A PERSON IS REQUIRED BEFORE HE organization to ensure that desired results are

HOLDS HIMSELF OUT TO THE PUBLIC achieved.

AS CRIMINOLOGIST TO PASS AN MANAGEMENT - the process of directing and
EXAMINATION GIVEN BY THE BOARD facilitating the work of people organized in
OF EXAMINERS FOR formal groups in order to achieve objectives.
CRIMINOLOGISTS. Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower,
material,money,equipment, supplies and time).
THE EXAMINATION SHALL COVER HIERARCHY - represents the formal
THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS: relationship among superiors and subordinates
in any given organization. Serves as the
1. LAW ENFORCEMENT framework for the flow of authority downward
ADMINISTRATION and obedience upward, through the department.
A. POLICE ORGANIZATION AND AUTHORITY - the right to command and
ADMINISTRATION WITH POLICE control the behavior of employees in lower
PLANNING positions within an organizational hierarchy.
POLICE - one of the pillars of the criminal Must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles
justice system that has the specific responsibility rather than of individuals.
of maintaining law and order and combating
crime within the society. A particular position within the organization.
- comes from Latin "politia"-civil administration Carries the same regardless of who occupies that
which itself derives from the ancient Greek position.
police "city" MANAGEMENT/ADMINISTRATIVE
ADMINISTRATION - an organizational FUNCTIONS
process concerned with the implementation of 1. Planning
objectives and plans and internal operating 2. Organizing
efficiency. 3. Directing
ORGANIZATION - a group of persons 4. Controlling
working together for a common goal or 5. staffing
objectives. 6. Reporting
POLICE ORGANIZATION - a group of 7. Budgeting
trained personnel in the field of public safety
administration engaged in the achievement of PRINCIPLES OF EFFICIENT
goals and objectives that promotes the MANAGEMENT
maintenance of peace and order, protection of DIVISION OF WORK - work specialization
life and property, enforcement of the laws and can increase efficiency with the same amount of
the prevention of crimes. effort. AUTHORITY AND
ENFORCEMENT - means to compel RESPONSIBILITY- authority includes the
obedience to a law, regulation or command. right to command and the power to require
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY - pertains obedience. One can not have authority without
to an organization responsible for enforcing the responsibility.
laws. DISCIPLINE - necessary for an organization to
OBJECTIVES - refer to the purpose by which function effectively, however, the state of the
the organization was created. Refer to the goals disciplinary process depends upon the quality of
of the organization. its leaders.
SUPERVISION - means the act of watching UNITY OF COMMAND - subordinate should
over the work or tasks of the members of the receive orders from one superior only.
SCALAR CHAIN - the hierarchy of authority THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
is the order of ranks from the highest to the 1.  HOME RULE THEORY
lowest levels of the organization. Shows the - policemen are regarded as servants of the
vertical hierarchy of the organization which community, who rely for the efficiency of their
defines an unbroken chain of units from top to functions upon the express needs of the people.
bottom describing explicitly the flow of - policemen are civil servants whose key duty is
authority. the preservation of public peace and security.  
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS IN THE - policemen are regarded as state or servants of
POLICE ORGANIZATION the higher authorities
1. FUNCTIONAL UNITS - the people have no share or have little
BUREAU - the largest organic functional unit participation with the duties nor connection with
within a large department; comprised of several the police organization.
divisions.
DIVISION - a primary subdivision of a bureau. CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
SECTION - functional unit within a division 1. OLD CONCEPT
that is necessary for specialization. - police service gives the impression of being
UNIT - functional group within a section or the merely a suppressive machinery
smallest functional group within an - this philosophy advocates that the
organization. measurement of police competence is the
increasing number of arrests, throwing offenders
2. TERRITORIAL UNITS in detention facilities rather than trying to
POST - a fixed point or location to which an prevent them from committing crimes
officer is assigned for duty. 2. MODERN CONCEPT
ROUTE - a length of streets designated for - regards police as the first line of defense of the
patrol purpose, also called line beat. criminal justice system, an organ of crime
BEAT - an area designed for patrol purposes prevention
whether foot or motorized. - police efficiency is measured by the decreasing
SECTOR - an area containing two or more number of crimes
beat, route or post. - broadens police activities to cater to social
DISTRICT - a geographical subdivision of a services and has for its mission the welfare of
city for patrol purposes, usually with its own the individual as well as that of the community
station. in general.
AREA - a section or territorial division of a
large city each comprised of designated districts. EARLY POLICING SYSTEM
1. KIN POLICING
EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING - the family of the offended individual was
SYSTEM ORIGIN OF THE WORD expected to assume responsibility for justice
“POLICE” - the family of the victim was allowed to exact
POLITEIA – Greek word which means vengeance
government of the city 2. EGYPT
POLITIA – Roman word which means - ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them
condition of the state or government - created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force
POLICE – French word which was later whose duties include guarding of the tombs and
adopted by the English language apprehending thieves
- introduced the use of dogs as guards and
protectors. and come to the aid of the constable.
3. ROME
- created the first organized police force called MODERN POLICING SYSTEM
VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI 1) ENGLAND
(watchmen of the city), which had the primary a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men
task of firefighting and policing organized to arrest offenders.
- the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehending - organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate
thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and in London,in 1749 in London, England.
hunting down runaway slaves, and were on - the name was adopted from the name of the
occasion used to maintain order in the streets street where the office of Henry Fielding was
- the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes located.
and looked for disturbances of the peace while - when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he
they patrolled the streets was replaced by his blind brother, John Fielding
- created a special unit called PRAETORIAN b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT
GUARDS, a special force of guards used by 1829
Roman Emperors as the Emperors' personal - the law that created the first modern police
guards force in London England, called the
- as personal guards of the Emperor, their Metropolitan Police Service.
primary duty was to protect the Emperor from - this law was passed through the initiative of
assassination and other forms of attack against Sir Robert Peel, a member of the Parliament
the Emperor. - the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police
4. ENGLAND Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as the
a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL New Scotland Yard
PLEDGE SYSTEM SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father
- required all males aged 12 and above to join a of modern policing system.
group of nine to form a TYTHING
- members of the tything are called a 2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TYTHINGMEN a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
- a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten - created in 1845 in New York, USA
tythings - recognized as the first modern style
- the primary task of the things was to protect police department in the US.
their village from thieves and animals - the largest police force in the world
- tythings were later organized into SHIRES - modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service
- a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE of London
REEVE, which is the origin of the word b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
“sheriff” - the oldest police department in the US
- their duty was to apprehend offenders - the first night watch was established in Boston
b) PARISH CONSTABLES in 1631.
- a parish official charged with controlling - formally founded in May, 1854.
crimes AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the
- appointed to serve for one year Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his
- duties included organizing watchmen to guard contributions in the development of the field of
the gates criminal justice in the US
- during trouble, the watchman would raise a - author of the book, Police Administration,
“HUE AND CRY”, a call to arms where the rest which served as the basic guide in the
of the parish would stop what they were doing administration of the police organization in the
US - headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, President and who shall serve at the pleasure of
California. the President
- the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN THE Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING Secretaries
BRIG.GEN. RAFAEL CRAME - the first a) Undersecretary for Local Government
Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order
1917. - No retired or resigned military officer or police
COL. ANTONIO TORRES - the first Filipino official may be appointed as Secretary within
Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department one (1) year from date of retirement or
in 1935. resignation
COL. LAMBERT JAVALERA -  the first - the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of
chief of police of the Manila Police Department the National Police Commission
after the Philippine Independence from the  
United States of America in 1946 POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
DIR.GEN. CESAR NAZARENO - the first DILG
chief of the Philippine National Police. 1. Assist the President in the exercise of general
supervision over local governments;
HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE 2. Advise the President in the promulgation of
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND policies, rules, regulations and other issuances
LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990, RA on the general supervision over local
8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL governments and on public order and safety;
POLICE REFORM AND 3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and
REORGANIZATION ACT OF 1998 and RA other issuance's implementing laws on public
9708 order and safety, the general supervision over
local  governments and the promotion of local
A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE autonomy and community empowerment and
INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT monitor compliance thereof;
(DILG) 4. Provide assistance towards legislation
- formerly Department of Local Government regarding local governments, law enforcement
(DLG) and public safety; Establish and prescribe plans,
- reorganized under RA 6975 policies, programs and projects to promote
ORGANIZATION: - consist of: peace and order, ensure public safety and further
a) the Department proper strengthen the administrative, technical and
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG fiscal capabilities of local government offices
c) local government units (LGU) and personnel;
1) provincial governors 5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which
2) city and municipal mayors will meet local emergencies arising from natural
d) the National Police Commission and man-made disasters; Establish a system of
e) the Philippine Public Safety College coordination and cooperation among the
f) Philippine National Police citizenry, local executives and the Department,
g) Bureau of Fire Protection to ensure effective and efficient delivery of
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology basic services to the public;
- the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created 6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the
under RA 6975 performance of police functions, a police force
that is national in scope and civilian in allocation distribution and deployment,
character. recruitment, selection, promotion, and
retirement of personnel and the conduct of
RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH qualifying entrance and promotional
THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL examinations for uniformed members;
DEFENSE (DND) 2. Examine and audit, and thereafter
- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the establish standards for such purposes on a
Philippine (AFP) was in charge with external continuing basis, the performance,activities, and
security while the DILG was in charge with facilities of all police agencies throughout the
internal security country;
- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the 3. Establish a system of uniform crime
Philippines is now in charge with both internal reporting;
and external security with the PNP as support 4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and
through information gathering and performance compile statistical data for accurate assessment
of ordinary police functions. of the crime situation and the proper evaluation
of the efficiency and effectiveness of all police
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION units in the country;
- an agency attached to the DILG for policy 5. Approve or modify plans and programs on
coordination education and training, logistical requirements,
- shall exercise administrative control and communications, records,information systems,
operational supervision over the PNP. crime laboratory, crime prevention and crime
reporting;
VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM 6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the
"We envision the National Police Commission National Appellate Board, personnel
as a highly dynamic, committed and responsive administrative actions involving the demotion or
administering and controlling body, actively and dismissal from the service imposed upon
effectively facilitating the evolvement of a members of the Philippine National Police by
highly professional, competent, disciplined, the Chief of the Philippine National Police;
credible and trustworthy PNP" 7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the
Regional Appellate Boards, over administrative
MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM cases against policemen and over decisions on
"To administer and control the Philippine claims for police benefits;
National Police with the end in view of 8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms,
maintaining a highly professional, competent, equipment, and uniforms and, after consultation
disciplined, credible and trustworthy PNP” with the Philippine Heraldry Commission, for
insignia of ranks, awards, medals of honor;
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE 9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum
NAPOLCOM in matters pertaining to the discharge of its own
A. Exercise administrative control and powers and duties,and designate who among
operational supervision over the Philippine its personnel can issue processes and administer
National Police (PNP) which shall mean the oaths in connection therewith;
power to: 10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the
1. Develop policies and promulgate a police PNP on the established criteria for manpower
manual prescribing rules and regulations for allocation, distribution and deployment and their
efficient organization, administration, and impact on the community and the crime
operation, including criteria for manpower situation, and thereafter formulate appropriate
guidelines for maximization of resources and * from among the three regular commissioners
effective utilization of the PNP personnel; from the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson
11. Monitor the performance of the local chief shall be chosen
executives as deputies of the Commission; and * the Vice Chairperson shall act as the
12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies Executive Officer of the Commission
and irregularities. * refer to the organizational structure of the
NAPOLCOM
B. Advise the President on all matters involving
police functions and administration; IMPORTANT DATES IN THE HISTORY
OF MODERN PHILIPPINE POLICING
C. Render to the President and to Congress an 1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine
annual report of its activities and Commission established the Philippine
accomplishments during the thirty (30)days after constabulary on august 8, 1901.
the end of the calendar year,  which shall 1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was
include an appraisal of the conditions obtaining established at the sta.lucia barracks in
in the organization and administration of  police Intramuros on February 17, 1905.
agencies in the municipalities, cities and 1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was
provinces throughout the country, transferred to Baguio City.
and recommendations for appropriate remedial 1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was
legislations; renamed academy for officers of the Philippine
constabulary.
D. Recommend to the President, through the 1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier
Secretary, within sixty (60) days before the General Rafael Crame from Rizal Province,
commencement of each calendar year, a crime became the first Filipino chief of the Philippine
prevention program; and constabulary.
1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine
E. Perform such other functions necessary to constabulary was renamed Philippine
carry out the provisions of R.A. 6975, as Constabulary Academy.
amended, other existing laws and Presidential 1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy
issuance's, and as the President may direct. became the present day Philippine Military
Academy. 
COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM 1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the
1. One chairperson existing and organized national police force of
2. Four regular commissioner the country pursuant to commonwealth act no.
3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO no. 389 dated
NOTE: December 23, 1950. This decree integrated local
* shall serve a term of office of six (6) years police forces into the Philippines constabulary
without reappointment or extension operational and organizational set up.
* three of the four regular commissioners shall 1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police
come from civilian sector and not former act of 1966. This law also created the Police
members of the police or military Commission (POLCOM).
* the fourth regular commissioner shall come 1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the
from the law enforcement sector either active or National Police Commission.
retired 1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called
* at least one (1) of the four regular the Police Integration Law of  1975. The
commissioners shall be a woman Integrated National Police was established with
the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus under are planning, research, budgeting and legal
the Department of national Defense. The advice
NAPOLCOM, originally under the office of the 3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
President was transferred to the Ministry of - functions involving the logistical operations of
National defense. the organization
1985 - The National Police Commission was - examples are training, communication,
returned to the office of the President pursuant maintenance, records management, supplies and
to E.O 1040. equipment management
1989 - Executive order 379 placed the
Integrated national Police directly under the ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE
command, supervision and control of the ORGANIZATION
President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM 1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
with the powers of administrative control and - those that perform primary or line functions
supervision over the Integrated National Police. - examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and
1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, vice control,
1990 establishing the Philippine National Police 2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
under a reorganized Department of the Interior - those that perform the administrative functions
and Local Government (DILG). A new National examples are personnel, finance, planning and
Police Commission was created under the training.
DILG. 3. SERVICE UNITS
1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on - those that perform auxiliary functions
February 25, 1998, otherwise known as the - examples are communication, records
Philippine National Police reform and management, supplies.
reorganization act of 1998. This act
strengthened and expanded NAPOLCOM,s ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
authority over the PNP to include administration - the systematic arrangement of the relationship
of police entrance examination and conduct pre- of   the members, positions, departments and
charge investigation against police anomalies functions or work of the organization
and irregularities and summary dismissal of - it is comprised of functions, relationships,
erring police members. responsibilities and authorities of individuals
within the organization
FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE
ORGANIZATION KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL
1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES
- functions that carry out the major purposes of 1. LINE
the organization, delivering the services and - the oldest and simplest kind; also called
dealing directly with the public military
- the backbone of the police department - defined by its clear chain of command from
- examples of the line functions of the police are the highest to the lowest and vice versa
patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation - depicts the line functions of the organization
2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE - orders or commands must come from the
FUNCTIONS higher l level of authority before it can be
- functions that are designed to support the line carried out
functions and assist in the performance of the - involves few departments
line functions 2. FUNCTIONAL
- examples of the staff functions of the police - structure according to functions and
specialized units 3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- depicts staff functions of the organization - conferring of an amount of authority by a
- responsibilities are divided among authorities superior position to a lower-level position.
who are all accountable to the authority above. 4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
3. LINE AND STAFF - the relationship between superiors and
- a combination of the line and functional kind subordinates
- combines the flow of information from the line - serves as the framework for the flow of
structure with the staff departments that service, authority downward and obedience upward
advise, and support them through the
- generally more formal in nature and has many   department
departments HIERARCHY - represents the formal
relationship among superiors and subordinates
ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOUR in any given organization
PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN 5. SPECIALIZATION
ORGANIZATION - the assignment of particular personnel to
1. AUTHORITY particular tasks
- the supreme source of government for any SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF
particular organization SPECIALIZATION)
- the right to exercise, to decide and to - the designation of certain activities or tasks as
command by virtue of rank and position ones that must be performed in a highly.
2. MUTUAL COOPERATION   technological, scientific or precise manner
- an organization exists because it serves - areas of police specialization include
a purpose. undercover works, crime scene operations, legal
3. DOCTRINE advising, computer work, SWAT operations and
- provides for the organization’s objectives others
- provides the various actions, hence, policies, SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE
procedures, rules and regulations of the org. are (SPECIALISTS)
based on the statement of doctrines - the designation of particular persons as having
4. DISCIPLINE expertise in a specific area of work
- comprising behavioral regulations - signifies the adaptation of an individual to the
requirements through extensive training
ELEMENTS OF POLICE 6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
ORGANIZATION - the arrangement of officers from top to bottom
1. UNITY OF COMMAND on the basis of rank or position and authority.
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN 7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the - dictates that immediate commanders shall be
execution of orders responsible for the effective supervision and   
2. SPAN OF CONTROL control.
- the maximum number of subordinates that a
superior can effectively supervise BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPAN OF POLICING SYSTEM
CONTROL:
a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors The institution of police in the Philippines
b) Nature of the job and work conditions formally started during the Spanish period. The
c) Complexity of task establishment of the police force was not
d) Education and skill of the employees entirely intended for crime prevention nor
peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as an ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for
extension of the colonial military establishment. the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.
ANCIENT ROOTS HENRY T. ALLEN - Captain of the 6th US
The forerunner of the contemporary police cavalry, a graduate of West Point class 1882.
system was the practice of barangay chieftains Father of the Philippine Constabulary.The first
to select able-bodied young men to protect their chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
barangay during the night and were not required ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police
to work in the fields during daytime.Among the Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.
duties of those selected were to protect the CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of
properties of the people in the barangay and police of the Manila Police Department in 1901.
protect their crops and livestock from wild ACT NO 255 – the act that renamed the Insular
animals. Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
enacted on October 3, 1901
SPANISH PERIOD EXECUTIVE ORDER 389 – ordered that the
CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD Philippine Constabulary be one of the four
PUBLICA – organized in 1712 for the purpose services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
of carrying the regulations of the Department of enacted on December 23, 1940.
State; this was armed and considered as the
mounted police; years after, this kind of police POST-AMERICAN PERIOD
organization discharged the duties of a port, RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police
harbor and river police. Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on
GUARDRILLEROS/CUARDILLO – this was September 8, 1966; created the Police
a body of rural police by the Royal Decree of 18 Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory
January 1836, this decree provided that 5% of agency to oversee the training and
the able-bodied male inhabitants of each professionalization of the local police forces
province were to be enlisted in this police under the Office of the President; later
organization for three years POLCOM was renamed into National Police
GUARDIA CIVIL – this was created by a Commission (NAPOLCOM).
Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12
February 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
Peninsular troops of their work in policing PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration
towns,it consisted of a body of Filipino Act of 1975,enacted on August 8, 1975;
policemen organized originally in each of the established the Integrated National Police (INP)
provincial capitals of the central provinces of composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor as the nucleus and the integrated local police
forces as components, under the Ministry of
AMERICAN PERIOD National Defense
The Americans established the United States - transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office
Philippine Commission headed by General of the President to the Ministry of National
Howard Taft as its first governor-general. On Defense
January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force
of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME
70of the Taft Commission. This has become the
basis for the celebration of the anniversary of EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1012 – transferred
the Manila’s Finest every January 9th. to the city and municipal government the
operational subdivision of the patrol operation bureau.
supervision and direction over all INP units 5.POST - Fixed geographic location
assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, usually assigned to an individual officer.
1985 6.SHIFT - one of several tours of duty.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1040 – transferred 7.BEAT - the primary subdivision of a
the administrative control and supervision of the sector.
INP 8.SECTOR - the primary geographic
from the Ministry of National Defense to the subdivision of a precinct.
National Police Commission 9.UNIT - subdivision of a section.
RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department 10.SQUAD - a subdivision of a unit.
of the Interior and Local Government Act of 11.DETAIL - a subdivision of a squad.
1990, enacted on December 13,1990; 12.SECTION - a primary subdivision of a
reorganized the DILG and established the bureau with a department wide
Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire responsibility for providing a specific
Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and specialized functions.
Penology and the Philippine Public Safety
College.
RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine
National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law
amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA
6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12
August 2009.
- An Act extending for five (5) years the
reglementary  period for complying with the
minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the
promotion system thereof,amending for the
purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and
RA 8551 and for other purposes.
                                                                
MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING:
1.ORGANIZE - it means planning the
work of the department and of the
personnel in an orderly manner.
2.OVERSEE - It means that the supervisor
ensures that the work that has been
organized and delegated is satisfactorily
completed.
3.DELEGATE - It means giving someone
else the responsibility and authority to do
something.
4.PRECINCT - the primary geographic
 large city each composed of designated
districts.
NOTE: BEAT - an area designated for patrol
MANDATORY PROMOTIONAL purposes whether on foot or motorized.
REQUIREMENT BUREAU - largest organic unit within a
1. Educational Attainment large department.
2. Time in Grade COMMANDING OFFICER- an officer
3. Eligibility who is in command of the department, a
4. Mandatory Training Requirement bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
5. Performance Evaluation Rating DEPARTMENT RULES - rules
6. Awards and Commendations Received established by department directors\
7. Clearances superiors to control the conduct of the
members of the police force.
MANDATORY TRAINING DISTRICT - a geographical subdivision of
REQUIREMENT a city for patrol purposes usually with its
1. SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT - own station.
GSC (General Staff Course, MNSA, or DIVISION - a primary subdivision of a
MPSA (Master in Public Safety bureau.
Administration) DUTY MANUAL - describes the
2. SUPERINTENDENT - OSEC procedures and defines the duties of
(Officer Senior Executive Course) officers assigned to specified post or
3. CHIEF INSPECTOR - Officer position.
Advance Course FORMAL ORGANIZATION - is defined
4. SENIOR INSPECTOR - Officer as those organizations that are formally
Basic Course established for explicit purpose of
5. INSPECTOR - Officer Candidate achieving certain goals.
Course FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION - The
6. SPO3 TO SPO4 - Senior Leadership functional responsibility of each functional
Course manager is limited to the particular activity
7. SPO1 TO SPO2 - Basic leadership over which he has control, regardless of
Course who performs the function.
8. PO2  TO  PO3 - Public safety Basic HENRY ALLEN - a captain, first chief of
Course the constabulary.
INFORMAL ORGANIZATION - are
Performance Evaluation Rating - made by those sharing the basic characteristic of all
supervisor twice a year. January to June, organizations arise through the social
July to December interactions of individuals or through
5 - Outstanding family grouping.
4 - Very Satisfactory LEAVE OF ABSENCE- period, which an
3 - Satisfactory officer is excused from active duty by any
2 - Fair valid reason, approved by higher authority.
1 - Poor LENGTH OF SERVICE- the period of
ADMINISTRATION OF POLICE time that has elapsed since the oath of
ORGANIZATION DEFINITION OF office was administered.Previous active
TERMS services may be included or added.
LINE ORGANIZATION -  is the simplest
AREA - a section or territorial division of a
and the oldest types of organization where designated for patrol purposes. 
responsibility extends in a direct line from SECTION - functional units within a
top to bottom within the structures and division.
authority is definite and absolute. SECTOR - an area containing two or more
LINE AND STAFF ORGANIZATION is beat, route, or post.
a combination of the line and functional SICK LEAVE - period which an officer is
types. excused from active duty by reason of
OFF DUTY - the nature of which the illness or injury.
police officer is free from specific routine SPECIAL DUTY - the police service, its
duty. nature, which requires that the officer be
ON DUTY - the period when an officer is excused from the performance of his active
actively engaged in the performance of his regular duty.
duty. SUPERIOR OFFICER- one having
ORDER – an instruction given by a supervisory responsibilities, either
ranking officer to a subordinate temporarily or permanently, over officers
ORGANIZATION - It is a form of human of lower rank.
association for the attainment of goal or SUSPENSION - a consequence of an act
objective. which temporarily deprives an officer from
PATROL OFFICER - is the backbone of the privilege of performing his duties as
the police department. result of violating directives or other
PD 765 - created the PC-INP. department regulations.
POLICE - is a branch of the criminal SWORN OFFICERS - all personnel of the
justice system that has the specific police department who have taken oath and
responsibility of maintaining law and order who posses the power to arrest.
and combating crime within the society. UNIT - functional group within a section;
POLICE ORGANIZATION - is a group or the smallest functional group within an
of trained personnel in the field of public organization.
safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of crimes. PATROL ORGANIZATION AND
POST - a fixed point or location to which OPERATION
an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection PATROL - from french patrouiller - to
or cross walk from traffic duty.It is a spot paddle, paw about, patrol.
location for general guard duty. - keep watch over an area by regularly
RANKING OFFICER- the officer who walking or traveling around or through it.
has the senior rank in a team or group. - a person or group of people sent to keep
RA 4864 - established Napolcom.Known watch over an area.
as police act of 1966. PATROL OFFICERS - are uniformed
RAFAEL CRAME - first filipini chief of officers assigned to monitor specific
the constabulary. geographical areas, that is to move through
REPORT - usually a written their areas at regular intervals looking out
communication unless otherwise specifies for any signs of problems of any kind.
to be verbal reports; verbalreports should
be confirmed by written communication. HISTORY OF PATROL
ROUTE - (line beat) a length of street 1. ANCIENT CHINA - law enforcement
was carried out by prefect. Prefects were
government officials appointed by local enforcement. The office of constable can
magistrates who reported to higher vary significantly in different jurisdiction.
authorities such as the governors who in 5. SPAIN - modern police in Europe has a
turn were appointed by head of state precedent in the Hermandus or
usually the emperor of the dynasty. (brotherhood) - peace keeping association
2. ANCIENT GREECE - publicly owned of individuals, a characteristic of municipal
slaves were used by magistrates as police.In life in medieval Spain. The first recorded
Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves case of the formation of the hermandad
(rod-bearers) was used to guard public occurred when the towns and the peasantry
meetings to keep order and for crowd of the north united to police the pilgrim
control and also assisted with dealing with road to Santiago de compostela in galicia
criminal, handling prisoners and making and protect the pilgrims against robber
arrests. knights.
3. ROMAN EMPIRE - the army rather 6. FRANCE - The first police force in the
than a dedicated police organization modern sense was created by the
provided security. Local watchmen were government of king Louis XIV in 1667 to
hired by cities to provide some extra police the city of Paris, then the largest city
security.Magistrates such as procurators, in Europe.
fiscals and quaestros investigated crime.    
Under the reign of Augustus, 14 wards 7. BRITAIN AND IRELAND - in
were created, the wards were protected by England, a system of sheriffs, reeves and
seven squads of 1000 men called vigiles investigative   juries to provide basic
who acted as  firemen and night watchmen. security and law enforcement.
Their duties included apprehending thieves SHERIFF - is a contraction of the term
and robbers and capturing run away slaves. "shire-reeve" - designated a royal official
The vigiles were supported by the urban responsible for keeping the peace through
cohorts who acted as a heavy duty riot out  a shire or county on behalf of the king.
force and praetorian guard if necessary. REEVE - a senior official with local
PRAETORIAN GUARD - bodyguards responsibilities under the crown. ex., chief
used by roman emperors. magistrate of a town or district.
URBAN COHORTS - were created by SHIRE - traditional term for a division of
Augustus to counter balance the enormous land in the UK and Australia.
power of the praetorian guard in the city of JURY - is a sworn body of people
Rome and serve as the police force. convened to render impartial verdict
VIGILES - (watchmen of the city) - were officially submitted to them by a court or to
the firefighters and police of ancient Rome. set a penalty or judgement.
WARD - a subdivision of a municipality. THIEF TAKER - a private individual
4. MEDIEVAL ENGLAND - the Anglo- hired to capture criminal.
Saxon system of maintaining public order BOW STREET RUNNERS - London's
since the Norman conquest was a private first professional police force.
system of tithing, led by a constable to HENRY FIELDING - a magistrate
enforce the law. educated at Elton college who founded the
TITHING - was a grouping of 10 Bow street runners originally numbered just
households. six.
CONSTABLE - is a person holding a STATUTE OF WINCHESTER - in 1285,
particular office most commonly in law obliged the authorities of every town to
keep a watch at the city gates and arrest all of the department and of the personnel in
suspicious night walkers. an orderly manner.
SIR ROBERT PEEL - prime minister of 2. DELEGATE - means giving someone
England from Dec. 1834 to April 1835 and else the responsibility and authority to do
again From Aug.1841 to June 1846. While something. The supervisor confers upon a
home secretary, help create the modern subordinate officer the same authority and
concept of the police force leading to responsibility that the supervisor possesses
officers being known as bobbies in England to accomplish the specific task The
and peelers in Ireland. supervisor remain responsible for the
PATRICK COLQUHOUN - (1745 - completion of the delegated task.
1820) - a Scottish merchant and a 3. OVERSEE - means that the supervisor
magistrate who founded the first regular ensures that the work that has been
preventive police force in England, the organized and delegated is satisfactorily
Thames river police. completed.
8. IN THE US - the first city police
services were established in Philadelphia in COMMUNITY POLICING - is the
1751, Boston 1838 and new york 1845. process by which an organized group of
AUGUST VOLLMER - first police chief citizens devoted a time to crime prevention
of Berkeley California. He is sometimes within a neighborhood. When suspecting
called the father of modern law criminal activities, members are encourage
enforcement in the US. to contact the authorities and not to
1. He was the first chief to require intervene.
that police officers attain college degrees. BEAT PATROL - the deployment of
2. First police chief to create a motorized officers in a given community, area or
force placing officers on   motorcycles and locality to prevent and deter criminal
cars so that they could patrol broader areas activity and to provide day to day services
with greater efficiency .     to the community.
3. He was also the first to use the lie STING OPERATIONS - organized
detector in police work. groups of detectives who deceived
O.W. WILSON - studied under August criminals into openly committing illegal
Vollmer. Became Chief of Police of the acts of conspiring to engage in criminal
Fullerton department. He also became chief activity.
of police of the Wichita police department. HOTSPOTS OF CRIME - the view that a
He introduced the following reforms and significant portion of all police calls in
innovations: cities typically radiate from a relatively few
requires new policeman to have college locations.
education.
use of police car for patrol, mobile radios MODELS OF POLICING
and use of a mobile crime laboratory. 1. NEIGHBORHOOD ORIENTED
he believe that the use of a two way radio POLICING - a philosophy of police
allowed better supervision of patrol suggesting that problem solving is best
officers. done at the neighborhood level, where
issues originate not at a far-off central
WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN TASK OF headquarters.
SUPERVISION? 2. PRO ACTIVE POLICING - aggressive
1. ORGANIZE - means planning the work law enforcement style in which patrol
officers take the initiative against crime by a witness.
instead of waiting for criminal acts to STOP AND FRISK - the situation in
occur. which police officers who are suspicious of
3. PROBLEM ORIENTED POLICING - an individual run their hands lightly over
a style of police management that stresses the suspects outer garments to determine if
proactive problem solving instead of the person is carrying a concealed weapon.
reactive crime fighting. Also called Inquiry of Pat Down.
4. COMMUNITY ORIENTED FOOT PATROL - police patrol that takes
POLICING - programs designed to bring officer out of cars and puts them in walking
the police and the public closer together beat to strengthen ties with the community.
and create more cooperative working EXCITED DELIRIUM - an overdose of
environment between them. adrenaline that can occur in heated
5. REACTIVE POLICING - the opposite confrontation with the police.
of Pro Active policing where the police
wait for crime to occur. * Patrol reduces crime by creating an 
impression of omnipresence.
BLUE CURTAIN - describes the secrecy RESPONDING TO CRIME - TOTAL
and insulation from others in society that is RESPONSE TIME IS COMPRISED OF
a consequence of the police subculture. FOUR DIMENSIONS.
CYNICISM - the belief that most peoples 1. DISCOVERY TIME - interval between
actions are motivated solely by personal the commission of the crime and its
needs and selfishness. discovery.
CIVILIAN REVIEW BOARD - ex. 2. REPORTING TIME - interval between
PLEB - organized citizen groups that the discovery of the crime and when it is
examine police misconduct. reported to the police.
WATCHMAN - style of policing 3. PROCESSING TIME - interval
characterized by an emphasis on between receiving the call and dispatching
maintaining public order. the officers for service.
FLEEING FELON RULE - the oldest 4. TRAVEL TIME - the amount of time it
standard relating to the use of deadly force. takes for the police to travel to the scene of
BEATS - designated police patrol areas. the crime.
INTERNAL AFFAIRS - unit that
investigates allegations of police THE PHANTOM EFFECT - "residual
misconduct. deterrence" most people believe that the
DEADLY FORCE - police killing of a police is present even when the are not in
suspect who resists arrest or presents a sight.
danger to an officer or the community.
BOOKING - the administrative record of SWORN DATE - the date that  a sworn
an arrest listing the offenders name, employee took the oath of office for their
address, physical description, date of birth, position.
time of arrest, offense and name of
arresting officer. It also include ADVANTAGES OF FOOT/BICYCLE
photographing and fingerprinting of the PATROL
offender. 1. Increased personal contact between the
LINE UP - placing a suspect in a group for police and citizen.
the purpose of being viewed and identified 2. Increased observation ability.
3. Increased ability to gather information
4. Economical WHAT AN OFFICER ON NIGHTTIME
PATROL SHOULD BE LOOKING
ADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED FOR
PATROL 1. broken glasses
1. Increased speed and mobility 2. open doors and windows
2. Increased conspicuousness 3. pry marks
3. Availability of additional equipment 4. suspicious vehicles
4. Increased transportation capability 5. persons on foot
5. Deceased response time 6. differences in normal lighting (on or Off)
6. Communications 7. unusual sounds
8. access to roof tops or upper floors
BASIC PREVENTIVE PATROL
METHODS UTILIZED BY AN
OFFICER
1. Frequent check and contact with business
premises B. INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
2. Frequent check of suspicious persons MANAGEMENT
3. Fluctuating patrol patterns ACTIVE SECURITY MEASURES 
4. Maintenance of visibility and personal 1. Physical Barriers
contact 2. Security lighting
5. Daily individual patrol and community 3. Vaults
action plan 4. Locks

