Observe the given figures carefully.

The given figures show the path of light through lenses of two different types represented by
rectangular boxes A and B. What is the nature of lenses A and B ? [NCERT Examplar]
Answer:
Since, in first case light rays are converging towards a point, so the lens A will be convex and in
case of lens 8, light rays diverge or spread out. So, the lens will be concave lens.

In the formation of a rainbow, what acts as tiny prisms?

Answer:
In the formation of a rainbow, the raindrops suspended in the atmosphere acts as tiny prism.

Explain why are concave and convex mirrors called spherical mirrors.
Answer:
Concave and convex mirrors are the parts of sphere whose one side is polished or silvered. So,
they are called spherical mirrors.

Can you get a real image at any distance of the object from the convex mirror?
Answer:
No, we cannot get a real image for any position of an object from the mirror because convex
mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished image in spite of the position of object.

Explain why concave mirror is known as a converging mirror.

Answer:
Concave mirror is known as a converging mirror because it converges a beam of parallel rays of
light (reflecting from it) at one point.

As we know that an image is formed by the actual intersection of rays and can be obtained on the
screen. So, state whether it is real or virtual image.
Answer:
Since, after the actual intersection of rays, the image obtained on the screen is always real image.

What type of mirror is used as a side mirror in a scooter? Why is this type of mirror chosen?
Answer:
Convex mirror is used as a side mirror in a scooter because it can form images of objects spread
over a larger area.
So, this helps the driver to view the traffic over a large area behind them.

Consider if one half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, then state whether this lens
produces a complete image of the object.
Answer:
If one half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, then yes, the convex lens will produce
the complete image of the object.
An erect and enlarged image of an object is formed on a screen. Explain how this could be
possible.
Answer:
An erect and enlarged image of an object is formed only by the concave mirror or convex lens
when object is inverted and placed between F and 2F.

The distance between an object and a convex lens is changing. It is noticed that the size of the
image formed on a screen is decreasing. Is the object moving in a direction towards the lens or
away from it?

Answer:
In case of convex lens, when we move the object far away from the lens, the size of image
decreases and ultimately, when object is at infinity, it will form a point image at focus.

Two different types of lenses are placed on a sheet of newspaper. How will you identify them
without touching?
Answer:
On identifying the letters of newspaper, we can differentiate the two types of lenses.
If image is large or magnified, then the lens is a convex lens and if the image is smaller or
diminished in size for all the positions of object, then the lens is concave .

Briefly state the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

Answer:
Characteristics of the Images Formed by a Plane Mirror
Now, we will describe the various characteristics of the images formed in a plane mirror by taking
the example of the image of the candle.

 When we see the mirror, the image of candle appears to be formed behind the mirror.
 Now, pW a vertical screen behind the plane mirror (where the image of candle
appears to be situated), then we will notice that the image of candle cannot be formed
on the screen. Even if the screen is placed in front of the plane mirror, then the image
of candle cannot be formed on the screen. Since, the image of candle formed in the
plane mirror cannot be formed on a screen, which means that the image of candle in
the plane mirror is a virtual image.
 If we see the figure, then we will find that the length and breadth of the image of the
candle and its flame to be the same as that of the original candle and its flame. The
image of candle in the plane mirror is of the same size as the original candle.
 Also if we see the figure, then we will find that the candle has a flame at the top and
the image of candle also has a flame at the top. So, the top of candle remains at the
top in the image. In the same way, the bottom of candle remains at the bottom in an
image. Such an image is called an erect image (or upright image). Therefore, the
image formed by a plane mirror is erect.

The side mirror of a scooter got broken. The mechanic replaced it with a plane mirror. Mention any
inconvenience that the driver of the scooter will face while using it.
Answer:
As we know that the side mirror of a scooter must be of convex mirror so that we can view a wide
range of traffic spread over a large area. But if plane mirror is used, we are not able to see large
area of traffic which may be difficult for driving vehicle and can cause accident.

We need a shiny surface for reflection. Explain why.

Answer:
Since, the extent of reflection depends upon the shine and smoothness of the surface. So, greater
the shining and smoothness of the surface, greater will be the reflection. So, this is a reason why
we require a shiny surface for reflection.

Differentiate between a plane mirror, concave mirror and a convex mirror without touching them.
Answer:
These mirrors can be differentiated by bringing our face close to each mirror turn by turn. Since, a
plane mirror will produce an image of the same size as our face while a concave mirror will
produce a magnified image and our face will look much bigger and on other sides, a convex mirror
will produce a diminished image and our face will look much smaller like a small child.

The concave reflecting surface of a torch got rusted. What effect would this have on the beam of
light from the torch?
Answer:
If the reflecting surface of a torch got rusted, it produces diffused light with lower intensity and the
objects are not clearly visible in this diffused and lower intensity of light.

Mention any two letters of English alphabet whose image formed in a plane mirror appears exactly
similar to the letters.
Answer:
Since, image formed by the plane mirror shows lateral inversion, i.e. left seems to right or vice-
versa. But in the case of alphabets A and H, these letters show the same image in the plane mirror.

A shopkeeper wanted to fix a mirror which will give a maximum view of his shop. What type of
mirror should he use? Give reason.
Answer:
If a shopkeeper wanted to fix a mirror which will give him maximum view of his shop, he should
use convex mirror.
In case of convex mirror, it will give a wider field of view, i.e. it can collect light from a large area
spread over them.

State the correct sequence (1-7) of colours in the spectrum formed by the prisms A and B shown
in the figure.

Answer:
When a white light is passed through a prism, it disperses into its seven constituent colours.

