#1

Phrase : a group of words with NO SUBJECT AND VERB

- Noun phrase: the tiny mouse, the big elephant, many students,
a large amount of money, much time
- Verb phrase: is cleaning, was climbing, were eating
- Adjective p : very tall, really expensive
- Adverb p : only occasionally, very often
- Prepositional p : on the table, inside the classroom

Pronouns: words to replace the noun

- Subject Pronoun: I, you, he, she ,it

- Object p : me, you, him ,her,them
- Adjective p+noun : my,your, her, his (it is my dream)
- Possessive p: mine, hers, yours,theirs
- Reflexive p: myself, herself, yourself
- Relative p: who, whom, that, what,

Gerunds : verbs that act/function as nouns

Subject: Writing in Mandarin is difficult for Ms. Dita

Object: I love fishing

Evani loves hanging out with her friends

Object of Preposition: I would like to walk instead of taking the bus

To- Infinitives: to show your aims/ intention

Subject: To enter the empty house is dangerous

Object: Everyone in XI IPS 3 wants to pass the TOEFL test

Common verbs that followed gerunds (admit, advise,allow, consider,

enjoy,explain, keep, etc)

Verbs followed by to-infinitives: (agree, ask,beg, choose, come, decide,

determine, offer, expect, wait, manage, refuse, etc)

Clause: Group of words with SUBJECT AND VERB

- Noun clause: A Nc is a dependent clause that works as a NOUN

in a sentence.
# subject
What Kelvin has said makes me sad.
# object
Ms.Dita has calculated how long the exam will take.
Other+ plural noun(other students,etc)
She doesn’t understand why billie keep staring at her.
# complement
Anna was sad that her boyfriend betrays her

#2
Verbs can’t be in SUBJECT OR OBJECT POSITION
USE GERUNDS or TO INFINITIVES
Subject: Painting is my hobby (NOT paint)
Object: My little sister likes to paint
My little sister loves painting

Hyphenated Adjective is when 2 or more words come together

and are joined by using a hyphen (-) , it is called a hyphenated
adjective (is always singular)
For ex: 200-year-old school
a six- month-old baby

3. THERE and IT as PREPARATORY SUBJECT

( it aims to tell us that SOMEONE/SOMETHING EXIST IN THE
SENTENCE)
Rules: THERE+ VERB+ SUBJECT
Ex: There ARE many students waiting for ms.Dita.
There HAS definitely been a decline in poverty in India.

EMPHATIC IT (CLEFT SENTENCE)

Cleft-cleave (divided, split)
Rules
It+ noun+ that( relative pronoun)+ any tense
Ex: It is Johanson who/that stole your money.
It is in the evening that they arrived. (when did they arrive?)

P.S: full+of
Ex: a class full of students
A jug full of water

Command: always in base verb

Take a long nap
Brush your teeth
Join the zoom meeting

Causative verb
Let+ person+ base verb
 Make+ person+ base v
Have+ person+ base v
Have+ thing+ past participle

SVA ( subject verb agreement)

A subject and verb in a sentence must agree each other.
Singular subject takes singular verb (s/es) (Jacenda brings her
umbrella whenever she goes outside)
Plural subject takes plural verb ( Jacenda and Alvin always bring
their umbrella whenever they go outside)

-Gerunds /to-infinitives/ noun clauses .is considered as

SINGULAR SUBJECT
-EACH/ EVERY +SINGULAR NOUN+ SINGULAR VERB (every
student in XI IPS 3 joins the Zoom meeting)
EACH/EVERY+ OF + PLURAL NOUN+ SINGULAR VERB
-UNIT OF MEASUREMENT(DISTANCE, TIME,MONEY,ETC) +
SINGULAR VERB
Ex: two weeks is more than enough to complete the speaking
project.
-EVERY-/SOME-/ANY-/NO-(ONE,THING,BODY) + SINGULAR VERB
Ex: no one in the comitee supports my idea
- Name of NATIONS, SUBJECTS,DISEASES + SINGULAR VERB

PLURAL AGREEMENT ON THE VERB

- 2 subjects/nouns joined by AND take plural verb

- Few,both,several,many (of) + plural nouns
Ex: Both of the students are infected by covid 19
- PAIRED CONJUNCTION (BERPASANGAN)
Either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, not A but B (pay
attention to the NOUN before the VERB)
Not only+ be/modal+ s, but+ s+ be/modal+ also+verb
Ex: neither my students nor my best friend goes to the concert
tonight.
Neither my best friend nor my students go to the concert
tonight.

Not only – but also (negative emphasis)

Not only+ be/modal+ s+verb+ be/modal+ s+v

Expressions of quantity

Ex: two thirds of my birthday cakes are given to the orphans.

Additionaly, the number of people who have died or remained
unaccounted for exceeds 10.000.

