Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947

The Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 or the

Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947
Khost disturbances[6] were a series of tribal revolts
in the Kingdom of Afghanistan by Zadran, Safi and
Mangal tribesmen which lasted from February 1944
to January 1947. The causes of the revolts laid in the
worsening conditions of farmers, changes in
conscription laws, the elimination of the power of
Safi tribal leaders, Amanullah loyalism, trading
monopolies, government surveillance, taxation, and
poverty. The conflict began when government forces
clashed with the forces of a tribal leader named
Mazrak, who led the Zadran tribe in revolt. The
Zadran uprising was followed by additional uprisings
by the Safi and Mangal, the former of which elected
their own king, Salemai. Faqir Ipi, a tribal leader
from Waziristan (then part of British India), also
fought for the restoration of former king Amanullah
Khan alongside other rebels.
Detailed map of the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–
The Afghan government deployed Hawker Hind 1947.
aircraft against the rebels, using aircraft to drop
leaflets, gun down tribesmen and drop incendiary Date February 1944 – 11 January 1947
bombs. Mazrak invaded the British Raj in late 1944, Location Kingdom of Afghanistan
though he was ultimately forced back into Result Afghan government victory
Afghanistan due to British aerial bombardment. Over
the course of his uprising, Mazrak was joined by Belligerents
other rebel leaders, such as Sultan Ahmad and  Afghanistan

Abdurrahman (nicknamed "Pak"). Concurrently,  • Allied Nuristani and Rebel tribes:

Mohammed Daoud Khan fought against the Safi in
Shinwari tribesmen
the Eastern Province. The Mangal tribe rose up in Zadran (1944–1947)
 United Kingdom

June 1945. A 14-day long Safi siege of Kunar Khas Safi (until 1946)
 •  India
was unsuccessful due to the Afghan air force
supplying the settlement with food and ammunition. Mangal (1945)
The Safi were defeated in late 1946, and Mazrak Commanders and leaders
surrendered on 11 January 1947, ending the revolts.
Mohammed Zahir Mazrak Zadran 
Shah (Zadran)
Mohammed Salemai (Safi)
Contents Daoud Khan Unknown (Mangal)
Background Archibald Wavell ... and others
Conflict ... and others
Operations in the Southern Province
against Mazrak Units involved
Safi uprising 2–3 brigades[1]
Unknown
 Mangal uprising (Deployed against
Role of aircraft Mazrak)
Leading figures 6 Hawker Hind
aircraft
Aftermath
Royal Air Force
References
Strength
External links

Zadran:

110,000[2] 55,000[3]

Background (Full size of Afghan army, (Full size of the Zadran tribe,
1945) 6000 armed)

Safi:

Unknown number of 12,000[4]

aircraft
No infantry deployed
Casualties and losses
More than Hundreds of Safi killed

4,000[5] ~500 Safi families

None displaced

According to Alexander Davydov, causes of the revolts lay in the

worsening conditions of farmers.[7] Farmers and landlords were required to
forfeit one-third of their harvest to the government, a practice referred to as
sekoti.[8] They would then have to transport the harvests to government
Mohammed Zahir Shah was
king during the tribal revolts
warehouses in Bar Kunar (Asmar) and Kuz Kanar (Khewa) districts.[8] At
the time, this could only be achieved with animal-powered transport. It was
of 1944–1947.
very commonplace for officials to delay acceptance of the deposit and
question the quality of their produce. In order to be relieved from dues,
farmers and landlords would often have to pay bribes.[8] Despite this, the government of the Republic of
Afghanistan (1973–1978) would, decades after the revolts, claim that the peasantry supported the Afghan
government and that Safi tribes looted the peasant's homes and businesses in retaliation.[9]

According to David B. Edwards, the causes behind the Safi revolt lay in the change in Safi conscription
laws.[10] For many years prior to the uprising, the accepted procedure for enlisting military recruits - known
as the quami, or "tribal" method - had been for individual tribes to supply a certain number of men of their
own choosing; these men would always serve together and generally in locations that were not far removed
from their homes. Several years prior to the uprising, however, the government had insisted on employing a
system referred to as nufus, or "population", in which the army conscripted its recruits directly from the
population without consultation with any tribal body. The previous system was beneficial to the tribe,
especially the tribal elders, who decided who would serve. The new procedure eliminated the power of Safi
tribal leaders, and was thus fiercely resisted.[10]

One of the rebel leaders, Mazrak, supported the restoration of Amanullah Khan,[11] a king of Afghanistan
who was deposed in the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929).[12]

According to British records, the Safi uprising was caused by the Afghan government's attempts to institute
conscription among the Safi, trading monopolies granted to Afghan merchant companies, and government
surveillance.[13] Whit Mason attributes the Safi uprising to "extremely brutal taxation, oppression and
poverty".[8]
Conflict

