9/20/21, 10:35 AM lecture9

13.021 - Marine Hydrodynamics, Fall 2003

Lecture 9

Copyright © 2003 MIT - Department of Ocean

Engineering,
All rights reserved.

13.021 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 9

Vorticity Equation
Return to viscous incompressible flow.

N-S equation:

Then,

since for any (conservative forces)

Now consider the vector identities:

   

      where    

   

     

Therefore,

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or      

   

Kelvin's Theorem revisited.

If then
, so if everywhere at one time,
always.

can be thought of as diffusivity of (momentum)

and vorticity, i.e.,
once generated (on boundaries
only) will
spread/diffuse in space if is present.

Diffusion of vorticity is analogous to the heat equation:

, where K is the heat

diffusivity

Also since 1 or 2 mm /s, in 1 second,

diffusion distance , whereas

diffusion time . So for a diffusion

distance of L = 1cm, the necessary diffusion time

needed is
O(10)sec.

For 2D, and . So, is to (parallel to z-axis).

Then,

so in 2D we have

   

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If = 0, , i.e. in 2D, following a particle, the angular velocity is conserved. Reason: in 2D,

the length of a vortex tube cannot change due to continuity.

For 3D,

   

For example:

Example: Pile on a River

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What really happens as the length of the vortex tube

L increases?

IFCF (Ideal fluid under the influence of conservative forces) is no longer a valid assumption.

Why?

Ideal flow assumption implies that the inertia forces are much larger than the viscous effects (Reynolds
number).

    Length increases     diameter becomes really small     is not that big after all.

Therefore IFCF is no longer valid.

3.3 Potential Flow - ideal (inviscid and

incompressible) and
irrotational flow
If at some time , then always for ideal flow under conservative body
forces by Kelvin's
theorem. Given a vector field
for which , then there exists a potential function (scalar)

- the velocity potential - denoted as , for which

Note that
for any , so irrotational flow guaranteed automatically. At a

point and time , the velocity vector in cartesian coordinates in terms of the potential function

is given by

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The velocity vector is the gradient of the

potential function , so it always points towards higher
values
of the potential function.

Governing Equations:

Continuity:

   

Number of unknowns

Number of equations

Therefore the problem is closed. and

(pressure) are decoupled. can be solved independently
first,

and after it is obtained, the pressure is evaluated.

    Solve for     then find pressure.    

3.4 Bernoulli equation for potential flow (steady or

unsteady)
Euler eq:

   

Substitute into the Euler's equation above, which gives:

   

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or

   

which implies that

   

everywhere in the fluid for unsteady, potential flow. The equation above can be written as

   

which is the Bernoulli equation for unsteady or steady

potential flow.

Summary: Bernoulli equation for ideal flow.

Steady rotational or irrotational flow along streamline.

   

Unsteady or steady irrotational flow everywhere in the

fluid.

   

For hydrostatics,
.

    hydrostatic pressure
(Archimedes' principle)    

Steady and no gravity effect (

)

   Venturi pressure (created by

velocity)    

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Inertial, acceleration effect

   

3.5 - Boundary Conditions

KBC on an impervious boundary

   

DBC: specify pressure at the boundary, i.e.,

Note: On a free-surface .

3.6 - Stream function

continuity: ; irrotationality:

velocity potential:
, then for
any i.e. irrotationality is

satisfied automatically.
Required for continuity:

   

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Stream function defined by

   

Then for any i.e. satisfies continuity automatically.

Required for irrotationality:

(1)

For 2D and axisymmetric flows, is a scalar (so stream functions are more useful
for 2D and

axisymmetric flows).

For 2D flow: and .

Set and ,
then

So, for 2D:

   

Then, from the irrotationality (see (1)) and satisfies

Laplace's equation.

2D polar coordinates: and .

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Again let and , then and .

For 3D but axisymmetric flows,

also reduces to (read JNN 4.6 for details).

Physical Meaning of .

In 2D: and .

We define

   

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For to be single-valued, must be path independent.

    or

Therefore, is unique because of continuity.

Let
be two points on a given streamline
(
on streamline)

   

Therefore, ,i.e., is a
constant along any streamline. For example, on an impervious

stationary body
, so = constant on the body is the
appropriate boundary condition. If the

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body is moving

    on
the boddy    

Flux .
Therefore, and

Summary: Potential formulation vs. Stream-function formulation

for ideal flows

table

  potential stream-function
definition

continuity automatically satisfied

irrotationality automatically
satisfied

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in 2D

Cartesian (x, y) Cauchy-Riemann equations for ( , =

(real, imaginary) part of an analytic complex

function of z = x +iy

Polar (r,  

For irrotational use

flow
For incompressible use
flow
For both flows use or

Given or for 2D flow, use Cauchy-Riemann

equations to find the other:

For example: = xy =?

Karl P Burr
2003-09-02

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