food in our mouth, we will start to chew the food and will begin
a process of mechanical digestion that grinds food down into smaller pecies
for easy swallowing. While chewing the food, our body also starts to release
some enzymes that will be the start of the process of chemical digestion and
the breakdown of biological molecules. Most of chemical digestion happens in
the stomach. The food moves through your digestive system and is eventually
broken down into particles and nutrients that your small intestine can absorb
into the blood stream. The material is not absorbed continues into the large
intestine where water is removed from the material and then whatever is left
will be eliminated.

The digestive system prepares nutrients for utilization by body cells

through this processes:
1. Ingestion. First activity of the digestive system is to take in food through the
mouth. The ingestion process takes place before anything else can happen.
2. Mechanical Digestion. Large pieces of food that are ingested have to be
broken into smaller peices that can be acted upon by various enzymes. This
process begins in the mouth with chewing or mastication and continues with
mixing and churning actions in the stomach.
3. Chemical Digestion. The complex molecules of carbohydrates, fats, and
protiens are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller particles that can
be absorbed and used by the cells. Chemical digestion, through a process
called hydrolysis, used digestive enzymes and water in breaking down the
complex molecules. Digestive enzymes speed up the hydrolysis.
4. Movements. After mastication and ingestion, the food particles move from
the mouth into the pharynx, then to the esophagus. This movement is called
swallowing or deglutition. Movements of mixing occur in the stomach as a
result of contraction of smooth muscles. These repetitive contractions occur
in small segments of the digestive tract and mix the food particles with other
fluids and enzymes. Movements that propel the food particles through the
digestive tract is called peristalsis. These rhythmic waves of contractions
move the food particles through different regions which mechanical and
chemical digestion takes place.
5. Absorption.Molecules that result from chemical digestion pass
through cell membranes of the lining in the small intestine into the lymph
capillaries or blood.
6. Elimination.Food molecules that cannot be digested needs to be eliminated
from the body. The removal of indigestible wastes through the anus, in the form
of feces, is elimination or defecation.

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 Each part of your digestive system helps to move food and liquid through
your GI tract, break food and liquid into smaller parts. Once foods are broken
into small enough particles, your body can absorb and move the nutrients where
they are essential. Your large intestine absorbs water, and waste products of
digestion become stool, while hormones and nerves help control the digestive
process.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 2
Human Digestive System
Direction:
Identify the organs of the human body that was being described and pick
your answer in the box.
Stomach chewed food energy

Rectum liver mouth small intestine

Waste saliva large intestine digestion

Digestive System swallow tongue pharynx

Acid absorbed liquids esophagus

Animals need to eat .______________________to get 2. ______________________

to live. In order to use this food, they have to break it down in a process called
3.___________. All animals have a group of connected organs called 4. _____________.
The process of digestion in humans begins in the 5.________where food is 6. _______
into smaller pieces by our teeth. The 7. ____________ helps in moving these pieces
around. These pieces are covered by 8. ________________. The saliva makes the food
slimy so that it is easier to 9._______________. It also helps to breakdown of food.

Once the food is swallowed, it passes through the 10. ______________, It is like a
gate that sends food into the 11._______________ and air into the lungs. The food
travels in the esophagus and into the 12.________________ . Once it is in the
stomach, the food mixed with 13.___________________ and crushed more.

After spending time in the stomach, the food is sent into the 14._______________
where nutrients are 15.________________. The 16._________________ helps the
remaining food goes into the 17. __________________ where the 18.________________
are absorbed. The remaining food called 19._______________ and it is pushed into
the 20. _____________where it waits and before leaving the body.

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 What I Have Learned
Activity 3
Connected

Direction: Match column A with the correct answer on column B. Write your
answer on the provided space provided.

Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on separate
sheet of paper.
1. Process that grinds food down into smaller pieces for easy swallowing is
a. Chemical digestion c. mechanical digestion
b. ingestion d. hydrolysis
2.The digestive system first activity, is to take in food through the mouth, this
process is called:
c. a. ingestion c. peristalsis
d. b. hydrolysis d. absorption
3.Structure in the small intestine absorb the nutrients that result from the
digestive process?
a. duodenum b. intestinal glands c. intestinal muscles d. villi
4.Which of the following is not a work of liver?
a. detoxifies drugs c. synthesis insulin
b. synthesis of bile d. synthesis of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

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 5.Digestion of carbohydrates mostly occurs with enzymes from the _________.
a. liver b. pancreas c. salivary glands d. stomach
6.The human body to survive, needs a constant supply of protein. The first part
of the digestive system that begin digesting protein is the ___________.
a. duodenum b. stomach c. esophagus d. mouth
7.The correct arrangement of structures in the gut is ___________.
a. esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
b. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
c. esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
d. stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
8.Select the incorrect connection.
a. Stomach- grinds and liquefies food
b. Colon (large intestine) – digest food
c. Pancreas – secretes digestive enzymes
d. Small intestine – absorbs fluid and food
9.Throat divides into two separate tubes: the windpipe and the gullet. Which of
the prevents food from entering the windpipe?
a. uvula
b. tongue
c. epiglottis
d. d. trachea
10. The indigestible wastes removal through the anus
a. hydrolysis
b. ingestion
c. mastication
d. defecation
11.How can digested food finally reaches the bloodstream?
a. It passes through the gullet into the blood.
b. It is absorbed into the blood through blood vessels.
c. It is absorbed into the blood through the walls of the lungs.
d. It passes from the small intestine into the large
intestine, then into the blood.
12.Solid waste leaves the body through the rectum then the anus, the liquid
waste leaves our body after passing through the ________.
a. Kidney and bladder c. blood vessels and lungs
b. Large intestine and bowel d. small and large intestine
13.The movements that propel the particles through the digestive tract:
a. swallowing c. peristalsis
b. deglutition d. absorption
14. __________________speeds up the process of hydrolysis.
a. digestive enzymes c. proteins
b. carbohydrates d. fats
15.The complex molecules of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are changed by
this process to the smaller molecules that can be used by the cell.
a. mechanical digestion c. chemical digestion
b. ingestion d. defecation

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8
Science
Quarter 4 – Module 2

Cellular Reproduction
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with your mind. It is here to
help you master Cellular Reproduction. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations.
This module contains:

• Week 2: Lesson 1: Cellular Reproduction

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1.1.1 Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell
division cycle; (S8LT-IVe-16)

1.1.2 Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the

chromosome number; (S8LT-IVe-17)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is true about plant cell division which
differentiates it from animal cell division?
a. Formation of cell plate
b. Undergoing cytokinesis
c. Formation of cleavage furrow
d. Production of 2 new cells

2. Choose the correct sequence in the steps of cell cycle.

a. Anaphase, prophase, interphase, metaphase, telophase
b. Interphase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
c. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
d. Prophase, metaphase, interphase, anaphase, telophase

3. All of the following are functions of mitosis except ________________.

a. Growth
b. Reduction division
c. production of reproductive cells
d. replacement of old worn-out cells

4. Mitosis is important for humans because it helps in the _____________.

a. Formation of sex cells
b. Death of unnecessary cells
c. growth and repair of tissues
d. maintains healthy number of sex cell

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5. It is the checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures its readiness to enter
M phase?
a. S checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. G1 checkpoint
d. M checkpoint

6. In which stage of mitosis do you observe the division of centromere to

occur?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Synthesis
d. Interphase

7. Genetic material duplication usually happens during ______________.

a. Interphase
b. G2 phase
c. Mitotic phase
d. S phase

8. It is a discrete unit of inheritance which determines a hereditary trait.

a. Alleles
b. Variation
c. Genes
d. Phenotype

9. What do you call the allele that is not expressed in heterozygous

individuals?
a. Recessive
b. Phenotype
c. Dominant
d. Genotype

10. What describes the physical characteristics of an individual?

a. Dominant
b. Genotype
c. Recessive
d. Phenotype

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 Lesson
Cellular Reproduction
1
What’s In
Activity 1
Go Forth and Multiply!

Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters in each item to form a term related to
cellular division. Use the given clues to answer each item.

________1. It consists of the outer and inner membranes of the nucleus.

(two words) UNCELRA MMEBREAN

________2. It is the process of cellular division that produces reproductive

cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
MSIEOIS

________3. It refers to the division of cytoplasm following mitosis.

CTYOIKNSISE

________4. It is the process wherein the cell divides to produce two daughter
cells with exactly the same number and type of chromosomes.
IMTSIOS

________5. The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the

center of the cell.
MATAEPHSE
The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species
to which it belongs. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes while rice
have 12.
Identify the chromosome numbers of some common organisms in the table
below.

