Experiment No. 2: Aim: Study & Application of Linear Measuring Instruments Objective

Linear Measurement Metrology & Instrumentation (3341905)
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: Study & Application of Linear Measuring Instruments
Objective:
Measure the internal diameter, external diameter, height & depth of a given object with the
help of various linear measuring instruments.
A) Vernier Caliper
Introduction:
Vernier caliper is used to take internal as well as external linear dimensions of a product such
as length, width, diameter, height, thickness etc.
Construction and Working principle:

In vernier caliper there are two scales which can slide on each other. The graduations on these
two scales are having very minor difference. One of the scales is called main scale and another
is called vernier scale. This kind of arrangement provides accurate measurement
Figure 2.1 Vernier caliper
Material:
The vernier caliper is made out of 440C grade stainless steel. It is suitable because of its
superior wear resistance, hardness and a high ultimate tensile strength which makes it able to
withstand high stresses. In addition its ability to resist corrosion makes it a popular choice.
Least Count:
It is the smallest measurement which can be taken by vernier caliper.
Smallest measurement on main scale is 1 mm and total 50 divisions on vernier scale. Least
count of this type of vernier is 1/50 = 0.02 mm.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Government Polytechnic Porbandar 2.1
Procedure:
1. Study the given vernier caliper and recognize its various parts.
2. Understand the vernier principle and calculate its least count.
3. Check errors, if any (zero adjustment)
4. Read the instrument for at least three random vernier positions.
5. Measure the samples at the indicated places and record dimension as per standard
Performa given.
Precautions in the use of vernier caliper

1. The line of measurement must coincide with the line of scale.
2. While measuring outside diameter, instrument should be kept in perpendicular position
to the axis of the cylinder.
3. While taking the observations, the eyes must be kept perpendicular to the scale.
4. The measuring instrument must always be properly balance in hand and held lightly in
such a way that only figure handled the moving and adjusting screws.
Types of errors
Checking for zero error Observed reading Corrected reading
3.14 cm
(No zero error
correction required)
The two zero marks coincide no zero
Reading = 3.14 cm
error
3.17 cm – (+0.03)=3.14
cm
(The positive zero
error is subtracted
Zero mark on vernier slightly to the
Reading = 3.17 cm from the reading)
right – Positive zero error of +0.03 cm
3.11 cm – (-0.03)=3.14
cm
(The negative zero
Zero mark on vernier slightly to the left error is added to the

Reading = 3.11 cm reading)
– negative zero error of -0.03 cm

Observations:
Range: __________________ mm
Least Count (L.C.):____________________ mm
Error of Vernier = __________________ mm
Observation Table:
Object Sr. Main Scale Division of Vernier Total Average Corrected
feature No. Reading Vernier Scale Scale (C’=A+B) (C) Reading
(A) Matching with Reading (C-Error)
Main Scale (B=n*LC)
Division
(n)
D1
D2
d1
L1
Conclusion:

B) Micrometer
Introduction:
It is a precision measuring instrument having accuracy of 0.01 mm and working on screw and
nut principle.
Working principle:
Micrometer is working on screw and nut principle. Spindle of the micrometer are having
threads of 0.5 mm pitch. The spindle is moving in fixed nut. Thimble is joined with spindle. On
the periphery of thimble 50 divisions are marked. By rotating the thimble to 1 rotation (50
divisions), spindle can be moved forward or backward by 0.5 mm. So when thimble revolves by
one division it moves forward or backward by 0.5/50 = 0.01 mm. This is the accuracy of
measurement by micrometer.
Construction:
Outside Micrometer:
Different parts of outside micrometer are explained as below:
Body or Frame: It is a U or C shaped frame made out of light alloy steel, cast steel or malleable
cast iron.
Anvil and Spindle: Fixed anvil is on left side of the frame whereas spindle is having threads of
0.5 mm pitch. Spindle and anvil are made out of high grade tool steel and job is held in between
them.
Spindle clamp or lock nut: Lock nut is provided to hold the spindle at specific location.
Figure 2.2A Outside micrometer