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PASSIVE SECURITY MEASURES

BECOMING FAMILIAR WITH THE 1.Those that will deter man from committing
COMMUNITY such act for fear of being caught charged in
1. General population information court or get dismissed
2. Appropriate geographical information 2.Security education programs, investigation,
3. Recent criminal activity fire prevention seminars, personal security
4. Specific factors that may influence patrol checks.
functions COMPANY GUARD FORCE – (CGF) a
    ex. location of hospitals, high crime security force maintained and operated by any
areas, community habits. private company/corporation utilizing any of its
employees to watch, secure or guard its business
HOW TO PREPARE FOR A NORMAL establishment premises, compound or
PATROL SHIFT properties.
1. Gathering information through crime DUTY DETAIL ORDER - is a written
reports and briefings order/schedule issued by a superior officer
2. Gathering needed materials ex. report usually the private security agency/branch
forms, citation books manager or operations officer assigning the
3. Obtaining and checking equipment performance of private security/detective
4. Planning work around identified services duties.
priorities
5. Preparing daily patrol and community FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT
action plan UNSECURED CONDITIONS
1. THREATS - an activity that could lead to a No regular license shall be granted to any
loss. private security agency unless it has a minimum
2. HAZARDS - a condition that could lead to a of two hundred (200) licensed private security
loss. personnel under its employ.
3. VULNERABILITY - a weakness that can be
used to gain access an asset. No regular license shall be granted to any
4. RISK - a potential loss or damage to an asset. company guard force or private detective
agency unless it has a minimum of thirty (30)
GOVERNMENT GUARD UNIT – (GGU) a licensed private security personnel under its
security unit maintained and operated by any employ.
government entity other than military or police,
which is established and maintained for the The maximum number of private security
purpose of securing the office or compound personnel that a PSA/CGF/PDA may employ
and/or extension of such government entity. shall be one thousand (1000).
GOVERNMENT SECURITY PERSONNEL
– shall be natural persons which include PADPAO – Philippine Association of Detective
government security guards, detectives, security and Protective Agency Operators. Is an
consultants and security officers except those of association of all licensed security agencies and
the AFP, PNP, or BJMP  rendering or company security forces in the Philippines.
performing security and/or detective services as PERSON - shall include not only natural
employed by persons but also juridical persons such as
government entities. corporation, partnership, company or
LICENSE TO EXERCISE PROFESSION – association duly registered with the Securities
shall mean any document issued by the Chief, and Exchange Commission.
PNP or his duly authorized representative PHYSICAL BARRIER -  any structure or
recognizing a person to be qualified to perform physical device capable of restricting, deterring,
his duties as private security or training delaying, illegal access to an installation.
personnel. PNP - Philippine National Police, under the
LICENSE TO OPERATE – (LTO) is a DILG, organized pursuant to the provision of
License Certificate document, issued by the RA 6975 otherwise known as the National
Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly Police Act of 1991. The PNP shall exercise
authorized representative, authorizing a person general supervision over the operators of all
to engage in employing security guard or security agencies and guards.
detective, or a juridical person to establish, POWERS AND DUTIES OF A SECURITY
engage, direct, manage or operate an individual GUARD
or a private detective agency or private security 1. To watch and secure the property of the
agency/company security force after payment of client. Service shall not extend beyond the
the prescribed dues or fees. property or compound of client.
Exception:
NOTE: New applicants for license to operate a. Escort duties
shall be required to obtain a minimum b. Hot pursuit of criminal offenders
capitalization of one million pesos 2. Security Guard and Private Detective have no
(P1,000,000.00) with a minimum bank deposit police authority.
of five hundred thousand (P500, 000.00) pesos
in order to start its business operation. PRIVATE DETECTIVE - is any person who
does detective work for hire, reward or
commission, other than members of the Armed privated detective agency.
Forces of the Philippines, guards of the Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology, municipal or THE RULES ABOVE APPLIES TO A
city jail guards, and members of the Philippine PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY.
National Police or of any other law enforcement
agency of the government. PRIVATE SECURITY GUARD - (watchman)
shall include any person who offers or renders
QUALIFICATIONS OF A PRIVATE personal service to watch or secure either a
DETECTIVE residence, business establishment, or buildings,
1. Must be a Filipino citizen compounds, areas, or property,
2. Must be a high school graduate inspects/monitors bodily checks/searches
3. Must be physically and mentally fit individuals and/or baggage and other forms of
4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50 security inspection, physically/ manually or
years of age scientifically electronic, including but not
5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in height limited to, logging concessions and agricultural,
6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff: mining or pasture lands, transportation, for hire
disqualifications or compensation , or as an employee thereof,
a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from including any employee of the national or local
the AFP governments or agencies or instrumentality’s
b. Mental incompetent thereof and or government owned or controlled
c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs firm or corporations who is employed to watch
d. Habitual drunkard or secure government buildings, compounds,
7. Must not be convicted of any crime involving premises and other properties, other than
moral turpitude members of the Armed Forces of the
  Philippines, guards of the Bureau of Jail
PRIVATE DETECTIVE AGENCY - is any management and Penology, Municipal or City
person, who, for hire or reward or on jail guards, and members of the Philippine
commission, conducts or carries on or holds National Police or of any other law enforcement
himself or itself out as conducting or carrying agency of the Government.
on a detective agency, or detective service.
QUALIFICATIONS OF A SECURITY
NOTES: GUARD
1. All person used in a private detective work 1. Must be a Filipino citizen
must be licensed 2. Must be a high school graduate
2. All person employed solely for clerical or 3. Must be physically and mentally fit
manual work need no private detective license. 4. Must not be less than 21 nor more than 50
3. License (LTO) shall be displayed at all times years of age
in a conspicuous and suitable place in the 5. Must be at least 5 feet and 4 inches in height
agency office or headquarters of the agency and (RA 5487)
shall be exhibited at the request of any person 6. Must not be suffering from any of the ff:
whose jurisdiction is in relation with the disqualifications 
business of the agency or the employees thereof, a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from
or of the Chief of the PNP or his duly authorized the AFP
representative or any peace officer. b. Mental incompetent
4. The PNP shall exercise general supervision c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs
over the operation of all private detective and d. Habitual drunkard
7. Must have undergone a pre-licensing training offices in the implementation and enforcement
course of the Private Security Agency Law and any
8. Must not be convicted of any crime involving person related to such government employees
moral turpitude by affinity or consanguinity in the third civil
degree shall not hold any interest, directly or
MORAL TURPITUDE - A phrase used in indirectly in any security guard or watchman
Criminal Law to describe conduct that is agency.
considered contrary to community standards of 5. The extent of the security guard service being
justice, honesty, or good morals. Crimes furnished by the security agency shall not go
involving moral turpitude have an inherent beyond the compound and/or property of the
quality of baseness, vileness, or depravity with person or establishment contracting the security
respect to a person's duty to another or to service except when the security guards is
society in general. escorting big amount of money or valuables.
EXAMPLES OF CRIME INVOLVING 6. MAIN OFFICE - All agencies shall maintain
MORAL TURPITUDE a main office in their registered addresses.
1. Rape BRANCH OFFICES - may be established and
2. Forgery maintained in other provinces/ cities where the
3. Robbery security agency has deployed security guards.
4. Prostitution 7. RULES - Authority to operate outside
principal offices.
PRIVATE SECURITY GUARD AGENCY -  1. No new or moribund but previously licensed
any person, association, partnership, or private security agency shall be granted license
corporation, who recruits, trains, muster, to operate unless its business viability is
furnishes, solicits individuals or business firms, supported by evidence of assured clientele,
private or government-owned or controlled adequate capitalization and the like.
corporations to engage his service or those of its MORIBUND - (dying)(stagnant)(obsolescent)
watchmen. in terminal decline; lacking vitality or vigour.     
WHO MAY ORGANIZE A SECURITY
AGENCY 2. Private Security Agency operating at regions
1. Any Filipino citizen outside its main office shall be required to
2. Corporation register with the nearest Police Provincial Office
3. Partnership and shall submit an authenticated machine copy
4. Association of the following documents:
LIMITATIONS/DISQUALIFICATION/PRO a) License to Operate
HIBITIONS IN ORGANIZING A b) License of the FA’s to be issued
SECURITY AGENCY c) List of the officers and security guards
1. Security Agency must be 100% Filipino d) Appointment Order of Branch/Detachment
owned Manager (if any)
2. No person shall organize or have an interest 8. All applicants for license to operate shall be
in, more that security agency required to attend a private security
3. No agency shall offer, render or accept agency/company guard force operators and
services in gambling dens or other illegal management seminar/workshop.
business establishments or enterprises. 9. Prohibition on “KABIT SYSTEM” operators
4. Must not be an elective or appointive 1. No licensed security agency shall operate,
government employees who may be called upon promote and enter into an agreement of
on account of the functions of their respective “merger“ (kabit system) with any person or a
group of persons for the purpose of organizing a 2. Must be a College Graduate and/or No.3
branch unit or subsidiary under separate control below.
and ownership. Merger of security and detective 3. Must be a commissioned officer in the
agencies shall not be recognized without prior inactive service of the Armed Forces of the
approval from the SEC with respect to their Philippines
Articles of Incorporation and the DTI, with 4. Must be of good moral character
regards their business name. 5. Must have no previous record of any
2. Any of the following circumstances or a conviction of any crime or offense involving
combination thereof shall be considered prima- moral turpitude
facie evidence of the existence of “Kabit 6. Must not be suffering from any of the
System”. following disqualifications:
a) Maintaining a separate branch, unit or a. Dishonorably discharged or separated from
subsidiary office aside from the main office of the AFP
the agency situated within the same locality b. Mental incompetent
b) Receiving direct payments from the agency’s c. Addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs
clientele and issuing officials receipt of their d. Habitual drunkard
own distinct from that issued by the agency 7. Must have taken a course/seminar on
concerned industrial Security Management and/or must
c) Remitting directly Social Security System have adequate training or experience in security
premiums, Medicare contributions and other business (IRR)
premium for other policy insurance benefits
d) Existence of an agreement between the NOTE: One can not be a Commissioned officer
licensee and a branch manager thereof, whereby in the inactive service of the AFP unless college
the latter obligates himself to pay a certain graduate. The law used the word and/or.
percentage of his income to the former on the
condition that the control and supervision of the RA 5487 is a law. In case of conflict between
guards posted by said branch shall course on the the law and its implementing rules and
manager thereof and that the licensee shall be regulations promulgated by the chief PNP, The
exempt from liabilities/ obligations attendant to law shall prevail.
the operation of said branch.   
e) Keeping/maintaining separate payrolls for the PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY – shall
branch employees signed and/or approved by cover those in the legitimate business of
the branch manager only providing private security and detective
f) Absence of record of monthly income services.
remittances to the main office when said branch PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL – shall
is authorized to make collections from the be natural persons which include private
clients of the licensee security guards, private detectives, security
g) All other similar acts tending to show consultants, and security officers
separate and distinct rendering/performing security and/or detective
relationship/personality/ownership/ services as employed by private security
management. agencies and/or private firms.
PROTECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM - are
QUALIFICATIONS OF THE those measures taken by an installation or unit
OPERATOR/MANAGER OF A SECURITY to protect itself against sabotage, espionage or
AGENCY subversion. 
1. Must be at least 25 years of age RA 5487 - known as "The Private Security
Agency Law." 3. DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION
RESTRICTED AREA - is any area in which SECURITY - this involves the protection of
personnel or vehicles are controlled for reasons documents as classified papers from loss, access
of security. Restricted area is established to by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and
provide security for installation or facilities and compromise through disclosure
to promote efficiency of security operations and
economy in the use of security personnel. TWO INSTANCES WHEN  THE CHIEF
SAGSD - Security Agency and Guard PNP MAY DEPUTIZE ANY SECURITY
Supervision Division. SAGSD is under the PNP GUARD TO ASSIST THE PNP IN THE
Civil Security Group. PERFORMANCE OF POLICE DUTIES.
SECURITY - is the state or quality of being 1. In case of emergency
secured, freedom fromfear or danger;assurance; 2. In times of disaster or calamities
certainty. To secure is to make safe or be
protected. From the Greek word SECUROS TYPES OF SECURITY
which means safe, safety or secured. 1. INDUSTRIAL SECURITY - a type of
SECURITY GUARD - (watchman) Any security applied to business groups engaged in
person who offers or renders personal service to industries like manufacturing, assembling,
watch or secure either residential or business research and development, processing,
establishment, or both, or any building, warehousing and even agriculture. It may also
compound, or area including but not limited to mean the business of providing security.
logging concessions, agricultural, mining or 2. HOTEL SECURITY- a type of security
pasture lands for hire or compensation, or as an applied to hotels where its properties are
employee thereof. protected from pilferage, loss damage and the
SECURITY HAZARDS - is an act or function in the hotel restaurants are not
condition which results in a situation like a disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest
breach of the protection system and the themselves. This type of security employs house
subsequent loss or compromise of defense detectives, uniforms guard and supervisor and
information, company secret or damage to insures that hotel guests and their personal
personnel, property or facilities. effects are safeguarded.
3. BANK SECURITY- this type of security is
THREE MAJOR AREAS OF SECURITY concern with the bank operations.
1. PHYSICAL SECURITY - this concern with 4. VIP Security- a type of security applied for
the physical measures adopted to prevent the protection of top-ranking officials of the
unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, government or private entity, visiting persons of
material and document and to safeguard them illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
against espionage, damage, loss and theft 5. SCHOOL SECURITY- a type of security
2. PERSONNEL SECURITY - this is as that is concern with the protection of the
important as physical security. Personnel students, faculty members, and school
security starts even before the hiring of an properties.
employee and remains to be maintained for as 6. SUPERMARKET OR MALL
long as the person is employed. Its purpose is to SECURITY- a type of security which is
insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist concern with the protection of the stores,
the firm in achieving its goals and objectives warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and
and once hired assist in providing necessary properties as well as the supermarket personnel
security to the work force while carrying out and customers. Security personnel are trained to
their functions detect shoplifter, robbery, and bomb detection
and customer relation. 3. ORDER MAINTENANCE - security
7. OTHER TYPES- this includes all other 4. SOCIAL SERVICES - community welfare
security matters not covered in the above
enumeration. PATROL AS A FUNCTION
1. Constant Movement
2. Prevent/deter crime
3. Eliminate opportunity for crime
C. POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS WITH
POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PATROL ACTIVITIES AND PURPOSES
1842 - the London Metropolitan Police 1. Crime Detection and Prevention
established the first detective branch. 2. Apprehension of Criminals & Wanted
BOBBIES - British police. Suspects
BOSTON POLICE - first public police force 3. Data & Information Collection
established in 1631. 4. Report Writing & Documentation
BOW STREET PATROLS - a small body of 5. Public Assistance
police in London who had been organized in the 6. Peace Keeping and Order Maintenance
mid-18th century by the novelist and magistrate 7. Conflict Resolution
Henry Fielding and his half-brother, Sir John 8. Traffic Control and Enforcement
Fielding. 9. Parking Enforcement
COMPURGATION - also called Wager Of 10.Law Enforcement Reduce Citizens’ Fear of
Law,  in early English law, method of settling Crime
issues of fact by appeal to a type of character 11.Detect and Enforce Code and Safety
witness. Violations
EGYPT - the first policing organization was 12.Rapid Responses to Emergencies
created in about 3000 BC. 13.Public Relations
EMPEROR AUGUSTUS - organized one of 14.Police Visibility
the earliest form of organized policing in Rome 15.Property Protection
in 7 BC. He divided the city of Rome into 14
regiones (wards), each consisting of vici PATROL METHOD
(precincts) overseen by vicomagistri, who were 1. Foot Patrol
responsible for fire protection and other 2. Motorcycle Patrol
administrative and religious duties. 3. Motorized Patrol
NEW SCOTLAND YARD - the headquarters 4. Bike Patrol
of the London Metropolitan Police. 5. Horse Patrol
NEW YORK POLICE - The first police 6. Aircraft Patrol
department in the United States, it was 7. Watercraft Patrol
established in 1844 and it was officially
organized in 1845. PATROL OFFICER -  is the backbone of the
PATROL - keep watch over (an area) by police department.
regularly walking or travelling around it.
PATROL SUPERVISION
PATROL FUNCTIONS (Categories) 1. Hands on - supervisor involved in day to day
1. CRIME PREVENTION - pro-active activities.
deterrence 2. Command - supervisor shows up at incident
2. LAW ENFORCEMENT - reactive sites and gives orders
deterrence 3. Counsel - supervisor available and when
requested shows up at incident sites. Principle 6 - Police use physical force to the
extent necessary to secure observance of the law
PATROL TECHNIQUES or to restore order only when the exercise of
1. Routine Patrol persuasion, advice and warning is found to be
2. Directed Patrol insufficient.
3. D-Runs Principle 7 - Police, at all times, should maintain
4. Saturation Patrol a relationshipwith the public that gives reality to
5. Split Force the historic tradition that the police are the
6. Suspect-Oriented Patrol public and the public are the police; the police
being only members of the public who are paid
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT to give full-time attention to duties which are
ACTIVITIES incumbent on every citizen in the interests of
1. Issue Traffic Citations community welfare and existence.”
2. Issue Parking Citations Principle 8 - Police should always direct their
3. Investigate Traffic Accidents action strictly towards their functions and never
4. Arrest Drunk Drivers appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.
5. Enforce Seat belt Laws Principle 9 - The test of police efficiency is the
6. Direct Traffic absence of crime and disorder, not the visible
evidence of police action in dealing with it.
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
PURPOSES PEELER - a police officer, especially in the
1. Insure Safety of Public United Kingdom and Australia. Derived from
2. Reduce Accidents and Injuries the name of Sir Robert Peel who developed the
3. Collect Information Metropolitan Police Act in 1928 which proved
4. Make Criminal Arrests to be the foundation for the modern police force
5. Enforce Laws in Britain.
6. Facilitate Traffic Flow
POLICE FUNCTIONAL UNITS
PEEL'S 9 (NINE) PRINCIPLE 1. BUREAU - the largest organic functional
Principle 1. The basic mission for which the unit within a large department. It comprises of
police exist is to prevent crime and disorder. numbers of divisions.
Principle 2 - The ability of the police to perform 2. DIVISION - a primary subdivision of a
their duties is dependent upon public approval bureau.
of police actions. 3. SECTION -functional unit within a division
Principle 3 - Police must secure the willing co- that is necessary for specialization.
operation of the public in voluntary observance 4. UNIT -functional group within a section; or
of the law to be able to secure and maintain the the smalles functional group within an
respect of the public. organization.
Principle 4 - The degree of co-operation of the
public that can be secured diminishes POLICE OPERATIONS 
proportionately to the necessity of the use of 1. PATROL - 50 % Of Force - 80 % Of Budget
physical force. 2. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Principle 5 - Police seek and preserve public (Detectives) - Solve 20 % Of Cases Solved In
favour not by catering to the public opinion but Depth  case screening
by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial 3. Traffic
service to the law. 4. Support/Special Services
 5. Community Services
POLICE TERRITORIAL UNITS 6. Crime analysis
1. POST - a fixed point or location to which an 7. Domestic Violence
officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated 8. Sex Crimes
desk or office or an intersection or cross walk 9. Internal Affairs
from traffic duty.It is a spot location for general 10.Crime Prevention
guard duty. 11.Juvenile & School Service
2. ROUTE -a length of streets designated for 12.Intelligence
patrol purposes. It is also called Line Beat.
3. BEAT - an area assigned for patrol purposes,
whether foot or motorized.
4. SECTOR - an area containing two or more
beats, routes, or post. 5. District-a geographical
subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually D. POLICE INTELLIGENCE
with its own station. 6. Area- a section or ACCURACY OF INFORMATION 
territorial division of a large city each comprised 1 - Confirmed By Other Sources
of designated districts. 2 - Probably True
3 - Possibly True
POLIS - greek word which means city. 4 - Doubtfully True
5 - Improbable
PURPOSES OF CRIMINAL 6 - Truth Can Not Be Judged
INVESTIGATION
1. Determine whether or not a crime has been ALEXANDER THE GREAT - A Greek
committed. Conqueror, was able to identify those who are
2. Decide if the crime was committed within the disloyal to him by ordering the opening of
investigator’s jurisdiction. communication letter of his men and was
3. Discover all facts pertaining to the complaint. successful in uplifting the esprit de corps and
4. Gather and preserve physical evidence. morale of his men.
5. Identify the perpetrator. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - The ability
6. Develop and follow up all clues. of a digital computer or computer-controlled
7. Locate and apprehend the perpetrator. robot to perform tasks commonly associated
8. Aid in the prosecution of the offender by with intelligent beings.
providing evidence of guilt that is admissible in ASIS - Australian Secret Intelligence Service -
court. Primary responsibility is gathering intelligence
9. Testify effectively as a witness in court. from mainly Asian and Pacific interest using
10.Recover stolen property. agents stationed in wide variety of areas. Its
main purpose like other most agencies is to
ROBERT PEEL - established the Metropolitan protect the country's political and economic
Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard interest and ensure the safety of its citizens
in 1929. Father of modern policing system. against national threats.
BUNDESNACHRICHTENDIENST - BND,
SPECIALIZED UNITS AND OPERATIONS Federal Intelligence Service, is the foreign
1. Special Weapons & Tactics intelligence agency of the German government,
2. Vice & Drugs the BND act as the early warning system to alert
3. K-9 the German government against threats to its
4. Organized Crime interest coming from abroad.
CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE information are obtained from covert operation.
1. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE - integrated
product of intelligence developed by all ELEMENTS OF CLANDESTINE
government departments concerning the broad OPERATION
aspect of national policy and national security. 1. SPONSOR - directs the organization
2. DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE - conducting the clandestine activity.
the intelligence required by the department or 2. TARGET - person, place or things against
agencies of the government to execute iys which the clandestine activity is to be
mission and discharge its responsibilities. conducted.
3. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE - refers to 3. AGENT - refers to a person who conducts
the knowledge by the military institution the clandestine operations, includes principal
essential in the preparation and execution of agents, action agents, and support agents.
military plans, policies and programs.
PRINCIPAL AGENT - leader or management
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency, is the agent in clandestine operation usually
civilian intelligence agency of the USA. It is the undertaken by the case officer.
largest intelligence agency in the world. ACTION AGENT - one who conducts the
clandestine operation that includes:
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DOCUMENTS A. ESPIONAGE AGENT - agent who
1. TOP SECRET - calls for the utmost degree clandestinely procure or collect information.
of protection, Unauthorized revelation of this B. PROPAGANDIST - agents who molds the
materials and information will cause extremely attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual
severe damage to the nation, politically, group or nation.
economically, or militarily. SUPPORT AGENT - agent who is engaged in
2. SECRET - unauthorized disclosure of this activities which supports the clandestine
documents or things may put at risk the national operations that includes the ff:
security, cause serious injury to the reputation of A. SURVEILLANT - agent who observes
the nation. persons and places of operation of interest.
3. CONFIDENTIAL - Unauthorized revelation B. INVESTIGATOR - agent who undertakes
of which may be injurious to the reputation of to procure information or things of clandestine
the nation or governmental activity or will cause operation.
administrative humiliation or unnecessary
injury. PROCURER OF FUNDS - agent who obtains
4. RESTRICTED - this are information which money when needed for operational use.
should not be published or communicated to SAFE HOUSE KEEPER - agents who
anyone except for official purposes. These manages and maintains a safe house for
records are daily files, routine in nature even if clandestine operations like meetings, safe
lost or destroyed will not affect operation or heavens, training, briefing and debriefing.
administration. COMMUNICATION AGENT - agent who is
detailed to secure clandestine communications.  
CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF
INFORMATION CODING - the changing of message from plain
1. OPEN SOURCES - 99% of the information clear text to unintelligible form, also known as
collected are coming from open sources or encrypting.
obtained from overt operation. DECODING - transforming of coded message
2. CLOSE SOURCES - only 1% of into plain text, also known as decrypting.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE - phase of INTELLIGENCE
intelligence covering the activity 1. Protection of Information against espionage
devoted in destroying the effectiveness of 2. Protection of personnel against subversion
hostile foreign activities 3. Protection of installations and materials
and the protection of information against against sabotage
espionage, subversion and
sabotage. CRYPTOGRAPHY - arts and science of codes
and ciphers.
TYPES OF COUNTER INTELLIGENCE CRYPTO ANALYST - refers to those persons
1. PASSIVE CI MEASURES - protection of who break intercepted codes.
classified and sensitive information against CRYPTOGRAPHER - refers to a person who
unauthorized access through secrecy, is highly skilled in converting message from
communication security and other safeguards. clear to unintelligible forms by use of codes and
2. ACTIVE CI MEASURES - are those ciphers.
measures which seek actively to block enemies DELILAH - a biblical personality, she was able
effort to gain information or engage in to gain information by using her beauty and
espionage, subversion and sabotage. charm, she was responsible for the fall of
Samson, a known Israelite leader and enemy of
CATEGORIES OF COUNTER the Philistines.
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS FREDERICK THE GREAT - Father of
1. MILITARY SECURITY - it encompasses organized military espionage.
the measures taken by a command to protect FSD - Federal Security Service of the Russian
itself against espionage, enemy operation, Federation, is the main domestic security agency
sabotage, subversion, or surprise. of the Russian Federation, and the main
2. PORT BOUNDARY AND TRAVEL successor of the Cheka, NKVD and the KGB.
SECURITY - application of both military and GENERAL DIRECTORATE FOR
civil security measures for counter-intelligence EXTERNAL SECURITY - France external
control at point of entry and departure, intelligence agency, operating under the
international borders and boundaries. direction of  the French Ministry of Defense.
3. CIVIL SECURITY - active and passive HEAVY WATER/DEUTERIUM OXIDE - A
counter-intelligence measures affecting the non- form of water that contains a larger than normal
military nationals permanently or temporarily amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium.
residing in an area under military jurisdiction. INFORMANTS - any person who hand over
4. SPECIAL OPERATIONS - counter information to the agents which is relevant to
subversion, sabotage and espionage. the subject.

OBJECTIVES OF COUNTER- TYPE OF INFORMANTS

INTELLIGENCE 1. ANONYMOUS - unidentified or unknown
1. It denies information to the enemy informants.
2. It reduces the risk of a command 2. FALSE INFORMANT - reveals information
3. Aid in achieving surprises of no consequences or value.
4. Increases the security of the command 3. FRIGHTENED INFORMANTS - weakest
5. Decrease the ability of the enemy to create link in criminal chain, motivated by anxiety.
information about he forces. 4. SELF-AGGRANDIZING - moves around
   the the center of criminals delight in surprising
FUNCTIONS/ACTIVITIES OF COUNTER- the police about bits of information.
5. MERCENARY - information for sale, and piece it together until it forms larger and
needed something for exchange of information. clear pattern. (intelligence as an activity)
6. DOUBLE CROSSER - wants to get more - the end product resulting from the collection,
information from the police more than what he evaluation, analysis, integration and
gives interpretation of all available information which
7. WOMEN INFORMANT - most dangerous may have immediate or potential significance to
type of informant. the development and execution of plan, policies
8. LEGITIMATE - operators of business. and programs of the user.(intelligence as a
product)
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS - an institution composed of person who
1. VANITY - conceited act/character of the prepares a plan or formulating policies.
criminal resulting to self betrayal or tantamount (intelligence as an institution)
to guilt, gaining favorable attention and
importance by the police. INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
2. CIVIC-Mindedness - sense of duty and 1. Planning
obligation to assist the police. 2. Collection
3. FEAR - a person under an illusion of 3. Processing
oppression by enemies or of other impending 4. Dissemination
danger.
4. REPENTANCE - one who has a change of PLANNING - the intelligence officer must
heart and wishes to report a crime that is preying have a thorough knowledge of the available
on his conscience. sources of information, the collecting agencies
5. GRATITUDE OR GAIN - an expression of and type of information the latter can provide.
appreciation to obtain a privilege or an interest COLLECTION - the intelligence officer must
in the welfare of his family during his detention. have thorough knowledge of the available
6. REVENGE - to settle a grudge due to settle a sources of information and collecting agencies
previous injury. and the type of information they can provide
7. JEALOUSY - envious of the and consider the following:
accomplishments or possessions of another and a. Determine collecting agency
wishes to humiliate him. b. Send orders or request
8. REMUNERATION - a person who informs c. Supervise collection efforts
solely for the pecuniary or other material gain d. Use tools or techniques in collection
he is to receive. e. Ensure timely collection

INFORMATION WARFARE - The FACTORS IN CHOOSING COLLECTION

manipulation of information trusted by a target AGENTS
without the target's awareness to encourage A. CAPABILITY - agents placement or access
them to make decisions against their own to target
interest, but in the interest of the one conducting B. MULTIPLICITY - more agents
the manipulation. C. BALANCE
INFORMERS - refers to any person who
provides information to the agents in a regular PROCESSING - FIVE STEPS
basis regarding a subject, they are paid either on 1. RECORDING - is the reduction of
a regular or case to case basis.       information in writ in or other form of graphical
INTELLIGENCE - the organized effort to representation and arranging the information
collect information, to assist it Little by little, into groups of related items.
2. EVALUATION - is the determination of the 1. SURVEILLANCE - is the covert, discreet
pertinence of the information to the operation, observation of people and places for the purpose
relability of the source or agency and the of obtaining information concerning the
accuracy of the information. identities or activities of subjects.
PERTINENCE - does it holds some value to SURVEILLANT - is the plainclothes
current operation. investigator assigned to make the observation.
RELIABILITY - judging the source of SUBJECT - can be a person, place, property
information or agency and vehicle, group of people, organization, or
CREDIBILITY - truth of information object.
3. ANALYSIS - is the stage in which the SAFE HOUSE - refers to place where agents
collected information is subjected to review in meet each other for purposes of debriefing and
order to satisfy significant facts and derive reporting.
conclusions there from. LIVE DROP - refers to a place where agents or
4. INTEGRATION - the combination of the informants leave their messages to the other
elements isolated analysis with other known agents.
information related to the operation. DECOY - a person or object used by the subject
5. INTERPRETATION - process of in an attempt to elude the surveillant.
determining the significance of new information CONVOY - an associate of the subject who
and its meaning. follows him to detect surveillance.
LOG - chronological records of activities that
DISSEMINATION - processed information or took place in the establishment under
intelligence data are disseminated to end users, surveillance.
common methods of disseminating intel data are
conferences, briefing and person to person METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE
exchanges. In this process, consider the factors 1. STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE - also
of timeliness, correctness and security. referred to as Fixed or
ISI - Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan's Stakeout Surveillance - is used when you know
premier intelligence agency. It was established or suspect that a person is at or will come to a
in 1948. Its office is located in Islamabad. known location, when you suspect that stolen
JULIUS CAESAR - in his time, the staff of goods are to be dropped  or when informants
each legion includes ten speculators who served have told you that a crime is going to be
as an information collecting agency. The committed.
Speculators were the first intelligence personnel 2. MOVING
to appear in a military organization. Military SURVEILLANCE/SHADOWING/TAILING
success of the Romans was aided by the - simply the act of following a person.
communication system. Made use of pigeons as
carrier which made intelligence transmittal very FORMS OF SHADOWING/TAILING
fast. 1. LOOSE TAIL - employed where a general
KARL SCHULMEISTER - known as impression of the subject's habits and associates
Napoleon's Eye, he was credited for establishing is required.
counter-intelligence against spies. He is a master 2. ROUGH SHADOWING - employed
of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital without special precautions, subject maybe
information to identify the enemy's of aware of the surveillance, employed also when
Napoleon. the subject is a material witness and must be
protected from harm or other undesirable
KINDS OF COVERT OPERATION influences.
3. CLOSE TAIL - extreme precautions are sent back where he came from as an agent of his
taken against losing the subject is employed captors.
where constant surveillance is necessary.
4. CASING - it is the careful inspection of a MI6 - Secret Intelligence Service, supplies the
place to determine its suitability for a particular British government of foreign intelligence.
operational purpose. MSS - Ministry of State Security, is the security
5. ELICITATION - the process of extracting agency of the Peoples Republic of China.
information from a person believe to be in MOLE - also known as sleeper agent. Tasked
possession of vital information without his with monitoring an organization or individual. A
knowledge or suspicion. mole can spend years in the same place only
4. EMPLOYMENT OF TECHNICAL responding to missions when assigned. They are
MEANS trained to be visible but to keep their motives
BUGGING - the use of an equipment or tool to unknown.
listen and record discreetly conversation of MOSSAD - Institute for Intelligence and
other people. Special Operations, is responsible for the
WIRETAPPING - a method of collecting intelligence collection and covert operation of
information through interception of telephone the Israel government, Its Director reports
conversation. directly to the Israel Prime Minister.  It is one of
5. TACTICAL INTERROGATION - it is the the entities of the Israeli intelligence community
process or method of obtaining information along with AMAN (Military Intelligence) and
from a captured enemy who is reluctant to SHIN BET (Internal Security)
divulge information. MOSES - sent 12 scouts to the land of Canaan
6. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION - it to survey the land, the people, their location and
is a method of collecting information by just the nature of their cities.
merely using the different senses. NICA - National Intelligence Coordinating
Agency, the primary intelligence gathering arm
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF of the Philippines. Its motto is Knowledge is
COLLECTING INFORMATION Safety. It is headed by a Director General and is
INFORMATION - all evaluated materials of assisted by a Deputy Director General. The
every description including those derived from Director General reports directly to the
observation, reports, rumors, imagery and other President of the Philippines.
sources from which intelligence is produced. EO 492 - issued on February 1, 2006, ordered
the NICA to activate the National Maritime
TYPES OF AGENTS USED IN Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Center
COLLECTING INFORMATION or NMARSC. The NMARSC shall serve as the
1. AGENT OF INFLUENCE - agent who uses primary intel provider for the Philippine
authority to gain information. intelligence community. Under the supervision
2. AGENT IN PLACE - agent who has been and oversight of the National Security Adviser,
recruited within a highly sensitive target the NICA-NMARSC will operate unmanned
3. PENETRATION AGENT - agent who have aerial vehicles or UAV's to cater to the imagery
reached the enemy, gather information and able intelligence demands of various government
to get back without being caught. agencies.
4. EXPENDABLE AGENT - agent who leaks POLICE INTELLIGENCE - the end product
false information to the enemy. resulting from the collection, evaluation,
5. DOUBLE AGENT - an enemy agent who analysis, integration and interpretation of all
has been taken into custody turned around and available information regarding the activities of
criminals and other law violators for the purpose 3. PUBLIC SAFETY INTELLIGENCE -
of effecting their arrest, obtaining evidence and refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the
prevent plan to commit crimes. protection of lives and properties.