Organism Chromosome number

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6.
(common yeast)
Caenorhabdites elegans 7.
(roundworm)
Drosophila melanogaster 8.
(fruit fly)
Canis lupus familiaris 9.
(dog)
Homo sapiens 10.
(man)

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 What’s New?
Activity 2
Cell Cycle

Direction: Label the stages of the cell cycle. Write the stage being described
in the following important events.
6.

________ 1. cell “double checks” and

continues to produce essential
7. 8.
molecules and proteins
________ 2. DNA is produced and
chromosomes are replicated
________ 3. the cell increases in size in 9.
preparation for cell division
________ 4. the cell finally divides into
two daughter cells
________ 5. collectively called the cell’s 10.
resting phase

What is It
Did you experience having a bruises? Have
you ever wondered how cute babies are then
becoming as big or tall as you are right now? The
best answer to all of those questions are —
because our cells reproduce by means of cell
division. It is the process in which one cell (parent
cell) divides to form new cells (daughter cells).

a. Chromosome- an organized structure of DNA

and Figure 1. Child with bruises.
protein found in cells. Kidspot.com
b. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- like a recipe book
which holds the instructions for making all the
proteins in our bodies.
c. Organelle- a specialized sub-unit within a cell
that has a specific function such as;
mitochondrion, golgi bodies, lysosome, vacuole, etc.
d. Karyokinesis- division of the nucleus.
e. Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm.
f. Diploid number (2N)- the cell contains two sets
of chromosomes, half from the father and another Figure 2. Cell and DNA
half from the mother. genetics.thetech.org

In order for a cell to reproduce, it must undergo Cell Cycle.

4
The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is divided into

two stages: the interphase where
the chromosomes are long and
extended and are also referred to
as chromatin, and the cell
division phase where the
chromosomes become condensed
or thickened (Figure 3).

I. Interphase
(Cell Resting & Preparation
Phase)
It refers to the period that Figure 3. The cell cycle.
follows one cell division and precedes
another. In this stage, the cell does not
divide but it grows and the chromosome doubles and replicates itself.
The interphase is divided into three sub stages:
1. First Gap Period or G1 – The stage from the formation of a new cell
until it begins to replicate its DNA is during which time the cell grows
initially. This stage is characterized by protein and ribonucleic acid
(RNA) synthesis. RNA, which is synthesized based on the DNA, is then
used to synthesize proteins.
2. Synthesis stage or S – It is the period of DNA synthesis or replication.
The chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the next cell
division.
3. Second Gap Period or G2 - falls between the S period and the next cell
division or M (mitosis or meiosis, see discussion below) phase. G2
represents a period of rapid cell growth to prepare for cell division.

II. M Phase (Cell Division Phase)

In eukaryotic cells, there are two types of cell division: mitosis and
meiosis.

1. Mitosis
This type of cell division produces two (2) identical cells with the same
number of chromosomes. Mitosis is divided into four stages.

Prophase. The chromosomes are thicker and shorter and each chromosome
is made up of two identical sister chromatids as a consequence of replication
of DNA during the S phase. The two chromatids produced from one
chromosome are still attached at one point, called the centromere. The
nuclear membrane and nucleoli may still be visible.

Metaphase. Nuclear membrane has disappeared while chromosomes align

at the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers formed and each fiber binds to a

5
protein called the kinetochore at the centromere of each sister chromatid of
the chromosome.

Anaphase. Paired centromeres of each chromosome separate towards the

opposite poles of the cells because they are pulled by the spindle fibers
through their kinetochores. Each chromatid is now regarded as a full-
pledged chromosome and is only made up of one sister chromatid.

Telophase. Chromosomes are at the opposite poles of the spindle. A new

nuclear membrane forms around them while the spindle fibers disappear.
There is also cytokinesis or the division of the cytoplasm to form two
separate daughter cells right after mitosis.

Figure 4. Mitosis

Mitosis Facts to Remember:

It is for the division of body or somatic cells such as; skin cells, bone cells,
and blood cells, (all cells of the body except egg and sperm cell).
The purpose of mitosis is for body growth and repair.
In mitosis, one parent cell produces two daughter cells identical to the
parent cell.
The parent cell in mitosis has a diploid number (2N) of chromosomes as
well as each daughter cell. The chromosome number will not change.