Barrel and thimble: Reference line and main scale are provided on barrel. Thimble is in
cylindrical form attached with spindle. There are 50 divisions on thimble equally spaced on
periphery of the same. It is also called as circular scale.
Ratchet or friction stop: It is used to provide suitable pressure on the job to get accurate
reading. When spindle touches surface of the job, ratchet stop automatically slips with typical
noise. This will indicate the operator to stop applying pressure on the job.
Inside Micrometer:
Different parts of inside micrometer are explained as below:
Measuring head (Micrometer unit): It consists of a barrel and a thimble similar to the
outside micrometer. It has no frame and spindle.
Extension rods: A series of extension rods are provided in order to obtain a wide measuring
range.
Spacing collar: These are intended for smaller adjustments in the range of measurement. The
ends of the spacing collars are well finished by lapping and are flat and mutually parallel and
square to the axis
Handle: For measuring bores of comparatively small diameters, a handle is provided which
can be screwed into a radial hole in the barrel.
Figure 2.2B Inside micrometer
Least Count:
Procedure:
1. Study the given Micrometer and recognize its various parts.
2. Understand the Micrometer and Calculate its Least Count.
3. Check for Errors, if any.
4. Read the instrument for at least three random spindle positions

Precautions in the use of micrometer:
1. First clean the micrometer by wiping of oil dirt, dust and grit etc.
2. Clean the measuring faces of the anvil and spindle with a clean piece of paper or cloth.
3. Set the zero reading of the instrument before measuring.
4. Hold the part whose dimension is to be measured and micrometer properly. Then turn
the thimble with forefinger and thumb till the measuring tip just touches the part and
find adjustment should be made by ratchet so that uniform measuring pressure is
applied.
5. While measuring dimensions of circular parts, the micrometer must be moved carefully
over representative arc so as to note maximum dimension only.
Types of errors
Checking for zero error Observed reading Corrected reading
2.25 mm
(No zero error
Zero mark on thimble scale coincides correction required)

Reading = 2.0 + 0.25
with datum line on the main scale and
= 2.25 mm
reading on main scale is 0, Zero error
2.32 mm –
(+0.07)=2.25 mm
(The positive zero
error is subtracted
Zero mark on datum line can be seen– Reading = 2.0 + 0.32
from the reading)
Positive zero error of +0.07 mm = 2.32 mm
2.23 mm – (-0.02)=2.25
mm
(The negative zero
error is added to the
Zero mark on datum line cannot be seen Reading = 2.0 + 0.23
reading)
– negative zero error of -0.02 mm = 2.23 mm
Observations:
Range: __________________ mm
Least Count (L.C.):____________________ mm
Error of Micrometer = __________________ mm
Observation Table:
Object Sr. Main Scale Division of Micrometer Total Average Corrected
Feature No. Reading Circular Scale Scale (C’=A+B) (C) Reading
Main Scale (B=n*LC)
(n)
D1
D2
d1
L1
Conclusion:

C) Vernier Height Gauge
Introduction:
Vernier height gauge is similar to vernier caliper but in this instrument the graduated bar is
held in a vertical position and it is used in conjunction with a surface plate. The vernier height
gauge is designed for accurate measurement and marking of vertical height above a surface
plate datum. It can also be used to measure differences in heights by taking the vernier scale
reading at each height and determining the difference by substraction.
Working principle:
Vernier height gauge works on the vernier principle.
Construction:
Figure 2.3 Vernier Height Gauge

A vernier height gauge consists of (i) a finely grow and lapped base. The base is massive and
robust in construction to ensure rigidity and stability. A vertical graduated beam or column
supported on a massive base (iii) Attached to the beam is a sliding vernier head carrying the
vernier scale and a clamping screw. (iv) An auxiliary head which is also attached to the beam
above sliding vernier head. It has fine adjusting and clamping screw. (v) A measuring jaw or a
scriber attached to the front of sliding vernier.
Least Count:
Procedure:
1. Clean the working platform and put the vernier height gauge on it.
2. Fix the measuring jaw of the vernier height gauge.
3. Clean the measuring jaw of the vernier height gauge.
4. Loosen the locking screw of the height gauge.
5. Clean the measuring surface of the item being measured with clean cloth (or soaked
with cleaning oil.
6. Make the measuring jaw and platform surface gently touch.
7. Get the reading from the vernier height gauge.
Precautions in the use of vernier height gauge:

1. The measuring jaw should have a clear projection from the edge of the beam at least
equal to the projection of the base from the beam.
2. The upper and lower gauging surfaces of the measuring jaw shall be flat and parallel to
the base. The scriber should also be of the same nominal depth as the measuring jaw so
that it may be reversed.
3. The projection of the jaw should be at least 25mm.
4. The slider should have a good sliding fit for all along the full working length of the beam
Types of errors:
Procedure to find the error is similar to that of in vernier caliper.
Observations:
Range: __________________ mm
Least Count (L.C.):____________________ mm
Error of Vernier Height Gauge = __________________ mm

