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221B Lecture Notes: Notes On Spherical Bessel Functions 1 Definitions

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108 views

221B Lecture Notes: Notes On Spherical Bessel Functions 1 Definitions

The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.

Uploaded by

Khem Upathambhakul
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221B Lecture Notes

Notes on Spherical Bessel Functions


1 Denitions
We would like to solve the free Schrodinger equation

h
2
2m

1
r
d
2
dr
2
r
l(l + 1)
r
2

R(r) =
h
2
k
2
2m
R(r). (1)
R(r) is the radial wave function (x) = R(r)Y
m
l
(, ). By factoring out
h
2
/2m and dening = kr, we nd the equation

d
2
d
2

l(l + 1)

2
+ 1

R() = 0. (2)
The solutions to this equation are spherical Bessel functions. Due to some
reason, I dont see the integral representations I use below in books on math-
emtical formulae, but I believe they are right.
The behavior at the origin can be studied by power expansion. Assuming
R
n
, and collecting terms of the lowest power in , we get
n(n + 1) l(l + 1) = 0. (3)
There are two solutions,
n = l or l 1. (4)
The rst solution gives a positive power, and hence a regular solution at the
origin, while the second a negative power, and hence a singular solution at
the origin.
It is easy to check that the following integral representations solve the
above equation Eq. (2):
h
(1)
l
() =
(/2)
l
l!

i
+1
e
it
(1 t
2
)
l
dt, (5)
and
h
(2)
l
() =
(/2)
l
l!

i
1
e
it
(1 t
2
)
l
dt. (6)
1
By acting the derivatives in Eq. (2), one nds

d
2
d
2

l(l + 1)

2
+ 1

h
(1)
l
()
=
(/2)
l
l!

i
1
(1 t
2
)
l

l(l + 1)

2
+
2(l + 1)it

t
2

l(l + 1)

2
+ 1

dt
=
(/2)
l
l!
1
i

i
1
d
dt

e
it
(1 t
2
)
l+1

dt. (7)
Therefore only boundary values contribute, which vanish both at t = 1 and
t = i for = kr > 0. The same holds for h
(2)
l
().
One can also easily see that h
(1)
l
() = h
(2)
l
(

) by taking the complex


conjugate of the expression Eq. (5) and changing the variable from t to t.
The integral representation Eq. (5) can be expanded in powers of 1/.
For instance, for h
(1)
l
, we change the variable from t to x by t = 1 + ix, and
nd
h
(1)
l
() =
(/2)
l
l!


0
e
i(1+ix)
x
l
(2i)
l

1
x
2i

l
idx
= i
(/2)
l
l!
e
i
(2i)
l
l

k=0
l
C
k


0
e
x

x
2i

k
x
l
dx
= i
e
i

k=0
(i)
lk
(l + k)!
2
k
k!(l k)!
1

k
. (8)
Similarly, we nd
h
(2)
l
() = i
e
i

k=0
i
lk
(l + k)!
2
k
k!(l k)!
1

k
. (9)
Therefore both h
(1,2)
l
are singular at = 0 with power
l1
.
The combination j
l
() = (h
(1)
l
+ h
(2)
l
)/2 is regular at = 0. This can be
seen easily as follows. Because h
(2)
l
is an integral from t = 1 to i, while
h
(1)
l
from t = +1 to i, the dierencd between the two corresponds to an
integral from t = 1 to t = i and coming back to t = +1. Because the
integrand does not have a pole, this contour can be deformed to a straight
integral from t = 1 to +1. Therefore,
j
l
() =
1
2
(/2)
l
l!