Operations in the Southern Province against Mazrak

The operations which would be officially dubbed the Operations in the

Southern Province against Mazrak[14] began in February 1944.[15]
There are multiple accounts as to how this conflict began. According to
British records, it began shortly after the Afghan government moved troops
into the southern province to reassert their authority in the area, which by
then was a safe haven for smugglers.[16] En route, the government force
was attacked by a Zadian tribal leader named Mazrak.[16] According to a
later Pakistani inquiry, the conflict began after the Afghan government
raided Mazrak's summer homes at the Taragharai hills and his winter home
at Almara, since Mazrak was suspected of housing Amanullah loyalist
elements.[3] For the following 3 months, Mazrak would carry out small
raids from his new headquarters in Surkot.[3] Government troops attempted
The initial uprising against to take Mount Almar in March 1944, but failed.[17]
the government in February
1944 was led by Mazrak Mazrak was forced to retreat into the hills following an attack by the
Zadran. Afghan government on 22 April 1944.[18] On 25 April, the Afghan
government dispatched 6 Hawker Hind aircraft[19] to Gardez[14] to deal
with the uprising, which returned on 21 June.[19] During that operation, the
Hind aircraft were focused on dropping leaflets and incendiary bombs.[19] No large explosives were
dropped, but there were several instances of hostile tribesmen being gunned down by the aircraft. 2-3
villages were said to have been destroyed by incendiary bombs during this time.[19] On request of the
Afghan government, the British Raj took precautions to prevent Waziri tribesmen from aiding Mazrak.[18]

During the period of 1 August to 31 October 1944, no major Afghan aerial operations against Mazrak were
undertaken, other than reconnaissance flights.[20] Around this time, Mazrak was subject to heavy
bombardment in British territory, where he was sheltered by local tribesmen, after which he retreated back
to Afghan territory.[21] During his brief stay in the British Raj, Mazrak was joined by Sultan Ahmed, a
rebel chieftain from Balochistan.[22] They were later joined by another rebel leader nicknamed Pak.[23]

In November 1944, the appearance of a mysterious Malang who posed as the brother of Amanullah
temporarily helped boost Mazrak's fortunes,[21] but lack of money with which to bribe the tribes caused the
failure of the movement, and Malang had disappeared into obscurity by March 1945.[21] By this time, the
situation of the Afghan government was the most critical since the Ghilzai rebellion of 1938 - their aerial
capacity was limited by a shortage in bombs, their resources were stretched between the southern and
eastern provinces, and the general population was discontented by high prices and a shortage of
commodities.[24] Further aerial operations against Mazrak, which included reconnaissance and bombing
runs, took place in the Kunar valley from 24 June to 31 October 1945.[25] Sultan Ahmad surrendered in
November that same year, and was returned to Balochistan in custody.[22] Despite Ahmad's surrender,
Mazrak continued to fight.[22] Ultimately, after 2 and a half years of resistance, Mazrak and his brother
Sher Muhd Khan surrendered to the Afghan government,[1] on 11 January 1947.[26]

Safi uprising
The Safi rose up in either 1944 or 1945.[27] It started when an order to arrest the Safi leaders - Sultan
Mohammad, Abdul Qadir, Mir Salam and Momoond Khan, came to the notice of Mir Salam who informed
the other leaders and managed to incite a general uprising at Davagal and Badil among others.[28] The
conflict began when Safi rebels ambushed and captured government troops intended to gather
conscripts.[29] On 24 June 1945, 4 aircraft were dispatched to Jalalabad to deal with the Safi.[25] Bombs
and incendiaries caused extensive damage to Safi villages.[25] One aircraft with 3 bombs, 1 vickers
machine gun and 1 Lewis gun was lost during operations against the Safis.[25] Among the villages bombed
were the villages of Pacheyano Banda and Tanar.[8] In one of the bombardments of the latter village, 11
members of a family were killed and the rest of the family members were unable to bury the dead in the
village graveyard due to the threat of further bombardment.[8] Instead they buried the dead in front of the
family home, where they remained as of 2011.[8] During this rebellion, it was rumoured among the Safi that
the government intended to ship women off to Kabul to become prostitutes.[30] Among the more
enthusiastic rebel fighters were younger men with more to gain and less to lose from fighting the
government.[31] The Safi elected a monarch of their own, named Salemai, as well as a Prime Minister
(Amanat Lewana) and a Minister of Defence (Amanul Mulk).[32]

Some contemporary British records reported that the three Bādshāh Guls (i.e. grandsons of the Akhund of
Swat) were active in support of the Kabul government while the Gul Şāḥib of Babra was secretly urging
his followers in Chaharmung and Bajaur to support the Safis. However, further evidence of this has not
been found.[13]

The Afghan government armed Nuristani and Shinwari tribesmen to fight the Safi.[9]