CATEGORIES OF POLICE PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE 1. Intelligence and Operation are interdependent
1. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE - 2. Intelligence is continuous
knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and 3. Intelligence must be useful
vulnerabilities of a foreign nation which is 4. Intelligence operation requires imagination
required by the national planners for the and foresight
formulation of an adequate national defense. 5. intelligence must be available on time
Intelligence is for long range. 6. Intelligence must be flexible
2. COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE - preparation 7. Intelligence requires continuous security
and execution of plans and programs to measures
neutralize or prevent any activities undesirable
to the police organization. RAW - Research and Analysis Wing is India's
3. LINE OR TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE - external intelligence agency. Its primary
intelligence information directly contributes to function is collection of external intelligence,
the accomplishment of specific objectives and counter-terrorism and covert operations.
immediate in nature and necessary for more
effective police planning and operation. RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
A - Completely Reliable
COMPONENTS OF STRATEGIC B - Usually Reliable
INTELLIGENCE C - Fairly Reliable
1. POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE - deals with D - Not Usually Reliable
domestic and foreign affairs and relations of E - Unreliable
government operations. F - Reliability Can Not Be Judge
2. ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE - deals
with the extent and utilization of natural and SABOTEUR - a spy or member of a
human resources to the industrial potential of clandestine organization who destroys
the nation. machinery, bridges, equipment, or other
3. TRANSPORTATION AND products of the enemy.
TELECOMMUNICATION SECURITY CLEARANCE - is a certification
INTELLIGENCE – concerned with the by a responsible authority that the person
operations and facilities of the military and described is clear to access and classify matters
civilians. at appropriate levels.
INTERIM CLEARANCE - effective for 2
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF years.
POLICE INTELLIGENCE FINAL CLEARANCE - effective for 5 years.
1. CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE - refers to
the knowledge essential to the prevention of SECURITY MEASURES AND
crimes and the investigation, arrest and OPERATIONS IN RELATION TO
prosecution of criminal offenders. INTELLIGENCE
2. INTERNAL SECURITY 1. PHYSICAL SECURITY - the broadest type
INTELLIGENCE - refers to the knowledge of security that is concerned with the physical
essential to the maintenance of peace and order. measures designed to safeguard personnel and
prevent unauthorized access to equipment, COMPLETE BACKGROUND
facilities, materials, documents and to protect INVESTIGATION - a type of BI which is
them from espionage, sabotage, damage, or more comprehensive, it consist of detailed
theft. information regarding the subject.
2. COMMUNICATION SECURITY - the PARTIAL BACKGROUND
protection resulting from the application of INVESTIGATION - investigation of the
various measures which prevent or delay the background of an individual but limited only to
enemy or unauthorized person in gaining some of the circumstances.
information through communication. This SUN TZU - author of the art of war.
includes transmission, cryptographic and UNDERCOVER OPERATION - also called
physical security. Roping - is disguising one's own identity or
3. DOCUMENTARY SECURITY - protection using an assumed identity for the purpose of
of documents, classified matters and vital gaining the trust of an individual or organization
records from loss, access to unauthorized to learn secret information or to gain the trust of
persons, damage, theft and compromise through targeted individuals in order to gain information
proper storage and procedure. or evidence.
4. PERSONNEL SECURITY - the sum total COVER - it refers to the changing, forging, or
procedures followed, inquiries conducted and falsifying agent's real personality including but
criteria applied to determine the work suitable to not limited to things, location, job and others
a particular applicant or the retention or transfer that will be used in undercover assignments.
of a particular employee.
TYPES OF COVER
PERSONNEL SECURITY 1. ARTIFICIAL -altering the background that
INVESTIGATION - is an inquiry into will correspond to theh operation.
the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, 2. MULTIPLE - includes different cover
morals and loyalty of an individual in order to 3. NATURAL - actual or true background
determine a person's suitability for appointment
and access to classified matters. HAZARDS OF UNDERCOVER
OPERATIONS
TYPES OF PSI 1. Reintegration back to normal duty
1. LOCAL AGENCY CHECK - refers to the 2. Maintenance of identity
investigation of the records and files of agency
in the area of principal residence of the USES AND TYPES OF UNDERCOVER
individual being investigated: Mayor, Police, ASSIGNMENT
Fiscal where the individual is a resident. 1. RESIDENTIAL ASSIGNMENT - it is
2. NATIONAL AGENCY CHECK - it consist related to the neighborhood of the subject,
of LAC supplemented by investigation of the where the agent will live as a new resident
records and files of the following agencies: without making any suspicion. His mission is to
PNP. ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration make friends within its neighborhood and gather
and other agencies. information regarding the subject and possibly
3. BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION - a getting closer to the subject.
check made on an individual usually seeking 2. SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT - the agent will
employment through subject's records in the gain access to the subject by going to the
police files, educational institutions, place of different hangout places of the subject and
residence and former employers. gather information like knowing how to drink
socially without getting drunk.
3. WORK ASSIGNMENT - the agent will be established for his/her rank in the PNP staffing
employed where the subject work to acquire pattern and who shall not be assigned to a
information. The agent must know his work and position commensurate to such rank despite the
focus his mind set and habit to his work existence of a vacancy within 18 months after
assignment his/her demotion in position shall be retired or
4. SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATION - this is separated.
the most dangerous of all the undercover 4. ATTRITION BY NON-PROMOTION
assignment, the agent will join the organization A PNP member who has not been promoted for
of the subject itself, he must know the a continuous period of 10 years shall be retired
ideologies of the group and the actions while or separated.
inside should conform to the organization to 5. ATTRITION BY OTHER MEANS - a PNP
avoid any suspicion. member with at least 5 years of accumulated
active service shall be separated based on any of
the following grounds:
a. Inefficiency based on poor performance
during the last 2 successive annual rating
    E. POLICE PERSONNEL AND RECORD periods.
MANAGEMENT b. Inefficiency based on poor performance for 3
ATTRITION - refers to the retirement or cumulative annual ratings.
separation from the police service of PNP c. Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform
uniformed personnel pursuant to any of the police functions and duties
means mentioned in RA 8551. d. Failure to pass the required entrance
examination twice and/or finish the required
MEANS OF ATTRITION career courses except for justifiable reasons.
1. ATTRITION BY ATTAINMENT OF e. Refusal to take a periodic PNP Physical
MAXIMUM TENURE IN POSITION fitness test without justifiable reason.
a. Chief PNP - 4 years f. Failure to take PNP physical fitness test for 4
b. PNP Deputy Chief for Operation - 4 years consecutive periodic tests due to health reasons.
c. PNP Deputy chief for Administration - 4 g. Failure to pass PNP physical fitness test for 2
years consecutive periodic tests or 4 cumulative
d. PNP Chief of the Directorial Staff - 4 years periodic tests.
e. Regional Directors - 6 years h. Non-Compliance with the minimum
f. Provincial directors - 9 years qualification standards for the permanency of
g. City Directors - 9 years original appointment.
h. Other positions higher than provincial
director shall have the maximum tenure of 6 ATTRITION IN ACTION - refers to the
years. action containing the findings and evidence on a
2. ATTRITION BY RELIEF specific means of attrition filed by a particular
A PNP member who has been relieved for cause screening committee before the concerned
and has not been given an assignment within 2 attrition board.
years from the effective date of such relief shall AUTHORITY - Managers must be able to give
be retired or separated. orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that
3. ATTRITION BY DEMOTION IN responsibility arises wherever authority is
POSITION exercised.
A PNP member who has been relieved and BUDGETING - with all that goes with
assigned to a position lower than what is budgeting in the form of planning, accounting
and control. the training required to make the temporary
CENTRALIZATION - Centralization refers to appointment of a new PNP member permanent.
the degree to which subordinates are involved in FORMAL HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
decision making. Whether decision making is - An organization is organized into a hierarchy
centralized (to management) or decentralized (to of authority and follows a clear chain of
subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. command. The hierarchical structure effectively
The task is to find the optimum degree of delineates the lines of authority and the
centralization for each situation. subordination of the lower levels to the upper
COORDINATING - that is the all important levels of the hierarchical structure.
duty of interrelating the various parts of the GRIEVANCE - a wrong considered as grounds
work. for complaint, or something believed to cause
DEMOTION IN POSITION - refers to the distress.
designation of a personnel to a position lower IMMEDIATE SUPERVISOR - refers to a
than what is established for his/her rank or not person authorized to make the performance
commensurate to his/her rank in the PNP table evaluation rating of a PNP member.
of organization. INITIATIVE - Employees who are allowed to
DIRECTING - that is the continuous task of originate and carry out plans will exert high
making decisions and embodying them in levels of effort.
specific and general orders and instructions and JUST CAUSE - refers to the legal grounds that
serving as the leader of the enterprise. would warrant the relief or removal of a PNP
DISCIPLINE - Employees must obey and member from his present position and
respect the rules that govern the organisation. designation in the PNP organization.
Good discipline is the result of effective MANAGEMENT BY RULES - A bureaucracy
leadership, a clear understanding between follows a consistent set of rules that control the
management and workers regarding the functions of the organization. Management
organisation's rules, and the judicious use of controls the lower levels of the organization's
penalties for infractions of the rules. hierarchy by applying established rules in a
DISCIPLINE - the practice of training people consistent and predictable manner.
to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using MANAGERS ARE SALARIED OFFICIALS
punishment to correct disobedience. - A manager is a salaried official and does own
DIVISION OF LABOR - Authority and the administered unit. All elements of a
responsibility are clearly defined and officially bureaucracy are defined with clearly defined
sanctioned. Job descriptions are specified with roles and responsibilities and are managed by
responsibilities and line of authority. All trained and experienced specialists.
employees have thus clearly defined rules in a MANDATORY CAREER COURSES - refers
system of authority and subordination. to the required training for a PNP member to be
DIVISION OF WORK - This principle is the eligible for promotion to the next higher rank.
same as Adam Smith's division of labour. MAX WEBER - As a German academic,
Specialization increases output by making Weber was primarily interested in the reasons
employees more efficient. behind the employees’ actions and in why
EQUITY - Managers should be kind and fair people who work in an organization accept the
to their subordinates. authority of their superiors and comply with the
ESPRIT DE CORPS - Promoting team spirit rules of the organization.
will build harmony and unity within the MAXIMUM TENURE OF POSITION - is
organisation. the maximum cumulative period for a PNP
FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM - refers to member to hold a particular position level.
MENTAL INCAPACITY - is a condition experience and competence of the individual.
where a PNP member is unable to exercise PERSONNEL PROGRAMS - refers to the
his/her reasoning faculties or incapable of activities programmed to implement the
understanding and acting with discernment organization philosophy or creed and the
his/her duties and responsibilities as a result of personnel philosophy of central managers in
illness or injury as may be determined by the relation to people so as to accomplish
PNP medical screening committee. organizational objectives.
NON-PROMOTION - refers to the non PLANNING - that is working out in broad
advancement to the next higher rank or position outline the things that need to be done and the
beyond the maximum prescribed period. methods for doing them to accomplish the
ORDER - People and materials should be in the purpose set for the enterprise.
right place at the right time. POLICE APPRAISAL OR
ORGANIC PERSONNEL TO A UNIT - is a PERFORMANCE RATING - is the evaluation
PNP member assigned to a particularunit of the traits, behavior and effectiveness of a
covered with appropriate PNP assignment police officer on the job as determined by work
orders. standards.
ORIGINAL APPOINTMENT - refers to the POLICE COMPENSATION - Financial
appointment for the initial entry of PNP member compensation in the form of wages of salaries
to the uniformed service who meets all the constitutes the largest single expenditure for
requirements of the position. most organizations. In Metropolitan Manila and
ORGANIZING - that is the establishment of other urban centers, wages of salaries represent
the formal structure of authority through which the sole source to meet the basic needs of food,
work subdivisions are arranged, defined, and clothing and shelter.
coordinated for the defined objective. POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT -
PENDENCY OF AN ATTRITION ACTION (Human Resources Management) may be
- refers to the stage when the endorsement of the defined as that area of management concerned
PRO regional director or the NSU director of a with human relations in the police organization.
PCO Attrition action has been officially POLICE PERSONNEL PLANNING – is a
received by the concerned NHQ PCO attrition study of the labor supply of jobs, which are
board through the NHQ screening committee composed with the demands for employees in an
report of a PNCO  attrition action has been organization to determine future personnel
officially received by the NHQ/ PRO/NSU requirements, which either increase or decrease.
attrition board. POLICE PLACEMENT - is the process of
PERSONNEL ACTION ON ATTRITION - making police officers adjusted and
is an action filed before the screening committee knowledgeable in a new job and or working
based on a verified statement of an alleged environment.
means of attrition by an initiating person. POLICE RECRUITMENT - is the process of
PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION - encouraging police applicant from outside an
Recruitment, induction, placement, transfer, organization to seek employment in an
promotion, salary administration of Police organization.
personnel. RECRUITMENT - refers to the overall process
PERSONNEL HIRED ON GROUNDS OF of attracting, selecting and appointing suitable
TECHNICAL COMPETENCE - candidates for jobs within an organisation, either
Appointment to a position within the permanent or temporary.
organization is made on the grounds of technical POLICE SELECTIONS (screening) - is the
competence. Work is assigned based on the process of determining the most qualified police
applicant for a given position in the police SECOND LEVEL PCO RANKS - refers to
organization. police commissioned officers below the third
POLICE TRAINING AND level ranks in the PNP.
DEVELOPMENT – refers to any method used SECOND LEVEL PCNO RANKS - refers to
to improve the attitude, knowledge, and skill or all rank for police non commissioned officers.
behavior pattern of an employee for adequate SEPARATION - is the termination of
performance of a given job. employment and official relations of a PNP
PROMOTION - is the advancement of an member who rendered less than 20 years of
employee's rank or position in an organizational active service in the government with payment
hierarchy system. of corresponding benefits.
PROMOTION - means shifting of an employee STABILITY OF TENURE OF PERSONNEL
to a higher position carrying higher - High employee turnover is inefficient.
responsibilities, facilities, status and salaries. Management should provide orderly personnel
PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST - the method of planning and ensure that replacements are
evaluating the physical condition of PNP available to fill vacancies.
members in terms of stamina, strength, speed STAFFING - that is the whole personnel
and agility. function of bringing in and training the staff and
PHYSICAL INCAPACITY - the inability of a maintaining favorable conditions of work.
PNP member to perform his/her duties and SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL
responsibilities due to physical defect as a result INTERESTS TO THE GENERAL interest –
if disease or injury as may be determined by the The interests of any one employee or group of
PNP medical screening committee. employees should not take precedence over the
POOR PERFORMANCE - is the poor rating interests of the organisation as a whole.
in the promulgated PNP performance evaluation THIRD LEVEL PCO RANKS - refers to
rating system. police commissioned officers with the rank of
REMUNERATION - Workers must be paid a Police Senior superintendent and higher.
fair wage for their services. TOTAL PERMANENT PHYSICAL
REPORTING - that is keeping those to whom DISABILITY - is any impairment of the body
the executive is responsible informed as to what which renders PNP member indefinitely
is going on, which thus includes keeping incapable of substantially performing the
himself and his subordinates informed through mandated duties and functions of his position.
records, research, and inspection. TRANSFER - refers to a change in job
RESPONDENT - refers to the PNP member assignment.
subjected to attrition proceedings. UNITY OF COMMAND - Every employee
RETIREMENT - the termination of should receive orders from only one superior.
employment and official relations of a PNP UNITY OF DIRECTION - Each group of
member who rendered at least 20 years of active organisational activities that have the same
service in the government with payment of objective should be directed by one manager
corresponding benefits. using one plan.
SCALAR CHAIN - The line of authority from WAIVER PROGRAM - refers to the waiver of
top management to the lowest ranks represents the minimum age, height, weight and
the scalar chain. Communications should follow educational requirements for the initial
this chain. However, if following the chain appointment to the PNP pursuant to existing
creates delays, cross-communications can be laws and policies.
allowed if agreed to by all parties and superiors WAIVER - the act of choosing not to use or
are kept informed. require something that you are allowed to have
or that is usually required. 3. Correction
WELFARE - the health, happiness, and
fortunes of a person or group. CENTRALIZED POLICE - A country with
WRITTEN DOCUMENTS - All decisions, only one recognized police force which operates
rules and actions taken by the organization are entire that country. It uses a centralized system
formulated and recorded in writing. Written of policing.  Philippines is an example of
documentsensure that there is continuity of the centralized police because the Philippine
organization’s policies and procedures. National Police has one central office with many
regional, provincial and local branches
throughout the country.
DECENTRALIZED POLICE - refers to a
system where police administrations and
F. COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM operations are independent from one state to
1998 - Asean Chiefs of Police (Aseanapol) was another. It is more applicable to countries with
estabished. federal government.
MEMBERS ASEANAPOL COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY -
      1. Indonesia Theories (Scheider) Alertness to crime theory -
      2. Malaysia is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to
      3. Philippines crime is heightened, so they report more crime
      4. Singapore to police and also demand the police become
      5. Thailand moreeffective at solving crime problems.
      6. Brunei Darussalam CHOWKIDAR - in India, means one who
      7. Vietnam inhabits a "chowki", police station or guard
      8. Laos PDR house.
      9. Myanmar ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY -
      10.Cambodia is that crime everywhere is the result of
ABU SAYYAF - Abu means father and sayyaf unrestrained migration and over population in
means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist group urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
based in and around OPPORTUNITY THEORY - is that along
AL QAEDA - literally means the base, a global with higher standards of living, victims become
militant Islamist organization founded by more careless of their belongings, and
Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several opportunities for committing crime multiply.
other militants. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY - is based on the
APOSTASY -  is defined as the conscious event of when a greater number of children are
abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word or being born, because as these baby booms grow
through deed. It includes the act of converting to up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
another religion by a person who was born in a adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory
Muslim family or who had previously accepted holds that progress comes along with rising
Islam. expectations, and people at the bottom develop
ARVAN TAVNII TSAGDAA - The National unrealistic expectations while people at the top
Police Agency of Mongolia. Created in 1965 don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
and with its headquarters in the capital MODERNIZATION THEORY - sees the
Ulaanbaatar. problem as society becoming too complex.
Basic Functions of Criminal Justice System THEORY OF ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE -
1. Policing (the latter being a term referring to social
2. Adjudication cohesion on values), suggests that progressive
lifestyle and norms result in the of older norms information and computer systems.
that once held people together (anomie).  
CHUSAI-SAN - the rural police officer in DIFFERENT POLICE GLOBAL
Japan. ORGANIZATIONS
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE - it 1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police
is as subfield of the study of criminal justice 2. Europol
systems worldwide. It studies the similarities 3. IACP
and differences in structure, goals, punishment 4. Interpol
and emphasis on rights as well as the history and 5. UN policing
political stature of different systems.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM - it is DRUG TRAFFICKING - Drug trafficking is
the science and art of investigating and the commercial exchange of drugs and drug
comparing the police system of nations. It paraphernalia. This include any equipment used
covers the study of police organizations, to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.
trainings and methods of policing of various ELLINIKI ASTYNOMIA - is the national
nations. police service of Greece.
CONFUCIAN THOUGHT - The belief that EUROPOL - It means European Police Office
social order can be achieved through moral and or Europol. Europol is the European Union’s
political reform because man is by nature good criminal intelligence agency. It became fully
or capable of goodness. operational on July 1,1999. Europol only acts on
request at present.
COUNTRIES WITH LESS OR NO CRIME EUROPOL'S MANDATE
1. Switzerland 1. llicit drug trafficking
2. Japan 2. Illicit immigration networks;
3. Ireland 3. Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting
4. Egypt - Siwa Oasis of the euro) and other means of payment;
4. Trafficking in human beings (including child
CYBERCRIMES - are generally defined as pornography);
any type of illegal activity that makes use of the 5. Illicit vehicle trafficking;
Internet, a private or public network, or an in- 6. Money laundering
house computer system.
CYBERSTALKINg - a technologically based GENDARMERIE NATIONALE - is the
attack on person because of anger, revenge, or national rural police force of Algeria.
control. NATIONAL GENDARMERIE - is a branch
COMPUTER FRAUD - altering data or of the French Armed Forces, in charge of public
gaining unlawful use of computer or services. safety, with police duties among the civilian
IDENTITY THEFT - using another's personal population.
information to commit fraud or other crimes. GLOBALIZATION -  is a process of
COMPUTER VIRUSES - a program that interaction and integration among the people,
copies itself and infects a computer. companies,and government of different nations,
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS - making as process driven by international trade and
service unavailable to users. investment and aided by information
MALWARE - malicious software that technology.
interferes with the functioning of computers and HEZBOLLAH - literally means "Party of
sending data of user over the internet. God", is a Shi'a Islamist militant group and
INFORMATION WARFARE - attacks on political party based in Lebanon.
HONGKONG POLICE FORCE - It is the
world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH - (Islamic
operate with a modern policing system. Congregation) is a Southeast Asian militant
HUMAN TRAFFICKING - the illegal Islamist terrorist organization dedicated to the
movement of people, typically for the purposes establishment of a regional Islamic caliphate in
of forced labor or commercial sexual Southeast Asia.
exploitation. JOLLY R. BUGARIN - a Filipino former
IACP - (International Association of Chiefs of President of the Interpol, from 1980 to 1984. He
Police) the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit is the only Filipino who had achieved that feat.
membership organization of police executives, KOBAN - is a small neighborhood police
with over 20,000 members in over 80 different station found in Japan. Often translated to
countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the English as Police Box. Koban are staffed by a
operating chief executes of international, relatively small number of police officers
federal, state and local agencies of all sizes. (usually 3-5 officers).
ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE - the term being CHUZAISHO - (residential police box) is
used in the international scene, it is a more usually staffed by a single officer. The
comprehensive term than drug trafficking as it Chuzaisho is typically located outside of urban
includes cultivation and manufacture. districts in villages and is operated by one
INTERNATIONAL CRIME - Defined as community officer, who resides with his family
crimes against the peace and security of in this police facility.
mankind. HASHUTSUSHO -  (police box) The
Hashutsusho is typically placed in an urban
INTERNATIONAL CRIMES district and is operated by a number of
1. Aggression (by one state against another) community police officers who work under a
2. Treat of aggression shift system. The community officers generally
3. Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, live in the jurisdiction served by the
racial, or religious group) Hashutsusho.
4. Terrorism MODEL SYSTEM - is used to described the
5. Drug trafficking countries being used as topics of
discussion.These countries are chosen not
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE - because they are greater than others but because
It involves the study and description of one they are thefocus of comparison being studied.
country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice. MONEY LAUNDERING - the concealment of
Comparative criminal justice system attempts to the origins of illegally obtained money, typically
build on the knowledge of criminal justice in by means of transfers involving foreign banks or
one country by investigating and evaluating, in legitimate businesses.
terms of another country,culture, or institution. MUTAWA - religious police in Saudi Arabia
INTERPOL - (International Criminal Police whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to
Organization)  It began in1923,and at the same established codes of conduct.
time its name was International Criminal Police NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY
Commission. In 1956, its name became COMMISSION - is the policy making and
International Criminal Police Organization. oversight body of the national police forces in
Slowly, the name of this international Japan and South Korea.
organization became famous as Interpol. Now, NGĀ PIRIHIMANA O AOTEAROA - it
Interpol is the second biggest international literally means "the policeman", is the national
organization; the United Nations is the first. police force of New Zealand. Policing in New
Zealand started in 1840. direct or indirect effects involve in more than
PALERMO PROTOCOLS - are three one country.
protocols that were adopted by the United
Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL
against Transnational Organized Crime. They CRIMES
are: 1. Money laundering
1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish 2. Drug trafficking
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and 3. Terrorism
Children; and 4. Human trafficking
2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of 5. Cyber crime
Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
3. The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME -
and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and involves the planning and execution of illicit
Components and Ammunition business ventures by groups or networks of
POLRI - (Kepolisian Negara Republik individuals working in more than one country.
Indonesia) Indonesian National Police. The These criminal groups use systematic violence
Chief of Police of Indonesia is called Kapolri. and corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes
POLICE BOX - is a British telephone kiosk or commonly
callbox located in a public place for the use of include money laundering; human smuggling;
members of the police, or for members of the cyber crime; and trafficking of humans, drugs,
public to contact the police. Most are disused at weapons, endangered species, body parts, or
present with the advent of two way radio and nuclear material.
mobile phones.
POLIS DIRAJA - the Royal Malaysia police. TYPES OF COURT SYSTEMS OF THE
RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000. WORLD
RA 9208 - The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act 1. ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM - the accused is
of 2003. innocent until proven guilty.
RA 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs 2. INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM - the accused
Act of 2002. is guilty until proven innocent.
RA 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007.
RA 9995 - Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of VETTING - is the process of performing a
2009. background check on someone to ensure that
SCHUPO - (Schutzpolizei), the state level they are suitable for a job requiring secrecy,
police of the German States. loyalty, or trustworthiness.
TALIBAN - means "students", is an Islamic
fundamentalist political movement in WELL KNOWN ORGANIZED CRIME
Afghanistan. GROUP
TERRORISM - the unofficial or unauthorized 1. RUSSIAN MAFIA - Around 200 Russian
use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of groups that operate in nearly 60 countries
political aims. worldwide. They have been involved in
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - It is a term that racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug
has been used in comparative and international trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.
criminal justice study in recent years to reflect 2. LA COSA NOSTRA - Known as the Italian
the complexity and enormity of global crime or Italian-American mafia. The most prominent
issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) organized crime group in the world from the
offences whose inception, proportion and/or 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved
in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, credited with primary development of the Henry
gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance System of fingerprint classification (named after
fraud, and political and judicial corruption. their supervisor, Edward Richard Henry).
3. YAKUZA - Japanese criminal group. Often BERTILLON SYSTEM - a system of
involved in multinational criminals activities, identification which focuses on the meticulous
including human trafficking, gambling, measurement and recording of different parts
prostitution, and undermining licit businesses. and components of the human body.
4. FUKCHING - Chinese organized group in CHIROSCOPY – It is the examination and
the United States. They have been involved in thorough study of the palms of the human hand
smuggling, street violence, and human as a point identifying persons.
trafficking.
5. TRIADS - Underground criminal societies CORE -
based in Hong Kong. They control secret 1. Approximate center of the pattern
markets and bus routes and are often involved in 2. It is placed upon or within the innermost
money laundering and drug trafficking. sufficient recurve.
6. HEIJIN - Taiwanese gangsters who are often
executives in large corporations. They are often DACTYL - finger
involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal DACTYLOGRAPHY - the scientific study of
stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for fingerprints as a means of identification.
public office. DACTYLOMANCY - the scientific study of
7. JAO PHO - Organized crime group in fingerprint for the purposes of personality
Thailand. They are often involved in illegal interpretation.
political and business activity. DACTYLOSCOPY - a method of studying
8. RED WA - Gangsters from Thailand. They fingerprints to establish identification.
are involved in
   manufacturing and trafficking DELTA -
methamphetamine. 1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of
divergence of two typelines and
2. is located at or directly in front of the point of
divergence.

DERMAL PAPILLAE - is the irregular pegs

2. CRIMINALISTICS composed of delicate connective tissue
A. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION protruding and forming ridges of the skin on the
ALPHONSE BERTILLON - was a French fingers, palms, toes, and soles of the feet.
criminologist and anthropologist who created Dr. Henry P. DeForrest - he accomplished the
the first system of physical measurements, first fingerprint file established in the United
photography, and record-keeping that police States, and the first use of fingerprinting by a
could use to identify recidivist criminals. U.S. government agency.
ANCIENT BABYLON - fingerprints were DR. NEHEMIAH GREW - in 1684, he was
used in clay tablets for business transactions. the first European to publish friction ridge skin
1000 - 2000 BC observations.
ANTHROPOMETRY - the first system of EDGEOSCOPY – the study of the
personal identification. morphological characteristics of friction ridges;
AZIZUL HAQUE AND HEM CHANDRA shape or contour of the edges of friction ridges.
BOSE(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint experts EDMOND LOCARD - informally referred to
as the Sherlock Holmes of France, he developed SKIN
the science of poroscopy, the study of 1. EPIDERMIS - outer layer (stratum corneum,
fingerprint pores and the impressions produced stratum mucusum)
by these pores. He went on to write that if 12 2. DERMIS - inner layer (blood vessel, dermal
specific points were identical between two papipllae, various glands and nerves)
fingerprints, it would be sufficient for positive
identification. This work led to the use of FURROWS - the depressed or canal-like
fingerprints in identifying criminals being structure/the white space between the ridges.
adopted over Bertillon's earlier technique of GILBERT THOMPSON - He used his thumb
anthropometry. print on a document to prevent forgery. First
FINGERPRINT - is an impression of the known use of fingerprints in the U.S.
friction ridge of all or any part of the finger. JOHN EVANGELIST PURKINJE - anatomy
Fingerprint ridges are formed during the third to professor at the University of Breslau, in 1823,
fourth month of fetal development. he published his thesis discussing nine
fingerprint patterns  but he made no mention of
FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION the value of fingerprints for personal
SYSTEMS identification. He is considered by many as
1. The Henry Classification System – developed the Father of Dactyloscopy. For purposes of the
by Henry in the late 1800s. criminology licensure examination, Johannes
2. Icnofalangometric System – the originalname Evangelist Purkenji is the same person as John
of the system developed by Vucetichin 1891 Evangelist Purkinje.
3. Dactiloscopy – the new name of the JUAN VUCETICH - In 1892, two boys were
systemdeveloped by Vucetich. brutally murdered in the village of Necochea,
4. The Oloriz System of Classification – near Buenos Aires, Argentina. Initially,
developed by Oloriz Identakey – developed in suspicion fell on a man named Velasquez, a
the 1930s by G. Tyler Mairs. suitor of the children's mother, Francisca Rojas.
5. The American System of Fingerprint Investigators found a bloody fingerprint at the
Classification – developed by Parke in1903. crime scene and contacted Juan Vucetich, who
6. The Conley System, The Flack- was developing a system of fingerprint
ConleySystem – developed in 1906 in New identification for police use. Vucetich compared
Jersey,an improved Conley System. the fingerprints of Rojas and Velasquez with the
7. NCIC Fingerprint Classification System. bloody fingerprint. Francisca Rojas had denied
Collins System – a classification system touching the bloody bodies, but the fingerprint
forsingle fingerprint used in Scotland Yard inthe matched one of hers. Confronted with the
early 1900s. evidence, she confessed—the first successful
8. Jorgensen System – a classification systemfor use of fingerprint identification in a murder
single fingerprints used in the early1900s. investigation.
9. Battley System – a classification system
forsingle fingerprints used in the 1930s LOOP
1. One or more ridges enter upon either side
FRICTION SKIN - also called papillary skin, 2. Recurve
is the epidermal layer found on the ventral or 3. Touch or pass an imaginary line between
lower surface of the hands and feet covered with delta and core
ridges and furrows. 4. Pass out or tend to pass out upon the same
side the ridges entered.
FUNDAMENTAL LAYERS OF FRICTION
THREE LOOP CHARACTERISTICS apart.
1. A sufficient recurve 6.CONVERGING RIDGE - two ridges that
2. A Delta meet at certain point.
3. A ridge count across a looping ridge 7.BIFURCATION - a ridge formation in which
a single ridge splits or divides into 2 or more
MARCELO MALPIGHI - in 1686,  an ridges.
anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, 8.RIDGE DOT (Island Ridge) - refers to a
noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his ridge formation in a form of a dot or period.
treatise. A layer of skin was named after him; 9.APPENDAGE - a short ridge found at the top
"Malpighi" layer, which is approximately or summit of a recurve.
1.8mm thick. Malpighi is considered as the 10.ROD (Bar) - a short or long ridge found
"Grandfather of Dactyloscopy". inside the recurve directed towards the core.
MARK TWAIN - author of the novel 11.OBSTRUCTION RIDGE - short ridge
Pudd'nhead Wilson where one of the characters found inside the recurve which blocks the inner
has a hobby of collecting fingerprints. line of flow towards the core.
PAUL-JEAN COULIER - of Val-de-Grâce in 12.TYPELINES - a diverging ridge that tends
Paris, published his observations that (latent) to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic
fingerprints can be developed on paper by boundary of fingerprint impression.
iodine fuming, explaining how to preserve (fix) 13.PATTERN AREA - a part of a loop or
such developed impressions and mentioning the whorl pattern surrounded by typelines and
potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by consisting of the delta, the core and other ridges.
use of a magnifying glass. 14.DELTA - also called the outer terminus, is a
POROSCOPY – refers to the examination of point along the ridge formation found at the
the shape,size and arrangement of the small center or near the center of the
opening on friction ridge through which body diverging typelines.
fluids are secreted or released. Poros (a pair), 15.CORE - also called the heart or inner
Skopien (to study) terminus, usually found at the center of the
PODOSCOPY – a term coined by Wilder and innermost recurve.
Wentwrth which refers to the examination of the
soles and their significance in personal RIDGE DESTRUCTION - ridge destruction
identification. Podo (foot), Skopien (to study) of the friction skin can either be temporary or
permanent. Generally temporary destruction
RIDGE - the elevated or hill-like structure (the occur when only the epidermis layer of the
black lines with white dots) friction skin has been damaged while permanent
1. RECURVING RIDGE - a single ridge that damage can be injected to the friction skin due
curves back to the direction where it started. to the damage in the dermis layer.
2. ENDING RIDGE - it refers to an abrupt end RIDGE FORMATION - ridges start to form in
of a ridge the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th
3. ENCLOSURE OR LAKE RIDGE - a single month of fetus life.
ridge that divides into two but does not remain RIDGEOLOGY – describes the
open and meet at a certain point to form the individualization process of any area of friction
original single ridge. skin using allavailable detail.
4. SUFFICENT RECURVE - a recurving
ridge which is complete with its shoulder free RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
from any appendage. 1. RIDGE DOTS - An isolated ridge unit
5.DIVERGING RIDGE - two ridges that split whose length approximates its width in size.
2. BIFURCATIONS - The point at which one SWEAT DUCT - the passage way.
friction ridge divides into two friction ridges. SWEAT GLAND - the producers of sweat.
3. TRIFURCATIONS - The point at which one SWEAT PORES - the tiny opening/the tiny
friction ridge divides into three friction ridges. white dot
4. ENDING RIDGE - A single friction ridge
that terminates within the friction ridge TIME LINE - FINGERPRINTS
structure. 1000-2000 B.C. - Fingerprints were used on
5. RIDGE CROSSING - A point where two clay tablets for business transactions in ancient
ridge units intersect. Babylon.
6. ENCLOSURES (Lakes) - A single friction 3RD CENTURY B.C. - Thumbprints begin to
ridge that bifurcates and rejoins after a short be used on clay seals in China to “sign”
course and continues as a single friction ridge. documents.
7. SHORT RIDGES (Islands) - Friction ridges 610-907 A.D. - During the T’ang Dynasty, a
of varying lengths. time when imperial China was one of the most
8. SPURS (Hooks) - A bifurcation with one powerful and wealthy regions of the world,
short ridge branching off a longer ridge. fingerprints are reportedly used on official
9. BRIDGES - A connecting friction ridge documents.
between parallel running ridges, generally right 1ST CENTURY A.D. - A petroglyph located
angles. on a cliff face in Nova Scotia depicts a hand
with exaggerated ridges and finger whorls,
SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY -  he was presumably left by the Mi'kmaq people.
appointed Inspector-General of Police of 14TH CENTURY A.D. - Many official
Bengal, India in 1891, he developed a system of government documents in Persia have
fingerprint classification enabling fingerprint fingerprint impressions. One government
records to be organized and searched with physician makes the observation that no two
relative ease. fingerprints were an exact match.
SIR FRANCIS GALTON - He devised a 1686 - At the University of Bologna in Italy, a
method of classifying fingerprints that proved professor of anatomy named Marcello Malpighi
useful in forensic science. He pointed out that notes the common characteristics of spirals,
there were specific types of fingerprint patterns. loops and ridges in fingerprints, using the newly
He described and classified them into eight invented microscope for his studies. In time, a
broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch, 3: 1.88mm thick layer of skin, the “Malpighi
simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double layer,” was named after him. Although Malpighi
loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and was likely the first to document types of
8: accidental fingerprints, the value of fingerprints as
SIR HENRY FAULDS - his first paper on the identification tools was never mentioned in his
subject of fingerprint was published in the writings.
scientific journal Nature in 1880. Examining his 1823 - A thesis is published by Johannes
own fingertips and those of friends, he became Evengelista Purkinje, professor of anatomy with
convinced that the pattern of ridges was unique the University of Breslau, Prussia. The thesis
to each individual. details a full nine different fingerprint patterns.
SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL - was a Still, like Malpighi, no mention is made of
British officer in India who used fingerprints for fingerprints as an individual identification
identification on contracts. method.
1858 - The Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly
SKOPIEN - to study or examine. district in Jungipoor, India, Sir William
Herschel, first used fingerprints to forgery. This event is the first known use of
“sign” contracts with native Indians. In July of fingerprints for identification in America.
1858, a local businessman named Rajyadhar 1883 - “Life on the Mississippi,” a novel by
Konai put his hand print on the back of a Mark Twain, tells the story of a murderer who is
contract at Herschel’s request. Herschel was not identified by the use of fingerprints. His later
motivated by the need to prove personal book "Pudd'n Head Wilson” includes a
identity; rather, his motivation was to simply courtroom drama involving fingerprint
“frighten (Konai) out of all thought of identification.
repudiating his signature.” As the locals felt 1888 - Sir Francis Galton’s began his study of
more bound to a contract through this personal fingerprints during the 1880s, primarily to
contact than if it was just signed, as did the develop a tool for determining genetic history
ancient Babylonians and Chinese, and hereditary traits. Through careful study of
Herschel adopted the practice permanently. the work of Faulds, which he learned of through
Later, only the prints of the right index and his cousin Sir Charles Darwin, as well as his
middle fingers were required on contracts. In examination of fingerprints collected by Sir
time, after viewing a number of fingerprints, William Herschel, Galton became the first to
Herschel noticed that no two prints were exactly provide scientific evidence that no two
alike, and he observed that even in widespread fingerprints are exactly the same, and that prints
use, the fingerprints could be used for personal remain the same throughout a person’s lifetime.
identification purposes. He calculated that the odds of finding two
1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds, a British surgeon and identical fingerprints were 1 in 64 billion.
Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, 1892 - Galton’s book “Fingerprints” is
published an article in the Scientific Journal, published, the first of its kind. In the book,
"Nautre" (nature). He discussed fingerprints as a Galton detailed the first classification system for
means of personal identification, and the use of fingerprints; he identified three types (loop,
printers ink as a method for obtaining such whorl, and arch) of characteristics for
fingerprints. Faulds had begun his study of what fingerprints (also known as minutia). These
he called “skin-furrows” during the 1870s after characteristics are to an extent still in use today,
looking at fingerprints on pieces of old clay often referred to as Galton’s Details.
pottery. He is also credited with the first 1892 - Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police
fingerprint identification: a greasy print left by a official, had recently begun keeping the first
laboratory worker on a bottle of alcohol. Soon, fingerprint files based on Galton’s Details.
Faulds began to recognize that the distinctive History was made that year when Vucetich
patterns on fingers held great promise as a made the first criminal fingerprint identification.
means of individual identification, and A woman named Rojas had murdered her two
developed a classification system for recording sons, then cut her own throat to deflect blame
these inked impressions. Also in 1880, Faulds from herself. Rojas left a bloody print on a
sent a description of his fingerprint doorpost. After investigators matched the crime
classification system to Sir Charles Darwin. scene print to that of the accused, Rojas
Darwin, aging and in poor health, declined to confessed. Vucetich eventually developed his
assist Dr. Faulds in the further study of own system of classification, and published a
fingerprints, but forwarded the information on to book entitled Dactiloscopía Comparada
his cousin, British scientist Sir Francis Galton. ("Comparative Fingerprinting") in 1904,
1882 - Gilbert Thompson, employed by the U.S. detailing the Vucetich system, still the most
Geological Survey in New Mexico, uses his used system in Latin America.
own fingerprints on a document to guard against 1896 - British official Sir Edward Richard
Henry had been living in Bengal, and was begin working with the new science.
looking to use a system similar to that of 1904 - The St. Louis Police Department and the
Herschel’s to eliminate problems within his Leavenworth State Penitentiary in Kansas start
jurisdiction. After visiting Sir Francis Galton in utilizing fingerprinting, assisted by a Sergeant
England, Henry returned to Bengal and from Scotland Yard who had been guarding the
instituted a fingerprinting program for all British Display at the St. Louis Exposition.
prisoners. By July of 1896, Henry wrote in a 1905 - The U.S. Army gets on the fingerprinting
report that the classification limitations had not bandwagon, and within three years was joined
yet been addressed. A short time later, Henry by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. In the
developed a system of his own, which included ensuing 25 years, as more law enforcement
1,024 primary classifications. Within a year, the agencies joined in using fingerprints as personal
Governor General signed a resolution directing identification methods, these agencies began
that fingerprinting was to be the official method sending copies of the fingerprint cards to the
of identifying criminals in British India. recently established National Bureau of
1901 - Back in England and Wales, the success Criminal  Investigation.
of the “Henry Fingerprint Classification 1911 - The first central storage location for
System” in India was creating a stir, and a fingerprints in North America is established in
committee was formed to review Scotland Ottawa by Edward Foster of the Dominion
Yard's identification methods. Henry was then Police Force. The repository is maintained by
transferred to England, where he began training the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and while
investigators to use the Henry Classification it originally held only 2000  sets of fingerprints,
System after founding Scotland Yard's today the number is over 2 million.
Central Fingerprint Bureau. Within a few years, 1924 - The U.S. Congress acts to establish the
the Henry Classification System was in use Identification Division of the F.B.I. The
around the world, and fingerprints had National Bureau and Leavenworth are
been established as the uniform system of consolidated to form the basis of the F.B.I.
identification for the future. The Henry fingerprint repository. By 1946, the F.B.I. had
Classification System is still in use today in processed 100 million fingerprint cards;  that
English speaking countries around the globe. number doubles by 1971.
1902 - Alphonse Bertillon, director of the 1990s - AFIS, or Automated Fingerprint
Bureau of Identification of the Paris Police, is Identification Systems, begin widespread use
responsible for the first criminal identification around the country. This computerized system
of a fingerprint without a known suspect. A of storing and cross-referencing criminal
print taken from the scene of a homicide was fingerprint records would eventually become
compared against the criminal fingerprints capable of searching millions of fingerprint files
already on file, and a match was made, marking in minutes, revolutionizing law
another milestone in law enforcement enforcement efforts.
technology. Meanwhile, the New York Civil 1996 - As Americans become more concerned
Service Commission, spearheaded by Dr. Henry with the growing missing and abducted children
P. DeForrest, institutes testing of the first problem, and law enforcement groups urge the
systematic use of fingerprints in the United fingerprinting of children for investigative
States. purposes in the event of a child becoming
1903 - Fingerprinting technology comes into missing, Chris Migliaro founds Fingerprint
widespread use in the United States, as the New America in Albany, NY. The company provides
York Police Department, the New York State a simple, at-home fingerprinting and
Prison system and the Federal Bureau of Prisons identification kit for parents, maintaining the
family’s privacy while protecting and 2. LOOP  a. Radial Loop
educating children about the dangers of               b. Ulnar Loop
abduction. By 2001, the company distributes 3. WHORL a. Plain Whorl
over 5 million Child ID Fingerprinting Kits                b. Central Pocket Loop
around the world.                c. Double Loop
1999 - The FBI phases out the use of paper                d. Accidental Whorl
fingerprint cards with their new Integrated AFIS
(IAFIS) site at Clarksburg, West PLAIN ARCH
Virginia.  IAFIS will starts with individual 1. Ridges enter upon one side
computerized fingerprint records for 2. Make a rise or wave in the center
approximately 33 million criminals, while the 3. Flow or tend to flow out upon the opposite
outdated paper cards for the civil files are kept side.
at a facility in Fairmont, West Virginia. TENTED ARCH - Possesses an
1. Angle
TYPELINES 2. Upthrust
1. Two innermost ridges that start or go parallel 3. Two of The Three basic characteristics of the
2. Diverge and surround or tend to surround the loop
pattern area ULNAR LOOP - flow toward the little finger -
ulna bone.
TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS RADIAL LOOP - flow toward the thumb -
1. Visible Prints radius bone.
2. Latent Prints PLAIN WHORL
3. Impressed Prints 1. Consists of one or more ridges which make or
tend to make a complete circuit
VISIBLE PRINTS - also called patent prints 2. With 2 delta's
and are left in some medium, like blood, that 3. Between which, when an imaginary line is
reveals them to the naked eye when blood, dirt, drawn, at least one recurving ridge within the
ink or grease on the finger come into contact inner pattern area is cut or touched.
with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge CENTRAL POCKET LOOP
impression that is visible without development. 1. Consists of at least one recurving ridge or
LATENT PRINTS - not apparent to the naked 2. An obstruction at right angles to the line of
eye. They are formed from the sweat from flow
sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, 3. With 2 delta's
amino acids and oils contained in sweat. They 4. Between which, when an imaginary line is
can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, drawn, no recurving ridge within the inner
fuming or chemical reagents. pattern area is cut or touched.
IMPRESSED PRINTS - also called plastic DOUBLE LOOP
prints and are indentations left in soft pliable 1. Consists of two separate loop formations
surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or another 2. With two separate and distinct set of
surface that will take the impression. They are shoulders and
visible and can be viewed or photographed 3. Two delta's
without development. ACCIDENTAL WHORL
1. Consists of a combination of two different
TYPES OF PATTERNS types of patterns with the exception of the plain
1. ARCH  a. Plain Arch arch
              b. Tented Arch 2. With 2 or more delta's or
3. A pattern which possesses some of the
requirements for 2 or more different types or a
pattern which conforms to none of the NOTES: PALMAR - refers to finger and palm.
definitions. PERSONALITIES WHO SIGNIFICANTLY
FINGERPRINT - is an impression left by the CONTRIBUTED TO THE SCIENCE OF
friction ridge of a human finger. FINGERPRINT.

1. JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJE (1787 -

1869) - a czech physiologist and professor of
anatomy at the university of Breslau,
published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9
fingerprint patterns but he did not mention
any possibility of using fingerprint to
identify people.
2. GEORG VON MEISNER (1829 - 1905) -
German anatomist who studied friction
FRICTION RIDGE - is a raised portion of the ridges.
epidermis on the fingers and toes, the palm of 3. SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL -
the hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at
one or more connected ridge units of the friction Hoogly near Calcutta, he instituted the use
ridge skin. These are sometimes known as of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to
"epidermal ridges" prevent the then rampant repudiation of
DERMATOGLYPHICS - scientific study of signatures and he registered government
fingerprints pensioners fingerprint to prevent the
collection of money by relatives after a
TYPE OF PRINTS pensioners death.
1. EXEMPLAR - "known prints" - fingerprints 4. HENRY FAULDS - a Scottish surgeon who
deliberately collected from a subject. in 1880, in a Tokyo hospital, published his
2. LATENT - means chance or accidental first paper on the subject in the scientific
impression left by the friction ridge skin on a journal nature. He took up the study of "skin
surface regardless of whether it is visible or furrows" after noticing finger marks on
invisible at the time of deposition. Although the specimens of prehistoric pottery.
word latent means hidden or invisible in modern 5. JUAN VUCETICH - an Argentine chief of
usage for forensic science. police who created the first method of
3.PATENT - chance friction ridge impressions recording the fingerprint of individuals on
which are obvious to the human eye  and which file, associating this these fingerprints  to the
have been caused by the transfer of foreign anthropometric system of Alphonse
material from a finger into a surface. Bertillon.
4. PLASTIC PRINT - is a friction ridge 6. ALPHONSE BERTILLON - created in
impression left in a material that retains the 1879 a system to identify individuals by
shape of the ridge detail. anthropometric photographs and associated
5. ELECTRONIC RECORDING - example, a quantitative descriptions.
man selling stolen watches sending images of 7. EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - UK
them on a mobile phone and those images home secretary who conducted an inquiry
included parts of his hands in enough detail for into identification of criminals by
police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns.  measurements and fingerprints. The Henry
 Classification System of classifying CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM.
fingerprint was named after him. 1. ROSCHER SYSTEM - developed in
8. AZIZUL HAGUE AND HEM Germany. Implemented in Germany and Japan.
CHANDRA BOSE - Indian fingerprint 2. JUAN VUCETICH SYSTEM - developed
expert who have been credited with the in Argentina. Implemented through out South
primary development of a fingerprint America.
classification system eventually named after 3. HENRY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM -
their supervisor Sir Edward Richard Henry. developed in India. Implemented in most
9. HENRY P. DEFORREST - used English speaking countries.
fingerprinting in the New York civil service
in 1902 and by 1906. Pioneered U.S. IN THE HENRY SYSTEM OF
fingerprinting. CLASSIFICATION. THERE ARE 3 BASIC
10. NEHEMIAH GREW -(1641 - 1712) - in FINGERPRINT PATTERNS.
1684, this English physician, botanist and 1. LOOP - constitute 60% to 65% of all
microscopist published the first scientific fingerprint.
paper to describe the ridge structure of the 1)ulnar Loop
skin covering the fingers and palms. 2)radial Loop
11. MARCELO MALPHIGI - an anatomy 2. WHORL - constitute 30% to 35% of all
professor at the university of Bologna, noted fingerprints.
in his treatise in 1686, ridges, spirals and 1)plain Whorl
loops in fingerprints, A layer of skin was 2)accidental Whorl
named after him "malphigi layer" which is 3)double Loop whorl
approximately 1.8 mm thick. 4)central Pocket Loop Whorl.
12. MARK TWAIN - in his memoir life on the 3. ARCH - constitute 5% of all fingerprints.
Mississippi 1883, it mentioned a 1)plain Arch
melodramatic account of a murder in which 2)tented Arch
the killer was identified by a thumbprint. THE BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF
Twain's novel Pudd'n head Wilson published FINGERPRINTS ARE:
in 1893 includes a court room drama that 1. PERMANENCE - fingerprints never change.
turns on fingerprint identification.    2. INDIVIDUALITY - no two fingerprints are
FINGERPRINT SENSOR - is an electronic alike.
device used to capture a digital image of the
fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called CHARACTERISTICS OF A RIDGE
a live scan. (minutia Features)
BIOMETRICS (Biometric Authentication) - 1. RIDGE ENDING - the end of a ridge.
refers to the identification of humans by their 2. BIFURCATION - the Y-shaped split of one
characteristics or traits ridge into two.
LATENT PRINT - (known as dactyloscopy or 3. DOT - is a very short ridge that looks like a
hand print identification) - is the process of dot.
comparing two instances of friction ridge skin
impressions from human fingers, palm of the When is fingerprint ridges formed? ans.
hand, or even toes to determine whether these formed during the third to fourth month of fetal
impressions could have come from the same development.
individual. Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(AFIS) - is the process of automatically
THE MOST POPULAR TEN PRINT matching one of many unknown fingerprints
against a database of known and unknown lived around 1000 AD, invented the first pinhole
prints. camera, (also called the Camera Obscura } and
What is a Loop? ans. the ridges enter from one was able to explain why the images were upside
side of the finger, form a curve and then exit on down.
that same side. ANGELO SALA - a self educated chemist, he
What is a whorl? ans. ridges form circularly discovered that when paper contained powdered
around a central point on the finger. silver nitrate it would react with sunlight,
What is an Arch? ans. the ridges enter from causing it to darken. These pioneering
one side of the finger, rise in the center forming experiments with silver salts were a crucial step
an arch and then exit the other side of the finger. towards the later invention of photography. He
What does a Minutiae Include? ans. It published his findings in a pamphlet in 1614.
includes the following: ANNA ATKINS - (1799- 1871) an English
1. RIDGE ENDING - the abrupt end of a ridge. Botanist, she is considered to be the first female
2. RIDGE BIFURCATION - a single ridge photographer.
that divides into two ridges. ARISTOTLE - he observed and noted the first
3. SHORT RIDGE OR INDEPENDENT casual reference to the optic laws that made
RIDGE - a ridge that commences, travels a pinhole cameras possible, around 330 BC, he
short distance and then ends. questioned why the sun could make a circular
4. ISLAND - a single small ridge inside a short image when it shined through a square hole.
ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to all ARTHUR FELLIG - (Weegee) became
other ridges. famous because of his frequent, seemingly
5. RIDGE ENCLOSURE - a single ridge that prescient arrivals at scenes only minutes after
bifurcates and reunites shortly afterward to crimes, fires or other emergencies were reported
continue as a single ridge. to authorities.
6. SPUR - a bifurcation with a short ridge CARL WILLIAM SCHEELE - (1742-1786)
branching off a longer ridge. Swedish scientist, self-educated. He used to
7. CROSSOVER OR BRIDGE - a short ridge work as an assistant in pharmacies and showed a
that runs between two parallel ridges. talent in chemistry from a very young age. In
8. DELTA - a Y-shape ridge meeting. spite an offer made to him to study in London or
9. CORE - A U-turn in the ridge pattern. Berlin, he operated a pharmacy in Kφping
where he spend the rest of his life and made all
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY - forensic his important inventions. He was especially
discipline that studies human skeletal remains interest on chemical analysis and worked
for identification. particularly with the chemical reactions between
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY - study of silver nitrate and sunlight, therefore making a
dental features to identify a victim when the break through in the chemistry of photography.
body is otherwise unidentifiable. The records from his experiments were of a
great importance for the next generations of
scientists.
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY - uses an array
of electronic photo detectors to capture the
image focused by the lens, as opposed to an
exposure on photographic film.
B. POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY EMULSION - is a mixture of two or more
ALHAZEN (IBN AL-HAYTHAM) - a great liquids that are normally immiscible
authority on optics in the Middle Ages who (nonmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are
part of a more general class of two-phase negative from which multiple postive prints
systems of matter called colloids. were made.
EXPOSURE - is the amount of light per unit HERCULES FLORENCE - (1804-1879) Few
area (the image plane illuminance times the details are known for his life. In 1824 goes to
exposure time) reaching a photographic film, as Brazil and takes part in a scientific mission at
determined by shutter speed, lens aperture and the Amazon, where he becomes preoccupied
scene luminance. with the idea of recording images from his trip.
FILM SPEED - is the measure of a From 1830 devotes himself to research and
photographic film's sensitivity to light, experimentation for photography. The above,
determined by sensitometry and measured on gives Brazil the ability to claim that is one of the
various numerical scales, the most recent being places in the world, where photography was
the ISO system. found.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY - (forensic HIPPOLYTE BAYARD - (1807-1887) The
imaging)(crime scene photography) it is the art most unfortunate from the pioneers
of producing an accurate reproduction of a of photography. Discovered one direct positive
crime scene or an accident scene using photographic method.
photography for the benefit of a court or to aid He was the first person to hold a photographic
in an investigation. exhibition (for
FREDERICK SCOFF ARCHER - an English humanitarian reasons) and the first who
sculptor who invented the wet plate negative in combined two negatives to
1851. Using a viscous solution of collodion, he created one print (called Combination Printing).
coated glass with light-sensitive silver salts. As a civil servant
Because it was glass and not paper, this wet and with five hundred franks that received as
plate created a more stable and detailed financial help from
negative. Arago for improving his method, prevented him
GELATIN - It is used to hold silver halide from presenting the
crystals in an emulsion in virtually all discovery of photography at the French
photographic films and photographic papers. Academy of Sciences.
GEORGE EASTMAN - he invented in 1889 a
film with a base that was flexible, unbreakable, History of Photography - Timeline
and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a
cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, Ancient Times: Camera obscuras used to form
made the mass-produced box camera a reality. images on walls in darkened rooms; image
HAMILTON SMITH - he patented in 1856 the formation via a pinhole
Tintypes, another medium that heralded the 16TH CENTURY: Brightness and clarity of
birth of photography. A thin sheet of iron was camera obscuras improved by enlarging the hole
used to provide a base for light-sensitive inserting a telescope lens
material, yielding a positive image. 17TH CENTURY: Camera obscuras in
TINTYPES - are a variation of the collodion frequent use by artists and made portable in the
wet plate process. The emulsion is painted onto form of sedan chairs
a japanned (varnished) iron plate, which is 1727: Professor J. Schulze mixes chalk, nitric
exposed in the camera. acid, and silver in a flask; notices darkening on
HELIOGRAPHS - (sun prints) were the side of flask exposed to sunlight. Accidental
prototype for the modern photograph. creation of the first photo-sensitive compound.
HENRY FOX TALBOT - an English botanist 1800: Thomas Wedgwood makes "sun pictures"
and mathematician and The inventor of the first by placing opaque objects on leather treated
with silver nitrate; resulting images deteriorated The photos were turned into lantern slides and
rapidly, however, if displayed under light projected in registration with the same color
stronger than from candles. filters. This is the "color separation" method.
1816: Nicéphore Niépce combines the camera 1861-65: Mathew Brady and staff (mostly staff)
obscura with photosensitive paper covers the American Civil War, exposing 7000
1826: Niépce creates a permanent image negatives
1827: Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first 1868: Ducas de Hauron publishes a book
known photographic image using the camera proposing a variety of methods for color
obscura. The camera obscura was a tool used by photography.
artists to draw. 1870: Center of period in which the US
1834: Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent Congress sent photographers out to the West.
(negative) images using paper soaked in silver The most famous images were taken by William
chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot Jackson and Tim O'Sullivan.
created positive images by contact printing onto 1871: Richard Leach Maddox, an English
another sheet of paper. doctor, proposes the use of an emulsion of
1837: Louis Daguerre creates images on silver- gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate, the
plated copper, coated with silver iodide and "dry plate" process.
"developed" with warmed mercury; Daguerre is 1877: Eadweard Muybridge, born in England as
awarded a state pension by the French Edward Muggridge, settles "do a horse's four
government in exchange for publication of hooves ever leave the ground at once" bet
methods and the rights by other French citizens among rich San Franciscans by time-sequenced
to use the Daguerreotype process. photography of Leland Stanford's horse.
1841: Talbot patents his process under the name 1878: Dry plates being manufactured
"calotype". commercially.
1851: Frederick Scott Archer, a sculptor in 1880: George Eastman, age 24, sets up Eastman
London, improves photographic resolution by Dry Plate Company in Rochester, New York.
spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton First half-tone photograph appears in a daily
dissolved in ether and alcoohol) and chemicals newspaper, the New York Graphic.
on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion 1888: First Kodak camera, containing a 20-foot
photography was much cheaper than roll of paper, enough for 100 2.5-inch diameter
daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process circular pictures.
permitted unlimited reproductions, and the 1889: Improved Kodak camera with roll of film
process was published but not patented. instead of paper
1853: Nadar (Felix Toumachon) opens his 1890: Jacob Riis publishes How the Other Half
portrait studio in Paris Lives, images of tenament life in New york City
1854: Adolphe Disderi develops carte-de-visite 1900: Kodak Brownie box roll-film camera
photography in Paris, leading to worldwide introduced.
boom in portrait studios for the next decade 1902: Alfred Stieglitz organizes "Photo
1855: Beginning of stereoscopic era Secessionist" show in New York City
1855-57: Direct positive images on glass 1906: Availability of panchromatic black and
(ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) white film and therefore high quality color
popular in the US. separation color photography. J.P. Morgan
1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-Maxwell finances Edward Curtis to document the
demonstrates a color photography system traditional culture of the North American Indian.
involving three black and white photographs, 1907: First commercial color film, the
each taken through a red, green, or blue filter. Autochrome plates, manufactured by Lumiere
brothers in France hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur
1909: Lewis Hine hired by US National Child Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships
Labor Committee to photograph children over the next six years. Roman Vishniac begins
working mills. his project of the soon-to-be-killed-by-their-
1914: Oscar Barnack, employed by German neighbors Jews of Central and Eastern Europe.
microscope manufacturer Leitz, develops 1936: Development of Kodachrome, the first
camera using the modern 24x36mm frame and color multi-layered color film; development of
sprocketed 35mm movie film. Exakta, pioneering 35mm single-lens reflex
1917: Nippon Kogaku K.K., which will (SLR) camera
eventually become Nikon, established in Tokyo. WORLD WAR II: Development of multi-layer
1921: Man Ray begins making photograms color negative films Margaret Bourke-White,
("rayographs") by placing objects on Robert Capa, Carl Mydans, and W. Eugene
photographic paper and exposing the shadow Smith cover the war for LIFE magazine
cast by a distant light bulb; Eugegrave;ne Atget, 1940S - in the early 1940's commercially viable
aged 64, assigned to photograph the brothels of color films (except Kodachrome, introduced in
Paris 1935) were brought to the market. These films
1924: Leitz markets a derivative of Barnack's used the modern technology of dye-coupled
camera commercially as the "Leica", the first colors in which a chemical process connects the
high quality 35mm camera. three dye layers together to create an apparent
1925: André Kertész moves from his native color image.
Hungary to Paris, where he begins an 11-year 1947: Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and
project photographing street life David Seymour start the photographer-owned
1928: Albert Renger-Patzsch publishes The Magnum picture agency
World is Beautiful, close-ups emphasizing the 1948: Hasselblad in Sweden offers its first
form of natural and man-made objects; Rollei medium-format SLR for commercial sale;
introduces the Rolleiflex twin-lens reflex Pentax in Japan introduces the automatic
producing a 6x6 cm image on rollfilm.; Karl diaphragm; Polaroid sells instant black and
Blossfeldt publishes Art Forms in Nature white film
1931: Development of strobe photography by 1949: East German Zeiss develops the Contax
Harold ("Doc") Edgerton at MIT S, first SLR with an unreversed image in a
1932: Inception of Technicolor for movies, pentaprism viewfinder
where three black and white negatives were 1955: Edward Steichen curates Family of Man
made in the same camera under different filters; exhibit at New York's of Modern Art
Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Willard 1959: Nikon F introduced.
Van Dyke, Edward Weston, et al, form Group 1960: Garry Winogrand begins photographing
f/64 dedicated to "straight photographic thought women on the streets of New York City.
and production".; Henri Cartier-Bresson buys a 1963: First color instant film developed by
Leica and begins a 60-year career Polaroid; Instamatic released by Kodak; first
photographing people; On March 14, George purpose-built underwater introduced, the
Eastman, aged 77, writes suicide note--"My Nikonos
work is done. Why wait?"—and shoots himself. 1970: William Wegman begins photographing
1933: Brassaï publishes Paris de nuit his Weimaraner, Man Ray.
1934: Fuji Photo Film founded. By 1938, Fuji is 1972: 110-format cameras introduced by Kodak
making cameras and lenses in addition to film. with a 13x17mm frame
1935: Farm Security Administration hires Roy 1973: C-41 color negative process introduced,
Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would replacing C-22
1975: Nicholas Nixon takes his first annual Digital Rebel introduced for less than $1000
photograph of his wife and her sisters: "The 2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras
Brown Sisters"; Steve Sasson at Kodak builds 2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced
the first working CCD-based digital still camera full-frame digital SLR, with a 24x36mm CMOS
1976: First solo show of color photographs at sensor for $3000; Portraits by Rineke Dijkstra
the Museum of Modern Art, William
Eggleston's Guide INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY - the film or
1977: Cindy Sherman begins work on Untitled image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light.
Film Stills, completed in 1980; Jan Groover JOHANN HEINRICH SCHULZE - (1687 -
begins kitchen utensils 1744) he was a German professor at the
1978: Hiroshi Sugimoto begins work on University of Altdorf. He was the first person to
seascapes. produce Photograms, which were created by
1980: Elsa Dorfman begins making portraits using paper masks in direct contact with a jar
with the 20x24" Polaroid. containing a mixture of silver nitrate powder
1982: Sony demonstrates Mavica "still video" and chalk. Schulze proved that the darkening of
camera silver nitrate was caused by light and ruled out
1983: Kodak introduces disk camera, using an the possibility of the change being caused by
8x11mm frame (the same as in the Minox spy temperature, by observing no tonal change to
camera) silver nitrate when heated in an oven.
1985: Minolta markets the world's first JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE - made the
autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the first photographic image with a camera obscura.
US); In the American West by Richard Avedon LATENT IMAGE - is an invisible image
1988: Sally Mann begins publishing nude produced by the exposure to light of a
photos of her children photosensitive material such as photographic
1987: The popular Canon EOS system film.
introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount LOUIS DAGUERRE - a Frenchman and A
1990: Adobe Photoshop released. professional scene painter,  was able to reduce
1991: Kodak DCS-100, first digital SLR, a exposure time to less than 30 minutes and keep
modified Nikon F3 the image from disappearing afterwards. He was
1992: Kodak introduces PhotoCD the inventor of the first practical process of
1993: Founding of photo.net (this Web site), an photography.
early Internet online community; Sebastiao MUGSHOT - (police photograph)(booking
Salgado publishes Workers; Mary Ellen Mark photograph) is a photographic portrait typically
publishes book documenting life in an Indian taken after a person is arrested.
circus. NEGATIVE - is an image, usually on a strip or
1995: Material World, by Peter Menzel sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the
published. lightest areas of the photographed subject
1997: Rob Silvers publishes Photomosaics appear darkest and the darkest areas appear
1999: Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for lightest.
$6000, first ground-up DSLR design by a PARALLAX - is a displacement or difference
leading manufacturer. in the apparent position of an object viewed
2000: Camera phone introduced in Japan by along two different lines of sight, and is
Sharp/J-Phone measured by the angle or semi-angle of
2001: Polaroid goes bankrupt inclination between those two lines.
2003: Four-Thirds standard for compact digital PHOTOGRAPHY - It is a method of recording
SLRs introduced with the Olympus E-1; Canon images by the action of light, or related
radiation, on a sensitive material. journalistic intent.
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM - (Film) is a strip or THOMAS WEDGWOOD - (1771 - 1805) an
sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on Englishman who made good ground creating
one side with a gelatin emulsion containing Photograms and recording images from his
microscopically small light-sensitive silver Camera Obscura or pinhole camera, However,
halide crystals. he never overcome the problem of fixing the
POINT-AND-SHOOT CAMERA - (compact image and therefore the prints produced had to
camera) is a still camera designed primarily for be viewed for very short periods of time in a
simple operation.[1] Most use focus free lenses darkened environment.
or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for TWIN-LENS REFLEX CAMERA (TLR) - is
setting the exposure options, and have flash a type of camera with two objective lenses of
units built in. the same focal length.
ROGUES GALLERY - is a police collection VIEWFINDER - is what the photographer
of pictures or photographs of criminals and looks through to compose, and in many cases to
suspects kept for identification purposes focus, the picture.
SHUTTER LAG - is the delay between
triggering the shutter and when the photograph
is actually recorded.
SHUTTER SPEED - (exposure time) is the
length of time a camera's shutter is open when C. FORENSIC BALLISTICS (FIREARMS
taking a photograph. AND AMMUNITION)
SILVER HALIDES - The light-sensitive ACP - Automatic Colt Pistol
chemicals used in photographic film and paper. ACTION - the working mechanism of a
SINGLE-LENS REFLEX CAMERA (SLR) - firearm. An action is a physical mechanism that
typically uses a mirror and prism system (hence manipulates cartridges and/or seals the breech.
"reflex", from the mirror's reflection) that AIR GUN - a gun that uses compressed air or
permits the photographer to view through the gas to propel a projectile also called air rifle,
lens and see exactly what will be captured, pellet rifle, pellet gun, and gun.
contrary to viewfinder cameras where the image AIR RESISTANCE - (Drag) decelerates the
could be significantly different from what will projectile with a force proportional to the square
be captured. of the velocity.
SIR HUMPHRY DAVY - (1778-1829) AMMUNITION - shall mean loaded shell rifle,
Chemistry genius, friend and assistant of muskets, carbine, shotguns, revolver and pistol
Wedgwood in his experiments whose results from which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other
were published at Royal Society, in 1802 by missiles may be forwarded by means of gun
Davy. The problem of "fixing" the images powder or other explosives.
remained in spite of Davy's breakthroughs in ANVIL - An internal metal component in a
chemistry. boxer primer assembly against which the
SIR JOHN F.W. HERSCHEL - a scientist priming mixture is crushed by the firing pin
who first used the word photography in 1839. blow.
The word photography was derived from the ANVIL MARKS - A term generally used by
Greek words Photos, which means light and the military for a cartridge with a full metal
Graphein, which means to draw. jacketed bullet or solid metal projectile.
SNAPSHOT - is popularly defined as a ARMALITE – occasionally, the home of
photograph that is "shot" spontaneously and manufacturing company becomes almost a
quickly, most often without artistic or generic term. It happens with the colt produced
M16, which has been designed and develop at BROACH, GANG – A tool having a series of
Armalite. The Armalite business was formed by cutting edges of slightly increasing height used
Charles Dorchester and George Sullivan in to cut the spiral grooves in a barrel. All groves
1950. Armalite employed Eugene Stoner, Chief are cut with a single pass of the broach.
Engineer and one of the top designers of the BROACH, SINGLE – a non-adjustable rifling
country. cutter that cuts all the grooves simultaneously,
AUTOMATIC - when the mechanism is so and is in a series of increasing dimensions until
arranged that it will fire continuously when the the desired groove depth is achieved
trigger is depressed. BROWNING, J.M. - born in 1855. Started the
Automatic Action TYPE – a firearm design production of a single shot rifle that was
that feeds cartridges fires and ejects cartridge adopted by Winchester.
cases as long as the trigger is fully depressed BUCKSHOT - coarse lead shot used in shotgun
and there is cartridge available in the feed shells. Lead pellets ranging in size from .20
system. inches to .36 inch diameter normally loaded in
BARREL - the metal tube through which the shotshells.
projectiles travel. BUFFER -  in a firearm, any part intended to
BERTHOLD SCHWARTZ - the inventor of absorb shock and check recoil.
gunpowder. His real name is Constantin BULLET - a projectile propelled from the
Anklitzen, a Franciscan monk in the town of firearm. A metallic or non-metallic cylindrical
Freiberg in Germany. projectile. Originated from the French word
BLOWBACK -  In firearm, an automatic and “BOULETTE”, a small ball. In common police
semi-automatic firearm design, that directly par lane, a bullet maybe called “SLUG”.
utilizes the breech pressure exerted on the head     
of the cartridge cases to actuate the mechanism. - TWO BASIC TYPES OF COMMERCIAL
In ammunition, a leakage of gas re-ward BULLETS IN COMMON USED TODAY.
between the case and chamber wall from the 1. LEAD BULLETS - are used in almost all
mouth of the case. revolver ammunition and in some low or
BOLT ACTION TYPE – a firearm in which medium powder rifle cartridges. Are produced
the breech closure is in an automatic swedging machine from
(1) in line with the bore at all times, extruded wire containing the proper percentage
(2) manually reciprocated to load, unload and of tin and antimony for hardening.
cock 2. JACKETED BULLETS - are used for
(3) and is locked in place by breech bolt lugs automatic pistols ammunition and medium and
and engaging abutments usually in the receiver. high power rifle ammunition. The most common
are those from the blowback- .25 ACP, .380
BORE -  the interior of the barrel of a gun or ACP, 9mm Luger, .45 ACP (Automatic Colt
firearm. Pistol) and several types of high velocity .30s.
BREECHFACE - is the front part of the These are all made automatically by swedging a
breechblock that makes contact with the cup of metal around a lead core.
cartridge in a firearm. The breech block (or
breechblock) in a gun is what holds a round in ARMOR-PIERCING BULLETS - is pointed
the chamber, and absorbs the recoil of the flat base bullet with gliding metal jacket. The
cartridge when the round is fired, preventing the core is of pointed, boat-tailed shape and is made
cartridge case from moving. of harden tungsten, chrome steel and has a
BROACH CUTTER - used to create a rifling blackened tip. Used to penetrate armored cars
impression on a barrel. and vehicles.
TRACER BULLET - when fired, emit a light copper gas chock is then pressed lightly on the
red flame from its base, there by showing the bore, the cup remaining on the bullet when it is
gunner the trace of flame, the path as well as the fired.
striking point of the bullet, the flame continuing WAD CUTTER BULLET - a cylindrical bullet
to burn and trace for about 600 yards. These are design having a sharp shouldered nose intended
intended primarily for machine gun use and can to cut target paper clearly to facilitate easy and
be seen by day and night. The point of the bullet accurate soaring.
colored red is for identification. These are used WAX BULLET - a bullet made from paraffin
only in the military service, and were never sold and other wax preparation usually used for short
to individuals. Should an individual obtain one range indoor target shooting.
or more of these cartridges, he should at once MARKS FOUND OF FIRED BULLETS
return it to military control or else dispose of 1. LANDMARKS - depressed portion caused
these by throwing into a deep river or lake, as by the lands.
they are exceedingly dangerous to have around. 2. GROOVE MARKS - raised on elevated
This should never be “Monkeyed” with, and portions caused by the grooves.
particularly no attempt should be made to 3. SKID MARKS - when the bullet enters the
unload them for examination, as these may rifled bore from a stationary position and is
ignite and cause exceedingly serious burn or forced abruptly into the rifling, its natural
fire. The ingredients used in tracer and igniter tendency is to go straight toward before
mixtures are confidential. encountering the regular rifling twist.
INCENDIARY BULLET - is similar in 4. SLIPPAGE MARKS - bullets fired from a
construction to a tracer bullet, but the worn-out barrel, oily barrels and slightly
composition contained in the cavity burns oversized bullets.
fiercely impact with a very hot flame which will 5. SHAVING MARKS - most commonly these
quite reliably ignite anything that the bullet marks are found on the bullets  fires from  a
strikes. For identification purposes the revolver due to a poor alignment of the
incendiary bullet has a light blue color. The cylindrical with the bore.
same precautionshould be observed as with
tracer cartridges. IDENTIFICATION OF A BULLET -
DUM-DUM BULLET - this word and type of PRINCIPLES
bullet were invented by British Ordinance force 1. No two barrels are microscopically identical
stationed at their arsenal at Dum-Dum, India. as the surfaces of their bores all possess
The British army was engaged in extensive individual and characteristics on their own.
Punitive expedition on the Northwest Frontier of 2. When a bullet is fired from a rifled barrel, it
India, fighting against Afghan and Pathan becomes engraved by the riflings and this
tribesmen. It soon develop that such a full engraving will vary in its minute details with
jacketed bullet was of no practical effect against every individual bore. So it happens that the
primitive natures. So the English made some of engravings on the bullet fired from one barrel
these bullets expanding by grinding of the nose will be different from that on a similar bullet
of the jacketed bullet. These are now known as fired from another barrel. And conversely the
Hallow Point bullet and Soft Point Bullet. engraving on bullets fired from the same barrel
GAS CHECK BULLET - to prevent the will be the same.
melting of the base, lead bullets intended to be 3. Every barrel leaves its thumb marks on every
fired at higher velocity have their gases bullet which is fired through it, just as every
protected with a small copper cups. The bullet is breech face leaves its thumb marks on the base
casts with a slightly tape-ring base, and the of every fired cartridge case.
 to be used for comparison or analysis.
TEST BULLET - a bullet fired from a bullet
recovery system for comparison analysis. FUNCTION OF CARTRIDGE CASES
BULLET RECOVERY SYSTEM - Any 1. It holds the bullet gunpowder and primer.
method which will allow the undamaged 2. It serves as a water proof container for the
recovery of a fired bullet. Differing systems are gunpowder.
needed for different cartridges depending upon 3. It prevents the escape of gases to the rear.
bullet composition, jacket thickness, and
velocity. Water tanks and cotton boxes are most MARKS FOUND ON CARTRIDGE CASES
commonly in use. 1. FIRING PIN IMPRESSION – the
BULLET SPLASH - The spatter and indentation in the primer of a tentative cartridge
fragmentation of a bullet upon impacting a hard case or in the rim of a rimface cartridge case
surface. cause when it is struck by the firing pin.
BULLET WIPE - The discolored area on the 2. BREECHFACE MARKINGS – negative
immediate periphery of a bullet hole, caused by impression of the breechface of the firearm
bullet lubricant, lead, smoke, bore debris, or found on the head of the cartridge case after
possible jacket material. Sometimes called firing.
"Burnishing" or 3. CHAMBER MARKS – individual
"Leaded Edge". microscope marks placed upon a cartridge case
BUTTON – a hardened metal plug, called a by the chamber wall as a result of any of the
button, with a rifled cross-section configuration. following:
It is pushed or pulled through a drilled and a. Chambering
reamed barrel so as to cold form the spiral b. Expanding during firing
grooves to the desired depth and twist. When the c. Extraction
carbide button was first introduced it was 4. EXTRACTOR MARKS – toolmarks
described as a SWAGING PROCESS or produced upon a cartridge case form contact
SWAGED RIFLING. with the extractor. These are usually found on or
CALIBER - the diameter of the bore of a rifled just ahead of the rim.
firearm. The caliber is usually expressed in 5. EJECTOR MARKS – toolmarks produced
hundredths of an inch or millimeters upon a cartridge or cartridge case on the head,
LAND TO LAND - the way to determine the generally at or near the rim, form contact with
caliber of a gun is to measure the diameter of the ejector.
the bore from land to land. CAPE GUN – a doubled-barreled shoulder arm
CANE GUN, KNIFE PISTOLS - many with barrel side by side: one being a smooth
devices primarily designed for other purposes bore and the other being rifled.
will have a gun mechanism incorporated in CASE HEAD - The base of the cartridge case
them. (also known as FREAKISH DEVICE) which contains the primer.
CANNELURE - a circumferential groove CAST-OFF - the off-set of the butt of a firearm
generally of a knurled or plain appearance on a to the right-handed shooter and to the right for a
bullet or cartridge. These three uses including left-handed shooter.
crimping, lubrication, and identification. CAST-ON - the offset of the butt of a firearm to
CARTRIDGe - a term to describe a complete the left for a right-handed shooter and to the
un-fired unit, consisting of bullet, primer, right for a left-handed shooter.
cartridge case, and gunpowder. CHAMBER - the rear part of the barrel bore
TEST CARTRIDGE CASE - a cartridge case that has been formed to accept a specific
obtain while test firing a firearm in a laboratory cartridge. Revolver cylinders are multi-
chambered. practical type of pistol.
COCK -  place a firing mechanism under a CYLINDER - storage for ammunition in a
spring tension. Raise the cock of (a gun) in revolver, the cylinder rotates as the action is
order to make it ready for firing. cocked.
FULL COCK - the position of the hammer or DAMSCUS - an obsolete barrel making process
strike when the firearm is ready to fire. the barrel is formed by twisting or braiding
COMPENSATOR - (MuzzleBrake) a device together steel and iron wires or bars. Sometimes
attached to or integral with the muzzle end of called LAMINATED BARREL.
the barrel to utilize propelling gases for counter- DERRINGER, HENRY - born at the
recoil. beginning of the 19th century. Worked at
CETME - Centro dos Studios Technicos de Philadelphia where he manufactured Pocket
Materiales Especiales. This is a Spanish Pistol.
government weapon development agency, based DRILLING - refers to a combination gun that
in Madrid. has three barrels.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - Are those EJECTOR ROD - a metal rod used to help
characteristics which are determinable only after with the removal of the cartridges.
the manufacture of the firearm. They are ENERGY BULLET - the capacity of a
characteristics whose existence is beyond the projectile to do work.
control of man and which have a random FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION - a
distribution. Their existence in the firearms is discipline mainly concerned with determining
brought about by the tools in their normal whether a bullet or cartridge was fired by a
operations resulting in wear and tear, abuse, particular weapon.
mutilation, corrosion, erosion, and other FIRING PIN - is a lightweight part, which
fortuitous causes. serves to transfer energy from a spring-loaded
hammer to the primer, while a striker is usually
CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE heavier, and is directly connected to the spring
ACCORDING TO RIM providing
1. RIMMED TYPE - the diameter of the rim is the energy to impact the primer.
greater than the diameter of the body of the FLARE GUNS - used in cases such in sending
cartridge case. e.g. caliber .38 and caliber .22. signals and enabling to see enemies in the dark.
2. SEMI-RIMMED TYPE- the diameter of the FORENSIC BALLISTICS - A scientific study
rim is slightly greater than the diameter of the of firearm identification with the use of
body of the cartridge case. e.g. caliber .25. 32 laboratory examination. The subject gives
auto. Super .38. emphasis on the study of ammunition,
3. RIMLESS TYPE - the diameter of the rim is projectiles, gunpowder, primer, and explosives,
equal to the body of the cartridge case. e.g. including the use of the bullet comparison
caliber .5.56mm, .30, .9mm, .45. microscope. It also deals with the principles in
4. REBATED TYPE- the diameter of the rim is the microscopic and macroscopic examination
smaller than the body of the cartridge case. e.g. of firearm evidence and the preparation of
caliber 8mm x 59. reports for legal proceedings in the solution of
5. BELTED TYPE - there is a protruding metal cases involving firearms.
around the body of the cartridge case near the
rim. e.g. caliber 338 magnum 13.9 x 39 TYPES OF PROBLEMS IN FORENSIC
BALLISTICS
COLT - Samuel Colt was born in July 1814 in 1. Given a bullet to determine the caliber and
was to be instrumental in making the revolver a type of firearm from which it was fire.
2. Given fired cartridge case, to determine the the ballistics laboratory. In test firing suspected
caliber and type of firearm from which it was firearms, it is standard procedure to used
fired. ammunition that are of the same caliber, make
3. Given a bullet and a suspected firearm, to or brand and manufactured in the same year
determine whether or not the bullet was fired with that of the evidence bullet or shell. Water is
from the suspected firearm. one of the means to obtain test bullets and test
4. Given a fired cartridge case a suspected shells because the microscope marks on the
firearm, to determine whether or not the cylindrical or peripheral surface of the bullets
cartridge was fired from the suspected firearm. are preserved for good used. The same is true
5. Given two or more bullets, to determine with cotton.
whether or not they were fired from only one 5. MEASURING PROJECTOR - MP6 This
firearm. projector determines the width of the lands,
6. Given two or more cartridge cases, to width of grooves, diameter and twist of fired
determine whether or not they were fired. bullets.
6. VERNEIR CALIPER - This instrument
EQUIPMENTS USED IN A BALLISTICS determines the bullet diameter and barrel length.
LABORATORY 7. ANALYTICAL BALANCE - This more or
1. COMPARISON MICROSCOPE - This less determines the weight of the bullets, shots
valuable instrument is specially designed to and pellets for possible type, caliber and make
permit the firearm examiner to determine the for firearm from which they were fired.
similarity and dissimilarity between two fired 8. TAPER GAUGE - Used for determining the
bullets or two fired cartridge cases by diameter of the bore of the firearms.