Observation Table:
Object Sr. Main Scale Division of Vernier Total Average Corrected
Feature No. Reading Vernier Scale Scale (C’=A+B) (C) Reading
Main Scale (B=n*LC)
(n)
H1
H2
H3
H4
Conclusion:

D) Telescopic Gauge
Introduction
These are a range of gauges that are used to measure a bore's size, by transferring the internal
dimension to a remote measuring tool.
Construction and working:

It consists of a handle with two rods having spherical contacts can slide within a tube and are
forced apart by an internal spring. The locking screw can lock the rods at any desired position
through a spring.
Figure 2.4 Telescopic Gauge
Procedure:
1. The rods are pressed closer and inserted into the hole to be measured.
2. The rods then open out to touch the metal surface of the hole on both sides.
3. They are then locked in position by means of a locking screw.
4. The telescopic gauge is then taken out from the hole.
5. The dimension across the tips is measured by micrometer or vernier caliper.
Precaution:
1. To accurately detect the maximum distance between the two anvil heads, move the
head of the gauge around while making the measurement to insure you get the
maximum reading.
Observation Table:
Object Reading at Reading at Reading at Average
Sr. No.
Feature Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 (C)
1 D1
2 D2
3 D3
4 D4

E) Dial Bore Gauge
Introduction:
Bore gauge is used to check bore diameter by comparative method.
Construction and Working:

The instrument basically consists of a hallow tube into which is contained a lever pivoted
about one end of the lever is linked to the movable contact of the instrument i.e. the instrument
has three contacts, equally spaced along the circumference of the head. One being movable
above and two fixed ones and other end of the lever actuates the pointer. The three contacts
bears against the internal surface of the rest and properly the instrument in relation to the axis
of the bore being checked. The contacts are interchangeable with roads in order to broaden the
range of measurement, the smallest size.
Figure 2.5 Bore Gauge

Assembly:
1. Loosen the Clamp Screw and insert the Dial Indicator until the Pointer rotates 1/10 turn
or more. Secure by tightening the Clamp Screw.
2. Insert the Probe Needle into the Probe Tip and screw onto the end of the gauge body.
Using Spanner, tighten to secure.
3. Change Probe Tip as required to match the required measurement range.
Procedure:
1. Measure the bore diameter with the help of vernier caliper or inside micrometer.
2. Select the range of parts required, anvils, spacers and 50mm distance piece.
3. Assemble the dial bore gauge with selected parts as explain above.
4. Zero the gauge: This is accomplished by measuring across the gauge with an outside
micrometer set to the precise bore size. When the zero aligns with the needle you're
ready.
5. Insert the gauge into the bore to the depth you need. Rock it back and forth until it's
properly inserted in the pipe.
6. Look at the reading: This is the lowest reading, which is taken when the gauge is
square on the bore, and the indicator needle reverses its direction. It can be either more
or less than the zero mark, and will indicate an oversize or undersize bore.
Precaution:
1. Keep all components dry and clean with a soft micro fiber cloth.
2. Return all items to the presentation case after use.
Observation Table:
Object Required Deviation at Deviation at Deviation at Average
Sr. No.
Feature Diameter Section 1-1 Section 2-2 Section 3-3 (C)
1 D1
2 D2
3 D3
4 D4
Conclusion:

F) Slip Gauge
Aim: Study & Application of slip gauge.
Objective:
Study selection and wringing of slip gauge.
Construction:
Slip gauges are rectangular blocks of high grade steel with exceptionally close tolerances. It can
also be made of tungsten carbide. These blocks are suitably hardened through out to ensure
maximum resistance to wear. They are then stabilized by heating and cooling successively in
stages so that hardening stresses are removed, After being hardened they are carefully finished
by high grade lapping to a high degree of finish, flatness and accuracy. For successful use of slip
gauges their working faces are made truly flat and parallel. The slip gauge having a cross
section of about 9mm X 30mm for sizes upto 10mm and 9mm X 35mm for larger sizes.
Figure 2.6 Slip gauge
Grade of slip gauge:

Indian standard specifications for slip gauges (IS 2984-1966) specifies grade as follows:
Grade 00: These are placed in the standard room and used for highest precision work.
Grade 0: is used in Laboratories and tool room which serves as standard for periodically
checking the accuracy of Grade I & grade II gauges.
Grade I: It is of higher accuracy and used in inspection departments.
Grade II: These are used in workshops during actual production of components, tools and
gauges.
Slip gauge set:

Slip gauges are generally available in sets. The following two sets of slip gauges are in general
uses as follows.