At one point in the rebellion, Safi rebels looted the government treasury in Chagha Serai.[33] Starting in late
August 1945, 1,500-2,000 Safi rebels besieged a 400-men strong government garrison at Kunar Khas.[24]
This siege lasted 14 days, with the Safi being unable to capture Kunar Khas due to the Afghan air force
supplying the settlement with food and ammunition.[25] Had the Safi been able to capture Kunar Khas, that
may have resulted in the collapse of government control in the eastern province.[24] By the end of October,
most of the Safis, except for a few die-hards had come to terms with the Afghan government.[23] This
peace agreement included among other things the abandonment or postponement of Safi conscription.[23]
Aerial operations against the Safis in the Kunar valley ended in early November.[34] In either 1945 or 1946,
the Safi leaders, Shahswar, Said Muhd, Salim Khan and Allahdadd Khan fled to Mohmand tribal territory
in the British Raj.[35]

An oral account from 1983 described the revolt as follows:[36]

I think the Safi War [safi jang] was in 1945. It continued for a year and stopped in the winter
of 1946. The government secretly planted some paid spies among the people. Approximately
five hundred families were exiled after the war. I remember. They brought lorries. I was still
small, and I was very happy that I would see a new world. The adult men and some of the
women were crying. This exile suddenly came upon our family. I was just small, and I heard
that my father had come. He had been in prison along with my uncle. Just one of my uncles
was at home. One of my brothers was at the military high school. People arrived - all of a
sudden. We heard. One or two people said, “Look!” They were all wearing normal country
clothes - not uniforms. I thought that people were coming, and it was announced that my father
had been released from prison. My father would be back home with us the next day. I was
happy. [It was as though] the Jeshen (Independence Day) celebrations had begun. I was very
happy. They were all armed, and as soon as they had come, they suddenly captured my family.
Two or three hundred people, all dressed in civilian clothes, all are with the government, they
captured us and said, “In the morning, you will be leaving."
On 23 November 1946, Mohammed Dauod Khan gave the remaining Safi peace terms, which included the
return of rifles and small arms ammunition captured from government troops, the surrender of Shahswar,
Said Muhd, Salim Khan and Allahdadd Khan, the sale of grain to the government at reasonable rates, and
the despatch of Safi youths to Kabul for education.[35] It is unclear if the Safi accepted these terms,[35] but
all sources agree that the Safi uprising had subsided by the end of 1946.[27]

The events of this uprising are known as the Year of the Safi (Safi kal).[8]

Duration

The Safi uprising has received very little attention from scholars and researchers.[13] Among the few texts
that do discuss the revolt, there is disagreement about when it started and ended. The following table
summarizes different information provided by various texts.

Start
End date Work Author(s) Ref
date
Rebuilding Afghanistan's National Army [37]
1944 1945 Ali Jalali
(Journal of the US Army War College)
Afghanistan: Graveyard of Empires: A New [38]
1944 1946 David Isby
History of the Borderland

Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Frank Clements [39]

1945 1945
Encyclopedia Ludwig Adamec

Winter 1946
Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan David B. [36]
1945
(Duration: 1 year) Jihad Edwards

1945 1946 Islam and Politics in Afghanistan Asta Olesen [13]

Combat Studies [40]

1945 1946 Wanat : Combat Action In Afghanistan, 2008
Institute
The Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in [8]
1945 6 months after start Whit Mason
Inaction

1946 1946 Revolutions & Rebellions in Afghanistan Unknown [41]

British Documents on Foreign Affairs:

Paul Preston
Between February and May Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office [42]
? Michael
1946 Confidential Print:
Partridge
Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq, 1952

Mangal uprising

The Mangal tribe rose up in Gardez in June 1945.[43]

Role of aircraft

Afghanistan had obtained Hawker Hind aircraft from Britain, purchasing 8 aircraft in 1937 and an
additional 20 in 1939.[44] During the tribal revolts of 1944–1947, these would come in use as the Afghan
government used aircraft to drop leaflets, gun down tribesmen and drop incendiary bombs.
It was rumoured that on one occasion, Afghan aircraft accidentally
bombed and machine gunned government troops or allied tribal
levies, causing 40 casualties.[25] There were also a few minor
accidents at the Jalalabad airfield, but the aircraft did not incur
serious damage.[25] Two aerial officers, Muhd Anwar Khan (pilot)
and Abdul Vaqil Khan (observer) were killed in the operations,
while another aerial officer, a pilot, fell into the hands of the rebels
in the Mazar or Pech Daras, where he was knifed in the back and
had his throat cut, but survived after local villagers found him
laying unconscious near his aircraft and tended to his wounds.[25]
Afghan Hawker Hind aircraft.
An incomplete list of aerial reconnaissance operations of note is
listed below.[25]