Suppose we wish to obtain the real image of a distant tree. Explain two possible ways in which we
can do it.
Answer:

 In first case, we will use a concave mirror, as we know that concave mirror can form
real image, i.e. image on screen. The image of distant tree will be at focus in case of
concave mirror.
 In second case, we can use a convex lens as it forms real image of a distant object at
focus, i. e. image of distant tree in case of convex lens will be formed at focus.

Explain the term lateral inversion.

Answer:
When an image is formed by the mirror in such a way that the left side of image is object’s right
side and right side of image is object’s left side. So, this process of change in the sides of the
object as well as of image is known as lateral inversion.

State the characteristics of images formed by a concave mirror.

Answer:
The characteristics of image formed by a concave mirror are:

 The image formed by a concave mirror is not always the same size as the object. It
can be either larger or smaller depending on the distance of the object to the mirror.
 The image formed by a concave mirror is inverted when the object is kept far from the
mirror. So, when it is brought very close to the concave mirror, then an erect and
enlarged image is formed.

Boojho made light from a laser torch to fall on a prism. Will he be able to observe a band of seven
colours? Explain with a reason.
Answer:
No, he will not observe band of seven colours because laser light consists of monochromatic light
of single colour.
But seven colours of bands are only observed, when a white light is passed through a prism and
dispersion takes place.

Briefly explain why in ambulance words are written laterally inverted.

Answer:
In case of mirror, the image formed by it is laterally inverted, i.e. left seems to be right and right
seems to be left. So, in ambulance there is emergency for patients to reach hospital and by
viewing in rear mirror, it can be easily identified of a vehicle and everyone give him a way.

Assume, a person is standing in front of a plane mirror. The distance between the mirror and his
image is 6 m. If the person moves 2 m towards the plane mirror, what would be the distance
between the person and his image?
Answer:
Since, the image is 6m away from the plane mirror. So, it means that the object is also 6m away
from the mirror.

[Because OP = PI]
So, when the person moves 2 m towards the plane mirror, then the distance between the person
and the plane mirror will be equal to (6 m – 2 m) = 4 m, this means that distance between the
image and the mirror will be 4m.

The distance between the person and his image = PO’+ PI’= 4 + 4 = 8m

It was observed that when the distance between an object and a lens decreases, the size of the
image increases. What is the nature of this lens? If you keep on decreasing the distance between
the object and the lens, will you still able to obtain the image on the screen? Explain.
Answer:
On decreasing the distance between the object and lens, the size of the image increases, the
nature of the lens will be convex type.
If the distance between object and lens is less than the focus of the lens, then it forms a virtual
image and this image cannot be obtained on a screen but formed on the same side of the object.

You are given three mirrors of different types.

How will you identify each one of them?
Answer:
We can identify the mirrors by forming image of an object.

 Plane mirror In case of plane mirror, image will be virtual, erect and of same size as
that of object.
 Concave mirror In case of concave mirror, image may be real, virtual and magnified or
diminished.
 Convex mirror In case of convex mirror, image formed will always be virtual, erect and
diminished.
Namit was driving a car and suddenly became aware of a loud sound coming from behind. He
looked through his rear view mirror and saw an ambulance. He recalled reading that such
emergency vehicles often have their name written in the mirror (AMBULANCE) or writing, i.
e. 
He quickly made way for the ambulance, murmuring a quick prayer for the speedy recovery of the
patient inside the ambulance.
(a) Name the type of mirror which is used as a rear view mirror and why?
(b) Mention values did Namit exhibit. (Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Convex mirror is a mirror which is used as a rearview mirror. It is used to get a wide view of
traffic behind.
(b) The values exhibit by Namit here is courtesy concerned for other, sympathy, knowledgeable.

One day, Ramesh’s friend was performing their respective experiments given by their teacher.
While sitting in the practical lab instead of performing experiment, Ramesh was playing with his
meter scale. All the sudden, he held the scale in his hand and started moving in front of tubelight,
then he observed the seven colours of white light. After sometimes, he got scolded by his lab
teacher for not performing the experiment.
(a) Give the name of phenomenon that leads to the formation of band of seven colours.
(b) Name the constituent colours of white light.
(c) Mention the values shown by Ramesh here. (Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Dispersion of white light is the name of phenomenon which leads to the formation of band of
seven colours.
(b) There are seven constituent colours of white light, they are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange, Red (i.e. VIBGYOR).
(c) Ramesh seems to be quite innovative with respect to the scientific methods and also very
eager to learn science regarding phenomena.

Last Sunday Girish’s mother, Priyanka was preparing the dinner in her kitchen for Girish and his
father. Both of them were feeling so much hungry and they sat ideally on their respective chairs
and having empty plates and spoons on their dinning table. They were shouting like a 5 years old
child that they wanted the dinner so much eagerly in order to fulfil their stomach. At the sometime,
Girish’s mother served the cooked food to both of them and the moment, when Girish was just
about to eat the rice with the help of spoon, he noticed that the spoon has such a shining surface
that it reflected the light rays incident on it.
(a) Explain the importance of shining surface in the reflection of light.
(b) Name the type of spherical mirror represented by the shining steel spoon.
(c) Mention the values shown by Priyanka here towards her family. [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) As we know that the extent of reflection depends upon the shining of surface. So, greater the
shining of the surface, more will be the reflection.
(b) Both convex and concave mirrors are represented by the shining steel spoon.
(c) The values shown by Priyanka here is concern and a satisfaction that she gets after serving the
cooked food to her son and her husband.