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Questioned Document Examination Prelim

This document provides an overview of questioned document examination. It defines key terms like document, questioned document, and standard document. It also describes the different types of standards that can be used for comparison in examinations. Additionally, it outlines the legal classifications of documents and the classes of questioned documents that examiners may encounter. The document concludes by defining concepts related to handwriting examination like writing systems, habits, and signatures.

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Carlo Del Rosario Guerrero
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624 views

Questioned Document Examination Prelim

This document provides an overview of questioned document examination. It defines key terms like document, questioned document, and standard document. It also describes the different types of standards that can be used for comparison in examinations. Additionally, it outlines the legal classifications of documents and the classes of questioned documents that examiners may encounter. The document concludes by defining concepts related to handwriting examination like writing systems, habits, and signatures.

Uploaded by

Carlo Del Rosario Guerrero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

Document
Any material that contains a mark symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible that
may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone.

It is any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation extinguished. (People


vs. Moreno, C.A., 38 O.G. 119)

Two Categories of Document


1. Questioned Document – Document to which an issue has been raised or which is under
scrutiny. The focal point of the examination and to which the document examiner relies as to the
extent of the problem. (also referred to as disputed document).
2. Standard Document – Document in which the origin is known can be proven and can legally
be used as sample to compare with other things is questioned.

Types of Standards
a. Collected/Procured Std. – Standard specimen executed in the regular course of man’s activity
or that which are executed on the day to day writing activity.
b. Requested/Dictated (Post litel motam std.) – a Standard document which are executed upon
request, they are prepare at one time.
Contemporary document = documents which are not more than five (5) years before or after.

Legal Classification of Documents:


1. Public Document = a document created, executed or issued by a public official in response to
the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official intervened.
= is any instrument authorized by a notary public or a competent public official, with the
solemnities required by law ( Cacnio , et.al. vs. Baens, 5 Phil. 724).
2. Official Document = a document which is issued by a public official in the exercise of the
functions of his office. Am official document is also a public document as a larger classification.
3. Private Document = A deed or instrument executed by a private person without the
intervention of a notary public or other person legally authorized, by which documents, some
disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth. (US Vs. Orera, 11 Phil 596) e.g.
Theater Ticket.
4. Commercial Document = any document defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce
( People Vs. Co Beng, C.A. 40 OG 1913) or any other commercial law.

Classes of Questioned Documents:


1. Document with questioned Signature (most common). (Bank Requires 2-3 Signatures per
Transaction).
2. Document containing fraudulent alteration (Any form of changes either an addition or deletion
to the contents of a document). (Adding Numbers, Words)
3. Holograph Document – a document that is completely written and signed by one person
4. Document questioned as to the material used in their production. (Paper, Pen, Ink, Text and
Etc)
5. Documents questioned as to their age or date.
6. Documents involving typewriting
7. Document which may identify a person through handwriting.
8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked or disputed.
9. Documents containing printing or type prints.

Writings and Signature:


System of Writing – is the combination of the basic shape and designs of letter and the writing
movement which was taught in school.

Copy book form – is an illustration of the basic designs of letters that is fundamental to the
writing system.
Writing movement – refers to factors relative to the motion of the pen such as, pressure, rhythm,
pen lifting, etc.

Writing – is the visible result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole or a
combination of certain forms which are the very visible result of mental and muscular habits
acquired by long continued painstaking effort. (Product of Writing Movement)

Handwriting – is a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious


expressions of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of certain ideas
associated with script form.

Writing Habits – refers to any repeated elements of once handwriting which serves as an
identifying characteristics.

Significant Writing Habits – elements of one’s writing that are sufficiently unique and well fixed
to serve as a strong basis of individuality.
Slant = refers to the relative degree of writing inclination relative to the baseline.

Baseline = an imaginary or straight line in which the writing rest.


Types of Handwritings
1. Cursive – Writing in which the letters are for the most part joined together.
2. Handlettering – refers to writing characterized by a disconnected style.
3. Natural Writing – a specimen of writing that is executed normally and without any attempt of
altering its usual writing habits.
4. Disguised – a specimen of writing executed deliberately with an attempt of changing its usual
writing habits in the hope of hiding one’s identity.
5. Guided/assisted – a specimen of writing executed while the writer’s hand is at steadied.
Usually employed by beginners in writing.
Signature – a name of person signed by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.
Model signature – genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or traced
forgery.
Evidential Signature – specimen signature which was executed in particular date, particular time
and place, under a particular writer’s condition and for a particular purpose.
Classes of Signature
1. Formal or complete – used in signing very important document
2. Informal or cursory – used for routine document
3. Careless scribble – used for not so important document such as delivery of mail or receipt of
purchase equipment etc.

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