Start End Duration (in Aircraft

Destination Notes Ref
Date Date days) involved
1944- 1944- [19]
2 Khost 1
06-05 06-06
1944- 1944- 0.083 (2 [19]
Khost 3
07-02 07-02 hours)
1944- 1944- 0.083 (2 [19]
Khost 9
07-17 07-17 hours)
1945- 1945- [25]
3 Matun 1
04-15 04-17
1945- 1945- [25]
1 Matun 1
05-08 05-08
1945- 1945- [25]
2 Matun 1
10-03 10-04
1945- 1945- [25]
1 Matun 1
10-07 10-07
1945- 1945- [25]
1 Matun 1
10-09 10-09
1945- 1945- 2 aircraft returned on 14 October, the last [25]
3 Matun 3
10-13 10-15 returned on 15 October.

Leading figures

Afghan government
Mohammed Zahir Shah (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the king of Afghanistan
during the revolts.
Mohammed Daoud Khan (18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was commander of the central
forces during the revolts. He led Afghan forces against the Safi.[39]
Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884 – 26 October 1953) was prime minister of Afghanistan
during the revolts, until 9 May 1946.
Shah Mahmud Khan (1890 – 27 December 1959) was prime minister of Afghanistan during
the revolts, from 9 May 1946.
British Empire
Archibald Wavell (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was Viceroy and Governor-General of India
during this conflict.

Zadran tribe
Mazrak Khan Zadran (fl. 1900s – 1972) was the tribal chief of the Zadran tribe, which he led
in revolt from February 1944 until his surrender on 11 January 1947.
Sher Muhd Khan (fl. 1925 – 1947) was one Mazrak Zadran's brothers. He surrendered
alongside Mazrak on 11 January 1947.[1]
Said Akbar Babrak (b. 1921 or 1922 – d. 16 October 1951) was another of Mazrak Zadran's
brothers. He was a minor leader in this rebellion.[45]
Sultan Ahmad (fl. 1944 – 1945) was a Balochi chieftain who joined Mazrak. He
surrendered in November 1945, and was returned to Balochistan in custody.[22]
Abdurrahman[46] (nickname Pak,[46] fl. 1945) was a rebel leader who joined Mazrak.
British records describe him as a "hardy perennial" and state that he had "inevitably" joined
Mazrak.[23]
British records mention a "mysterious Malang" who posed as the brother of Amanullah and
temporarily helped boost Mazrak's fortunes.[21] A lack of money with which to bribe the tribes
was stated to have caused the failure of the movement, and Malang had disappeared into
obscurity by March 1945.[21]

Safi tribe
Salemai (fl. 1940s) was the Safi king.
Amanat Lewana (fl. 1940s) was the Safi prime minister.
Amanul Mulk (died c. 2011) was the Safi minister of defence.
Shahswar (fl. 1940s) was the Safi minister.
Mir Azam Khan (fl. 1940s) was one of the leaders of the Safi revolt.
Sultan Mohammad (fl. 1940s) was one of leaders of the revolt.[47] According to the account
of the University of Peshawar, he was one of the leaders who began the uprising after being
informed of his impending arrest.[47] However, according to David B Edwards, he was
initially neutral and only joined after Mohammed Daoud Khan insulted him in a personal
meeting.[48] He was captured by Afghan forces and was sentenced to death, but Zahir Shah
gave him clemency.[48] David B Edwards dedicated significant parts of Before Taliban:
Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad and Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan
Frontier to covering Sultan Mohammad's life, as well as those of his children.
Abdul Qadir, Mir Salam and Momoond Khan (fl. 1940s) were, according to the account of
the University of Peshawar, three rebel leaders who began the uprising after being informed
of their impending arrest.[47]
Said Muhd, Salim Khan and Allahdadd Khan (fl. 1946) were three Safi rebel leaders who
had fled to the British Raj by November 1946.[35]

Mangal tribe
The leaders of the Mangal uprising are unknown.
Other rebel leaders, roles unclear
Faqir Ipi (Ghazi Mirzali Khan Wazir; 1897 – 16 April 1960) was a rebel leader who fought
alongside the rebels.[46]
Ghilzai Malang (fl. 1945) was named by British records as an "outlaw" who was a threat to
the Afghan government.[49] It is unclear if he is related to the "mysterious Malang".
Pak Malang (fl. 1945) was named by British records as an "outlaw" who was a threat to the
Afghan government.[49] It is unclear if he is related to Abdurrahman, who was nicknamed
Pak.
Abdur Rahim Khan (b. 1886), an ex-governor of Herat, was arrested in January 1946 for
suspected complicity in the Safi revolt,[50] together with his son-in-law,[50] the Persian poet
Khalilullah Khalili.[51] He was released in 1948.[50]

