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Seminar 1

This document provides an overview of theoretical grammar and its key concepts. It defines language and distinguishes it from speech. Grammar is introduced as a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical system and structure of language, excluding phonology and lexicon. The document discusses the hierarchical organization of linguistic units and the relations between units on different levels. It also introduces important morphological concepts like the morpheme and how morphemes are classified. Finally, it provides examples and exercises to illustrate grammatical concepts like paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

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Valter Valter
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125 views4 pages

Seminar 1

This document provides an overview of theoretical grammar and its key concepts. It defines language and distinguishes it from speech. Grammar is introduced as a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical system and structure of language, excluding phonology and lexicon. The document discusses the hierarchical organization of linguistic units and the relations between units on different levels. It also introduces important morphological concepts like the morpheme and how morphemes are classified. Finally, it provides examples and exercises to illustrate grammatical concepts like paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

Uploaded by

Valter Valter
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1

SEMINAR 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

1. Theoretical Comment.

Definition of language. Distinction between language and speech. Language as a


semiotic system: its functions, elements and structure. Hierarchical relations between units of
different levels. Morphology and syntax - the two main branches of grammar. Grammar as a
branch of linguistics. Theoretical and practical grammar. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic
relations between lingual units; syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in grammar. The
definition of morpheme. The word and the morpheme, their correlation. Intermediary
phenomena between the word and the morpheme. Traditional classification of morphemes:
positional criterion; semantic criterion. Other types of morphemes. The "allo-emic" theory in
morphology: morphs, allomorphs and morphemes. Distributional analysis in morphology;
three types of distribution. Grammatical meaning and the means of its expression.
Grammatical category and the principles of its organization.

2. Practice.

1. Match the following terms to their Ukrainian equivalents. Explain their meaning.
language - мова morpheme - морфема
speech - мовлення morph - морф
sign - знак allomorph - аломорф
semiotic system - семіотична (знакова) distribution - дистрибуція
система
lingual unit - мовна одиниця segmental - сегментний
hierarchical relations - ієрархічні відношення supra-segmental - супра-/(над-)сегментний
the plane of content - план змісту suppletivity - суплетивізм
the plane of expression - план вираження analytical word-form - аналітична
словоформа

план вираження суплетивізм дистрибуція аломорф


аналітична словоформа морфема супра-/ сегментний
(над-)сегментний
план змісту мовна одиниця мова знак
семіотична (знакова) ієрархічні мовлення морф
система відношення

2. Match the terms for basic grammar notions to their definitions:


1. grammar f a. …a structured set of elements related to each other by a common
function of giving expression to human thoughts.
2. grammatical system b. … a system of opposed grammatical forms with homogeneous
a grammatical meaning.
3. grammatical c. …the meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of
structure d different words.
4. linguistic level e d. …a hierarchy of grammatical levels.
5. grammatical e. …a class of homogeneous units with the same functional and
meaning c structural features, which have constituent relations with units of the
higher level.
6. grammatical form g f. …a part of linguistics which studies the grammatical system and
structure of the language, excluding phonemics and lexis.
7. grammatical g. …a word form, which expresses grammatical meaning
2

category b

3
3. Explain the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, and synonymy in terms of
correspondence of the two planes: content and expression. Which of these phenomena are
illustrated by the following examples? Give comments.

1) likes – Tom’s – dogs; 2) I often visit them. (habitual 3) oxen – cacti – feet – wolves
Homonymy; the same plane action) - The train leaves at 5. – sheep_;
of expression, but different (timetable) - I see what you Are you going somewhere
plane of content. mean. (present moment); tonight? - Will you go
He’s just left. – It was a just I must leave immediately. – somewhere tonight? - Will you
reward. She must be at home by now. be going somewhere tonight?
Homonymy; different planes Polysemy. Present simple form synonymy; 1 the same plane of
of expression, different planes of the word content, but different 2 plane
of content. of expression.

3. The table shows the hierarchy of the basic lingual units. Fill in the gaps in it with the
appropriate terms and speak about the organisation of the language system.

Language levels and In language system In speech


sublevels
Textual (supra-sentential) Textual pattern Textual unity
level
b) proposemic (sentential Proposeme (sentence pattern) Utterance
sublevel
a) phrasemic (phrase) sublevel Phrase pattern (phraseme) Syntagma

Syntactic level
b) lexemic sublevel Lexeme Word-form

a) morphemic sublevel Morpheme Allomorph

Lexical level
Phonemic level phoneme Allophone

4. a) Identify the types of relations the underlined elements stand in:


a) a girl – girls – a girl’s – girls’ Paradigmatic relation
b) a traveler’s guide – a guide for travelers; cleverer – more clever; Paradigmatic
relations
c) some milk – a glass of milk – little milk – a lot of milk; Paradigmatic relations
d) a nice dress; dent||ist; Syntagmatic relation (lexesemic)
e) you and me; syntagmatic relationship
f) Time flies. Syntagmatic relation
3

b) Give your own examples of various paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between
phonetic, lexical, and grammatical lingual units.