simultaneously observing their magnified 9. ONOSCOPE - For examining the interior
image. It is actually two microscope couple surface of the barrel.
together with a single or two eye piece, so that 10.HELIXOMETER - For measuring the pitch
when one looks through this comparison eye of the rifling. Pitch of rifling is the distance
piece, he is seeing one half of what is under the advanced by the rifling in one complete turn or a
other – in other words, half of the evidence distance traveled by the bullet in one complete
bullet and half of the test bullet. turn.
2. STEREOSCOPE MICROSCOPE - This is 11.CHRONOGRAPH - For determining the
generally used in the preliminary examination of speed of the bullet or the muzzle velocity of the
fired bullets and fired shells. To determine the bullet.
location of the extractor marks and ejector
marks for orientation purposes. It can be used FOULING - the residual deposits remaining in
also in one close-up examination of tampered the bore of  a firearm after firing.
serial numbers of firearms. GARAND, JOHN C. - was born in North
3. COMPARISON PROJECTOR - CP6 This Carolina in 1818. Developed the hang-ranked
is generally used in the preliminary examination machine gun. A development of Duver Gatling
of fired bullets and fired shells. To determine type of machine gun.
the location of the extractor marks and ejector GAS GUNS – these will be found in all shapes
marks for orientation purposes. It can be used and sizes and used for firing tear gas and other
also in one close-up examination of tampered forms of disabling gases.
serial numbers of firearms. GAS OPERATED - an automatic or semi-
4. BULLET RECOVERY BOX - For automatic firearm in which the propellant gases
obtaining best fired bullet or test fired cartridge are used to unlock the breech bolt and then to
cases from the suspected firearms submitted to complete the cycle of extracting and expecting.
GAS PORT - an opening in the wall of a barrel or give additional information.
to allow gas to operate a mechanism or reduce HECKLER AND KOCK – Edmond Heckler
recoil. has been a plant manager with Mauser, and Alex
GRIP - handle of the handgun. Siedel a designer with Mauser.
GUNPOWDER - any of the various powder HOOK – a cutting tool that cuts has a hook
used in firearms as a propellant charge. shape and only cuts one groove at a time.
KEYHOLE - an oblong or an oval hole in a
TYPES OF GUNPOWDER target that is produced by an unstable bullet
1. BLACK POWDER - consists of the jet black striking the target at an oblique angle to the
and rather shiny grains. Although black powder bullets. Longitudinal axis.
has been in used for about six centuries, and LEADING - the accumulation of lead in the
although methods of manufactured are naturally bore of a firearm from the passage of lead shot
led to greater efficiency in action, its or bullet. Also called METAL FOULING.
composition has remained practically the same LEVER ACTION TYPE – a design wherein
in all countries. the breech mechanism is cycled by an external
2. SMOKELESS POWDER - a mixture of lever generally below the receiver
nitrocellulose 60 parts, nitroglycerine 35 parts LIBERATOR PISTOL – made by the US
and Vaseline 5 parts. These substances are government for use in occupied countries in
almost entirely smokeless in action. They are all Europe during the recent war and fired
given the generic term of nitro powders and are the .45ACP cartridge, single shot, and smooth
legion in number. All nitro powders used 2. in bore. The liberator pistol was a tiny little single
rifles, pistols, and revolvers are a gelatinized shot 45. It was designed to fit in the palm of
powder that is they are made by forming dough your hand, and designed to get close to
into sticks or grains. The identification of somebody, execute him, and then take away his
partially burnt powder grains may become a gun. The liberator pistol was intended for short-
matter of vital importance, since such grains range use, and although it held five extra rounds
maybe found around the entrance hole of a of ammo in the pistol grip, it could only hold
wound, and it will obviously help if the type of one round in the barrel. And after firing you'd
powder can be identified from these unburnt need to extract the spent cartridge using a rod
grains. before replacing it with a fresh round
LUBALOY - is a wrought copper alloy that is
HAMMER - part that strikes the primer to composed mainly of copper and zinc. In 1922,
cause ignition. the Western Cartridge Company introduced a
HAMMERLI, JOHANN ULRICH - hammerli copper-washed bullet jacketing called Lubaloy
weapons have always been the epitome of Swiss which stands for a lubricating alloy. Lubaloy
precision Engineering ability. replaced standard bullet jacketing which had
HANDGUN - a revolver or a pistol. been cupro-nickel coated steel or solid cupro-
HARPOON GUNS - barbed spear in hunting nickel.
large fish. LUGER, GEORGE - was born in Australia in
HEADSPACE - is the distance measured from 1849. he did lasting designed work in
the part of the chamber that stops forward connection with 9mm Parabellum cartridge.
motion of the cartridge (the datum reference) to MACHINE GUN TYPE – primarily used only
the face of the bolt. in military combat and will seldom be
HEADSTAMP - numerals, letters, and symbols encountered by the firearms technician.
stamped into the head of the cartridge case or MACHINE MARKINGS - a cross section of a
shotshell to identify the anufacture caliber gauge gun barrel will show small grooves or striations
all along with the lands and grooves. gunpowder.
MARLIN, JOHN MAHLON - New Haven,
Connecticut manufacturer of lever action rifle, COMPOSITION OF A PRIMER
1800’s. 1. Potassium Chlorate - 45%
MAUSER - Paul and Wilhelm brothers 2. Antimony Sulfide         - 23%
produced parts of the rifle which had been 3. Fulminate of Mercury - 32%
adopted by the German government in 1871.
MOSSBERGE, OSCAR - born in Sweden in PROOFMARK - a distinctive symbol stamped
1866 and went to the United States. The maker into the metal of the barrel or other parts of a
of high quality .22 rifles. Sporting rifles and firearm to indicate that testing of the part
pump action shotguns. bearing the stamp by firing proof loads has been
MOSSIN, SERGEI - Colonel of Russia Army. carried out.
Designated in Russian Service Rifle in 1891. PROOF TEST - is a form of stress test to
MULTI –BARRELED GUNS – in particular, demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing
one will find guns having the three or four structure. The firing of a deliberate overload to
barrels are mounted in one receiver. Some may test the strength of a firearm barrel an action.
have a combination of several different gauges RACHET - a notched wheel on the rear of a
of shotguns, or a combination of shotgun barrels revolver cylinder to rotate when a force is
and rifle barrel. applied by a level hold a hand.
MUZZLE - the end of the barrel through which RECOIL - (often called knockback, kickback
the bullet exits. or simply kick) is the backward momentum of a
MUZZLE ENERGY - is the kinetic energy of gun when it is discharged. In technical terms,
a bullet as it is expelled from the muzzle of a the recoil caused by the gun exactly balances the
firearm. It is often used as a rough indication of forward momentum of the projectile and
the destructive potential of a given firearm or exhaust gases (ejecta), according to Newton's
load. third law.
NAMBU, KIJIRO - an army gun officer RELOAD - a cartridge, which has been
designer. His first design was produced by the reassembled with a new primer, powder and or
Kayoba Factory in 1904. other components.
PARADOX - an obsolete barrel designed in
which the major length of the barrel is smooth REPEATING ARMS – this type is loaded with
and last few inches are rifled. more than cartridge into the chamber when it is
PEN GUN -  a small caliber firearm shaped like fired rather than having to perform this
a pen or pencil. operation by hand.
POWDER - commonly used term for the RESIZING - the reduction in diameter of a fire
propellant in a cartridge or shotshell. cartridge case to unfired diameter by forcing it
PRESSURE - in a firearm, the force developed into a smaller size than the fired case.
by the expanding gasses generated by the RICOCHET - is a rebound, bounce or skip off
combustion of the propellant. a surface, particularly in the case of a projectile.
PRIMER - The ignition components of RIFLING - refers to helical grooves in the
cartridge primers are used for igniting barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin
prominent. A blow from the firing pin of the to a projectile around its long axis.
firing cup compresses the priming composition TYPES OF RIFLINGS
to detonate. This detonation 1. STEYR TYPE - four lands, four grooves,
produces a flame that passes through the vent of right hand twist and lands or equal widths ( 4-R-
flesh hole in the cartridge case, igniting the G=L) used in earlier self-loading pistols.
2. SMITH AND WESSON TYPE - five lands 2. The firearm leaves its “fingerprints” or
and five grooves, right hand twist and lands of “thumb mark” on every cartridge case which it
equal width (5-R-G=L) fires.
3. BROWNING TYPE- six lands, six grooves, 3. The whole principle of identification is based
right hand twist, narrow lands and broad on the fact that since the breech face of every
grooves. (6-R-G-2x) weapon must be individually distinct, the
4. COLT TYPE- six lands and six grooves, left cartridge cases which it fires are imprinted with
hand twist, narrow lands and broads grooves. (6- this individuality. The imprint on cartridge cases
L-G-2x) fired form different weapons must always be
5. WEBLEY TYPE- seven lands, seven different.
grooves, right hand twist, narrow lands and
broad grooves. (7-R-G3x) SHOTGUN - a smooth-bore gun for firing
6. ARMY TYPE- four lands and four grooves, small shot at short range.
right hand twist, narrow lands and broad a. SINGLE BARRELED SHOTGUN – it is
grooves. ( 4-R-G3x) loaded with a single shotgun cartridge, closed.
Fired and then re-loaded by the shooter.
ROUND -  a military term for a cartridge. b. DOUBLE BARRELED SHOTGUN – the
SCRAPE – a cutting tool that cuts two two barrels may be side by side or they may be
opposing grooves at a time. one over the other. Each barrel may have its
SHOCKING POWER - the ability of a own trigger.
projectile to dissipate its kinetic energy c. PUMP ACTION SHOTGUN - operates in
effectively in a target. the same manner as a slide action rifles, by
SHOT - a small ball or pellet of lead, a number means of sliding lever under the barrel.
of which are loaded in a cartridge and used for d. AUTO LOADING SHOTGUNS - these are
one charge of a shotgun. the same as auto-loading or self-loading rifles in
BIRDSHOT - the smallest size of shot for that the recoil action reloads the gun form the
sporting rifles or other guns. magazine without any effort on the part of the
SHOTSHELL - a cartridge containing shooter.
projectile designed to be fired in a shotgun. The
cartridge body may be metal, plastic or paper. SIG - (SCHWEIZERISCHE INDUSTRIE
SEMI-AUTOMATIC TYPE – A firearm CESSELSHALF) adopted by the Swiss
requiring a separate pull of the trigger for each government as their standard service weapon.
shot fired, and which uses the energy of The company started to produced railway
discharge to perform a portion of the operating engines and carriage in 1853.
or firing cycle. SIDELOCK – A design in which the firing
SERIAL NUMBER - a number applied to a mechanism is attached to a sideplate rather than
firearm in order to identify the individual being integral with the frame.
firearm. SIGHT - a device used for aiming.
SHELL - an explosive artillery projectile or SILENCER - a device attached to the barrel of
bomb. the firearm to reduce the noise of discharge.
Also called SOUND SUPPRESSOR.
IDENTIFICATION OF SHELLS - SINGLE SHOT FIREARMS – those type of
PRINCIPLES firearms that are designated to shoot only one
1. The breech face and striker of every single shot.
firearm leave microscopically individualities of SLIDE ACTION TYPE – a firearm that
their own. features a movable forearm which is manually
actuated in motion parallel to the barrel by the motion.
shooter. Forearm motion is transmitted to a 5. Pressure areas involved
breech blot assembly which performs all the 6. Texture and uniformity of material acted
functions of the firing cycle assigned to it by the upon.
design. Also known as PUMP ACTION.
SLING - a strap fastens to a firearm to assist in SUBMACHINE TYPE – is alight, portable
carrying or to steady it during firing. A sling machine gun which uses pistol size ammunition.
may also refer to a projectile weapon typically It differs from a pistol in it that has a shoulder
used to throw a blunt projectile such as a stone, stock that may or may not fold but is designed
clay or lead "sling-bullet". to be fired by the use of both hands.
SLUG - a projectile generally fired from a SWAGE – an internal mandrel with rifling
shotgun either one large piece of lead or several configuration which forms rifling in the barrel
smaller caliber pieces. by means of the external hammering. Also
RIFLED SLUG - a simple projectile in spiral known as HAMMER FORGING.
grooves and hollow base, intended to use in TATTOOING - small hemorrhagic marks on
shotgun. The slug will rotate, and thus, reach its the skin produced by the impact of gun powder
target much more accurate. particles also called STRIPLING.
SMITH AND WESSON - Horace Smith and THOMPSON, JOHN - born in 1860 in
Daniel B. Wesson formed a partnership in 1852. Newport, Kentucky. Designed the Thompson
They manage by producing what is probably the submachine gun in 1920.
best double-action revolver in the world. (Daniel THUMB REST -  a ledge in the grip area of a
Wesson left the company to set up his own rifle or handgun in which to rest the thumb of
firearm business). the trigger hand.
SMOKE RING - the circular gray deposits TRAILING EDGE - the edge of a land or
around the face of the chamber of a revolver groove impression in a fired bullet which is
produced by gun powder residues upon opposites the driving edge of the same land or
discharge. groove impressions
STOCK - also known as a shoulder stock, a TRAJECTORY - the curved path of a
buttstock, or simply a butt is a part of a rifle or projectile from muzzle to target.
other firearm, to which the barrel and firing TRAP DOOR – An action in which a top-
mechanism are attached, that is held against hinged breechblock pivots up and forward to
one's shoulder open. Locking on this action is accomplished by
when firing the gun. a cam located at the rear of the breechblock that
STRIATIONS - (Striae) When a bullet is fired fits into a mating recess. Also known as a CAM
through a rifled barrel, the raised and lowered LOCK.
spirals of the rifling etch fine grooves called TRIGGER - is a mechanism that actuates the
"striations" into the bullet. firing of firearms.
TRIGGER GUARD - trigger guard is a loop
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRIATIONS surrounding the trigger of a firearm and
DEPEND UPON THE FF: FACTORS protecting it from accidental discharge.
1. The size and shape of the microscopic TRIGGER PULL - the amount of force, which
irregularities of the acting tool. must firearm to cause sear release.
2. The original surface smoothness of the object TOKAREV, FEDOR - born in Egorlikshaya in
acted upon. 1971. Designed the service pistol of the Soviet
3. Relative hardness of the two materials. forces.
4. Speed of application or rate of relative TOOL MARKS IDENTIFICATION - is a
discipline of forensic science which has, as its rifle barrels of differing calibres. Built primarily
primary concern to determine if a tool mark was in Germany and Austria.
produced by a particular tool. WALTHER, CARL - developed a reliable
small caliber automatic pistol in 1866.
TWO GENERAL TYPE OF TOOL MARKS WALKER TEST - the original chemical test
1. IMPRESSION TYPE - which as its name for the detection of spatial distributions of
implies a little more than a bent. A pry-bar may nitrites in gun powder residue.
leave an impression type-mark on a window WINCHESTER, OLIVER - he led the
frame to which is applied. The shape and the formation of the Winchester Company.
size of the mark, plus irregularities cause by
nicks or breaks in the pry-bar, may be such as to TYPES OF CARTRIDGE CASE
permit a positive statement as to its source. ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF
2. STRIATED TOOL MARK- is left by a tool PRIMER
scrapping over an object or surface softer than 1. PIN-FIRE CARTRIDGE - the pin extends
him. Thus, a pry-bar which slips during the radially through the bead of the cartridge case
application may scraped over the jamb of a into the primer. This type of cartridge is no
door, leaving striate. Tin Snips or Bolt Cutter longer use.
have blades which frequently leave striate on the 2. RIM-FIRE CARTRIDGE- the priming
edges of metal cut. An axe will leave striate on mixture is placed in the cavity formed in the rim
wood chips, as well as the auger or blade of a of the head of the cartridge case.
plane. Mechanical tool as a planner, joiner, and 3. CENTER-FIRE CARTRIDGE- the primer
lathe all have blades and edges which leaves cup is force to the middle portion of the head of
striate on chips, shaving and stock being the cartridge case.
worked. Many examples should be given 4. PERCUSSION - a means of ignition of
but these are typical if the tool most encountered propellant change by a mechanical blow against
in the criminal investigations. Striated marks are the primer or percussion cap.
often referred to a “friction marks”, abrasion A. LOW POWER - a cartridge giving a muzzle
marks or “scratched marks”. velocity of less than 1850 ft/sec.
B. HIGH POWER- a cartridge giving a muzzle
TOOLS – there are a number of tools using velocity of between 1925 and 2500 ft/sec.
cartridges that are designed to drive studs, C. HIGH INTENSITY- a cartridge giving a
punch holes or cut tables. Such tools may be muzzle velocity over 2500 ft/sec.
encountered in the investigation of an accident.
TRAPS – these are designed to be set in the YAW - the angle between the longitudinal axis
woods and left where animals will encounter of a projectile and the line of the projectile
them. They may fire a bullet or a poisoning trajectory.
charge, depending on their construction. ZIP GUNS - these may be in any form, since
TRIGGER - small lever that is pulled or the name has been applied to all homemade
squeezed to start the firing process. guns. A great many of this class will be found to
TRIGGER GUARD - piece that surrounds the be exceedingly clever mechanisms and most
trigger to protect it from being accidentally effective weapon.
squeezed or bumped. ZWILLING - European term for a double
VELOCITY - the speed of the projectile at a barreled shoulder arm with one rifle and one
given point along its trajectory. smooth bore barrel.
VIERLING - A four-barreled gun, typically
with two identical shotgun barrels and with two
THE BASICS OF FIREARMS AND 3. SAMUEL COLT - He was born at
AMMUNITION Hartford,Connecticut in 1814 and died there in
1862.After leaving school,he worked at his
This site is intended for those who are interested father's textile mill.He spent his spare time
in the basics and practical aspects of firearms disassembling and reassembling
and ammunition his father's guns.In 1829,he became a sailor.In
THERE ARE 5 GENERAL CATEGORIES 1835,he patented his five shot revolver that
OF SMALL ARMS transformed firearm into a multi-shot device.
1. Handguns 4. JOHN CANTIUS GARAND - He was born
2. Rifles on January 1, 1888 in Saint Remi, Quebec in a
3. Shotguns french Canadian family.He died On February
4. Sub-machine guns 16, 1974 in Springfield,Massachusetts.He was
5. Machine guns 11 years old when he came to America speaking
little English but fluent in French.He quit
THERE ARE 4 BASIC TYPES OF school and went to work at a textile mill and
HANDGUNS later became a machinist at a precision tool
1. Single shot pistols company.He took Correspondence course in
2. Derringers engineering.He is best known for creating the
3. Revolvers first successful semi-automatic rifle,the M1
4. Auto-loading pistols Garand,to be widely used in active military
service.
GREAT AMERICAN FIREARMS 5. HORACE SMITH - He was born in
INVENTOR Cheshire,Massachusetts on October 28,1808
1. JOHN MOSES BROWNING - He was born and died on January 15, 1893.He was a
on January 23, 1855 in Ogden,Utah U.S. where gunsmith,inventor, and Businessman.He moved
his father settled after the Mormon exodus of to Springfield at age four.He joined his father
1847.It was in his fathers shop that he learned working in the U.S. armory as an apprentice.He
the art and secrets of gunsmithing.He passed worked his own gun manufacturing business.He
away in Liege,Belgium in 1926 due to heart patented an improvement of the breech-loading
failure.He is famous for designing many rifle in 1851 a year before he met Wesson
firearms but the most famous of his design is the through their work at Allen Brown and Luther
colt's 45 ACP M1911 government model and barrel manufacturers.He together with Daniel
FN Browning high power model P-35 in 9mm Wesson patented a pistol that used a cartridge
parabellum.He is a person who invented more with powder and lubricant and had a new
firearms than any other gun maker in the repeating action which became the basis for the
history of the world. famous Winchester rifle.
2. RICHARD JORDAN GATLING - He is 6. DANIEL BAIRD WESSON - He was born
the inventor of the Gatling gun.He was born on on May 18, 1825 in Worcester, MA and died on
September 12, 1818 at Maney's Neck,NC.He August 4, 1906 at Springfield, MA due to heart
died in New York city on February 26, 1903.He failure.He apprenticed as a gunsmith under his
has a medical degree in Ohio medical elder brother Rufus and later worked with
college.He conceived the idea of the rapid fire another gunsmith brother,Frank before
machine gun which is associated with his partnering with Horace Smith in establishing the
name.He succeeded in perfecting the Gatling Smith and Wesson arms company in 1852.He
gun in 1862 capable of discharging 350 shots developed a lever-action pistol with a repeating
per minute. action and the first practical self-primed
metallic cartridge.The pistol was powerful inventor of the first commercially successful
enough that it was quickly nicknamed volcanic breech-loading rifle.At the onset of the
followed American Civil War,Sharp's rifle was produced
by the more famous volcanic rifle. in large quantities.
7. DAVID MARSHALL WILLIAMS - He 12.ARTHUR WILLIAM SAVAGE - He was
was born on November 13, 1900 in born on May 13, 1857 in Kingston,Jamaica,
Cumberland County,North Carolina and he died British West Indies and he died on September
on January 8, 1975 in Raleigh,North 22, 1938.He committed suicide.He is the
Carolina.He built his first pistol with a reed inventor of the Savage model 99 lever-action
barrel when he was 10 years old.He was rifle.
imprisoned in Halifax County.After 8 years,he 13.WILLIAM BATTERMAN RUGER - He
was pardoned.When World War II broke out,he was born on June 21, 1916 in Brooklyn, New
was working for Winchester Repeating Arms york and he died on July 6, 2002 in
Company in Connecticut.He was famous for Prescott,Arizona.In 1938,he came up with a
designing a rifle with a short stroke gas piston design for what eventually became a light
which he had worked in prison.He is best machine gun for the United States army.
remembered for the gun that gave him his 14.ELIPHALET REMINGTON - He was
nickname,the M1 carbine. born on October 28, 1793 in Suffield,
8. JOHN TALIAFERRO THOMPSON - He Connecticut and he died on August 12, 1861 in
was born on December 31, 1860 in Ilion,New York due to heart failure.He was a
Newport,Kentucky and he died on June 21, blacksmith.He can not afford to purchase a rifle
1940.He was a soldier and a United States which he need so he made his own from scrap
Military Academy graduate.He graduated in iron in his smithing shop and soon hired by
1882.He invented and developed the Thompson neighbors as rifle maker and by
sub-machine gun.After his death in 1940,the 1820,Remington's rifle were sold throughout
Thompson sub-machine gun began to be used New England.He introduced America's first gun
for its creator's original intended purpose as barrel made from solid steel,the popular beal
highly effective and easily carried weapon in revolver,and the breech-loading gun that
trench warfare superseded the conventional muzzle-loading
9. EARLE HARVEY - He designed the T25 rifle.
rifle while working at Springfield armory.The 15.ROBERT PARKER PARROT - He was
T25 was later renamed T47.Later on T44 was born on October 5, 1804 in Lee,New Hampshire
created as an alternative to T47.In 1957,U.S. and he died on December 24, 1877 in Cold
formally adopted the T44 as the U.S. infantry Spring,New York.He is a product of the U.S.
service rifle,designated M14.He is also known Military Academy class of 1824.During 1860,
as the father of the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge. he produced the Parrot rifle gun,an innovative
10.EUGENE MORRISON STONER - He was rifled cannon which was manufactured in
born on November 22, 1922 in several sizes the largest, the 300 pounder
Gosport,Indiana.He died on April 24, 1997 due version weighed 26000 lbs. and its projectile
to cancer.He is the man most associated with the weighed 300 lbs.Parrot guns was extensively
design of the AR15 rifle,adopted by the U.S. used during the American Civil War by Union
military as M16. and Confederate armies.
11.CHRISTIAN SHARPS - He was born on 16.HIRAM MAXIM - He was born on
January 2, 1810 in Washington,New Jersey.He February 5, 1840 in Sangerville, Maine and he
died on March 12, 1874 at his home in died on November 24, 1916 in London.He was
Vernon,Depot due to tuberculosis.He was the
the inventor of the Maxim gun, the first portable attempting to sell French secrets to Germany.
fully automatic machine gun. Later found that Dreyfus did not write the
17.JOHN MARLIN - He was born in 1836 in letters.
Connecticut and he died in 1901. He ALIGNMENT - relation of successive
apprenticed as a tool and die maker. During the characters or letter of a word, signature or line
civil war, he worked at the Colt plant in of writing to an actual or imaginary base line.
Hartford and in 1870, manufactured his own ALPHABET - is a standard set of letters (basic
line of revolvers and derringers. He was able, written symbols or graphemes) which is used to
together with outstanding team of write one or more languages based on the
inventors,enduring firearms models known general principle that the letters represent
today as models 39 and 336, they are the oldest phonemes (basic
shoulder arm designs in the world still being significant sounds) of the spoken language.
produced. ALTERATION - any change made on a
18.BENJAMIN TYLER HENRY - Born in document before, during, or after its original
1821 and he died in 1898. He was a gunsmith execution.
and inventor of the Henry rifle, the first reliable METHODS OF ALTERATION 
lever-action repeating rifle. 1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
ARRANGEMENT - habitual placing and
positioning of letters and words.
CASTING - was one method used to produce
counterfeit coins in Britain and America during
the colonial period. Basically it consisted of
melting metal and then pouring the molten
D. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS liquid into a mold having a reservoir in the
EXAMINATIONS shape of a coin.
3RD CENTURY A.D. - The earliest CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - common to a
handwriting examination cases reported. group of people. Learned from school or from
6TH CENTURY - the Roman Emperor an individual's parent or tutor. Class
Justinian dictated guidelines for the use of Characteristics are similarities between
handwriting comparisons in Roman courts. individuals who learned the same type of
1873 - the year in which the first commercially writing systems.
successful typewriter was introduced. - INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS -
ADDITION - inserting or modifying clause or highly personal or peculiar to a particular writer.
sentence in a document to alter its meaning. Influenced by habit, mindset, personal
SUBSTITUTION - replacing original entries or preference. It identifies an individual from other
writing with another. writers.
ALBERT SHERMAN OSBORN - became the - TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL
pre-eminent American pioneer in the field when CHARACTERISTICS
he authored "Questioned Documents," a seminal 1. SKILL LEVEL - the way a writing looks.
work in scientific document analysis that 2. SLANT - is the angle of writing.
remains in print and in use. He founded the 3. FORM - is the way a writer makes a letter or
American Society of Questioned Document movement of letters. Most basic individual
Examiners in 1942. characteristic and is very important to QDE.
ALFRED DREYFUS - A French army officer, 4. MOVEMENT - is the way a pen moves in
accused of treason through letters found order to make a mark or form a letter. This can
help distinguish the difference in form. 2 letters 20.CASE - is a characteristic of a writer who
can be the same, but made in a different way. might use upper case letters where a lower case
5. PROPORTIONS - is the symmetry of an should be present.
individual letter.
6. HEIGHT - is comparing the height of one COIN CLIPPING - shaving off a small portion
letter to another. Height, proportions are usually of a precious metal coin for profit.
habits found in a specific writer. COIN MUTILATION - cutting a portion of a
7. “I” Dot coin.
8. “t” Crossing COLLECTED STANDARD - (Procured
9. LOOPS - are similar to proportions. Standard)obtained from files executed in the
10.PRESSURE - is the difference in ink or course of everyday routine.
pencil in width or shade. Helps show direction REQUESTED STANDARD - document
of movement. requested by an investigator for the purpose of
11.BASELINE ALIGNMENT - The value of comparative examination.
this show the questioned writing in correlation COLOR SHIFTING INK - ink that changes
to the baseline. Helps QDE examiners determine color when viewed in different angles.
whether the writing was altered or is consistent CONNECTIONS - links which connect a letter
with the rest of the writing or other examples. with the one following it.
12.PEN LIFTS - Pen lifts are when the pen or COUNTERFEITING - imitate fraudulently for
pencil is lifted from the paper and reapplied to gain. To make a copy of, usually with the intent
finish a word or sentence. to defraud; forge: counterfeits money.
13.SPEED - The speed of a writer is a key CUNEIFORM - denoting or relating to the
indicator for QDE in the examination process. wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient
Fast and slow speeds are difficult to duplicate writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and
leaving behind inconsistencies in the writing. Ugarit, surviving mainly on clay tablets.
14.EMBELLISHMENTS - decorate writing. CUTTING - skillful cutting away of some
Usually found in the beginning of word, but can portions and then inserting new one to fill the
be seen other places. gap.
15.ENTRY/EXIT STROKES -  is the way a DISGUISED WRITING - is any deliberate
writer begins certain letter or words and can be attempt to alter one's handwriting to prevent
very specific to an individual. Also includes the recognition.
idea of connecting stokes. DOCUMENT - any material that contains
16.RETRACING - is considered fixing a marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially
portion of writing that is not readable or visible or invisible that may present or
pleasing to the writer. In some cases, this can ultimately convey a meaning or message to
indicate forgery but is very common in normal someone.
handwriting to retrace letters or words.
17.SPELLING - is an individual characteristic DOCUMENT MAY BE QUESTIONED
because of education or habits and can be an WITH RESPECT TO ITS 
easy fix to eliminate or pin point suspects. 1. Authenticity
18.SPACING - is the area between letters or 2. Identity
words and is usually specific to the writer. 3. Origin
19.FORMAT - is the habit in which a writer 4. Relation among its parts
uses to depict simple things like; Dates, 5. Relation to other things
numbers, abbreviations.
Example: The way people write checks TYPES OF DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
1. Handwriting Comparisons any paper edge impressions of a page-portion
2. Ink Examinations that was torn from a page within a note-pad,
3. Indented Writing even if the page was removed some time later.
4. Alterations
5. Paper Analysis ERASURE - the removal of writing, recorded
6. Photocopy Analysis material, or data.
7. Typewriting EURION CONSTELLATION - is a pattern of
symbols incorporated into a number of banknote
INSTRUMENT USED IN A QUESTIONED designs worldwide since about 1996. It is added
DOCUMENT QD LABORATORY to help imaging software detect the presence of
1. STEREO MICROSCOPE - The stereo or a banknote in a digital image.
stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is an EXEMPLARS -  Handwriting used as a
optical microscope variant designed for low standard for comparison with the document in
magnification observation of a sample, typically question. Known authentic writing samples.
using light reflected from the surface of an - TWO TYPES OF EXEMPLARS
object rather than transmitted through it. 1. REQUESTED WRITINGS - (Dictated) are
2. LIGHT MICROSCOPE - light microscope writing samples taken from someone for the
works like a refracting telescope except that the purpose of comparison with a questioned
object is very close to the objective lens. document.
3. VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR 2. NON-REQUESTED WRITINGS -
(VSC) - is an apparatus which can: (Undictated)(Collected) these are examples of
A. ANALYSE AND COMPARE INKS: reveal the subject's writings that are taken in the
alterations on a document; normal course of business or personal
b. Visualize security features printed into transactions.
papers;
c. USE THE SPECTROMETER AND FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
VARIOUS BUILT-in light sources for U.V., - the practice of the application of document
visible spectrum and I.R. examinations of ink examination to the purposes of the law.
and documents to visualise fluorescence; GRAPHOLOGY - is the study of handwriting
examination with transmitted light or low angle to identify the writer's personality traits.
light, and recording/comparing differences in GRAPHOLOGIST - Profiles character or
reflectance, and absorption under variable personality by drawing conclusions from certain
wavelengths of light and with various filters types of characteristics in the handwriting
which will discriminate between different inks. sample.
4. ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION HANDWRITING  - refers to a person's writing
APPARATUS (ESDA) - is an apparatus which created with a writing utensil such as a pen or
can: pencil.
a. Produce an evidential record of any HANDWRITING COMPARISON
indentations (writing impressions) which are CHARACTERISTICS
present upon a page, resulting from previous 1. Spacing between letters
pages of over-writing in a writing pad, 2. Spacing between words
notebook, or upon a letter placed inside an 3. Relative proportions between letters and
envelope which was then addressed. within letters
b. Visualise and record any other transmitted 4. Individual letter formations
impression, such as from a machine postal 5. Formations of letter combinations
stamp upon an envelope; or visualise and record 6. The overall slant of the writing
7. Connecting strokes placing close together or side by side, especially
8. Pen lifts for comparison or contrast.
9. Beginning and ending strokes LINDBERGH BABY CASE - a sensational
10.Unusual flourishes case of kidnapping for ransom resulting in
11.Pen pressure murder of a baby where questioned document
examination is the center piece of the
CHARACTER OF HANDWRITING investigation and the reason for the arrest of the
1. No single handwriting characteristic can in perpetrator.
itself be taken as the basis for a positive MANUSCRIPT - is any document written by
comparison. hand, as opposed to being printed or reproduced
2. The final conclusion must be based on a in some other way.
sufficient number of common characteristics MICROPRINTING - is one of many anti-
between the known and questioned writing counterfeiting techniques used most often on
samples. currency and bank checks, as well as various
3. There are no hard and fast rules for a other items of value. Microprinting involves
sufficient number of personal characteristics; it printing very small text, usually too small to
is a judgment call made by the expert examiner read with the naked eye, onto the note or item.
in the context of each case. OBLITERATION - obscuring a document by a
HENRY MILL - was an English inventor who series of x-types, haphazard, lines, blots, and
patented the first typewriter in 1714 smears.
HIEROGLYPH - (Greek for "sacred writing") OFFSET PRINTING - or web offset printing
is a character of the ancient Egyptian writing is a commonly used printing technique in which
system. Logographic scripts that are the inked image is transferred (or "offset") from
pictographic in form in a way reminiscent of a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing
ancient Egyptian are also sometimes called surface.
"hieroglyphs". LETTERPRESS PRINTING - is a technique
HOLOGRAM - a three-dimensional image of relief printing using a printing press. A
formed by the interference of light beams from a worker composes and locks movable type into
laser or other coherent light source. the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper
INDENTED WRITING - (second page against it to transfer the ink from the type which
writing), is the impression from the writing creates an impression on the paper
instrument captured on sheets of paper below PELLEGRINO TURRI - an Italian inventor,
the one that contains the original writing. invented a mechanical typing machine, one of
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION - indented the first typewriters in 1801 for his blind lover
writing may be recovered using this method. Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizzano. He
INK - a coloured fluid or paste used for writing, also invented carbon paper to provide the ink for
drawing, printing, or duplicating. his machine.
MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETER - A PEN LIFT - is the practice of lifting the tip of a
nondestructive approach to comparing ink lines. pen from a writing surface. It comes in the form
It is accomplished with a VISIBLE-light of a disconnection between letters and letter
microspectrophotometer. combinations.
THIN-layer chromatography is also suitable for PEN PRESSURE - the proportions of strokes
ink comparisons. to each other in width as affected by shading
INTERLINEATION - insertion between lines and by unconscious emphasis.
or paragraphs. PENMANSHIP - is the technique of writing
JUXTAPOSITION - an act or instance of with the hand using a writing instrument. The
art or practice of writing with the pen. modern printing.
PICTOGRAPH - a pictorial symbol for a word
or phrase. Pictographs were used as the earliest RETRACING - any writing stroke which goes
known form of writing, examples having been back over another writing stroke.
discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from RHYTHM - the balanced quality of movement,
before 3000 BC. producing a natural result not constrained nor
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT - is any artificial.
signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other RUBRIC AND EMBELLISHMENT - the
mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute additional and unnecessary stroke incorporated
or doubtful. in writing for decorative or ornamental
MOST COMMON QUESTIONED purposes.
DOCUMENT SAMUEL WILLARD SOULÉ - (January
1. Letters 25,1830-July 12,1875) along with Christopher
2. Checks Sholes and Carlos Glidden invented the first
3. Drivers License practical typewriter at a machine shop located in
4. Contracts Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
5. Wills in 1869.
6. Voters Registration SECURITY FIBERS - are embedded in the
7. Passports paper during manufacture and are non-
8. Petitions reproducible.
9. Threatening Letters SECURITY THREAD - is a security feature of
10.Suicide Notes many banknotes to protect against
11.Lottery Tickets counterfeiting, consisting of a thin ribbon that is
threaded through the note's paper.
RULES IN COLLECTING QUESTIONED SHADING AND PEN POSITION - the
DOCUMENTS increase in width of stroke brought by variations
1. Original Document Preferred in writing pressure.
2. QDE must mark all evidence - initial and SHOLES AND GLIDDEN TYPE-WRITER -
date. If document cannot be marked it should be the first commercially successful typewriter.
placed in enveloped and sealed with initial and SIGNATURE - a person's name written in a
date. distinctive way as a form of identification in
3. Maintain chain of custody. authorizing a cheque or document or concluding
    a letter. From the latin word "signare" which
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT means "to sign".
EXAMINATION - The scientific methods of
identification and examination of questionable KINDS OF SIGNATURE
documents, handwriting examination, detection 1. FORMAL SIGNATURE - signature used on
of forgery, falsification and counterfeiting of official documents such as will or deed of sale.
documents which stress the procedures of 2. INFORMAL SIGNATURE - signature used
restoring and deciphering erasures and in routine correspondence such as personal
obliteration's; examination of documents by letters and other documents where you want the
means of visible light, ultra-violet light and reader to recognize the signature but the exact
ultra-red radiation and colored powders; spelling of the name isn’t important.
recognition and selection of standards; and 3. STYLISTIC SIGNATURE - signature used
examination of questionable typewriting, in signing checks, credit card receipts, etc. This
computerized documents and other forms of is also like the famous “physician’s signature”
on a prescription. It is often highly stylistic and KINDS OF FORGERY OF SIGNATURES
looks like a scribble with little that would be 1. SIMPLE FORGERY - (spurious forgery)
recognizable as a signature. signing of a document in his own or in a
modified handwriting. Easy to detect once
SIGNATURE FORGERY - refers to the act of standards of genuine signatures are obtained.
falsely replicating the signature of another 2. SIMULATED FORGERY - (freehand
person. forgery) the copying or imitation of a signature.