Aftermath
With the defeat of the Safi and the surrender of Mazrak in late 1946 and January 1947 respectively, the
revolts had come to a close. Hundreds of Safi were killed in the revolts,[8] and following their defeat, the
Kunar valley was ethnically cleansed of Safi Pashtuns.[38] Other Safis, around 500 families,[36] were exiled
to Herat, Kabul or to Sholgara District.[8]

Veterans of the Afghan army who fought against the Safi were awarded the Royal Medal for the
Suppression of the Rebellion in Kunar Province. The silver medal bears an inscription and is dated ‘١٣٢٤’
(AH1324 = AD1945). It is very rare.[52]

The tribal revolts of 1944–1947 influenced Afghanistan to take a pro-Pakistan stance during the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1947–1948. A pro-India stance in this case would necessitate stopping Pashtuns from
joining Pakistan's war against India, which was expected to cause a resurgence in rebel activity when the
government was hoping to focus on national reform.[53]

Some sources appear to state that a new conflict between the government and the Safi took place
somewhere between 1947 and 1949. These include a mention of a "recrudescence in Safi discontent" in a
British report dated 12 December 1947, which covered events from 1 May to 31 October 1947, although
this report provides very little information in regards to the scope of the "recrudescence".[54] The New
Cambridge History of Islam also mentions a revolt among the Safi lasting from 1947 to 1949.[55] An article
by Hafeez R. Khan from 1960, titled "Afghanistan and Pakistan", also briefly mentions a Safi revolt lasting
from 1948 to 1949 in a timeline of Afghan history.[56] The Sovietization of Afghanistan also mentions a
Safi revolt in December 1947, while placing its defeat as late as 1954.[57] Transition in Afghanistan: Hope,
Despair and the Limits of Statebuilding mentions "the putting-down of a Safi Pushtun revolt in 1947" as an
aside.[58] Besides the British document, none of these sources mention an earlier revolt in 1945 or
1946.[55][56][57][58] The Cambridge History also states that the Safi were defeated by Mohammed Daoud
Khan,[55] implying that Daoud reprised his role in quelling the Safi in a new conflict from 1947 to 1949.
However, Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia's biography of Daoud only mentions a single
Safi revolt in 1945, which he quelled during his office as Commander of the Central Forces, which he held
from 1939 to 1947.[39] It should also be noted that it's very common for authors writing about the 1945 Safi
revolt to give different start and end dates.[27]

References
1. Yapp, Malcolm (2001). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the
foreign office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947.
 Afghanistan, Persia and Turkey, january 1947-december 1947 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ). University Publications of America. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-55655-
765-1.
2. Jones, Seth; Muñoz, Arturo (2010). "Afghanistan's Local War" (https://www.rand.org/content/
dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1002.pdf) (PDF). rand.org. National Defense
Research Institute. pp. 41, 42.
3. The Assassination of Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan: Report of the Commission of Enquiry (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=VFdQAQAAMAAJ). Manager of Publications. 1952. p. 11.
4. Edwards, David B. (9 May 2017). Caravan of Martyrs: Sacrifice and Suicide Bombing in
Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=YNE8DgAAQBAJ). Univ of California
Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-520-29479-0.
5. "Глава XXXVIII. Восстание Пуштунских Племен 1944–1945 ГГ. В" (https://scibook.net/stra
n-azii-istoriya/xxxviii-vosstanie-pushtunskih-plemen-1944-1945-38755.html). scibook.net.
Retrieved 29 April 2020. "В боях с сафи правительственные войска потеряли более 4
тыс. человек и начали отступление, переросшее в паническое бегство.

(English: In battles with safi, government troops lost more than 4 thousand people and
began a retreat that escalated into a stampede.)"
6. "Report on Afghan Air Force for the May/July quarter, 1944" (https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/8
1055/vdc_100038334404.0x000094). 21 December 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2019 –
via Qatar Digital Library.
7. Giustozzi, Antonio (2008). "Afghanistan: Transition Without End": 13. S2CID 54592886 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54592886).
8. Mason, Whit (14 April 2011). The Rule of Law in Afghanistan: Missing in Inaction (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=BsIwtyvv5EwC). Cambridge University Press. pp. 85, 86.
ISBN 978-1-139-49552-3.
9. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=biOdjgEO-IcC). University of California Press. pp. 144, 145.
ISBN 978-0-520-92687-5.
10. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=o7AwDwAAQBAJ). University of California Press. p. 103.
ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0.
11. Khan, Sarfraz; Ul Amin, Noor (Winter 2014). "The Contribution of Indian Muslims in
Developing Print Media and Spreading Enlightenment in Afghanistan (1870-1930)" (http://jo
urnals.uop.edu.pk/papers/05%20Sarfraz%20&%20Noor%20Ul%20Amin%20.pdf) (PDF).
Central Asia Journal. p. 130.
12. Muḥammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's
account of the 1929 Uprising (https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ). Markus
Wiener Publishers. ISBN 9781558761544.
13. Olesen, Asta (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=
70SHv0axVTwC). Psychology Press. pp. 196, 198. ISBN 978-0-7007-0299-2.
14. "Quarterly Report on the Afghan Air Force for the Period 1st February, 1944 to 30th April,
1944" (https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x0000a9). British
Legation, Kabul. 10 May 1944.
15. "Глава XXXVIII. Восстание Пуштунских Племен 1944–1945 ГГ. В" (https://scibook.net/stra
n-azii-istoriya/xxxviii-vosstanie-pushtunskih-plemen-1944-1945-38755.html). scibook.net.
Retrieved 29 April 2020. "Приглашение премьер-министра, как показали дальнейшие
события, не смогло успокоить пуштунские племена. За годы войны их вожди
неоднократно встречались с королем и Хашим-ханом, но не смогли добиться
удовлетворения своих просьб. Пуштуны уже не верили афганскому правительству. В
результате в 1944 г. в Юго-Восточном Афганистане началось мощное
антиправительственное восстание.