5. Complete the statements with the words from the word-bank below.
According to the positional criterion morphemes can be root and affixal. Affixes are derivational
(or inflectional) if they form new words and word-changing (or word-building) if they express
different grammatical meanings.
As to their contribution to the general meaning of the word morphemes can be lexico-
grammatical, grammatical, and lexical.
They are free if they can exist alone and bound if otherwise.

derivational root inflectional affixal word- word-


building changing
lexico- free grammatical lexical bound
grammatical

6. a) Divide each word into morphemes. Identify and characterize the morphemes
(root / derivational affix / inflectional affix; lexical / lexico-grammatical / grammatical; bound /
free; discontinuous / zero / inner inflection):

Example:
dis - qual - ifi - ed
Derivation Root, Derivation Inflectiona
al affix lexic al affix l affix
(prefix), al, (suffix), (inflexion)
lexico- boun lexico- ,
grammatic d grammatic grammatic
al, bound al, bound al, bound

-Appear(root ,free, lexical) ance(derivational affix, bound, lexico-grammatical),


-Play(root, free, lexical) ful(derivational affix, bound, lexico grammatical),
-Geese ( free, root, grammatical, discontinuous),
- Mice (free, root, grammaticall, discontinuous)
- Dis(derivational affix, lexico-grammatical, bound) organ(root,free,lexical)iz
(derivational affix, bound,lexico-grammatical )ed(inflectional, affix , grammatical, bound)
-Has mention(root, free, lexical) ed(inflectional affix, grammatical, bound)
-Boy (root, free, lexical)
-Dog (root, free, lexical) ’s(inflectional affix, bound, grammatical)
-More (inflectional affix, free, lexico-grammatical), beaut(root, bound, lexical) i(derivational
affix, bound, lexico-grammatical) ful(derivational affix, bound, grammatical)

-Over(inflectional affix, free, lexico-grammatical) react(root, free, lexical) s(inflectional affix,


bound, grammatical)
-Less(inflectional affix, free, lexico-grammatical) desir (root, free, lexical)
able(derivational affix, free, lexico-grammatical),
- Will(grammatical word morphe) be visit(root, free, lexical) ing(inflectional affix,
bound, grammatical)
-Sit(root, free, lexical) down(derivational affix, free, lexical)
- Build(root, free, lexical) ing(inflectional affix, bound, grammatical) s( inflectional affix,
bound, grammatical)
4

-Necess(root, bound, lexical-grammatical) it(derivational affix, bound, lexico-


grammatical) ate(derivational affix, bound, lexico grammatical) s( inflectional affix, bound,
grammatical)
-Fflat(root, free, lexical) t(derivational affix, bound )en(derivational affix, bound,
grammatical )ed(inflectional affix, grammatical, bound),
-Help(root, free, lexical) less(derivational affix, free, lexical-grammatical)
ly(derivational affix, bound, grammatical)

7. Analyze the distribution of the indefinite article. Are forms ‘a’ and ‘an’ free variants
or is their use determined by the environment? Justify your answer.
The article is determined by the environment because they cannot exist on their own
The indefinite article is used very often because:
- we use the indefinite article together with countable nouns when we do not know
exactly about the subject of conversation or we mention a thing for the first time(There was a big
tree in her garden);
- when a person or object is one of a group of similar(She was a student at Cambridge
University);
-when we name a person's profession or occupation(He wants
to become an interpreter);
-when talking about one object, we mean all of its kind (A dog is more intelligent
than a cat.)
8. What type of distribution are the following morphs in? Do they represent…
a) different morphemes,
b) variants of the same morpheme (allomorphs), or
c) free variants of the same morpheme?

1) started – stopped – opened; B complementary


2) stops – stopped – stopping; A contrasting
3) learned – learnt; C not contrasting
Literature:
1. Блох М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. — М.: Высш. школа,
1983. – C. 6-37.
2. Rayevska N.M. Modern English Grammar. – Kyiv: Vysca Skola Publishers, 1976. –
P. 21-30, 37-45, 60-66.
3. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В.. Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика
английского языка. – М.: Высш. шк., 1981. – С. 4-20.

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