POPULAR METHODS OF FORGING INDICATORS OF FORGERY 

SIGNATURE 1. Blunt starts and stops
1. FREEHAND METHOD -  whereby the 2. Pen lifts and hesitations
forger, after careful practice, replicates the 3. Tremor
signature by freehand. Although a difficult 4. Speed and Pressure
method to perfect, this often produces the most 5. Patching
convincing results.      
2. TRACE-OVER METHOD - the sheet of SLANT - slope of writing in relation to the base
paper containing the genuine signature is placed line.
on top of the paper where the forgery is SPACING -  is a blank area devoid of content,
required. The signature is traced over, appearing serving to separate words, letters, numbers, and
as a faint indentation on the sheet of paper punctuation.
underneath. This indentation can then be used as STRIKING - (stamping) making an impression
a guide for a signature. of a coin on a metal blank by pressure using
steel dies.
METHODS OF SIGNATURE TRACING SUPERIMPOSITION - placing or laying of
1. CARBON OUTLINE METHOD - carbon one document over another in a way that it
paper inserted between original and false appears as a single image. The placement of an
document. image or video on top of an already-existing
2. INDENTATION PROCESS - original image or video, usually
document is placed over false one under it, to be to add to the overall image effect, but also
traced later using a pen or pencil. sometimes to conceal something.
3. TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS - a TERMINAL - The end of a writing stroke.
light source is placed under a light, the original INITIAL STROKE - the beginning of a
document is placed under the false one. The writing stroke.
light source will illuminate both documents so TREMOR - deviation from uniform stroke
that the writings on the original document will brought about by lack of smoothness.
be seen and traceable on the false one. KINDS OF TREMORS 
1. GENUINE TREMORS - caused by age,
CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAY illiteracy, weakness.
SUGGEST PRESENCE OF FORGERY 2. TREMOR OF FRAUD
1. Shaky handwriting TYPEBAR - one of the bars on a typewriter
2. Pen lifts             that bears type for printing.
3. Signs of retouching TYPEWRITER - is a mechanical or electro-
4. Letter proportions mechanical machine for writing in characters
5. Very close similarity between two or more similar to those produced by printer's movable
signatures type by means of keyboard-operated types
striking a ribbon to transfer
ink or carbon impressions onto the paper. (Teleprinters) came on the scene in the mid-
CARRIAGE RETURN -  referred to a 1950s and peaked in popularity in the 1960s.
mechanism or lever on a typewriter. It was used They were used mostly for communicating
after typing a line of text and caused the information from point to point, much as
assembly holding the paper (the carriage) to modern fax machines are used. Most non-IBM
return to the right so that the machine was ready computers had teletype terminals. Teletypes
to type again on the left-hand side of the paper were completely mechanical and thus required
(assuming a left-to-right language). regular lubrication; they didn't have type bars in
TYPEFACE - the printing surface of the type the strictest sense and instead used plastic gears
block. The most popular type are pica and elite. to print messages.
PICA - 10 characters per inch 6. ELECTRIC TYPEWRITERS - The most
ELITE - 12 characters per inch modern typewriter, still used today, is the
electric typewriter, most notably IBM models
TYPES OF TYPEWRITERS such as the Selectric. The electric typewriter
1. KEYBOARD TYPEWRITER - is the minimized the force necessary to print out a
simplest kind of typewriter, functioning from message by using a motor and type ball to print
the QWERTY formation of letters and having a letters on paper.
type (a metallic cast with letters molded into it)
that's attached by a bar or rod. VIGNETTE - a small illustration or portrait
2. SINGLE-ELEMENT TYPEWRITER - photograph which fades into its background
enable the user to print data in different without a definite border.
languages or fonts. Instead of using a bar mold WATERMARK - a faint design made in some
for the type (called a type bar), single-element paper during manufacture that is visible when
typewriters use type wheels, type sleeves or type held against the light and typically identifies the
shuttles for molds. The most popular single- maker.
element was the Hammond type-shuttle WRITING - is a medium of communication
typewriter produced in 1884. that represents language through the inscription
3. TYPE-BAR TYPEWRITERS, as the name of signs and symbols.
suggests, use type bars, or molds of iron shaped CURSIVE WRITING - also known as script,
like bars, for their types. Type bars are the most joined-up writing, joint writing, running writing,
common kind of typewriter and the original or handwriting is any style of penmanship in
invented by Sholes, Glidden and Soule was a which the symbols of the language are written in
type-bar typewriter. a conjoined and/or flowing manner, generally
4. INDEX TYPEWRITERS - were far less for the purpose of making writing faster.
costly in the pre-modern era, but also less
useful. An index typewriter required that users WRITING SPEED - CLASSIFIED INTO 4
first input what key they would like, and then DIVISIONS
perform another action (usually pressing a lever) 1. Slow and Drawn
to print the letter to a page. Usually these didn't 2. Deliberate
use type bars, but instead 3. Average
type wheels, type shuttles, type plates and even 4. Rapid
more novel types. Examples of the index
typewriter are the American Visible, first
manufactured in 1901, and the French Virotyp
of 1914.
5. TELETYPE TYPEWRITERS -
 thought processes. He did not use an instrument
in his study.
E. POLYGRAPH (LIE DETECTION)
1875 - The earliest attempt at a scientific ANCIENT METHODS OF LIE
approach to the development of diagnostic DETECTION
instrumentation for lie detection, when the ANCIENT ROME - bodyguard candidates
Italian physiologist, Angelo Mosso (1846- were asked provocative questions. Those who
1910), began studies of fear and its influence on blushed were selected for the job. It was
the heart and respiration. The fear of being believed that if a person blushed in response to
detected was considered an essential element of provocative questions, he would not participate
deception. Through his research Mosso in plots.
demonstrated that blood pressure, blood volume, ANCIENT SPARTA - Before being admitted
and pulse frequency changed depending on to certain schools Spartan young men were
changes in emotions of a tested subject. From required to pass the selection criteria. The young
records of pulsation, Mosso was able to men were ordered to stand on the edge of a cliff,
distinguish persons who were afraid from those and were asked if they were afraid. The answer
who were tranquil. was always negative; however its integrity was
1915 - the year Dr.Marston developed the determined by the men’s complexion. It was
discontinuous systolic blood pressure test which concluded that the pale young men lied and they
would later become one component of the were pushed from the cliff.
modern polygraph. NERVOUS BEHAVIOR - if the subject look
1992 - the polygraph made its official entrance down and moved his toe in a circular motion
into the computer age. while being interrogated, he was thought to be
1997 - considered the year of birth of lie deceptive. This was later diagnosed as nervous
detection in Ukraine. behaviorism. Nervous individuals were
18TH CENTURY - the era conducive to stereotyped as being deceptive.
developing technical means of detecting THE ORDEAL OF RICE - was commonly
deception, subsequently named: lie detector, utilized as a lie detector in ancient China.
variograph, polygraph, emotional stress monitor, Suspect was required to chew a mouthful of dry
deceptograph, to name a few. rice and then spit it out. If the rice was moist,
AFRICAN TRIBES - have utilized their own the suspect was judged innocent. If the rice was
method of detecting a guilty person. While dry, the suspect was judged guilty. The tension
performing a special dance around a suspected of guilt supposedly caused a cessation of
individual, a sorcerer intensely sniffed him. The salivary glands secretion of fluids.
"investigator" made a conclusion whether the THE ORDEAL OF THE HOT IRON - in
suspect committed the crime based upon the Africa, the suspect had a hot iron placed on his
intensity of his body odor. tongue, if the suspect's tongue was not burned,
ALEXANDER R. LURIA - (1902-1977) a he was judged innocent, if the suspect's tongue
Soviet neuropsychologist, who initiated  the was burned, he was judged guilty. The tension
research on the psycho-physiological diagnostic of guilt supposedly caused a cessation of
instrumentation methods in criminal salivary secretions which would allow the
investigations which began in the 1920s. He tongue to be burned.
used reaction time measures to study thought THE ORDEAL OF THE SACRED
processes and developed a psychodiagnostic DONKEY - around 1500 BC in India, Indian
procedure he referred to as the "combined motor priests paints a donkey's tail with carbon residue
method" for diagnosing individual subject's from an oil lamp and placed the animal in a dark
tent. The suspects were sent into the tent and AUTONOMIC NERVOUS System - That part
told that pulling the "magic" donkey's tail would of the peripheral nervous system consisting of
reveal the liar (if a guilty man pulls his tail, the the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
donkey will bray). When the suspects came out, nervous system.
the priests examined their hands. Those with AXON - The central core which forms the
clean hands had not touched the donkey's tail. It essential conducting part of a nerve fiber. An
was assumed that this was due to the suspects’ extension from and a part of the cytoplasm of
fear of their guilt being discovered, proving they some nerve cells.
were liars. BACKSTER ZONE COMPARISON
ANGELO MOSSO - an Italian Physiologist, he TECHNIQUE -  a polygraph technique which
used an instrument called plethysmograph in his primarily involved an alteration of the Reid
research on emotion and fear in subjects question sequencing.
undergoing questioning and he studied the
effects of these variables on their cardiovascular BASIC POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
and respiratory activity. REQUIREMENTS
PLETHYSMOGRAPH - from the Greek word 1. THE EXAMINING ROOM - Polygraph
"Plethysmos" - increase or enlargement and examinations should be conducted in a quiet.
"grapho" - write or record, is an instrument for private room. Under normal circumstances only
recording and measuring variation in the volume the polygraphist and examines are permitted in
of a part of the body, especially as caused by the examining room.
changes in blood pressure. 2. PRE-TEST INTERVIEW - The
ANTI–CLIMAX DAMPENING - The examination actually begins with the first
principle of psychological focus which holds contact between the examinee and the
that a person will establish an emotional priority polygraphist. The pre- test interview is vital to a
for that stimulus which he perceives to represent proper polygraph examination. and no
the greatest threat to his well being. examination will be administered by any AzPa
ANXIETY - A state of mental uneasiness or member without an adequate pre-test interview.
concern. Abnormal apprehension or fear, often 3. QUESTION FORMULATION - Question
accompanied by psychological signs, behavior formulation should be conduced in accordance
symptoms or doubt concerning the nature and with established standards and techniques.
reality of a threat; real or imagined. Unfounded Unless specifically required by the nature of the
self–doubt. issue being resolved, no questions regarding
APNEA - The transient cessation of breathing morals or the intimate details of a person’s
which follows forced breathing. On a polygraph personal life will be asked.
chart, apnea is generally represented by a 4. TEST CONSTRUCTION - The use and
blocking pattern in the pneumograph tracing placement of test questions within the question
APPLIED STIMULUS - An intentionally sequence must adhere to and be in accordance
applied external stimulus, normally in the form with those techniques generally recognized and
of a question, directed to a person under going a widely accepted within the polygraph
polygraph examination. An applied stimulus profession.
may be employed for the purpose of 5. STIMULATION TEST - The “stim” test is
demonstrating a persons response capabilities at optional. It may be conducted either as the first
the time the stimulus is applied. polygraph chart or inserted between polygraph
ASSOCIATED RESEARCH INC. - in charts. The fact that an individual has been
Chicago, manufactured the 1st  commercial previously examined, perhaps even by the same
polygraph instrument for Leonarde Keeler. polygraphist], does not negate the use of the
“stim” test. that circuit in units of millimeters of mercury.
6. REVIEW OF TEST QUESTIONS - Under CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - Those
no circumstances will any test be administered portions of an organism which contain the heart,
without a prior, thorough review of all test arteries, veins and capillaries. The functional
questions with the examinee. means by which blood is transported throughout
7. ADMINISTERING THE POLYGRAPH the body.
CHARTS CEREBELLUM - That portion of the brain
a. After applying pressure to the blood pressure which projects over the medulla and is
cuff at the time of the test, the polygraphist especially concerned with the coordination of
should be able to announce the beginning of the muscular activity and body equilibrium.
test with minimum delay. CEREBRUM - The enlarged front and upper
b. Test questions should be usually spaced at not part of the brain which contains the higher
less than 15 second intervals. nervous centers.
c. The administering of the polygraph CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909) was the
examination shall be conducted in accordance first in 1895 to experiment with a device,
with established standards and techniques which measuring blood pressure and pulse, to detect
are taught by the accredited schools. deception in criminal suspects and noted
8. CHART INTERPRETATION - Chart increased blood pressure following relevant
interpretation is the final key to a valid questions when put to some subjects. He called
polygraph examination. Under no circumstances it a Hydrosphygmograph.
is it permitted that a AzPa polygraphist overlook CHART - The graphic recorded representations
or ignore the established, basic concepts of chart of a persons psychophysiological responses to a
interpretation taught in all accredited polygraph set of carefully controlled stimuli presented to
schools. him in the form of a valid and reliable question
structure.
BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS - Those CHRISTIAN HANS STOELTING - founded
subjectively observable non-verbal the stoelting company, now a Manufacturer and
manifestations of a person at the time of an distributor of research instrumentation
applied stimulus which may or may not be including,physiology and biofeedback for
indicative of that person’s veracity. scientific research plus psychological and
BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE - The visual educational tests.
representation of an increase or decrease in STOELTING COMPANY - Stoelting invented
blood pressure or volume on a polygraph chart the first modern polygraph in 1935.
by the cardio component of a polygraph CHART IDENTIFICATION - Any
instrument. information placed on a polygram which
CARDIO-SPHYGMO-GRAPH - identified the person examined, the polygraphist
Heart/pressure/recording. The tracing on a conducting the examination as well as any other
polygraph chart, made by a pen moved by a data, time and place of the examination,
bellows device in connection with a closed air including the signature of the examinee, if
pressurized circuit and an in-line obtainable.
cardiosphygmomanometer, which reflects blood CLEVE BACKSTER -  he founded the CIA's
pressure and radial pulse in response to an polygraph unit shortly after World War II. He
applied stimulus. also founded the longest running polygraph
CARDIOSPHYGMOMANOMETER -  An school in the world. He developed the Backster
in-line pressure dial in a closed air pressurized Zone Comparison Technique (ZCT).
circuit capable of representing the pressure in CONTROL STIMULATION TEST -  A
modified peak of tension test used to relax the neuron which serves to conduct impulses toward
non-deceptive examinee and stimulate the the cell body.
deceptive examinee by empirical evidence of DICK ARTHER - refined the Reid Control
the effectiveness of the polygraph technique. Question Technique with his known Lie and
CONTROL QUESTION - That question Probable Lie Question Technique and the Guilt
within a structured technique which is broad in Complex Question. This Became known as
scope and depth, generally limited by mutually Arther's Technique.
exclusive time parameter, which relates to a DICROTIC NOTCH - graphic representation
wrong doing of the same general nature as the within the cardio tracing on a polygraph chart
one under investigation, and one to which the caused by a backward surge of blood against the
examiner will, in all probability, lie or to which semi-lunar valve in the left ventricle of the
his answer will be of dubious validity in his own heart.
mind. DISTORTION - change in polygraph tracings
- A question to which the examinee’s answer caused by artifact stimulus.A disturbance of
will be a known lie or a probable lie. This normal polygraph tracings not attributable to an
question is similar in nature but not related to intended stimulus within a test structure.
the issue being resolved, and should be of DR. JOSEPH F. KUBIS - of Fordham
slightly less weight than the relevant questions. University in New York City, was the first
CONTROL QUESTION TECHNIQUE researcher to use potential computer
(CQT) - a polygraph technique that applications for the purpose of polygraph chart
incorporated control questions (comparison) analysis in the late 1970's.
which were designed to be emotionally arousing DR. MARIE GABRIEL ROMAIN
for non-deceptive subjects and less emotionally VIGOUROUX (1831-1911) a French
arousing for deceptive subjects than the relevant electrotherapy specialist was first to discover in
questions previously used. 1879 the phenomenon we now know as
COUNTER MEASURES - Deliberate Electrodermal Response.
chemical, mental or physical, attempts by an ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE - human
examinee to affect the polygraph tracings or the body phenomenon in which the body, mainly
final outcomeof a polygraph examination. the skin, involuntarily changes resistance
CUFF PRESSURE - The air pressure in the electrically upon the application of certain
inflatable bladder in the blood pressure cuff as external stimuli.
indicated on the sphygmomanometer of the
polygraph instrument in units of millimeters of SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO
mercury. THE ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE
DANIEL DEFOE - a British novelist who in RESEARCH
1730 wrote an essay entitled "An Effectual 1. Ivan R. Tarchanoff (1846-1908) Georgian
Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street 2. Charles Samson Fere (1852-1907) French
Robberies and Suppressing all Other Disorders 3. Georg Sticker (1860-1960) German
of the Night", wherein he 4. Otto Veraguth (1870-1944) Swiss
recommended that taking the pulse of a
suspicious fellow was a practical, effective and DYSPENA - Abnormal breathing characterized
humane method for distinguishing truthfulness by either labored breathing, shortness of breath,
from lying. suppression or serrated exhalation.
DECEPTION - the act of making someone EFFERENT NERVE FIBERS - Those neural
believe something that is not true. fibers which carry impulses away from the
DENDRITES - An extension or process of a central nervous system.
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM - Those GALVANOMETER - measures the small
psychological defenses used by a person to differences in electrical resistance and any shifts
shield himself against that which he perceives to in a subject’s anxiety.
represent a threat to his immediate well-being. GANGLIA -  Groups of nerve cell bodies found
ENDOCRINE GLANDS - Those ductless in the autonomic plexuses composed primarily
glands which discharge their secretions directly of sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
into the blood stream. In general, the endocrine GUILT COMPLEX -  A group of associated
glands coordinate and control body activities at ideas or attitudes which have a common
a slower rate than the nervous system and thus emotional tone of feelings of universal
promote long term adjustments. responsibility. These ideas or attitudes may be
ENVELOPING QUESTION - A question conscious or unconscious; however, they may
used at the beginning and end of a searching significantly influence an individuals behavior
peak of tension test which deals with an issue or or psychophysiological responses when
subject which is beyond the realm of possibility confronted with an accusation.
of the information being sought. GUILT COMPLEX QUESTION - A question
EUPNEA - Regular or normal breathing. included in a structured polygraph test designed
EXAMINEE -  An individual who has to identify a person who may be inappropriately
volunteered for and undergoes a polygraph responding to relevant and control questions due
examination. to a guilt complex. This question is usually one
EXCITABILITY - The potential ability of a which concerns a nonexistent crime or
neuron to respond to any given stimulus. circumstance which an examinee is led to
EXPERT OPINION - A statement reflecting believe did exist in which he is suspect but
the results of the evaluation of a polygraph which he knows he could not have committed.
chart. GUILT COMPLEX QUESTION -  A
EXTRASYSTOLE - A premature contraction question about a fictitious incident of individual.
of the heart which is independent of the normal and of a similar nature and weight as the issue
rhythm and which arises in response to an being resolved.
impulse in some part of the heart other than the STICKER - one of the first to suggest the use
sino-auricular node, or from some abnormal of EDA, galvanic skin response as an indicator
stimulus. An extra systole appears in the cardio of deception.
tracing of a polygraph chart as a break in the HIDDEN KEY - An item of evidence known
normal rhythm of the heart. only to the victim, perpetrator, investigator and
FIGHT OR FLIGHT SYNDROME - The polygraphist.
activation of involuntary sympathetic neural HOMESTASIS - The tendency of an organism
activity upon conscious recognition of a threat to maintain a state of equilibrium between
to the immediate well-being of an organism. A interrelated psychological and psysiological
group of neural symptoms which enable an stimuli.
organism to cope with a stressful or threatening HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH - (water pressure
situation by taking that organism from a normal recording) a device consisting of a cylinder
relaxed state to an emergency state of containing water and connected with a
preparedness for the sake of survival. registering tube, used to record the amount of
FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY - blood forced with each pulsation into a limb in
Modern term for polygraph examination. cased in the apparatus.
GALVANOGRAPH - electrical Current HYPNOSIS - alteration of consciousness and
recording, known as the GSR, galvanic skin concentration, subject manifest heightened
response and galvanic skin conductance. suggestability, not admissible in court.
HYPOTHALAMUS - That portion of the brain KNOWN PEAK OF TENSION TEST - This
which contains centers for the regulation of is a series of similar type questions containing
body temperatures, sleep and water balance. It only one relevant question. known to the
also appears to be the center for the integration polygraphist.
of emotions, visceral activity and neural SEARCHING PEAK OF TENSION TEST -
impulses which trigger the sympathetic division A series of questions wherein the relevant
of the autonomic nervous system. questions are not known to the polygraphist.
IRRELEVANT QUESTION - is intended to KYMOGRAPH - An instrument for recording
be an innocuous. Harmless question, having no variations in pressure, as of the blood, or in
particular relationship to the issue being tension, as of a muscle, by means of a pen
resolved and which can unequivocally be orstylus that marks a rotating drum at a constant
answered truthfully. speed.
PRIMARY RELEVANT QUESTION - The LAFAYETTE INSTRUMENT COMPANY -
key question regarding the direct act of founded in 1947 by Max Wastl (1915-1990),
committing an offense. located in Lafayette, Indiana, USA, dominates
SECONDARY RELEVANT QUESTION - A the international polygraph market. It is the
question pertaining to pertinent aspects of the unconditional global leaderin the manufacture
issue. to which a guilty or knowledgeable and sale of lie detectors.
person would be expected to respond LEONARDE KEELER - in 1926, modified
significantly. the polygraph instrument designed by John
JACQUES-ARSÈNE D'ARSONVAL (June Larson by adding a device that measured
8,1851–December 31,1940) was a French electrical skin conductivity or electrodermal
physician, physicist, and inventor of the response. He also founded the world's first
moving-coil D'Arsonval galvanometer and the polygraph school, the Keeler Polygraph Institute
thermocouple ammeter. D'Arsonval was an in Chicago, Illinois in 1948. Considered the
important contributor to the emerging field of father of modern polygraph.
electrophysiology, the study of the effects of LIE - is an intentionally false statement to a
electricity on biological organisms, in the 19th person or group made
century. by another person or group who knows it is not
JOHN AUGUSTUS LARSON - was a Police wholly the truth.
Officer for Berkeley, California, United States,
and famous for his invention of modern KINDS OF LIE
polygraph used in forensic investigations. He 1. WHITE OR BENIGN LIE - lie to preserve
was the first American police officer having an harmony of relationship.
academic doctorate and to use polygraph in 2. PATHOLOGICAL LIE - can not tell right
criminal investigations. from wrong.
JOHN E. REID - a lawyer from Chicago, 3. RED LIE - communist propaganda
Illinois, developed the Control Question 4. BLACK LIE - lie to dishonor or to discredit
Technique (CQT) in 1947. Also called the 5. MALICIOUS/JUDICIAL LIE -misleading
"father of Controls". or lie to obstruct justice.
REID CONTROL QUESTION 6. FABRICATION - misrepresentation of truth
TECHNIQUE - inserted a surprise control 7. BOLD-FACE LIE - obviously lying
question in the relevant/irrelevant technique. 8. LYING BY OMISSION - omission of
KEELER POLYGRAPH - It became the most important facts
widely used polygraph in the world for the next 9. LIE TO CHILDREN - to gain acceptance to
three decades. children
10.NOBLE LIE - to maintain law and order testing technique was very simple. A trained
11.EMERGENCY LIE - to prevent harm to individual placed a finger on a wrist of a woman
third party suspected of infidelity, while mentioning names
12.PERJURY - false testimony under oath of the men, who could have had an intimate
13.BLUFFING - pretense of relationship with her. The examinee's pulse
capability/intention one does not possess accelerated when she heard and, consequently,
14.JOCOSE LIE - meant to be jest, teasing and reacted to the name of her lover.
sarcasm NAME TEST - A controlled peak of tension
15.CONTEXTUAL LIE - stating part of truth test utilized to establish an examinee’s response
out of context capability to a known lie in which the name of a
16.PROMOTION LIE - incredible person upon whom the examinee places
advertisements emotional significance is used as a known peak
of tension.
TYPE OF LIARS NERVES - Those strands of tissue which
1. Panic Liars specialize in the transmission of impulses to and
2. Occupational Liars from the brain and spinal cord and all parts of
4. Psychopathic Liars the body.
5. Ethological Liars NEURON - A single nerve cell.
6. Pathological Liars NEUTRAL QUESTION - A question which
7. Black Liars does not pertain to the issue under investigation
the answer to which recognized as universally
LUIGI GALVANI - an Italian Physician and correct by both the examinee and the
Physiologist who in 1791, accidentally polygraphist. A neutral question is intended to
discovered that a dissected frog leg would elicit a minimal response from the examinee and
twitch and contract at the touch of a scalpel provide the polygraphist with a valid graphic
charged with electricity. He discovered that representation of the examinee’s non-stress
current or galvanic electricity flowed through response patterns.
animal tissue. NUMERICAL EVALUATION - A valid and
MECHANICAL ADJUSTMENT - The reliable system of numerical evaluation which
manual centering of the ink pens on a polygraph employs a consistent set of values to describe
instrument in order to maintain the individual the observable physiological responses
component tracings within their appropriate graphically represented on a polygraph chart.
physical parameters. OPINION - The expert conclusion expressed
MEDULA OBLONGATA - The lowest or by a qualified polygraphist concerning the
hindmost part of the brain continuous with the veracity of the statements made by examinee.
spinal cord. Contains centers of respiratory, OTTO VERAGUTH - was a Swiss
cardio inhibitory, cardio acceleratory, neurologist. In the 1900s he published a study of
vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, swallowing, a phenomenon he called "psychogalvanic
salivary and vomiting. reflex" associated with observed changes in the
MIDBRAIN - The middle segment of the brain electrical properties of the skin. In his research
containing the centers for certain visual and he noticed that emotional stimuli caused greater
auditory reflexes. deflections (higher readings) on a galvanometer
MIDDLE AGES - a suspect's pulse rate that was connected to the skin via electrodes
readings were collected for determining his or than did neutral stimuli. He used the
her guilt. This method was employed for galvanomenter in conjunction with word-
exposing unfaithful wives and their lovers. The association tests.
PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX - also called POLYGRAPH - a machine designed to detect
galvanic skin response, a change in the electrical and record changes in physiological
properties of the body following noxious characteristics, such as a person's pulse and
stimulation, stimulation that produces emotional breathing rates, used especially as a lie detector.
reaction and to some extent, stimulation that
attracts the subject's attention and leads to an POLYGRAPH MACHINE MEASURE AND
aroused alertness. RECORD THE FF:
OUTSIDE ISSUE - A circumstance unrelated 1. Blood Pressure
to the primary issue which poses a greater threat 2. Heart Rate
to the immediate well-being of the examinee 3. Respiration
than does the primary relevant issue. 4. Skin Conductivity
PADDING QUESTIONS - Those questions
placed before and after the known relevant POLYGRAPHIST - An individual who, by
question in a known peak of tension test. virtue of his education, training and experience,
Padding questions are similar in nature to the is capable of conducting a valid and reliable
known relevant question and fall within polygraph examination for the purpose of
the realm of possibility of the information being determining whether or not an examinee
sought. honestly believes that his own statements and
PARASYSMPATHETIC NERVOUS answers concerning a questioned issue are in
SYSTEM -  That part of the autonomic nervous fact truthful.
system which tends to induce secretion, to POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION - The entire
increase the tone and contractibility of smooth environment within which a qualified
muscle and to channel the dilation of blood polygraphist renders an expert opinion as to the
vessels. That division of the autonomic nervous veracity of an examinee’s statements concerning
system responsible for the normal “house the primary issue of the matter under
keeping functions of the body; i.e. digestion and investigation.
body temperature. POLYGRAPH EXAMINER - interpret the
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - That charts generated by the polygraph machine.
portion of the nervous system lying outside the Polygraph came from the Greek word "polys" -
central nervous system. many writings and "grapho" write.
PLETHSYSMOGRAPH - The tracing on a POLYGRAPH CHART - is one continuous set
polygraph chart made by a pen moved by a of test questions recorded on paper by the
photo-optical system controlled by an polygraph instrument.
examinee’s psychophysiological responses to POLYSCORE - a software program which
controlled stimuli. used a sophisticated mathematical algorithm to
PNEUMOGRAPH — breathing/recording, analyze the polygraph data and to estimate a
from the Greek word "Pneuma" – airor breath probability or degree of deception or
and "Grapho" - write or record, a device that truthfulness in a subject.
recorded a subject's breathing patterns. - is a computerized polygraph chart scoring
POLYGRAM - One or more polygraph charts. algorithm that uses statistical probability to
The cumulative recorded representations of an arrive at truthfulness or deception. It has been
examinee’s psychophysiological responses to a shown that validated algorithms have exceeded
set of controlled stimuli presented to him in the 98 percent in their accuracy to quantify, analyze
form of a properly constructed question and evaluate the physiological data collected
technique upon which an expert opinion is from polygraph examinations administered in
formed. real criminal cases.
DR. DALE E. OLSEN AND JOHN C. environment.
HARRIS - statisticians at Johns Hopkins PSYCHOSIS - A form of sever personality
University Applied Physics Laboratory, in disorder involving loss of contact with reality,
Maryland, completed a software program called generally characterized by delusions and
PolyScore in 1993. hallucinations.
PONS - A band of nerve fibers in the brain QUESTION SPACING - The elapsed time
connecting the lobes of the cerebellum, the (not less than 15 seconds) between an answer
medulla and the cerebrum. given by an examinee and the following
PRE-EMPLOYMENT EXAMINATION - An question asked by the polygraphist during a
examination in which an individual is tested polygraph test.
regarding the truthfulness and accuracy of an RECEPTORS - Those specialized cells
employment application. along with other sensitive to incoming stimuli.
background areas, which aids the employer in REFLEX ACTION - The cumulative product
selecting the most qualified individual for a of stimulus, receptor, afferent nerve, connecting
position within the organization. neuron, efferent nerve and effector action. A
PRE-EXAMINATION INTERVIEW - That simple reflex arc.
portion of a polygraph examination during REFRACTORY PERIOD - That period of
which information is obtained by the time in which a neuron is unable to conduct an
polygraphist from the examinee regarding the impulse.
facts and circumstances which from the basis of REID POLYGRAPH - was the first instrument
the examination and from which the to use a movement sensor to detect subject
polygraphist develops appropriate questions for movement during the examination. Besides
the polygraph technique to be employed. recording blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and
PSYCHOGALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE - GSR, this new polygraph recorded muscular
The recordable changes of body tissue activity in the forearms, thighs, and feet thanks
polarization (neural discharge), sweat gland to metal bellows placed under the arms and seat
activity or circulatory variations which occur as of the polygraph chair.
the result of work, emotion or a combination of RELEVANT QUESTION - That question
either. In polygraphy, these changes are within a structured polygraph test which
recorded on a polygraph chart by a pen attached pertains directly to the matter under
to a galvanometer driven by the variations of investigation.
electrical conductivity introduced into a IRRELEVANT QUESTION - is intended to
Wheatstone Bridge by the body tissues of an be an innocuous, harmless question, having no
examinee. particular relationship to the issue being
PSYCHOGALVANOMETER — a resolved. and which can unequivocally be
component that measured changes in a subject's answered truthfully.
galvanic skin resistance during questioning, and PRIMARY RELEVANT QUESTION - The
in doing so, thus signaling the birth of the key question regarding the direct act of
polygraph as we know it today. committing an offense.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SET - The theory which SECONDARY RELEVANT QUESTION - A
holds that a person’s fears, anxieties and question pertaining to pertinent aspects of the
apprehensions will be directed toward that issue. to which a guilty or knowledgeable
situation which presents the greatest immediate person would be expected to respond
threat to his self-preservation or general well- significantly.
being; generally to the exclusion of all other less CONTROL QUESTION - A question to which
threatening circumstances within his the examinee’s answer will be a known lie or a
probable lie. This question is similar in nature interpretation with emphasis on the nature of the
but not related to the issue being resolved, and questions asked, the sequential position of the
should be of slightly less weight than the question within the structure used and the
relevant questions. manner in which the question was presented to
GUILT COMPLEX QUESTION - A question the examinee.
about a fictitious incident of individual. and of a SPHYGMOMANOMETER - or blood
similar nature and weight as the issue being pressure meter (also referred to as a
resolved. sphygmometer) is a device used to measure
RELEVANT/IRRELEVANT (R/I) blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff
QUESTIONING - a mixture of questions to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or
relevant to the crime (for example, Do you own mechanical manometer to measure the pressure.
a knife?) and irrelevant questions are asked (for SPOT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE - A system
example, Are you twenty years old?). The basis of chart interpretation whereby analysis of
for this type of questioning was that an innocent response capability may be made at each
person has a similar physiological response to location on a polygraph chart wherein a relevant
both types of questions, but a guilty person question is either preceded by or followed by a
would react more strongly to the crime-relevant control question.
questions. SUPER DAMPENING - The principle of
RESIDUAL AIR - That volume of air which psychological focus which holds that if a person
remains in the lungs after the considers an outside issue to be a greater threat
deepest possible exhalation. to his well-being than the main relevant issue,
SACRIFICE RELEVANT QUESTION - A and that if he anticipates an unreviewed question
question used in the Zone comparison Test concerning this outside issue, he may tune out
designed for the intended to dissipate initial all relevant and control questions by forcing his
tension anticipated by an examinee in response psychological set on the outside issue. The
to the target issue. presence of an outside issue usually results in
SEARCHING PEAK OF TENSION TEST - poor responses or no responses.
a polygraph test in which a series of questions, STIMULATION TEST - Verifies for the
usually similar in nature and scope, are asked examiner that the examinee is testable. and aids
and in which the answer to only one of them in convincing the examinee that the polygraph
may evoke a response from the examinee. instrument works, and will work on him.
SCREENING EXAMINATION - is one in SUPPRESSION - An involuntary reduction in
which, without any specific allegation, an the amplitude of the pneumograph and
individual is examined to verify his/her honesty, cardiograph tracings in response to a stressful
integrity and conduct as an employee. stimulus.
SPECIFIC EXAMINATION - is one in which SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -
there is one specific issue to be resolved, ex. That part of the autonomic nervous system
theft, burglary, robbery murder, etc. which tends to depress secretion, decrease the
SENSOR - Any attachment made to the human tone and contractibility of muscle not under
body for the purpose of measuring and/or direct voluntary control, and cause the
recording a psychophysiological response contraction of blood vessels.
during a polygraph test. SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION - A question
SPECIFIC RESPONSE - A deviation from an contained within a structured question technique
examinee’s normal state of homeostasia as which is designed to identify the presence of an
evidenced by the tracings on a polygraph chart. outside issue upon which a person may be
Consideration must be given to overall chart focusing during the course of a polygraph
examination. the unknown resistance (RX) is balanced with
SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION - A question three known resistances (R1, R2, R3) it can be
use to determine it some outside issue is of such calculated mathematically since it becomes one