Первыми выступили воинственные вазиры. В декабре 1943 г. они послали в Кабул

своих представителей для переговоров с Хашим-ханом. Как и следовало ожидать, эта
поездка закончилась безрезультатно. Тогда в феврале 1944 г. горцы ограбили
государственные склады с зерном в районе г. Ургуна3.

Эта акция послужила сигналом к мятежу соседних племен. Вслед за вазирами

восстало многочисленное и хорошо вооруженное племя джадран, для которого
торговля лесом и дровами с Индией была традиционным промыслом. В начале
февраля 1944 г. командир пограничного отряда Таза Гуль попы тался с несколькими
жандармами перехватить один джадранский караван с дровами. В ходе перестрелки
он и несколько пограничников были убиты.

(English: The invitation of the Prime Minister, as subsequent events showed, could not
reassure the Pashtun tribes. During the war years, their leaders met repeatedly with the king
and Hashim Khan, but could not achieve the satisfaction of their requests. The Pashtuns no
longer believed in the Afghan government. As a result, in 1944, a powerful anti-government
uprising began in Southeast Afghanistan.

The first to make warlike vazirs. In December 1943, they sent their representatives to Kabul
for negotiations with Hashim Khan. As expected, this trip ended in vain. Then, in February
1944, the mountaineers robbed state warehouses with grain in the area of the city of Urgun3.