-The number of+ plural noun+ singular verb

A number of+ plural noun+ plural verb

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Who,Whom, where,why, that, etc)

Antecedent (yg mendahului)

Relative pronoun

Who: person as subject

Whom: person as an onject

Which: things

Whose: possession

That: can replace all relative pronouns

SVO (SUBJECT VERB OBJECT)

Present (base verb with s/es or IS,Am,Are,has/have,)
Past (regular verb ended by -ed: wanted, irregular verbs:lost,
went, etc OR was/were)
Future (will/would + base verb without s/es)

Past tense: to explain something that was completed in the

past. Exact time
S+ v2: I went to the grocery store yesterday.
Past tense is usually joined with past perfect tense to show two
actions happened in the past

Present tense
1. To explain habitual action
Ex: I always get up at 5 AM in the morning/every day
2. General fact
3. Truths

Present Perfect tense : to explain sth began in the past and has
correlation until now, or to explained sth that has completed
just now
(s+ has/have + PP/V3)
Ex: I have been in Medan since 2012(now , 2022)

Past perfect tense (s+ had+v3) it is usually combined with past

tense, it explains 2 actions happened in the past. The 1 st action
use past perfect tense, then the 2 nd action use past tense.

By the time Jevelyn got there, the thieves had already entered
her room.

Passive voice (s+be/modal+v3) all tenses

Simple future
Will/shall: spontaneous action
Be going to: it is planned

Continuous tense /progressive tense

It explains an activity that is in progress (continue)
S+ is/sm/are+ v-ing
S+was/were+ving
I am teaching grammar now
Stewart was standing under the tree when it began to rain

Future continuous tense

S_will+ be+ving

PASSIVE VOICE
S+TO BE+ V3 (all tenses)
Simple present: s+v1+ o s+ is/am/are+v3
Past tense : s+v2+o s+was/were+v3
Present cont: s+is/am/are+v-ing s+is/am/are+being+v3
Present perfect: s+ has/have+v3 s+ has/have+been+v3
Past perfecr: s+had+v3 s+ had+been+v3
S+be going to+v1 s+be going to+ be+v3
S+modal+base verb s+modal+be+v3

Yelika called the postman (s+v2) past tense

The postman was called by yelika.

Continuous : be+ v-ing

We are learning TOEFL now (present progressive)
Shella was standing under the tree when it began to rain. (past
progressive)
Future continuous
I will be studying Grammar when you come
Stative verbs (non progressive/continuos verb)
Sensory perception: see,hear,taste,smell, etc
I am smelling your mom’s apple pie (Inccorect)
I smell your mom’s apple pie

Passive voice ( S+To be+ past participle/V3) for any tenses

Present t (is,am,are+v3)
Past tense (was, were+ v3)
Present continuous (is,am,are + being+v3)
Past cont (was,were+ being+v3)
Present perfect (has,have+been+v3)
Past perfect (had+ been+v3)
Present future (will+ be+v3)
Past future (would+be+v3)

Passive : two- or three- word verbs

She was looked down on by her friends since she didn’t go to
university.

Cf: confer (compare)

It is known that consuming to much sugar can cause toothache

(people know that consuming to much sugar can cause
toothache)

Direct object
Indirect object

Modal verbs + Base verb (v1 without s/es)

(ability)Can,could,
(permission)may, might,
(advice)should,ought to
Obligation: must, have to
Possibility: may, might, can, could

WOULD RATHER and WOULD PREFER for SPECIFIC PREFERENCE

I’d rather have ramyeon
I’d prefer to have ramyeon (to-infinitive)
I’d prefer ramyeon (Noun)
I would rather watch Netflix at home than attend her baby
shower party.
I would prefer to watch Netflix at home rather than attend her
baby shower party.

WOULD RATHER and WOULD PREFER for GENERAL

PREFERENCE
I prefer walking to cycling
I would rather walk than cycle

Had better is used to talk about actions we think people should

do
Ex: You’d better not leave your bag there. Someone might steal
it.

Must,should,ought to,could,may might,etc + have+v3 (past

participle)
To speculate about past events/predictions

Imagine that you come late to school and when you knock on
the door, there is no answer. You then notice that none of your
friends is in the room. So the conclusion you come to is that
they must have gone out.

Let's take a look at that last part again: They must have gone
out (must + have + past participle)

Subjunctive verb
S1+ subjunctive verb+that+s2+v1 (base verb)
Demand,request,require,ask,suggest,propose,order,recommen
d,advise,insist,urge + verb 1

It is (important, essential,vital, necessary, imperative)+ THAT+

S+ v1(base verb)
Ex: It is important that every student at Sutomo 2 get
vaccinated to keep healthy

May well+ be+adjective

May as well+base verb

Conditional sentences
2 clauses; 1 is if clause and another one is main clause.
Type 0: if+s+v1, s+v1
Type 1: if+ s+v1, s+will+v1
Type 2: if+s+v2, s+ would+v1
Type 3: if+s+had+v3, s+would+have+v3

MIXED CONDITIONAL
when we imagine a past change with a result in the present or
a present change with a result in the past.
EX: If we had checked the map, we wouldn’t be lost
If I had gone to university, I would become a doctor
(if+s+had+v3, s+would+v1) type 2 and type 3
Wish
Wishes about the present or future
Ex: I wish that we didn't need to work today

Conditional sentence: 2 clauses

1: if clause (if+ s+ )
2: main clause
INVERSION in conditional sentences
Omit IF in the if clause, place the modal/be to begin the
sentence

Type 2:
If I were taller, I would become a famous model
Were I taller, I would become a famous model
Type 3:
If you had checked the attendance list, you wouldn’t have
forgotten the meeting
Had you checked the attendance list, you wouldn’t have
forgotten the meeting.