concern to the examinee that it tends to damage term in a proportion.
expected responses to relevant questions. WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON - was an
SYNAPSIS - The chemical junctions where American psychologist and the creator of the
nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another. systolic blood pressure test, which became one
SYSTEM - A group of body organs which component of the modern polygraph invented
combine to form a whole and to cooperate for by John Augustus Larson in Berkeley,
the purpose of carrying on some vital function. California.
TEST TECHNIQUE - A valid and reliable - an American attorney and psychologist, is
question structure employed by a qualified credited with inventing an early form of the lie
polygraphist for the purpose of verifying an detector when, in 1915, he developed the
examinee’s statements or answers during a discontinuous systolic blood pressure test which
polygraph examination. The sequential order in would later become one component of the
which questions are asked during a polygraph modern polygraph.
examination. The foundation of expert opinion. WORD ASSOCIATION TEST  - questions
THALAMUS - The middle part of the brain answerable by yes or no, concerned with time of
through which sensory impulses pass to reach response. Quick answer, no relation to
the cerebral cortex. investigation. Delayed answer, has relation to
TIDAL VOLUME -  The volume of air moved investigation. 
in or out of the lungs with each respiratory
cycle.
VERAGUTH - was one of the first to make
word-association tests with the galvanometer.
VITTORIO BENUSSI - an Italian
Psychologist who in 1914 discovered a method
for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to
exhalation time as a means of verifying the truth F. LEGAL MEDICINE
and detecting deception in a subject. Benussi
measured and recorded breathing by means of DEFINITION OF TERMS
an instrument known as the Pneumograph. He ABRASION - a skin injury caused by scraping
concluded that lying caused an emotional off of superficial skin due to friction against a
change within a subject that resulted in rough surface.
detectable respiratory changes that were ABORTION - is the termination of pregnancy
indicative of deception. by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a
WEST AFRICA - persons suspected of a crime fetus or embryo before viability.
were made to hold and pass a bird's egg to one ADIPOCERE - a peculiar waxy substance
another. The person breaking the egg was consisting of salts and fatty acids and formed
considered guilty, based on the notion that his or from the decomposition of corpse tissues,
her tremor-eliciting nervousness was to blame. especially in moist habitats, also called grave-
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE - A specially wax.
devised electronic circuit for the measurement ALGOR MORTIS (Latin: algor - coldness;
of electrical resistance in a conductor. The mortis - death) is the reduction in body
conductor of unknown resistance is included in temperature following death.
the circuit with three known resistances. when RIGOR MORTIS (Latin: rigor - stiffness,
mortis - death") is one of the recognizable signs 3. ANATOMICAL OR ACADEMIC
of death, caused by chemical changes in the AUTOPSIES - are performed by students of
muscles after death, causing the limbs of the anatomy for study purposes only.
corpse to become stiff and difficult to move or 4. VIRTUAL OR MEDICAL IMAGING
manipulate. AUTOPSIES - are performed utilizing imaging
technology only, primarily magnetic resonance
IMPORTANCE OF RIGOR MORTIS imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT).
Rigor mortis is utilized to approximate the time
of death. Generalized muscular contractions FORENSIC AUTOPSY - is used to determine
occur from 3 to 6 hours until 36 hours. the cause and manner of death.
AUTOPSY - a post-mortem examination to ANATOMY - the branch of science concerned
discover the cause of death or the extent of with the bodily structure of humans, animals,
disease. An autopsy is derived from the Greek and other living organisms, especially as
word "autos" - oneself and "opsis" - sight/view. revealed by dissection and the separation of
parts.
WHO ARE AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM BIOCHEMISTRY - the branch of science
AUTOPSY concerned with the chemical and physico
1. Health officers chemical processes and substances which occur
2. Medical officer of law enforcement agencies within living organisms.
3. Members of the medical staff of accredited CADAVERIC SPASM - also known as
hospitals postmortem spasm, instantaneous rigor,
cataleptic rigidity, or instantaneous rigidity, is a
WHEN AUTOPSY PERFORMED rare form of muscular stiffening that occurs at
1. Written request of nearest kin to ascertain the the moment of death, persists into the period of
cause of death rigor mortis and can be mistaken for rigor
2. Order of the competent court, mayor, mortis.
prosecutor - Cadaveric spasm occurs immediately after
3. Written request of a law enforcement officer death and is useful to ascertain the
4. When required by a special law circumstances of death.
5. Solgen, prosecutor to determine the cause of CEREBRAL CONCUSSION – there is a brief
death loss of consciousness and sometimes memory
after ahead injury that doesn’t cause obvious
PRINCIPAL AIM OF AN AUTOPSY physical damage.
1. To determine the cause of death CEREBRAL CONTUSION – they are bruises
2. To determine the state of health of the person to the brain, usually caused by a direct, strong
before he or she died, blow to the head. They are more serious than
3. To determine whether any medical diagnosis concussions
and treatment before death were appropriate. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - also called the
cardiovascular system, is an organ system that
TYPES OF AUTOPSIES permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients
1. MEDICO-Legal Autopsy or Forensic or (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen,
coroner's - autopsies seek to find the cause and carbon dioxide,
manner of death and to identify the decedent. hormones, and blood cells to and from cells in
2. CLINICAL OR PATHOLOGICAL the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases
AUTOPSIES are performed to diagnose a stabilize body temperature and pH, and to
particular disease or for research purposes. maintain homeostasis.
CONTEMPT OF COURT - any willful 5. Loss of sensory power
disobedience to or disregard of a court order or 6. Changes in the skin
any misconduct in the presence of a court action 7. Changes in and about the eye - There is loss
that interferes with a judge's ability to of corneal reflex
administer justice or that
insults the dignity of the court. Punishable by TOKYO DECLARATION - is a set of
fine or imprisonment or both. international guidelines for physicians
CONTUSION - also called a bruise, is a type of concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or
hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and degrading treatment or punishment in relation to
sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, detention and imprisonment,
allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or which was adopted in October 1975 during the
extravasate into the surrounding interstitial 29th General assembly of the World Medical
tissues. Association.
DEATH - Complete cessation of all DEFLORATION - is the laceration or rupture
cardiopulmonary (heart-lung) and/or cessation of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse.
of brain activity. DERMIS - the thick layer of living tissue below
Death is the termination of all biological the epidermis which forms the true skin,
functions that sustain a living organism. containing blood capillaries, nerve endings,
sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures.
KINDS OF DEATH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - The digestive system
1. SOMATIC OR CLINICAL DEATH - is a group of organs working together to convert
permanent cessation of all vital bodily functions. food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the
2. MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH entire body.
- refers to the death of cells. 3 to 6 hours after DR. PEDRO P. SOLIS - Philippines father of
cessation of life. Legal Medicine.
3. APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF ECCHYMOSIS - a discoloration of the skin
SUSPENDED ANIMATION - a state in which resulting from bleeding underneath, typically
the processes of the body (such as blood caused by bruising.
circulation) stop or become very slow for a ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - refers to the
period of time while a person or animal is collection of glands of an organism that secrete
unconscious. hormones directly into the circulatory system to
be carried towards a distant target organ.
LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE EPIDERMIS - the outermost layer of the skin
WORLD of a human or other vertebrate animal.
1. Ischaemic heart disease EUTHANASIA - Meaning good death ( well or
2. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) good ), Refers to the practice of ending life in a
3. Lower respiratory infections painless manner. The deliberate intervention
4. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease was undertaken with the express intention of
ending life, to relieve intractable suffering.
SIGNS OF DEATH EXCRETORY SYSTEM - is a passive
1. Cessation of heart action and circulation biological system that removes excess,
2. Cessation of respiration unnecessary materials from an organism, so as
3. Cooling of the body (Algor Mortis) - The to help maintain homeostasis within the
temperature of 15–20 degrees Fahrenheit is organism and prevent damage to the body.
considered as an ascertain sign of death. FIREARM IDENTIFICATION - used to
4. Loss of motor power determine whether the gun that is subject of the
investigation has the same gun used or fired. area more than the site of application of force.
FORENSIC MEDICINE - application of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - is the organ
medical science to elucidate legal problems. system that protects the body from various kinds
FORENSIC SCIENCE - involves the of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion
application of the sciences to answer questions from outside. The system comprises the skin
of interest to the legal system. and its appendages, including hair, scales,
feathers, hooves, and nails.
FOUR 4 SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION LACERATION - a deep cut or tear in skin or
1. RUBOR - redness flesh. A wound that is produced by the tearing
2. CALOR - heat of soft body tissue. This type of wound is often
3. TUMOR - swelling irregular and jagged.
4. DULOR - pain LAZARUS SYNDROME - is also called
Lazarus Phenomenon, is the spontaneous return
FRACTURE - comes from the Latin word of circulation after failed attempts at
“fractura” which means a break in the continuity resuscitation.
of the bone. It is also a combination of a break LAZARUS SIGN - or Lazarus reflex is a reflex
in the bone and soft tissue injury. movement in brain dead patients, which causes
FROSTBITE - injury to body tissues caused by them to briefly raise their arms and drop them
exposure to extreme cold, typically affecting the crossed on their chests.
nose, fingers, or toes and often resulting in LEGAL MEDICINE - Branch of medicine
gangrene. which deals with the application of medical
FROSTNIP - the initial stages of frostbite. knowledge to the purpose of law and in the
GYNECOLOGY - the branch of physiology administration of justice. Application of
and medicine which deals with the functions and medicine to legal cases.
diseases specific to women and girls, especially LIVOR MORTIS - is a settling of the blood in
those affecting the reproductive system. the lower (dependent) portion of the body,
HEMATOMA - is a collection of blood outside causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin.
of a blood vessel. From the Latin word "livor" - bluish color and
HOMEOSTASIS -means remaining stable or "mortis" - of death. Also known as post-mortem
remaining the same. lividity.
INCISION - a surgical cut made in skin or MAYHEM -  intentional maiming of another
flesh. person.
INJURY -  is the damage to a biological MECHANICAL TRAUMA - is an injury to
organism caused by physical harm. any portion of the body from a blow, crush, cut,
COUP INJURY - injury at the site of or penetrating the wound.
application of force. MEDICAL EVIDENCE - is the means
CONTRE-COUP INJURY - injury opposite sanctioned by the rules of court of ascertaining
the site of application of force. in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a
COUP-CONRE-COUP INJURY - injury at matter of fact.
the site and opposite the site of application of
force.       TYPES OF EVIDENCE
LOCUS MINORIS RESISTENTIAE - injury       1. Real Evidence/Autoptic - made known to
not at the site and not opposite the site of the senses
application of force but at the site offering least       2. Testimonial Evidence - oral testimony
resistance. under oath
EXTENSIVE INJURY - injury on a greater       3. Experimental Evidence
      4. Documentary Evidence There is a complex interaction between the
physical, psychological, social, cultural and
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE - knowledge hereditary influences.
of the law in relation to the practice of medicine.
MEDICO-LEGAL OFFICER - (medical FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE
examiner) a physician who determines the cause DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL
of injury/death/disease by examining the DISORDERS
patient/cadaver and testify in court to aid in the 1. HEREDITY – the most frequent factor that
administration of justice. contributes to insanity and a good history will
MENTAL DEFICIENCY – or mental reveal the ascendants afflicted with the same.
retardation, is sub average intellectual ability 2. INCESTUOUS MARRIAGE – The mental
present from birth or early infancy. Intelligence illness is accentuated when they are blood
is both determined by heredity and environment. relative.
In most cases of mental 3. IMPAIRED VITALITY – Stress, tension,
deficiency, the cause is unknown. worry,grief may predispose to insanity.
4. POOR MORAL TRAINING AND
CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL BREEDING – Corrupt moral upbringing in the
DEFICIENCY family due to immorality of the parents.
1. IDIOT – The idiot’s intelligence never 5. PSYCHIC FACTORS – Factors like love,
exceeds that of a normal child over 2years old. hate,rage, anger, passion disappointments.
The IQ is between 0 – 20. This is usually 6. PHYSICAL FACTORS
congenital. A. NON TOXIC FACTORS – exhaustion
2. IMBECILE – the imbecile’s intelligence is resulting from severe physical and mental strain
compared to a normal child from 2 –7 years old and traumatic injuries to the head.
and the IQ is 20 – 40. B. TOXIC FACTORS – drug
3. FEEBLE MINDED – his mentality is similar addiction,infections of the brain.
to that of a normal child between 7 – 12 years
old and an IQ of 40 – 70. KINDS OF MENTAL HEALTH
DISORDERS
THE LEGAL IMPORTANCE OF 1. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS –
DETERMINING THE PERSON’S STATE physical disorders caused by psychological
OF MIND ARE THE FOLLOWING: factors.
1. In Criminal law, insanity exempts a person 2. SOMATIFORM DISORDERS –
from criminal liability. encompasses several psychiatric disorders in
2. In Civil law, Insanity is a restriction of the which people report physical symptoms but
capacity of a natural person to act as provided in deny having psychiatric problems.
Article 38 of the Civil Code. 3. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERS
3. Insanity modifies or limits the capacity of a 4. PANIC ATTACKS AND PANIC
natural person to act as provided in Article 39 of DISORDER
the Civil Code. 5. PHOBIC DISORDERS
4. Insanity at the time of marriage of any or both a. Agoraphobia
parties is a ground for the annulment of b. Specific phobias
marriage. c. Social phobia
6. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS – include 7. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS
disturbances in thinking, emotion, and behavior. DISORDER
8. DEPRESSION AND MANIA b. Hallucination
9. BIPOLAR DISORDER 2. DISORDERS OF MEMORY
10.SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR a. Dementia
11.EATING DISORDERS 3. DISORDERS IN THE CONTENT OF
a. Anorexia nervosa THOUGHT
b. Bulimia nervosa A. Delusion
c. Binge eating disorder a. Delusion of grandeur
12.PERSONALITY DISORDERS b. Delusion of persecution
a. Paranoid c. Delusion of reference
b. Schizoid d. Delusion of Self – Accusation
c. Histrionic e. Delusion of infidelity
d. Narcissistic f. Nihilistic delusion
e. Antisocial g. Delusion of poverty
f. Borderline h. Delusion of control
g. Avoidant i. Delusion of depression
h. Dependent B. Obsession
i. Obsessive – Compulsive 4. DISORDERS IN THE TREND OF
j. Passive Aggressive THOUGHT    
k. Dissociative Types a. Mania
13.SCHIZOPHRENIA – a serious mental b. Melancholia
disorder characterized by loss of contact with 5. DISORDERS OF EMOTIONS OR
reality(psychosis), hallucinations, delusions FEELINGS – a disorder in the state of mind,
(false beliefs), abnormal thinking, fervor, or sensibility, not in accord with reality.
disrupted work and social functioning. 6. DISORDERS OF VOLITION OR
CONATION (doing)
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA CONATION - the mental faculty of purpose,
A. PARANOID - is a mental disorder desire, or will to perform an action; volition.
characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-      
standing suspiciousness and generalized KINDS OF CONATION
mistrust of others. A. IMPULSION OR IMPULSE (Compulsion)
B. HEBEPHRENIC -  it is characterized by – a sudden and irresistible force compelling a
disorganized behavior and speech, as well as person to the conscious performance of some
disturbances in emotional expression. action without motive or forethought.
C. CATATONIC - does not respond to external
stimuli. characterized by a marked lack of TYPES OF COMPULSION
movement, activity, or expression. A. PYROMANIA - from the Greek word "pyr"
14.DELUSIONAL DISORDER - fire, is an impulse control disorder in which
15.PSYCHOLOGICAL INCAPACITY – a individuals repeatedly fail to resist impulses to
waste basket diagnosis because it is so broad a deliberately start fires in order to relieve tension
term, that it covers all possible Mental or for instant gratification.
Disorders. B. KLEPTOMANIA - is the inability to refrain
from the urge to steal items and is done for
SOME MANIFESTATIONS OF MENTAL reasons other than personal use or financial
DISORDERS gain.
1. DISORDERS OF COGNITION (Knowing) C. DIPSOMANIA - an uncontrollable craving
a. Illusion for alcoholic liquors.
D. HOMICIDAL IMPULSE - occurs when PHYSICAL INJURIES - include those caused
one person kills another suddenly and without by mechanical trauma, heat and cold, electrical
premeditation or planning. discharges, changes in pressure, and radiation
E. SEX IMPULSE - a sudden strong and - Mechanical trauma is an injury to any portion
unreflective urge or desire to have sex.. of the body from a blow, crush, cut, or
F. SUICIDAL IMPULSE - recurring thoughts penetrating the wound.
of or preoccupation with suicide. PHYSICS - The subject matter of physics
includes mechanics, heat, light and other
MORTAL WOUND - capable of causing radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the
death. structure of atoms.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM - is an organ system PHYSIOLOGY - the branch of biology that
consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac deals with the normal functions of living
muscles. It permits movement of the body, organisms and their parts.
maintains posture, and circulates blood POST-MORTEM - (meaning after death)
throughout the body. internal examination of the dead to determine
MUTILATION - or maiming is an act of the cause of death.
physical injury that degrades the appearance or ANTE-MORTEM - before death.
function of any living body. POST-MORTEM CALORICITY - is the rise
NERVOUS SYSTEM - consists of the brain, of temperature of the body after death due to
spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves rapid and early putrefactive changes, usually in
that connect these organs with the rest of the the first two hours.
body. POST MORTEM LIVIDITY - it occurs in
OBSTETRICS - branch of medicine that deals most extensive areas of the most dependent
with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum portions of the body.
period, including care of the newborn. PUNCTURE WOUND - is usually caused by a
PARAFFIN TEST OR DERMAL NITRATE sharp pointy object such as a nail, animal teeth,
test – present on the skin of the hand or site of or a tack. This type of wound usually does not
the wound of entrance. This test is not bleed excessively and can appear to close up.
conclusive because of fertilizers, cosmetics, PUTREFACTION - or decomposition is the
cigarettes, urine and other nitrogenous final stage following death, produced mainly by
compounds with nitrates will give a positive the action of bacterial enzymes, mostly
reaction. A negative test is also not conclusive. anaerobic organisms derived from the vowel.
The test usually gives a positive result even after Other enzymes are derived from fungi and
a lapse of 3days or even if the hands are sometimes from insects.
subjected to ordinary washing. KINDS OF PUTREFACTION:
PATHOLOGY - the science of the causes and 1. MUMMIFICATION -  is the preservation of
effects of diseases, especially the branch of a body.
medicine that deals with the laboratory 2. SAPONIFICATION – also called Adipocere
examination of samples of body tissue for Formation.
diagnostic or forensic purposes. 3. MACERATION - Softening of the tissues
PAULUS ZACCHIAS - (1584–1659) is the after death by autolysis.
Father of Forensic Medicine.
PETECHIAE – a circumscribe extravasation of REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - or genital
blood in the subcutaneous tissue. system is a system of sex organs within an
PHYSICAL INJURY - is the effect of some organism that works together for the purpose of
stimulus on the body. sexual reproduction. Many non-living
substances such as fluids, hormones, and VIRGIN – A woman who has had no carnal
pheromones are also important accessories to knowledge of man. Her genital organs have not
the reproductive system. been altered by carnal connection.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - (or ventilatory VIRGINITY - A condition of a female who has
system) is a biological system consisting of not experience sexual intercourse and whose
specific organs and structures used for the genital organs have not been altered by carnal
process of respiration in an organism. The connection and whose hymen is still intact.
respiratory system is involved KINDS OF VIRGINITY
in the intake and exchange of oxygen and 1. MORAL VIRGINITY – the state of not
carbon dioxide between an organism and the knowing the nature of sexual life and not having
environment. experience sexual relations.
SCALD - is a type of burn injury caused by hot 2. PHYSICAL VIRGINITY – A condition
liquids or gases. whereby a woman is conscious of the nature of
SEX CRIMES - generally involve illegal or sexual life but has not experienced sexual
coerced sexual conduct by one person towards intercourse.
another. 3. DEMI–VIRGINITY – This term refers to a
CHASTE – An unmarried woman who has had condition of a woman who permits any form of
no carnal knowledge with men or that she never sexual liberties as long as they abstain from
voluntarily had unlawful sexual intercourse. rupturing the hymen by the sexual act. The
These also denote the purity of mind and woman allows sexual intercourse, but only inter
innocence of heart femora or even inter labia, but not to the extent
SHRAPNEL - fragments of a bomb, shell, or of rupturing the hymen.
other object is thrown out by an explosion. 4. VIRGO INTACTA – A truly virgin woman.
SKELETAL SYSTEM - gives the body its There is no structural change in her organ,
basic framework, providing structure, notwithstanding the fact of previous sexual
protection, and movement. intercourse.
SUBPOENA - order issued by the court to a
person to appear in court. CARNAL KNOWLEDGE - is the act of a man
SUBPOENA AD TESTIFICANDUM´- is a in having a sexual bodily connection with a
court summons to appear and give oral woman. There is carnal knowledge if there is the
testimony for use at a hearing or trial. slightest penetration in the sexual organ of the
SURGERY - is an ancient medical specialty female by the sexual organ of the male.
that uses operative manual and instrumental VIRTUOUS FEMALE - If her body is pure
techniques on a patient to investigate and/or and if she has never had any sexual intercourse
treat a pathological condition such as disease or with another through her mind and heart is
injury, to help improve impure.
bodily function or appearance or to repair VITAL REACTION -  the response of living
unwanted ruptured areas. body tissues to injury.
TOPINARD AND ROLET - two French WOUND - in legal medicine, it means strictly a
anatomist who devised a formula for the solution of continuity. An injury to living tissue
determination of the height for male and female. caused by a cut, blow, or other impacts,
TOXICOLOGY - the branch of science typically one in which the skin is cut or broken.
concerned with the nature, effects, and detection
of poisons. OPEN WOUND - THERE IS A BREAK IN
TRAUMA - injury, a physical wound to the THE CONTINUITY OF THE SKIN.
body caused by an external source. 1. ABRASION - a wound consisting of
superficial damage to the skin. Scratch, friction attempts defense while lying down and kicking
mark. out at the assailant.
2. BRUISE - is a common skin injury that
results from the breakage of tiny blood vessels FORENSIC MEDICINE DEFINITION OF
leaking under the skin. Blood from damaged TERMS
blood vessels beneath the skin collects near the
surface of the skin to appear as what we AEDEAGUS - the reproductive organ of a male
recognize as a black and blue mark. Cause by a insect.
blunt injury to the tissues which damage blood AGNOSIA - impairment or loss associated with
vessels beneath the surface, allowing blood to brain injury of the ability to recognized or
extravasate or leak into the surrounding tissues. comprehend the meaning of stimuli including
3. INCISED WOUND - caused by a clean, familiar objects and and symbols.
sharp-edged object such as a knife, razor, or AIRWAYS - any part of the respiratory tract
glass splinter. thought which air passes during breathing.
4. STAB WOUND - is a specific form of ALVEOLAR DUCTS - the smallest of the
penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a lungs airways that connect terminal bronchioles
knife or a similar pointed object that is "deeper and alveolar sacs, sometimes called bronchioles.
than it is wide". ALVEOLI - microscopic air sacs in which gas
5. PUNCTURED WOUND - is a deep wound exchange between the blood and the lungs
caused by something sharp and pointed, like a occur.
nail. The opening on the skin is small, and the AMNESIA - partial or total loss of memory for
puncture wound may not bleed much. Puncture past experiences.
wounds can easily become infected. ANARTHRIA - loss of the ability to form
6. PERFORATING WOUND - a wound with words accurately caused by brain lesion or
an entrance and exit opening. damage to peripheral nerves that carry impulses
7. LACERATED WOUND - that occurs when to the articulatory muscles.
skin, tissue, and/or muscle is torn or cut open. ANEMIA - any condition in which the number
Lacerations may be deep or shallow, long or of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin,
short, and wide or narrow. Most lacerations are and the volume of packed red blood cells per
the result of the skin hitting an object, or an 100 ml of blood are less that normal. It may
object hitting the skin with force. result from increased destruction of red blood
 8. BITE -  is a wound received from the teeth cells, excessive blood loss or decreased
of an animal, including humans. production of red cells.
 9. GUNSHOT WOUND (GSW) - (Ballistic APLASTIC ANEMIA - anemia caused by
Trauma) is a form of physical trauma sustained aplasia of bone marrow or its destruction by
from the discharge of arms or munitions. chemical agents or physical factors.
AUTO IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC - acquired
BAROTRAUMA - wound/injury caused by a disorder characterized by premature erythrocyte
change in atmospheric pressure. destruction owing to abnormalities in them
DEFENSE WOUND - or self-defense wound is individuals own immune system.
an injury received by the victim of an attack HEMOLYTIC - anemia caused by hemolysis
while trying to defend against the assailant. of red blood cells resulting in reduction of
often found on the hands and forearms, where normal red cell life span.
the victim has raised them to protect the head IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA - anemia
and face or to fend off an assault, but may also resulting from a demand on stored iron greater
be present on the feet and legs where a victim than can be met.
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA - anemia in in the narrowing of the vessel lumen and
which megaloblasts are found in the blood, restricting blood flow.
usually due to a deficiency of folic acid or ATROPHY - a loss of function due to age,
vitamin B12. disuse, or disease.
MICROANGIOPATHIC HYMOLYTIC - a AUTISM - mental introversion in which
hemolytic process associated with thrombotic thinking is governed by personal needs and the
thrombotic purpura, prosthetic heart valve, and world is perceived in terms of wishes rather than
burns. It is visualized in the peripheral blood reality.Extreme preoccupations with one's own
smear by fragmentation thoughts and fantasies.
of the red cells and other bizarre morphology. AUTOPSY - a physical examination of the
PERNICIOUS - a type of megaloblastic corpse through dissection to determine cause of
anemia due to a deficiency of vitamin B12, death (also necropsy and postmortem).
directly linked to absence of intrinsic factor. Bestiality - is a sexual intercourse by a human
SICKLE-CELL - hereditary chronic anemia in being with a lower animal
which abnormal sickle or crescent shaped BIOPSY - a small piece of tissue excised for the
erythrocytes are present.It is due to the presence purpose of analysis
of hemoglobin S in the red blood cells. BITE MARK - a circular or oval patterned
ANTIBODY - a protein produced for body injury consisting of two opposing
defense in response to an antigen.An antibody is symmetrical.U-shaped arches separated at their
a substance that appears in the plasma or body bases by open spaces.Following the periphery of
fluids as a result of stimulation by an antigen the arches are a series of individual abrasions,
and will react specifically with that antigen in contusions, or lacerations reflecting the size,
some observable way. shape, arrangement, and distribution of the class
ANTICOAGULANt - a substance such as characteristics of the contacting surfaces of the
EDTA that prevent coagulation or clotting of the human dentition.
blood. BLOAT - the transient phase in corpse
ANTIGEN - a foreign substance, usually a decomposition that follows the fresh phase and
protein, capable of stimulating an antibody is characterized by excessive swelling, produced
response for body defense.Any substance that by gases trapped internally.
when introduced parenterally into an individual BLOOD GROUP - an immunologically
lacking lacking the substance,stimulates the distinct, genetically determined class of human
production of an antibody that when mixed with erythrocyte antigens, identified as A, B, AB, and
the antibody react with it in some observable O.A classification of red blood cell surface
way. antigens, ABO is the best known of the blood
APLASIA - failure of an organ or tissue to group systems.
develop normally. BLOOD TYPE - a way of saying which blood
ASPHYXIA - lack of oxygen or excess of group antigens are present on the persons red
carbon dioxide in the body.Asphyxia may lead cells.
to unconsciousness, seizures, damage to various BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN - infectious,
sensory systems and death. disease causing microorganism that maybe
ASTHMA - a chronic condition in which found or transported in biological fluids.
constriction (spasm) of the bronchial tubes BLOODSTAIN - liquid blood that has dried
occurs in response to irritation, allergy, or other once it has come in contact with a surface.
stimuli. BODY BAG - a heavy waterproof bag usually
ATHEROSCLEROSIS - deposition of plaques closed with a zipper and used to transport a
of cholesterol esters in blood vessels, resulting corpse.
BODY DUMP SITE - the location where an vessels supplying blood to the brain.
offender disposes of the murder victim's body. CEREBRUM - the largest portion of the brain,
BONDAGE - the combining of sadism and include the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral
masochism. cortex and basal ganglia)
BRONCHI - (singular-bronchus) large CHRONIC - persistent, prolonged, repeated.
divisions of the trachea that convey air to and CIRRHOSIS - a chronic disease of the liver
from the lungs. marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation,
BRONCHIOLE - a small diameter airway and fibrous thickening of the tissue, can be
branching from a bronchus. cause =d by long term alcoholism, viral
BRONCHITIS - inflammation of the mucus infections, and metabolic disease.
membrane of the bronchial tubes, usually CLITORIS - erectile tissue in female analogous
associated with a persistent cough and sputum to male penis, located above the urethra and
production. covered by the clitoral hood.
BRONCHOSPASM - contraction of the CLOT - a thick mass of coagulated liquid, ex.
smooth muscle of the bronchi causing the blood.A blood clot is formed by a complex
narrowing of the bronchi.This narrowing mechanism involving plasma protein,
increases the resistance or airflow into the lungs fibrinogens, platelets, and other clotting factors.
and may cause a shortness of breath typically COAGULATION - the process of stopping
associated with wheezing. blood flow from a wound or by which blood
BUCCAL COITUS - (coitus per os or sin of forms clot.
Gomorrah) the male organ is introduced into COAGULOPHATY - a disease affecting the
mouth, usually of a young child. blood clotting process.
CADAVER DOG - canines specially trained to CODE OF HAMMURABI - is the oldest
find human decomposition scent and and alert known medico legal code.
their handlers to its location. COMA - state of profound unconsciousness
CADAVERINE - malodorous chemical from which the patient can not be aroused.
compound produced during decomposition. CONCUSSION - sudden shock to or jarring of
CAUSE OF DEATH - an injury or disease that the brain which may or may not cause a loss of
ultimately lead to death of the individual, consciousness.
generally determined by medical examiner or CONJUNCTIVA - the delicate mucous
coroner (pathologists). membrane that covers the exposed surface of the
CARRION - decaying animal flesh. eyeball and lines of the eyelids.
CEPHALOTHORAX - the anterior body CONTACT WOUND - a wound that results
region in some arthropods consisting of the when a small weapon is fired in contact with the
fused head and thorax. skin.May divided into tight or loose contact
CEREBELLUM - the large brain mass located wounds based on the amount of pressure used
at the posterior base of the brain, responsible for against the skin.
balance and coordination of movement. CONTUSION - a bruise that is either
CEREBRAL CONTUSION - bruising of brain superficial or internal.An injury cause by blunt
tissue marked by swelling and hemorrhage and object impact without laceration with surface
resulting in loss of consciousness. discoloration due to subsurface
CEREBRAL EDEMA - swelling of the brain hemorrhaging.An injury to subsurface tissue
caused by excessive buildup of fluid in the caused by a blow from a blunt instrument that
tissue. does not break the skin.
CEREBRAL INFARCTIONS - is an ischemic CONVULSION - is a medical condition where
stroke resulting from a disturbance in the blood the body muscle contract and relax rapidly and
repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking product of mental disease or mental defect.
of the body. ECCHYMOSIS - is the medical term for a
CORNEA - the transparent membrane that subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter
cover the colored part of the eye. or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise.
CORONARY ARTERY - an artery supplying ECLAMPSIA - an acute disorder of pregnant
blood to the heart. and puerperal women, associated with
CORONER - (medical examiner) (pathologists) convulsions and coma.
an officer responsible for determining the EMBOLISM - obstruction of a blood vessel by
manner and cause of death. foreign substances or by a blood clot.
CORPSE - a dead human body, also called ENDEMIC - a disease that occurs continuously
cadaver. in a particular population but has a low
CUNNILINGUS - is the oral stimulation of the mortality rate such as measles.
female genitalia. ENDOCARDITIS - inflammation of the lining
Death - the loss of life characterized by membrane of the heart.Maybe due to invasion of
clinically by combined failure of respiratory, microorganisms or an abnormal immunologic
cardiovascular, and nervous system activity. reaction.
DECOMPOSITION - post mortem EPIDURAL HEMORRHAGE - bleeding in
degenerative rotting of the corpse.Chemical the space between the dura matter and skull or
breakdown, separating compounds into their wall of the vertebral canal around the spinal
component parts, includes breakdown pf cord.
proteins by putrefaction, of carbohydrates by EPISTAXIS - hemorrhage from the nose,
fermentation, and of fats by rancidification. nosebleed.
DECUBITUs - may be seen as a bedsore that ERYTHROCYTES - red blood cells.A type of
can produce an ulcer in the body caused by blood cell that contain a nucleus in all
lying long in one position, this pressure necrosis vertebrates but man and that has hemoglobin in
can be found on elderly patients. the cytoplasm.
DEFENSE WOUNDS - stab or incised wounds ERYTHRODERMA - intense, widespread
to the hands, wrists, forearms, and arms that reddening of the skin.
may contain embedded fragments of the ESOPHAGUS - the portion of the digestive
weapon. canal extending from the throat to the stomach,
DELIRIUM - extreme mental excitement also referred to as gullet.
marked by defective perception, impaired EUNUCHS - male prostitutes.
memory, and rapid succession of confused and EUTHANASIA - (mercy killing) it means
unconnected ideas, often with illusions and producing painless death of a person suffering
hallucinations. from hopelessly incurable and painful disease.
DELUSION - firm belief opposed to reality but EXOSKELETON - a skeleton on the outside of
maintained in spite of srong evidence to the the body whose inner walls serves as a point for
contrary. the attachment of muscles.
DIATOMS - are microscopic, unicellular, silica FECES - animal solid waste material
coated algae.Presence of diatoms in tissue is a discharged from the rectum through the
sign of ante-Morten drowning.Diatoms are anus.End product of digestion after absorption
examined by acid digestion technique. of nutrients and re-absorption of water.
DIPSOMANIA - an irresistible desire for FELACIO - is the oral stimulation or
alcoholic drinks at periodic intervals. manipulation of the penis either by the female or
DURHAM RULE - an accused person is nor male.
criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the FETICHISM - sexual satisfaction by contact
with articles of opposite sex. from a blood vessel. Abnormal internal or
FORENSIC MEDICINE - is the application of external bleeding. May be venous, arterial, or
medical knowledge in the administration of law capillary from blood vessels into the tissues, or
and justice. into or from the body.
FORENSIC TAPHONOMY - the study of HERNIATION - Rupture of tissue into an
post-mortem processes affecting human remains adjacent space due to internal pressure or
for the purposes of interpreting forensic data. swelling.
FORTUNATO FEDELE - an Italian physician HIJRAHS - castrated eunuchs.
who in 1602 published the first book on forensic HOMOSEXUALITY - means persistent
medicine. emotional and physical attraction to members of
FRIGIDITy - is the inability to start or to same sex.
maintain the sexual arousal pattern in the HYMEN - Thin membrane, in females, that
female. separates the external genitalia from the vagina.
FROTTEURISM - contact with other persons The outer surface is a dry, squamous epithelium,
to obtain sexual gratification. and the inner surface is a moist mucous
Gangrene - death of tissue due to lack of blood membrane
supply. HYPOTHERMIA - Having a body temperature
GASTRITIS - inflammation of the stomach, below normal.
characterized by epigastric pain or tenderness, HYPOVOLEMIA - Diminished blood volume.
nausea, vomiting, and systemic electrolyte HYPOXIA - Condition in which below-normal
changes if vomiting persists. levels of oxygen are present in the air, blood, or
GLAUCOMA - a disease of the eye body tissues, short of anoxia.
characterized by abnormal and damaging high IMPETIGO - Highly contagious, rapidly
pressure in the eye, usually due to a blockage of spreading skin disorder caused by
the channel that normally allows the outflow of staphylococcus or streptococcus and
fluid from the eye. characterized by red blisters. Impetigo
HEMATOLOGY - branch of biology that deals sometimes occurs as a result of poor hygiene.