In comparison of mitosis to meiosis, meiosis also starts with an

interphase as well as the other stages of cell division. But, in meiosis, the
parent cell divides twice in which we called Meiosis I and Meiosis II which
also has different stages such as Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and
Telophase.

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2. Meiosis

Figure 5. Meiosis

Meiosis, Greek word which means “to make smaller.” In this division,
it reduces the chromosome number in half. It usually takes place in plants
and animals whenever gametes or sex cells are formed through the process
called gametogenesis.

The cell in meiosis undergoes two rounds of cell division to produce

four daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number as the original
parent cell and with a unique set of genetic material as a result of exchange
of chromosome segments during the process of crossing over.

Meiosis I

Prophase I. Meiosis starts with this stage and includes the following sub-
stages:
Leptotene. Each chromosome is made up of two long threads of sister
chromatids as a result of replication during the S phase of the cell
cycle.

Zygotene. The chromosomes begin to pair off. Pairs of chromosomes

are called homologous chromosomes, and this pairing process is
exact.

Pachytene. The chromosomes contract due to repeated coiling.

7
 Crossing over takes place during this
stage where a segment of a sister chromatid
of one chromosome is exchanged with the
same segment of the sister chromatid of the
homologous chromosome through the
formation of a cross-linkage of the segments
called a chiasma (Figure 6). After crossing
over, the sister chromatids of each
chromosome may no longer be identical with
each other based on the genetic material they Figure 6. Crossing over of homologous
contain. chromosomes during meiosis I.
Diplotene. The chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Diakinesis. The paired chromosomes disperse in the nucleus.

Metaphase I. The paired chromosomes arrange themselves along the

equatorial plate.

Anaphase I. Spindle fibers form and attach to the centromeres of the

chromosomes. The homologous chromosomes separate from each other
completely and start their movement toward the poles of the cells as they
are pulled by the spindle fibers. As the centromere of each chromosome does
not divide, the sister chromatids remain together.

Telophase I. The chromosomes reach their respective poles. Cytokinesis

follows and two daughter cells are formed. Each cell now has only half the
chromosome number because only one chromosome from each pair goes to
the daughter cell. This is called the haploid condition, in contrast to the
diploid condition at the beginning of meiosis I where each chromosome pair
is intact. Telophase I is followed by interphase II.

Note that each chromosome still has two sister chromatids; it is therefore
necessary for the cells to undergo another round of division.

The second meiotic division, also known as meiosis II, consists of the
following stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II;
which are identical with the mitotic stages. The results are four cells, two from
each daughter cell from meiosis I, with one half the diploid chromosome
number and with only one sister chromatid for each chromosome.

Importance of Meiosis
All organisms have diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis ensures
that all the chromosome number of organisms remains the same generation
after generation. It also makes sure that each daughter cell receives a copy
of each kind of kind of chromosomes; thus, each daughter cell would receive
each kind of genes.
The occurrence of crossing-over and the independent-assortment of
chromosomes during fertilization ensures that the chromosomes are

8
distributed to the daughter cells in different combinations, bringing about
remarkable variations in the characteristics of the organisms.

Meiosis and Sex Cells

Gametogenesis is the process where sex cells undergo meiosis to form

sperm cells (spermatogenesis) in male and egg cells (oogenesis) in female.

SPERMATOGENESIS OOGENESIS

n n n

Figure 7. Meiosis in Sex cells

Spermatogenesis- The production of sperm by the process of meiosis.

It begins at the age of puberty (13-16 years of age) and continues until old
age. Starting from a diploid (2N) spermatogonia that will actively divide by
mitosis so that there will be continuous supply of sperms all throughout a
male’s life. The male hormones stimulate the growth of spermatogonia. One
(1) spermatogonium will differentiate into 1 primary spermatocyte. At puberty,
this one primary spermatocyte divide by means of Meiosis I to produce 2
haploid secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis II and each cell produces two spermatids that are haploid (N). This
result to a total of 4 spermatids that will mature into 4 sperm cells. The entire
process of spermatogenesis results to 4 haploid sperm cells from 1 diploid
spermatogonium.
Oogenesis- The process of producing egg cells by means of meiosis. The
production of oogonia by means of mitosis begins during the prenatal stage
in the development of a human female. Meiosis I begins at nearing a birth of
a human female. In Meiosis I, one (1) oogonium transformed into 1 primary
oocyte which remains at this stage until the female is born and reach puberty.
As Meiosis I finally complete, a primary oocyte divides into 2 haploid (N) cells
of unequal sizes. The large cell is called secondary oocyte and the small one
is called first polar body.