1
1
e
it
(1 t
2
)
l
dt. (10)
2
In this expression, 0 can be taken without any problems in the integral
and hence j
l

l
, i.e., regular. The other linear combination n
l
= (h
(1)
l

h
(2)
l
)/2i is of course singular at = 0. Note that
h
(1)
l
() = j
l
() + i n
l
() (11)
is analogous to
e
i
= cos + i sin . (12)
It is useful to see some examples for low l.
j
0
=
sin

, j
1
=
sin

2

cos

, j
2
=
3
2

3
sin
3

2
cos ,
n
0
=
cos

, n
1
=
cos

2

sin

, n
2
=
3
2

3
cos
3

2
sin ,
h
(1)
0
= i
e
i

, h
(1)
1
= i

2

i

e
i
h
(1)
2
= i

3
2

3

3i

e
i
.
h
(2)
0
= i
e
i

, h
(2)
1
= i

2
+
i

e
i
h
(2)
2
= i

3
2

3
+
3i

e
i
.
(13)
2 Asymptotic Behavior
Eqs. (8,9) give the asymptotic behaviors of h
(1)
l
for :
h
(1)
l
i
e
i

(i)
l
= i
e
i(l/2)

. (14)
By taking linear combinations, we also nd
j
l

sin( l/2)

, (15)
n
l

cos( l/2)

. (16)
3 Plane Wave Expansion
The non-trivial looking formula we used in the class
e
ikz
=

l=0
(2l + 1)i
l
j
l
(kr)P
l
(cos ) (17)
can be obtained quite easily from the integral representation Eq. (10). The
point is that one can keep integrating it in parts. By integrating e
it
factor
3
and dierentiating (1 t
2
)
l
factor, the boundary terms at t = 1 always
vanish up to l-th time because of the (1 t
2
)
l
factor. Therefore,
j
l
=
1
2
(/2)
l
l!

1
1
1
(i)
l
e
it

d
dt

l
(1 t
2
)
l
dt. (18)
Note that the denition of the Legendre polynomials is
P
l
(t) =
1
2
l
1
l!
d
l
dt
l
(t
2
1)
l
. (19)
Using this denition, the spherical Bessel function can be written as
j
l
=
1
2
1
i
l

1
1
e
it
P
l
(t)dt. (20)
Then we use the fact that the Legendre polynomials form a complete set of
orthogonal polynomials in the interval t [1, 1]. Noting the normalization

1
1
P
n
(t)P
m
(t)dt =
2
2n + 1

n,m
, (21)
the orthonormal basis is P
n
(t)

(2n + 1)/2, and hence

n=0
2n + 1
2
P
n
(t)P
n
(t

) = (t t

). (22)
By multipyling Eq. (20) by P
l
(t

)(2l + 1)/2 and summing over n,

n=1
2l + 1
2
P
l
(t

)j
n
() =
1
2
1
i
n

1
1
e
it

n=0
P
l
(t

)P
l
(t)dt =
1
2
1
i
n
e
it

. (23)
By setting = kr and t

= cos , we prove Eq. (17).


If the wave vector is pointing at other directions than the positive z-
axis, the formula Eq. (17) needs to be generalized. Noting Y
0
l
(, ) =

(2l + 1)/4 P
l
(cos ), we nd
e
i

kx
= 4

l=0
i
l
j
l
(kr)
l

m=l
Y
m
l
(

k
,

k
)Y
m
l
(
x
,
x
) (24)
4
4 Delta-Function Normalization
An important consequence of the identity Eq. (24) is the innerproduct of two
spherical Bessel functions. We start with

dxe
i

kx
e
i

x
= (2)
3
(

). (25)
Using Eq. (24) in the l.h.s of this equation, we nd

dxe
i

kx
e
i

x
=

l,m

,m

(4)
2

d
x
drr
2
Y
m
l
(

k
)Y
m
l
(
x
)Y
m

l
(
x
)Y
m

l
(

)j
l
(kr)j
l
(k

r)
=

l,m
(4)
2

drr
2
j
l
(kr)j
l
(k

r)Y
m
l
(

k
)Y
m
l
(

). (26)
On the other hand, the r.h.s. of Eq. (25) is
(2)
3
(

) = (2)
3
1
k
2
(k k

)(

)
= (2)
3
1
k
2
sin
(k k

)(

)(

). (27)
Comparing Eq. (26) and (27) and noting

l,m
Y
m
l
(

k
)Y
m
l
(

) = (

), (28)
we nd

0
drr
2
j
l
(kr)j
l
(k

r) =

2k
2
(k k

). (29)
5

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