If I were taller, I would become a famous model

(fact:I am not that tall so I can’t become a famous model)
If you had checked the attendance list, you wouldn’t have
forgotten the meeting
(Fact:you didn’t check the attendance list so you forgot the
meeting)

Future wish (s+ wish+s2+ could+v1)

I wish I could travel around the world
Present wish (s+ wish+s2+ v2/were)
Wilson wishes he didn’t have to study Grammar today.
Past Wish (talk about regrets from the past)
(s+wish+s2+had+v3)
I wish that I had studied harder at school. (I didn't study hard at
school, and now I'm sorry about it.)

I got my hair cut yesterday

To infinitives as nouns
Subject: To attend Paris Fashion Week is my dream.

Object: Miss Dita allows Stevany to give an example

Complement: Your only chance is to win the wild card.’
Adjective is used to explain noun
Adverb is used to explain verb,adjective and another verb
P.S: to begin a sentence with a verb; you can either use To-
infinitive or gerund

He is(going) to meet her at the restaurant tomorrow.

To infinitives after too and enough (adjective)

Ex: The math test is too difficult to answer (too+ adj)
This tea is sweet enough to drink (adj+enough)

To infinitive with question word

I don’t know how to answer the question
The foreigners didn’t know how to get to the police station

Sir Wisely has an attractive way to teach students

Miss dita got her room painted

Gerunds as Nouns
HIKING is a great sport (subject)
I enjoy HIKING very much (object)
I am very fond of HIKING (after preposition)
The sport I enjoy the most is HIKING (subject complement: it is
placed after to be)

Possessive gerund
Ex: I can't stand his singing in the shower

Perfect gerund
It is called a perfect gerund because it refers to a time that has
passed or action that has been completed (perfectly) before the
main verb (main clause).
S+ V1/V2/( have )+having +V3+ O
S+ V1/V2+having + been+V3+ O
Ex:
He regrets not having been there for his kids. (He has never
been there for his kids in the past and now regrets it)

He denied having been jailed for 4 years.

(Perfect Gerund refers to a time before that of the verb
'denied'. He denied that he had been jailed for 4 years/ He said
that he was always a free man)

Consider these followings

Simple gerund: The man doesn’t deny hitting his wife.
Hitting happened at the same time as deny
Perfect gerund: The man doesn’t deny having hit his wife
( having hit happened before deny)

Passive gerund
Ex: Being betrayed by your best friend is so sad.

I like to watch Korean drama

I like watching Korean drama

Spend time/money
Have trouble/difficulty
Be busy
Have fun/ a good time/ a hard time + V ING

Despite/in spite of + noun phrase/gerund

A participle is formed from a verb and modifies a noun, noun

phrase, verb, or verb phrase.
It often functions as an adjective.
A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective.
A verbal is a word that is based on a verb but
does not act as a verb.
A participle is used to modify either a noun or a pronoun
 Verb: to run
Participle: running
Sentence: He is a running machine.

Ex: The barking dog wanted to come inside (barking modifies

dog)
Participle; present participle and past participle
A present participle is the –ing form of a verb when it
is used as an adjective.
P.S.: a present participle is different from a gerund, which is
the –ing form of a verb when it is used as a noun.
Ex: The approaching deadline hung over the heads of all the
teachers at Sutomo 2.
The leaping flames from the burning building presented the
firefighters with the responsibility of protecting other nearby
buildings from the growing fire.

A past participle is the form of a verb ending in –ed,

-en, -d, -t, or –n when used as an adjective.
Example: opened, beaten, baked, burnt, and chosen

The smell of the burnt toast filled the room.

Ms. Dita loved her chosen career as an English teacher.

Present participle has active meaning

Past participle has passive meaning

Present participle vs past participle

The bored man went to sleep during the discussion. (he was
bored) SHOW HOW SOMEONE FEELS
The boring man put other people to sleep during the discussion.
(The man was boring to others) DESCRIBE THE EFFECT ON
PEOPLE/THINGS

Clause : group of words with subject and verb

Conjunctions(when, since, bcause, although,if, while)+s+v,s+v
Participle Clauses
We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb
in the main clause have the same subject.

Ex: Waiting for Ms.Dita, I made some tea. (While I was waiting
for Ms.Dita, I made some tea.)
Ex: Billie lost a large amount of money. He gave up gambling.
Having lost a large amount of money, he gave up gambling

Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. The tense is

indicated by the verb in the main clause.

Knowing she loved reading, Julius bought her a book. (reason)

The bomb exploded, destroying the building. (result)

AS I have listened to your lecture about writing good essays, I

think that I need to write a perfect one.
Having listened to your lecture about writing good essays, I
think that I need to write a perfect one.

However,experts have surveyed employers, experts have

reported that corporations are more satisfied with….

However, having surveyed employers, experts have reported

that corporations are more satisfied with employees who have
played sports before.