9
 Both cells enter Meiosis II, and the division process occurs again. The
secondary oocyte divides again into 2 unequal sizes: a haploid ovum or egg
cell and second polar body. The first polar body also divided into 2 polar
bodies. All the polar bodies will soon degenerate. The entire process of
oogenesis results to only 1 haploid ovum or egg cell from 1 diploid oogonium.

What’s More

Activity 3
Mitosis

Direction: Label the four stages of mitosis. Describe each stages by

matching Colum I with Column II. Write only the letter of your answer.

5.

6.

7.

8.

10
 What I Have Learned

To summarize what you have learned today, complete the graphic

organizer below of the Cell Cycle and Its Stages then compare Mitosis from
Meiosis.

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Description MITOSIS MEIOSIS

How many daughter cells produced? 8. 12.
(two/four)
Do chromosomes halve?
9. 13.
(Yes/No)
Do pairing of homologous 10. 14.
chromosomes take place? (Yes/No)
Does daughter cells produce are
always identical in terms of genetic 11. 15.
material? (Yes/No)

You’ve successfully finished the module, Cellular Reproduction.

I bet you are ready to move forward to the next module! But before that,
let’s evaluate what you have learned so far from our lesson.

11
 What I can do

Activity 4
Meiosis and Sex Cells

Direction: Write the chromosomal number of the cell in each stage of

meiosis whether diploid (2N) or haploid (N).

Primary Oocyte Primary Spermatocytes

1. 8.

Secondary Secondary
2. 3. 9. 12.
Oocyte Spermatocytes

Mature
4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 11. 13. 14.
Ovum

Polar Bodies
Spermatids

Direction: Choose from the “tiles” below to make a graphic organizer

showing the similarities and differences of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

1. 2. 3.

A. B. C. D. E. F.

12
 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not correct about the Interphase?
a. It has 3 sub-stages; G1, S and G2.
b. It is also called the cell’s resting phase.
c. It is the actual phase where the cell divides.
d. It is the phase that prepares the cell for division.

2. Which of the following describes the cell during the G1 Phase?

a. cell quadruples
b. chromosomes are tripled
c. the cell is divided into two new cells
d. the cell continuously produces molecules

3. Choose the correct sequence of events in a cell in mitotic phase.

I. Sister chromatids will separate and will move toward the
opposite pole of the cell.
II. The chromosomes become visible as they are duplicated.
III. The chromosomes will align at the center of the cell.
IV. Two daughter cells will form.

a. I, II, III, IV c. IV, I, III, II

b. IV, III, II, I d. II, III, I, IV

4. Which of the following cells will NOT divide during Mitosis?

a. Blood cell c. Sperm cell
b. Skin cell d. Bone cell
5. Which of the following BEST describes meiosis?
a. It involves the division of body cells.
b. It involves the division of sperm cell and egg cell.
c. It is the division of sex cells to produce haploid daughter cells.
d. It is the division of sex cells to produce diploid daughter cells.

6. What do you call the exchange of genetic material between non-sister

chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Prophase I?
a. variation c. cytokinesis
b. synapsis d. crossing over

7. If there are 2 oogonia, how many ova or egg cell will be produced after
meiosis?
a. 1 egg cell c. 3 egg cells
b. 2 egg cells d. 4 egg cells

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8. Which of the following statement is not a correct statement about
spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
a. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of somatic or
body cells.
b. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are both the division of gametes or
sex cells.
c. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are meiotic division of sex cells.
d. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis produce haploid sex cells.

9. Which of the following important event in meiosis best explains the

differences in characteristic among each organism?
a. The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
b. The reception of a copy of each kind of chromosome by each
daughter cell.
c. The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
d. The production of haploid daughter cells.

10. In what stage of cell cycle does the cell increase in size in preparation for
the cell division?
a. G1 c. M Phase
b. Interphase d. S Phase

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