This action served as a signal for the rebellion of neighboring tribes. Following the Wazir, a
large and well-armed Jadran tribe revolted, for which the trade in timber and firewood with
India was a traditional trade. In early February 1944, the commander of the border
detachment Taza Gul priests with several gendarmes he intercepted one Jadran caravan
with firewood. During the shootout, he and several border guards were killed.)"
16. Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Yapp, Malcolm (1997). British Documents on Foreign
Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern Affairs,
January 1944-June 1944 (https://books.google.com/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ). University
Publications of America. p. 141. ISBN 9781556556715. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190814121922/https://books.google.nl/books?id=jjyQAAAAMAAJ) from the original on
14 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
17. "Глава XXXVIII. Восстание Пуштунских Племен 1944–1945 ГГ. В Афганистане" (https://s
cibook.net/stran-azii-istoriya/xxxviii-vosstanie-pushtunskih-plemen-1944-1945-38755.html).
18. "Report for the Month of April 1944 for the Dominions, India, Burma, and the Colonies and
Mandated Territories" (https://archive.org/details/cab-66-50_British_War_Cabinet_Empire_R
eport/page/n5). Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs. 25 May 1944. p. 6. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20190814121934/https://archive.org/details/cab-66-50_British_War_C
abinet_Empire_Report) from the original on 14 August 2019.
19. Lancaster, Alexander (15 August 1944). "Quarterly Report of the Afghan Air Force for the
period 1st May to 31st July 1944" (https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.
0x00009a). British Legation, Kabul.
20. Lancaster, Alexander (1944). "Quarterly Report on the Afghan Air Force for the period 1st
August to 31st October 1944" (https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x0
00086). India Office. p. 1.
21. Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Yapp, Malcolm (1997). British Documents on Foreign
Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Eastern affairs, July
1944-March 1945 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-D6QAAAAMAAJ). University
Publications of America. p. 348. ISBN 9781556556715.
22. Yapp, Malcolm (2001). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the
foreign office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947.
Afghanistan, Persia and Turkey, january 1947-december 1947 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ). University Publications of America. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-55655-
765-1.
23. Yapp, Malcolm; Preston, Paul; Patridge, Michael; Office, Great Britain Foreign (1999). British
documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print.
From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East (https://books.google.com/books?id=qXSQ
AAAAMAAJ). University Publications of America. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-55655-765-1.
24. Yapp, Malcolm; Preston, Paul; Patridge, Michael; Office, Great Britain Foreign (1999). British
documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print.
From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East (https://books.google.com/books?id=qXSQ
AAAAMAAJ). University Publications of America. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-55655-765-1.
25. Lancaster, Alexander (15 November 1945). "Afghan Air Force – Half Yearly Report" (https://
www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000060). India Office. pp. 2, 3, 4, 5.
Retrieved 16 August 2019.
26. Malik, Murtaza (1 January 2002). The Curtain Rises: Uncovered Conspiracies in Pakistan,
Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=nJHaAAAAMAAJ). Royal Book Company.
p. 38. ISBN 978-969-407-271-5. "Eventually, he and his family surrendered to the Political
Agent North Waziristan on January 11, 1947."
27. See Duration
28. Central Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmc5AAAAIAAJ). University of Peshawar.
1979. p. 21.
29. Ahmed, Akbar (27 February 2013). The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror
Became a Global War on Tribal Islam (https://books.google.com/books?id=n_YMKlVfFLkC).
Brookings Institution Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-8157-2379-0.
30. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=o7AwDwAAQBAJ). University of California Press. p. 319.
ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0.
31. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=o7AwDwAAQBAJ). University of California Press. pp. 163, 164.
ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0.
32. Edwards, David B. (9 May 2017). Caravan of Martyrs: Sacrifice and Suicide Bombing in
Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=YNE8DgAAQBAJ). Univ of California
Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-520-29479-0.
33. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=o7AwDwAAQBAJ). University of California Press. p. 158.
ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0.
34. "Half Yearly Report on the Afghan Air Force for the period 1st November 1945 to 30th April
1946" (https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x00004e). India Office. 11
May 1946. p. 4.
35. Yapp, Malcolm (2001). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the
foreign office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Near and Middle-East 1947.
Afghanistan, Persia and Turkey, january 1947-december 1947 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=cHeQAAAAMAAJ). University Publications of America. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-55655-
765-1.
36. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=o7AwDwAAQBAJ). University of California Press. p. 100.
ISBN 978-0-520-22861-0.
37. Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College (https://books.google.com/books?id=l1tKf
YyVWFwC). U.S. Army War College. 2002. p. 86.
38. Isby, David (15 July 2011). "Chronology". Afghanistan: Graveyard of Empires: A New History
of the Borderland (https://books.google.com/books?id=H-M1CgAAQBAJ). Pegasus Books.
ISBN 978-1-68177-007-9.
39. Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical
Encyclopedia (https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C). ABC-CLIO. p. 67.
ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.
40. Institute, Combat Studies (15 August 2014). "Chapter 1 - Historic and Campaign
Background of the Waygal Valley". Wanat : Combat Action In Afghanistan, 2008 [Illustrated
Edition] (https://books.google.com/books?id=BBBwCwAAQBAJ). Pickle Partners
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78289-494-0.
41. Revolutions & Rebellions in Afghanistan (https://books.google.com/books?id=KHlC6FP7yls
C). Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 1984. ISBN 978-0-
87725-157-6.
42. Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael (2006). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and
Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Persia, Turkey and Iraq,
1952 (https://books.google.com/books?id=BNCPAAAAMAAJ). LexisNexis. p. 28. ISBN 978-
0-88692-720-2.
43. Давыдов, Александр Давыдович (1967). Аграрный строй Афганистана: основные
этапы развития (https://books.google.com/books?id=r3xMAAAAIAAJ) (in Russian).
Наука; Глав. ред. восточной лит-ры. p. 159. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201908
14121909/https://books.google.nl/books?redir_esc=y&id=r3xMAAAAIAAJ) from the original
on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019. "Причем, как сообщала газета «Ислах» от 23
июня 1938 г., вожакам повстанцев была обещана поддержка со стороны британских
империалистов. Правительству стоило немалого труда подавить мятежников. В мае
1944 г. в районе Гардеза вспыхнуло восстание афганцев-дзадранов, возглавленное
Замрак-ханом", а в июне 1945 г. в этом же районе восстали афганцы-мангаль ***. В
конце июня — начале июля 1945 г. подняли вооруженный мятеж сафи и другие
афганцы долины Кунара 149. Важнейшую роль во всех этих антиправительственных
выступлениях сыграли местные реакционные ханы, использовавшие широкое
недовольство афганского крестьянства на почве массового разорения, обезземелива.
ния, потери скота. В значительной мере благодаря влиянию ханов восставшие
выдвигали старые лозунги защиты традиционных прав и привилегий, которыми
издревле пользовались афганцы в пограничных районах. Они требовали от
правительства налоговых льгот, прекращения рекрутских наборов в армию, отказа от
полного разоружения населения 159.