Normal set (M-45)
Range (mm) Increment (mm) No. of pieces
1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9
1.01 to 1.09 0.01 9
1.0 to 1.9 0.1 9
1.0 to 9.0 1.0 9
10.0 to 90.0 10.0 9
Total 45 Pieces
Special set (M-87)

1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9
1.01 to 1.49 0.01 49
0.5 to 9.5 0.5 19
10.0 to 90.0 10.0 9
1.005 - 1
Total 87 Pieces
Set (M-112/1)
1.001 to 1.00 0.001 9
1.01 to 1.49 0.01 49
0.5 to 24.50 0.5 49
25.00 to 100.00 25.00 4
1.0005 - 1
Total 112/1 Pieces
Wringing of slip gauge:

Wringing is the process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces lightly bond.
1. One slip gauge is oscillated slightly over the other gauge with a light pressure
2. One gauge is then placed at 900 to other by using light pressure and then it is rotated
until the blocks one brought in one line.
In this way air is expelled out from between the gauge faces causing the gauge blocks to
adhere. The adhesion is caused partly by molecular attraction and partly by atmospheric
pressure.

Selection of slip gauge for given dimension:
Take the following things into account when selecting gauge blocks:
1. Use the minimum number of blocks whenever possible.

2. Select thick gauge blocks whenever possible.
3. Select the size from the one that has the least significant digit.
Precaution:
1. Remove protective coating applied to it with petrol.
2. Clean gauges to be used with soft linen cloth.
3. During the actual use, the fingering of lapped faces should be avoided.
4. Use the standard wringing process for assembly.
5. If during wringing process, any sign of roughness or scratching is felt the process of
wringing should be stopped and faces examined for burns or scratches.
6. After use of slip gauge, it should not be left wrung together.
Exercises:
Select most appropriate Slip gauges from M-112/1 set for following dimensions.
34.4785
72.9825
58.7825
26.1535

G) Calibration of Vernier and Micrometer
Aim: Calibration of Vernier Calipers & Outside Micrometer with the help of slip gauge.
Equipments:
1. Vernier Caliper
2. Outside Micrometer
3. A set of slip Gauges
Procedure:
1. Check the Micrometer for smooth running over its whole range.
2. Clean its anvils carefully.
3. Set the micrometer on its stand horizontally with anvils upwards.
4. Allow the micrometer to cool to the ambient temperature for 10 minutes.
5. Close the micrometer anvils and take the zero error reading.
6. Clean the slip gauges which are to be used for measurements.
7. Take reading with various slips starting from minimum to maximum at equal intervals.
8. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph of normal reading (slip gauge reading) v/s
error.
9. Interpret the graph.
10. Report the same procedure for vernier caliper.
Observations:
Outside Micrometer
Range = ________________mm
Least count = ________________mm
Zero Error = ________________mm
Correction = ________________mm

Observation Table:
Slip Gauge Micrometer Slip Gauge Micrometer
Sr. Error Sr. Error
Value Reading Value Reading
No. mm No. mm
mm mm mm mm
Vernier Caliper:
Range = ________________mm
Least count = ________________mm
Zero Error = ________________mm
Correction = ________________mm
Observation Table:
Sr. Slip Gauge Vernier Error Sr. Slip Gauge Vernier Error
No. Value Caliper mm No. Value Caliper mm
mm Reading mm Reading
mm mm
Conclusion:


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Linear Measurement Metrology & Instrumentation (3341905)

Aim: Study & Application of Linear Measuring Instruments

Construction and Working principle:

Figure 2.1 Vernier caliper

count of this type of vernier is 1/50 = 0.02 mm.

Precautions in the use of vernier caliper

Zero mark on vernier slightly to the left error is added to the

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Figure 2.2A Outside micrometer

Figure 2.2B Inside micrometer

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Zero mark on thimble scale coincides correction required)

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Figure 2.3 Vernier Height Gauge

Precautions in the use of vernier height gauge:

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Construction and working:

Figure 2.4 Telescopic Gauge

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Construction and Working:

Figure 2.5 Bore Gauge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Aim: Study & Application of slip gauge.

Figure 2.6 Slip gauge

Grade of slip gauge:

Slip gauge set:

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Special set (M-87)

Wringing of slip gauge:

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1. Use the minimum number of blocks whenever possible.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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