(English: Moreover, as the Islakh newspaper reported on June 23, 1938, the leaders of the
rebels were promised support from the British imperialists. The government cost a lot of work
to suppress the rebels. An uprising of Dzadran Afghans led by Zamrak Khan broke out in the
region of Gardez in May 1944, and in June 1945, an Afghan mangal revolted in the same
area. *** An armed rebellion was raised in late June and early July 1945. safi and other
Afghans in the Kunar valley 149. The local reactionary khans played an important role in all
these anti-government protests, using the widespread discontent of the Afghan peasantry on
the basis of mass devastation, landlessness, and loss of livestock. rye slogans protect the
traditional rights and privileges anciently enjoyed Afghans in the border areas. They
demanded that the government tax incentives, termination recruiting the army, the refusal of
the total population of disarmament 159.)"
44. Simpson, Andrew (2013). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [BAPC 82]" (http://www.rafmuseum.org.u
k/documents/collections/69-A-104-Afghan-Hind.pdf) (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum.
Retrieved 24 November 2018.
45. State, United States Department of (1977). Foreign Relations of the United States:
Diplomatic Papers (https://books.google.com/books?id=-uotAAAAYAAJ). U.S. Government
Printing Office. p. 1995.
46. Hill, George (15 November 2013). "Chapter 3, the trip (Bibliography near end of the book)".
Proceed to Peshawar: The Story of a U.S. Navy Intelligence Mission on the Afghan Border,
1943 (https://books.google.com/books?id=TzRlAgAAQBAJ). Naval Institute Press.
ISBN 9781612513287. "Engert letter to State Department, 15 July 1944, says that the rebel
leader Abdurrahman, known as "Pak," was next in importance to the faqir of Ipi."
47. Central Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmc5AAAAIAAJ). University of Peshawar.
1979. p. 21.
48. Edwards, David B. (2 April 2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=biOdjgEO-IcC). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-
92687-5.
49. Lancaster, Alexander (15 November 1945). "Afghan Air Force – Half Yearly Report" (https://
www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x000062). India Office. p. 5. Retrieved
16 August 2019.
50. Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael (2008). British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and
Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Afghanistan, Turkey, Persia, Iraq and
Levant 1954 (https://books.google.com/books?id=INiPAAAAMAAJ). LexisNexis. pp. xl.
ISBN 978-0-88692-720-2.
51. Reddy, L. R. (2002). Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era? (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=NubtDf2T3cAC). APH Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-81-7648-319-3.
52. "Royal Medal for the Suppression of the Rebellion in Kunar Province, AD1945" (http://www.
medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=1380). medal-medaille.com.
Retrieved 1 August 2020.
53. Leake, Elisabeth (2017). The Defiant Border: The Afghan-Pakistan Borderlands in the Era of
Decolonization, 1936–65 (https://books.google.com/books?id=EUulDQAAQBAJ).
Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-107-12602-2.
54. "Half Yearly Report on the Afghan Air Force for the period 1st May to 31st October 1947" (htt
ps://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100038334404.0x00000a). Qatar Digital Library. 12
December 1947. p. 1. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
55. Robinson, Francis (4 November 2010). The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 5, The
Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance (https://books.google.com/books?id=l3hhB
AAAQBAJ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316175781. "In addition, tension
between the government and the Bānki Millī group and the Ṣāfī Pashtūn tribal revolt (1947–
9) in Nangarhār Province brought Muḥammad Dāʾūd, who brutally suppressed it, to national
attention."
56. Khan, Hafeez R. (1960). "Afghanistan and Pakistan". Pakistan Horizon. 13 (1): 55.
ISSN 0030-980X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-980X). JSTOR 41392239 (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/41392239). "1933: Siege of Matun, the capital of the Afghan province of
Khost, by the Mohmands. 1937: Uprising of the Mohmands, the Shinwaris and the Sulayman
Khel section of the Ghilzais. 1938: Abortive tribal movement under the Shami Pir to oust
King Zahir Shah. 1948-49: Rebellion of the Safi tribes. 1955: Abortive tribal movement on
Kabul"
57. Majrūḥ, Bahāʼ al-Dīn; Majrooh, S. B. (1986). The Sovietization of Afghanistan (https://books.
google.com/books?id=NLDGAAAAIAAJ). Afghan Jehad WorksTranslation Centre. p. 183.
58. Maley, William (17 April 2018). "Chapter 2 - The unravelling of Afghanistan". Transition in
Afghanistan: Hope, Despair and the Limits of Statebuilding (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=0SFWDwAAQBAJ). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38976-1.

External links
Глава XXXVIII. Восстание Пуштунских Племен 1944–1945 ГГ. В Афганистане (https://sci
book.net/stran-azii-istoriya/xxxviii-vosstanie-pushtunskih-plemen-1944-1945-38755.html)
(Uprising of the Pashtun tribes 1944–1945, In Russian)

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