with blood and blood forming organs. INBREEDING - Reproduction between related
HEMATOMA - accumulation of blood in the individuals.
tissue due to internal hemorrhaging.A tumor of INCISED WOUND - Injury produced by a
blood caused by leakage from damage blood sharp instrument and characterized by lack of
vessels, it contains enough blood to form a surface abrasion and absence of bridging
blood-filled space. vessels, nerves, and smooth margins.
HEMOLYSIS - destruction or dissolution of INCISION - A wound produced by a sharp-
red blood cells in such a manner that edged instrument or object.
hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in ISCHEMIA - Obstruction of blood flow
which the cells are suspended. (usually by arterial narrowing) that causes lack
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA - Any anemia of oxygen and other bloodborne nutrients.
resulting from destruction of red blood cells. ISCHEMIA NECROSIS - Death of cells as a
HEMOPHILIA A hereditary blood disease result of decreased blood flow to affected
characterized by impaired coagulability of the tissues.
blood and a strong tendency to bleed. INVERTEBRATE - Any species of animal
HEMOPTYSIS - Coughing and spitting of lacking a back bone.
blood as a result of bleeding from any part of IMPOTENCE - is the inability of a person to
the respiratory tract. perform sexual intercourse.
HEMORRHAGE - Escape of whole blood JAUNDICE - yellowing of the skin and whites
of the eyes due to an accumulation of bile MENINGITIS - Brain infection involving an
pigments (e.g., bilirubin) in the circulating acute inflammation of the membranes that cover
blood. Another cause is liver damage caused by the brain and spinal cord, characterized by
hepatitis. drowsiness, confusion, irritability, and sensory
KLEPTOMANIA - an irresistible desire to impairments.
steal articles of little value. MITE - Any arthropod in the order Acari.
LABIA MAJORA - Outer lips to the vagina These are very small to minute animals having
that are covered by pubic hair after menarche four pairs of legs in the adult stage, but only
(onset of menstruation). three pairs in the larva. All mites have
LACERATION - A wound produced by a tear chelicerated mouth parts and lack mandibles.
in the skin due to application of blunt force in MUMMIFICATION - The drying, shrinking,
crushing or shearing. and hardening of dead flesh due to extreme
LIVOR MORTIS - A coloration of the skin of dehydration
the lower parts of a corpse caused by the settling MUILOMANIA - an irresistible desire to
of the red blood cells as the blood ceases to mutilate animals.
circulate. MYIASIS - The invasion of any living
LYMPHOCYTE - A general class of white vertebrate animal, including people, by fly
blood cells that are important components of the larvae, especially maggots. The description may
immune system of vertebrate animals. be further refined to indicate location affected
MAGGOT - The larva of a higher fly. It sheds (e.g., nasal myiasis, rectal myiasis) or the
its skin twice and has three growth instars prior predisposing cause (e.g., traumatic myiasis in a
to pupariation. A legless larva without a well- suppurating wound). Myiasis may be classified
developed head capsule. as either primary or secondary (facultative).
MANDIBLE - A mouth organ of invertebrates MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA - Insufficient
(especially in the arthropods and insects) used oxygen supplies to meet the metabolic demands
for seizing, biting, and manipulating food. With of heart muscles.
vertebrate organisms, it is recognized as the MYOCARDITIS - Inflammation of the
lower jaw. muscles of the heart.
MANNER OF DEATH - A typology of deaths MYOCLONUS - Involuntary spasm or
according to whether they are due to homicide, twitching of a muscle or group of muscles.
suicide, accident, or natural causes. Death MYOGLOBIN - The oxygen-transporting,
occurs in one of four manners: natural, if caused pigmented protein of muscle resembles blood
solely by disease; accidental, if it occurs without hemoglobin in function
apparent intent; suicidal, if caused by the MYOTOMY - Cutting of muscle; in forensic
deceased; and homicidal, if someone other than odontology, cutting facial muscles to release
the deceased caused it. postmortem rigor mortis.
MALINGERING - (shamming) means NECROPHAGIA - necros - corpse, phagia - to
conscious, planned feigning or pretending a eat.
disease for the NECROPHILIA - sexual intercourse with dead
MASOCHISM - opposite of sadism, derived body.
from the name of Leopold Von Sacher-Masoch, NECROPHILOUS - Having a dietary fondness
an Austrian novelist, being whipped by his wife for dead flesh.
used to be a stimulant for his literary work. NECROSIS - Death of one or more cells or a
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE - deals with portion of a tissue or organ.
the legal rights, privileges, duties and NEOPLASM - A new and abnormal formation
obligations of medical practitioner. of tissue such as a tumor or growth.
NEUROPATHY - A disorder of the nervous whereby a mentally ill individual feigns the
system; in contemporary usage, a disease mental illness he or she actually has. The
involving the cranial or spinal nerves. behavior is considered a temporary ego-
NEUROSES - the patient suffer from emotional supportive device that allows the individual to
or intellectual disorder but does not loss touch feel he or she has control over the illness.
with reality. PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSY - An attempt
Osteoarthritis - deterioration in joint integrity to determine the mode of death (whether an
connected with use-wear exacerbated by accident, suicide, homicide, or natural causes)
inflammation and related to reduction in bone by an examination of what was known about the
density. deceased.
OSTEOMYELITIS - Inflammation of the bone PSYCHOPATH - a person who is neither
especially the marrow caused by a pathogenic insane nor mentally defective but fails to
organism. conform to normal standards of behavior.
OSTEOPOROSIS - Increased porosity of the PSYCHOSES - they are characterized by
bone, seen most often in the elderly. withdrawal from reality, living in a world of
PAEDOPHILE - (pedophile) is an adult who fantasy.
repeatedly engages in sexual activities with PULMONARY EDEMA - Accumulation of
children below the age of puberty. extra vascular fluid in the lungs that impairs gas
PARAPHILIAS - abnormal and unorthodox exchange; usually due to either increased
sex play using unusual objects or parts of the intravascular pressure or increased permeability
body. of the pulmonary capillaries.
PERIMORTEM - At or near the time of death PUTRIFACTION - The foul-smelling,
PETECHIAE - Pinhead-sized (red) dots which anaerobic decomposition of moist or wet
are minute hemorrhages found inside the eyelids organic matter by microorganisms. The
and the facial skin; considered by pathologists to breakdown of tissues, particularly proteins, due
be a sign of strangulation. to enzyme action.
PHOBIA - it is an excessive or irrational fear of PYROMANIA - sexual stimulation while
a particular object or situation. seeing flames or destruction of buildings.
PLASMA - The liquid portion of whole blood RIGOR MORTIS - The stiffness of the body
containing water, electrolytes, glucose, fats, after death that helps in reconstructing the time
proteins, and gases. Contains all the clotting at which death occurred. The progressive
factors necessary for coagulation but in an rigidity of a corpse following death, caused by
inactive form. Once coagulation occurs, the an accumulation of lactic acid in dying muscle
fluid is converted to serum. tissues. This is a temporary condition lasting 12
PNEUMONITIS - Inflammation of the lungs. to 36 h.
POSTMORTEM - After death, occurring after SADISM - sexual gratification is obtained or
death, or pertaining to a postmortem increased from acts of physical cruelty or
examination, an autopsy. causing of pain upon one's partner.The term is
POSTMORTEM - artifact Alteration to the derived from the name of a French nobleman
body that occurs after death that is not related to Marquis de Sade, infamous for his crimes and
antemortem injury. writings.Many of his stories were about
POSTMORTEM INTERVAL - The period of sexuality, cruelty, and torture.
time between death and corpse discovery. SAPONIFICATION - The conversion of
PRIAPISM - painful penile erection in absence corpse body fat into a curdlike foul-smelling
of sexual desire. product called adipocere
PSEUDO-MALINGERING - A phenomenon SAPROPHAGOUS - Feeding on dead or
decaying plant or animal material, such as THROTTLING - is manual strangulation.
carrion, corpses, dung, or rotting wood. UNDINISM - sexual pleasure by witnessing the
SATYRIASIS - incessant sexual desire. act of urination.
SCOLIOSIS - A lateral curvature of the spine. VASODILATION - Increased diameter of the
SCURVY - A deficiency disease characterized blood vessels.
by hemorrhagic manifestations and abnormal VOYEURISM - (scoptophilia) peeping tom,
formation of bones and teeth. sexual enjoyment by watching.
SEPSIS - Pathologic state, usually febrile, WHEEZING - Breathing noisily and with
resulting from the presence of microorganisms difficulty; usually a sign of spasm or narrowing
or their poisonous products in the bloodstream. of the airways.
SEPTICEMIA - Bacteria in the blood system ZENANA - eunuch with intact genitalia.
with signs and symptoms of disease.
SEXUAL ORALISM - it is the obtaining of   
sexual pleasure from the application of the
mouth to the sexual organs
SODOMY - is anal intercourse between two
males or between a male and female.It is also
called buggery.It is also called gerontophilia
when the active agent is an adult and paederasty, 3. CRIMINAL
wen the passive agent is a young boy who is JURISPRUDENCE,PROCEDURE AND
known as catamite. EVIDENCE
TACHYCARDIA - Rapid heartbeat (typically
greater than 100 beats per minute). A. CRIMINAL LAW BOOK 1
TACHYPNEA - Rapid breathing. BOOK 1
TATTOOING - A characteristic pattern in the GENERAL PROVISIONS
skin caused by particles of    Art.1. Time When Act Takes Effect
unburned and partially burned powder from a    Art.2. Application of Its Provisions
shotgun blast at very close range.Also may be    Art.3. Definitions: Acts and Omissions
called stippling. Punishable by law Are Felonies
TETANY - Condition marked by involuntary    Art.4. Criminal Liability
muscle contractions or spasms.    Art.5. Duty Of The Courts Acts Not Covered
TRAUMA - An injury that is the result of any By Law
force such as blunt, sharp, or penetrating.    Art.6. Consummated, Frustrated, And
TRANSVESTISM - trans - opposite, vesta - Attempted Felonies
clothing of eonism.The term is derived from the    Art.7. When Light Felonies Are Punishable
name of Chevelier d'Eon Beamont, a    Art.8. Conspiracy And Proposal To Commit
Frenchman.It is usually found in the males who Felony
derived sexual pleasure by wearing female    Art.9. Grave Felonies, Less Grave Felonies
dress. And Light Felonies
TRIBADISM - female homosexuality.Sexual    Art.10. Offenses Not Subject To The
gratification of a woman is obtained by another Provisions of this code
woman by simple lip kissing,generalized body    Art.11. Justifying Circumstances
contact, deep kissing, manual manipulation of    Art.12. Circumstances Which Exempt from
breast and genitalia, genital apposition, friction Criminal Liability
of external genital organs, etc.In some case,    Art.13. Mitigating Circumstances
artificial penis or phallus may be used.                Introduction To Aggravating
Circumstances    Art. 42. Prision Mayor; Its Accessory
   Art.14. Aggravating Circumstances Penalties
   Art.15. Alternative Circumstances    Art. 43. Prision Correccional; Its Accessory
   Art.16. Who Are Criminally Liable Penalties
   Art.17. Principals    Art. 44. Arresto; Its Accessory Penalties
                Principal By Direct Participation    Art. 45. Confiscation And Forfeiture Of The
                Principal By Induction Proceeds Or Instruments Of The Crime
                Principal By Indispensable    Art.46. Penalty To Be Imposed Upon
Cooperation Principals In General
   Art.18. Accomplices    Art.47. In What Cases The Death Penalty
   Art.19. Accessories Shall Not Be Imposed
   Art.20. Accessories Who Are Exempt From    Art.48. Penalty For Complex Crimes
Criminal Liability    Art.49. Penalty When Crime Committed
   Art.21. Penalties That May Be Imposed Different Than Intended
   Art.22. Retroactive Effect Of Penal Laws    Art. 50: Penalty to be imposed upon principals
   Art.23. Effect Of Pardon By The Offended of a frustrated crime
Party    Art. 51: Penalty to be imposed upon principals
   Art.24. Measures Of Prevention Or Safety of attempted crimes
Which Are Not Considered Penalties    Art. 52: Penalty to be imposed upon
   Art.25. Penalties Which May Be Imposed accomplices in consummated crime
   Art.26. When Afflictive, Correctional, Or    Art. 53: Penalty to be imposed upon
Light Penalty accessories to the commission of a
   Art.27. Reclusion Perpetua                 consummated felony
   Art.28. Computation Of Penalties    Art. 54: Penalty to imposed upon accomplices
   Art.29. Period Of Preventive Imprisonment in a frustrated crime
Deducted From Term Of Imprisonment    Art. 55: Penalty to be imposed upon
   Art.30. Effects Of The Penalties Of Perpetual accessories of a frustrated crime
Or Temporary Absolute Disqualification    Art. 56: Penalty to be imposed upon
   Art.31. Effect Of The Penalties Of Perpetual accomplices in an attempted crime
Or Temporary Special Disqualification    Art. 57: Penalty to be imposed upon
   Art.32. Effect Of The Penalties Of Perpetual accessories of an attempted crime
Or Temporary Special Disqualification                 Application of Art. 50 - 57
               For The Exercise Of The Right Of    Art.58. Additional Penalty To Be Imposed
Suffrage Upon Certain Accessories
   Art.33. Effects Of The Penalties Of    Art.59. Penalty To Be Imposed In Case Of
Suspension From Any Public Office Failure To Commit The Crime
   Art.34. Civil Interdiction    Art.60. Exception To The Rules Established In
   Art.35. Effects Of Bond To Keep The Peace Art. 50 To 57
   Art.36. Pardon; Its Effects    Art.61. Rules For Graduating Penalties
   Art.37. Cost; what Are Included    Art.62. Effect Of The Attendance Of Habitual
   Art.38. Pecuniary Liabilities; Order Of Delinquency
Payment    Art.63. Rules For The Application Of
   Art.39. Subsidiary Penalty Indivisible Penalties
   Art. 40. Death; Its Accessory Penalties    Art.64. Rules For The Application Of
   Art. 41. Reclusion Perpetua and Reclusion Penalties Which Contain 3 Periods
Temporal; Their Accessory Penalties    Art.65. Rule In Cases In Which The Penalty Is
Not Composed Of  Three Periods    Art.94. Partial Extinction Of Criminal
   Art.66. Imposition Of Fines Liability
   Art.67. Penalty To Be Imposed When Not All    Art.95. Obligations Incurred By Person
The Requisites Of..... Granted Conditional Pardon
   Art.68. Penalty To be Imposed Upon A Person    Art.96. Effect Of Commutation Of Sentence
Under 18 Years Of Age    Art.97. Allowance For Conduct
   Art.69. Penalty To Be Imposed When The    Art.98. Special Time Allowance For Loyalty
Crime Committed Is Not Wholly Excusable    Art.99. Who Grants Time Allowances
   Art.70. Successive Service Of Sentence    Art.100. Civil Liability Of A Person Guilty Of
   Art.71. Graduated Scales Felony
   Art.72.  Preference In The Payment Of The    Art.101. Rules Regarding Civil Liability In
Civil Liabilities Certain Cases
   Art.73. Presumption In Regard To The    Art.102. Subsidiary Civil Liability Of
Imposition Of Accessory Penalties Innkeepers
   Art.74. Penalty Higher Than Reclusion    Art.103. Subsidiary Civil Liability Of Other
Perpetua In Certain Cases Persons
   Art.75. Increasing or reducing the penalty of    Art.104. What Is Included in Civil Liability
fine by one or more degrees    Art.105. Restitution; How Made
   Art.76. Legal period of duration of divisible    Art.106. Reparation; How Made
penalties    Art.107. Indemnification; What is Included
   Art.77. When The Penalty Is A Complex One    Art.108. Obligation To Make Restoration;
Composed Of Three Distinct Penalties Upon Whom It Devolves
   Art.78. When And How A Penalty Is To Be    Art.109. Share Of Each Person Civilly Liable
Executed    Art.110. Several And Subsidiary Liability Of
   Art.79. Suspension Of The Execution And Principals
Service Of The Penalties...    Art.111. Obligation To make Restitution In
   Art.80. Suspension Of Sentence Of Minor Certain Cases
Delinquents    Art.112. Extinction Of Civil Liability
   Art.81.    Art.113. Obligation To Satisfy Civil Liability
   Art.82.
   Art.83.
   Art.84.
   Art.85.
   Art.86. B. CRIMINAL LAW BOOK II
   Art.87. CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL
   Art.88. SECURITY AND THE LAW OF NATIONS
               Execution Of Principal Penalties Art. - TITLE I
81 - Art. 88    Art.114. Treason
   Art.89. How Criminal Liability Is Totally    Art.115. Conspiracy and Proposal To Commit
Extinguished Treason
   Art.90. Prescription Of Crime    Art.116. Misprision Of Treason
   Art.91. Computation Of Prescription Of    Art.117. Espionage
Offenses    Art.118. Inciting To War Or Giving Motives
   Art.92. When And How Penalties Prescribe For Reprisals
   Art.93. Computation Of The Prescription Of   Art.119. Violation Of Neutrality
Penalties    Art.120. Correspondence With Hostile
Country    Art.152. Person In Authority And Agents Of
   Art.121. Flight To Enemy's Country Person In Authority
   Art.122. Piracy In General And Mutiny On    Art.153. Tumults And Other Disturbances Of
The High Seas Public Order
   Art.123. Qualified Piracy    Art.154. Unlawful Use Of Means Of
CRIMES AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL Publication And Unlawful Utterances
LAWS OF THE STATE - TITLE II    Art.155. Alarms And Scandals
  Art.124. Arbitrary Detention    Art.156. Delivery Of Prisoners From Jail
   Art.125. Delay In The Delivery Of Detained    Art.157. Evasion Of Service Of Sentence
Persons To The Proper Judicial Authorities    Art.158. Evasion Of Service Of Sentence On
   Art.126. Delaying Release The Occasion Of Disorder
   Art.127. Expulsion    Art.159. Other Cases Of Evasion Of Service
   Art.128. Violation Of Domicile Of Sentence
   Art.129. Search Warrant Maliciously Obtained    Art.160. Commission Of Another Crime
   Art.130. Searching Domicile Without During Service Of Penalty
Witnesses CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST -
   Art.131. Prohibition, Interruption, and TITLE IV
Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings    Art.161. Counterfeiting The Great Seal Of The
   Art.132. Interruption Of Religious Worship Government Of The Philippines
   Art.133. Offending Religious Feelings    Art.162. Using Forged Signature Or
CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC ORDER - Counterfeit Seal Or Stamp
TITLE III    Art.163. Making And Importing And Uttering
   Art.134 - A. Coup D' Etat False Coins
   Art.135. Penalty For Rebellion, Insurrection,    Art.164. Mutilation Of Coins - Importation
Or Coup D' Etat And Utterance Of Mutilated Coins
   Art.136. Conspiracy And Proposal To Commit    Art.165. Selling Of False Or Mutilated Coin,
Rebellion, Coup D' Etat Or Insurrection Without Connivance
   Art.137. Disloyalty Of Public Officers Or    Art.166. Forging Treasury Or Bank Notes
Employees    Art.167.Counterfeiting, Importing, And
   Art.138. Inciting To Rebellion Or Insurrection Uttering Instruments Not Payable To Bearer
   Art.139. Sedition    Art.168. Illegal Possession And Use Of False
   Art.140. Penalty For Sedition Person Liable Treasury Or Bank Notes
   Art.141. Conspiracy To Commit Sedition    Art.169. How Forgery Is Committed
   Art.142. Inciting To Sedition    Art.170. Falsification Of Legislative
   Art.143. Acts Tending To Prevent The Documents
Meeting Of Congress    Art.171. Falsification By Public Officer,
   Art.144. Disturbance Of Proceedings Employee, Or Notary
   Art.145. Violation Of Parliamentary Immunity    Art.172. Falsification By Private Individuals
   Art.146. Illegal Assemblies And Use Of Falsified Instruments
   Art.147. Illegal Associations    Art.173. Falsification Of Wireless, Cable
   Art.148. Direct Assault Telegraph And Telephone Messages
   Art.149. Indirect Assault    Art.174. False Medical Certificates or Merit
   Art.150. Disobedience To Summons Issued Or service
By Congress    Art.175. Using False Certificates
   Art.151. Resistance And Disobedience To A    Art.176. Manufacturing And Possession Of
Person In Authority Instruments For Falsification
   Art.177. Usurpation Of Authority Or Official    Art.207. Malicious Delay In The
Functions Administration Of Justice
   Art.178. Using Fictitious Name And    Art.208. Prosecution Of Offenses: Negligence
concealing True Name And Tolerance
   Art.179. Illegal Use Of Uniforms Or Insignia    Art.209. Betrayal Of Trust By An Attorney Or
   Art.180. False Testimony Against A Solicitor - Revelation Of Secrets
Defendant    Art.210. Direct Bribery
   Art.181. False Testimony Favorable To The    Art.211. Indirect Bribery
Defendant    Art.211-A. Qualified Bribery
   Art.182. False Testimony In Civil Cases    Art.212. Corruption Of Public Officials
   Art.183. False Testimony In Other Cases And    Art.213. Frauds Against The Public Treasury
Perjury In Solemn Affirmation And Similar Offenses
   Art.184. Offering False Testimony In    Art.214. Other Frauds
Evidence    Art.215. Prohibited Transactions
   Art.185. Machinations In Public Auctions    Art.216. Possession Of Prohibited Interests By
   Art.186. Monopolies And Combinations In A Public Officer
Restraint Of Trade    Art.217. Malversation Of Public Funds Or
   Art.187. Importation And Disposition Of Property
Falsely Marked Articles    Art.218. Failure Of Accountable Officer To
   Art.188. Substituting And Altering Render Account
Trademarks, Tradenames, Or Service Marks    Art.219. Failure Of A Responsible Public
   Art.189. Unfair Competition Officer To Render Accounts
CRIMES RELATED TO OPIUM AND    Art.220. Illegal Use Of Public Funds
OTHER PROHIBITED DRUGS - TITLE V    Art.221. Failure To Make Delivery Of Public
  Art.190 to 194 - repealed by RA 6425 - Funds Or Property
Dangerous Drugs Act Of 1972     Art.222. Officers Included In The Preceding
   RA. NO. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Provisions
Drugs Act Of 2002    Art.223. Conniving With Or Consenting To
CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS - Evasion
TITLE VI    Art.224. Evasion Through Negligence
  Art.195 to 199 - repealed by PD 1602    Art.225. Escape Of Prisoner Under The
  Art.200. Grave Scandal Custody Of A Person Not A Public Officer
   Art.201. Immoral Doctrines, Obscene    Art.226. Removal, Concealment, Or
Publications and Exhibitions Destruction Of Documents
   Art.202. Vagrants And Prostitutes    Art.227. Officer Breaking Seal
  PD. NO. 449 - Cockfighting Law of 1974    Art.228. Opening Of Closed Documents
   PD. NO.1602 - Prescribing Stiffer Penalties In    Art.229. Revelation Of Secrets By An Officer
Illegal Gambling    Art.230. Public Officer Revealing Secrets Of
CRIMES COMMITTED BY PUBLIC Private Individual
OFFICERS - TITLE VII    Art.231. Open Disobedience
  Art.203. Who Are Public Officers    Art.232. Disobedience To Order Of Superior
   Art.204. Knowingly Rendering An Unjust Officer
Judgment    Art.233. Refusal Of Assistance
   Art.205. Judgment Rendered Through    Art.234. Refusal To Discharge Elective Office
Negligence    Art.235. Maltreatment Of Prisoners
   Art.206. Unjust Interlocutory Order    Art.236. Anticipation Of Duties Of A Public
Office CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY
   Art.237. Prolonging Performance Of Duties AND SECURITY - TITLE IX
And Powers   Art.267. Kidnapping And Serious Illegal
   Art.238. Abandonment Of Office Or Position Detention
   Art.239. Usurpation Of legislative Powers    Art.268. Slight Illegal Detention
   Art.240. Usurpation Of Executive Functions    Art.269. Unlawful Arrest
   Art.241. Usurpation Of Judicial Functions    Art.270. Kidnapping And Failure To Return A
   Art.242. Disobeying Request For Minor
Disqualification    Art.271. Inducing A Minor To Abandon His
   Art.243. Addressing Orders Or Requests By Home
Executive Officer    Art.272. Slavery
   Art.244. Unlawful Appointments    Art.273. Exploitation Of Child Labor
   Art.245. Abuses Against Chastity    Art.274. Services Rendered Under
CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS - TITLE Compulsion In Payment Of Debt
VIII    Art.275. Abandonment Of Person In Danger
  Art.246. Parricide    Art.276. Abandoning A Minor
   Art.247. Death Or Physical Injuries Under    Art.277. Abandonment Of Minor By Person
Exceptional Circumstances Entrusted With His Custody
   Art.248. Murder    Art.278. Exploitation Of Minors
   Art.249. Homicide    Art.279. Additional Penalties For Other
   Art.250. Penalty For Frustrated Parricide, Offenses
Murder Or Homicide    Art.280. Trespass To Dwelling
   Art.251. Death Caused In A Tumultuous    Art.281. Other Form Of Trespass
Affray    Art.282. Grave Threats
   Art.252. Physical Injuries Inflicted In A    Art.283. Light Threats
Tumultuous Affray    Art.284. Bond For Good Behavior
   Art.253. Giving Assistance to Suicide    Art.285. Other Light Threats
   Art.254. Discharge Of Firearms    Art.286. Grave Coercions
   Art.255. Infanticide    Art.287. Light Coercions
   Art.256. Intentional Abortion    Art.288. Other Similar Coercions
   Art.257. Unintentional Abortion    Art.289. Formation, Maintenance, And
   Art.258. Abortion Practiced By The Woman Prohibition Of...
Herself Or By Her Parents    Art.290. Discovering Secrets Through Seizure
   Art.259. Abortion Practiced By A Physician Of Correspondence
Or Midwife    Art.291. Revealing Secrets With Abuse Of
   Art.260. Responsibility Of Participants In A Office
Duel    Art.292. Revelation Of Industrial Secrets
   Art.261. Challenging To A Duel CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY - TITLE X
   Art.262. Mutilation   Art.293. Who are Guilty of Robbery
   Art.263. Serious Physical Injuries    Art.294. Robbery With Violence Against Or
   Art.264. Administering Injurious Substance Intimidation Of Persons
Or Beverages    Art.295. Robbery With Physical Injuries
   Art.265. Less Serious Physical Injuries Committed In An Uninhabited Place
   Art.265. Slight Physical Injuries And    Art.296. Definition Of A Band And Penalty
Maltreatment Incurred By Members Thereof
   Art.266A-266B Rape    Art.297. Attempted Or Frustrated Robbery
With Homicide    Art.333. Adultery
   Art.298. Execution Of Deeds By Means Of    Art.334. Concubinage
Violence Or Intimidation    Art.335. Rape - Now Art.266-A
   Art.299. Robbery In An Inhabited House Or    Art.336. Acts of Lasciviousness
Public Building    Art.337. Qualified Seduction
   Art.300. Robbery In An Uninhabited Place By    Art.338. Simple Seduction
A Band    Art.339. Acts of lasciviousness with consent
   Art.301. What Is An Inhabited House, Public of the Offended Party
Building Or ....    Art.340. Corruption of Minors
   Art.302. Robbery In An Uninhabited Place Or    Art.341. White Slave Trade
In A Private building    Art.342. Forcible Abduction
   Art.303. Robbery Of Cereals, Fruits, Or    Art.343. Consented Abduction
Firewood    Art.344. Prosecution of Adultery,
   Art.304. Illegal Possession Of Picklocks Or Concubinage, Seduction...
Similar Tools    Art.345. Civil Liability of persons of Crimes
   Art.305. False Keys Against Chastity
   Art.306. Who Are Brigands: Penalty    Art.346. Liability of Ascendants, Guardian,
   Art.307. Aiding And Abetting A Band Of Teachers
Brigands CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS
   Art.308. Theft OF PERSONS - TITLE XII
   Art.309. Penalties for Theft   Art.347. Simulation Of Births
   Art.310. Qualified Theft    Art.348. Usurpation of Civil Status
   Art.311. Theft Of Property Of The National    Art.349. Bigamy
Library And National Museum    Art.350. Marriage Contracted Against
   Art.312. Occupation Of Real Property Provisions Of Laws
   Art.313. Altering boundaries Or landmarks    Art.351. Premature Marriages
   Art.314. Fraudulent Insolvency   Art.352. Performance Of Illegal Marriage
   Art.315. Estafa (Swindling) Ceremony
   Art.316. Other Forms Of Swindling CRIMES AGAINST HONOR - TITLE XIII
   Art.317. Swindling A Minor   Art.353. Definition Of Libel/Defamation
   Art.318. Other Deceits    Art.354. Requirement of Publicity
   Art.319. Removal. Sale Or Pledge Of    Art.355. Libel by Means of Writings Or
Mortgaged Property Similar Means
   Art.320. Arson  Art.320 to Art.326 repealed    Art.356. Threatening To Publish Libel
by PD 1613    Art.357. Prohibited  Publication Of Acts
   Art.327. Malicious Mischief    Art.358. Slander - Oral Defamation
   Art.328. Special Cases Of Malicious Mischief    Art.359. Slander By Deed
   Art.329. Other Mischiefs    Art.360. Persons Responsible Libel
   Art.330. Damage And Obstruction To Means    Art.361. Proof Of The Truth
Of Communication    Art.362. Libelous Remarks
   Art.331. Destroying or Damaging Statues,    Art.363. Incriminating Innocent Person
Public Monuments, or Paintings    Art.364. Intriguing Against Honor
   Art.332. Persons Exempt From Criminal QUASI - OFFENSES - TITLE XIV
Liability In Crimes Against Property    Art.365. Imprudence and Negligence
CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY - TITLE SPECIAL CRIMES
XI
   Act. No. 3226 - An act to establish periods of Ammunition Regulation Act
prescription    RA. NO.11053 - The Anti-Hazing Act of 2018
   Act NO. 4103 Indeterminate Sentence Law
   PD. NO 46
   PD. NO 90 Declaring Unlawful Rumor-
Mongering And Spreading False Information
   PD. NO 704 Illegal Fishing
   CA. NO. 142 - Anti-Alias Law      C. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
   PD. NO. 247 - Defacement, Mutilation, PRELIMINARY MATTERS
Tearing, Burning, Central Bank Notes RULE 110
   PD. NO. 749 PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES
  PD. 532 -  Anti-Piracy And Anti-Highway    Section 1. Institution Of Criminal Actions
Robbery Law Of 1974    Section 2. The Complaint Or Information
   PD. 533 - Anti-Cattle Rustling Law    Section 3. Complaint Defined
   PD. 1612 - Anti-Fencing Law of 1979    Section 4. Information
   PD. 1613 - Destructive  Arson    Section 5. Who Must Prosecute Criminal
   PD. 1653 - Mendicancy Law Of 1978 Actions
   PD. 1727 - Anti-Bomb Joke Law    Section 6. Sufficiency Of Complaint Or
   RA. NO. 947 Information
   RA NO. 3019 Anti-Graft And Corrupt    Section 7. Name Of The Accused
Practices Act    Section 8. Designation Of The Offense
   RA. No. 3226 - Creating four additional    Section 9. Cause Of The Accusation
positions of assistant provincial fiscal    Section 10. Place Of The Commission Of The
   RA. NO. 4200 - Anti-Wire Tapping Law Offense
   RA. No. 4661 - Shortening the prescriptive    Section 11. Date Of Commission Of The
period for libel Offense 
   RA. NO. 6235 - Anti-Hijacking Law    Section 12. Name Of The Offended Party
   RA. NO. 6713 Ethical Standards For Public    Section 13. Duplicity Of The Offense
Officials And Employees    Section 14. Amendment Or Substitution
   RA. NO. 7080 An Act Defining And    Section 15. Place Where Action Is To Be
Penalizing The Crime Of Plunder Instituted
   RA. NO. 7438 Rights of Persons Arrested or    Section 16. Intervention Of The Offended
Detained Party In Criminal Action
   RA. NO. 7659 - Heinous Crimes Act Of 1993 RULE 111
   RA. NO. 8049 - The Anti-Hazing Law PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTION
   RA. NO. 8294 - Law Penalizing Illegal    Section 1. Institution Of Criminal And Civil
Possession Of Firearms Actions 
   RA. NO. 8353 - Anti-Rape Law of 1997    Section 2. When Separate Civil Action Is
   RA. NO. 9160 - Anti Money Laundering Act Suspended
Of 2001    Section 3. When Civil Action May Proceed
   RA. NO. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Independently
Drugs Act Of 2002    Section 4. Effect Of Death On Civil Actions
   RA. NO. 9262 - Anti-Violence Against    Section 5. Judgment in Civil Action Not A
Women And Their Children Bar
   RA. NO. 9485 - Anti-Red Tape Act    Section 6. Suspension By Reason Of
   RA. NO.10591 - Comprehensive Firearms and Prejudicial Question
   Section 7. Elements Of Prejudicial Question    Section 1. Bail Defined
   Section 8. Records    Section 2. Condition Of The Bail;
   Section 9. Cases not requiring preliminary Requirements
investigation     Section 3.No Release Or Transfer Except On
RULE 112  Court Order Or Bail
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION    Section 4. Bail, A Matter Of Right; Exception
   Section 1. Preliminary Investigation defined;    Section 5. Bail, When Discretionary
When Required    Section 6. Capital Offense; Defined
   Section 2. Officers Authorized To Conduct    Section 7. Offenses Punishable By Life
Preliminary Investigation Imprisonment, Not Bailable
   Section 3. Procedure    Section 8. Burden Of Proof In Bail
   Section 4. Resolution Of Investigating Application
Prosecutor And Its Review    Section 9. Amount Of Bail; Guidelines
   Section 5. Resolution Of Investigating Judge    Section 10. Corporate Surety
And Its Review    Section 11. Property Bond; How Posted
   Section 6. When Warrant Of Arrest May Issue    Section 12. Qualifications Of Sureties In
   Section 7. When Accused Lawfully Arrested Property bond
Without Warrant    Section 13. Justification Of Sureties
   Section 8. Records    Section 14. Deposit Of Cash As Bail
   Section 9. Cases Not Requiring Preliminary    Section 15. Recognizance
Investigation.......    Section 16. Bail, when not required; reduced
RULE 113 bail or recognizance
ARREST    Section 17. Bail, Where Filed
   Section 1. Definition Of Arrest    Section 18. Notice Of Application To
   Section 2. Arrest; How Made Prosecutor
   Section 3. Duty Of Arresting Officer    Section 19. Release On Bail 
   Section 4. Execution Of Warrant    Section 20. Increase Or Reduction Of Bail
   Section 5. Arrest Without A Warrant; When    Section 21. Forfeiture Of Bail
Lawful    Section 22. Cancellation Of Bail
   Section 6. Time Of Making Arrest    Section 23. Arrest Of Accused Out On Bail
   Section 7. Method Of Arrest By Officer By    Section 24. No Bail After Final Judgment;
Virtue Of Warrant Exception
   Section 8. Method Of Arrest By Officer    Section 25. Court Supervision of Detainees
Without A Warrant    Section 26. Bail Is Not A Bar To Objection
   Section 9. Method Of Arrest By Private On Illegal Arrest
Person RULE 115
   Section 10. Officer May Summon Assistance RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
   Section 11. Right Of Officer To Break Into Section 1. Rights of the accused at the trial
Building Or Enclosure RULE 116
   Section 12. Right To Break Out Of The ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA
Building Or Enclosure To Effect Release    Section 1. Arraignment And Plea How Made
   Section 13. Arrest After Escape Or Rescue     Section 2. Plea Of Guilty To A Lesser Offense
   Section 14. Right Of An Attorney Or Relative    Section 3. Plea Of Guilty To Capital offense;
To Visit The Person Arrested Reception Of Evidence
RULE 114    Section 4. Plea of guilty to non-capital
BAIL offense; reception of evidence,  discretionary
   Section 5. Withdrawal of improvident plea of Accused Is Imprisoned
guilty    Section 8. Sanctions
   Section 6. Duty Of Court To inform Accused    Section 9. Remedy Where Accused Is Not
Of His Right To Counsel Brought To Trial Within The Time Limit
   Section 7. Appointment Of Counsel De Oficio    Section 10. Law On Speedy Trial Not A Bar
   Section 8. Time For Counsel De Oficio To To Provisions In The Constitution
Prepare For Arraignment    Section 11. Order Of Trial
   Section 9. Bill Of Particulars    Section 12. Application For Examination Of
   Section 10. Production Or Inspection Of Witness For Accused Before Trial
Material Evidence    Section 13. Examination Of Defense Witness
   Section 11. Suspension Of Arraignment How Made
RULE 117    Section 14. Bail To Secure Appearance Of
MOTION TO QUASH Material Witness
   Section 1. Time To Move To Quash    Section 15. Examination Of Witness For The
   Section 2. Form and Contents Prosecution
   Section 3. Grounds Motion To Quash    Section 16. Trial Of Several Accused
   Section 4. Amendment of Complaint Or    Section 17. Discharge Of Accused To Be State
Information Witness
   Section 5. Effect Of Sustaining The Motion    Section 18. Discharge Of Accused Operates
To Quash As Acquittal
   Section 6. Order Sustaining The Motion To    Section 19. When Mistake has Been Made In
Quash Not A Bar To .... Charging The Proper Offense
   Section 7. Former Conviction Or Acquittal;    Section 20. Appointment Of Acting
Double Jeopardy Prosecutor
   Section 8. Provisional Remedies    Section 21. Exclusion Of The Public
   Section 9. Failure To Move To Quash Or To    Section 22. Consolidation Of Trials Of
Allege Any Ground Therefor Related Offenses
RULE 118    Section 23. Demurrer To Evidence
PRE-TRIAL    Section 24. Reopening
   Section 1. Pre-Trial Mandatory In Criminal RULE 120
Cases JUDGMENT
   Section 2. Pre-Trial Agreement    Section 1. Judgment Definition And Form
   Section 3. Non-Appearance at Pre-Trial    Section 2. Contents Of Judgment
Conference    Section 3. Judgment For Two Or More
   Section 4. Pre-Trial Order Offenses
RULE 119    Section 4. Judgment In Case Of Variance Bet.
TRIAL Allegation And Proof
   Section 1. Time To Prepare For Trial    Section 5. When An Offense Includes Or Is
   Section 2. Continuous Trial Until Terminated; Included In Another
Postponements    Section 6. Promulgation of Judgment
   Section 3. Exclusions    Section 7. Modification Of Judgment
   Section 4. Factors Granting Continuance    Section 8. Entry Of Judgment
   Section 5. Time limit following an order for    Section 9. Existing Provisions Governing
new trial Suspension Of Sentence
   Section 6. Extended Time Limit RULE 121
   Section 7. Public Attorney's Duties Where NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION
   Section 1. New Trial Or Reconsideration    Section 7. Contents Of Brief
   Section 2. Grounds For New Trial    Section 8. Dismissal Of Appeal For
   Section 3. Grounds For Reconsideration Abandonment Or Failure To Prosecute
   Section 4. Form Of Motion For New Trial Or    Section 9. Prompt Disposition Of Appeals
Reconsideration    Section 10. Judgment Not To Be Reversed Or
   Section 5. Hearing On Motion Modified
   Section 6. Effects Of Granting A New Trial    Section 11. Scope Of Judgment
Or Reconsideration    Section 12. Power To Receive Evidence
RULE 122    Section 13. Certification Or Appeal Of Case
APPEAL To The Supreme Court
   Section 1. Who May Appeal    Section 14. Motion For New Trial
   Section 2. Where To Appeal    Section 15. Where New Trial Conducted
   Section 3. How Appeal Taken    Section 16. Reconsideration
   Section 4. Publication Of Notice Of Appeal    Section 17. Judgment Transmitted And Filed
   Section 5. Waiver Of Notice In Trial Court
   Section 6. When Appeal To Be Taken    Section 18. Application Of Certain Rules In
   Section 7. Transcribing and Filing Notes Of Civil Procedure To Criminal Cases
Stenographic Reporter Upon Appeal RULE 125
   Section 8. Transmissions of Papers To PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME COURT
Appellate Court Upon Appeal    Section 1. Uniform Procedure
   Section 9. Appeal To The Regional Trial    Section 2. Review Of Decisions Of The Court
Courts Of Appeals
   Section 10. Transmission Of Records In Case    Section 3. Decision If Opinion Equally
Of Death Penalty Divided
   Section 11. Effect Of Appeal By Any Of RULE 126
Several Accused SEARCH AND SEIZURE
   Section 12. Withdrawal Of Appeal    Section 1. Search Warrant Defined
   Section 13. Appointment Of Counsel De    Section 2. Court Where Application For
Oficio For Accused On Appeal Search Warrant Shall Be Filed
RULE 123    Section 3. Personal Property To Be Seized
PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL    Section 4. Requisites For Issuing A Search
TRIAL COURTS Warrant
   Section 1. Uniform Procedure    Section 5. Examination Of Complainant
RULE 124    Section 6. Issuance And Form Of Search
PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF Warrant
APPEALS    Section 7. Right To Break Door Or Window
   Section 1. Title Of The Case To Effect Search
   Section 2. Appointment Of Counsel De Oficio    Section 8. Search Of House Be Made In
For The Accused Presence Of Two Witnesses
   Section 3. When Brief For Appelant To Be    Section 9. Time Of Making Search
Filed    Section 10. Validity Of Search Warrant
   Section 4. When Brief For Appellee To Be    Section 11. Receipt For The Property Seized
Filed    Section 12. Delivery Of Property And
   Section 5. Extension Of Time For Filing Inventory Thereof To The Court
Briefs    Section 13. Search Incident To Lawful Arrest
   Section 6. Form Of Briefs    Section 14. Motion To Quash A Search
Warrant Where To File give effect to all provisions
RULE 127       Section 12. Interpretation according to
PROVISIONAL REMEDIES IN intention general and particular provisions
CRIMINAL CASES       Section 13. Interpretation according to
   Section 1. Availability of Provisional circumstances
Remedies       Section 14. Peculiar signification of terms
   Section 2. Attachment       Section 15. Written words control printed
      Section 16. Experts and interpreters to be
used in explaining certain writings
      Section 17. Of Two constructions, which
preferred
      Section 18. Construction in favor of natural
     D. EVIDENCE right
RULE 128       Section 19. Interpretation according to usage
GENERAL PROVISIONS       Section 20. Witnesses; their qualifications
      Section 1. Evidence defined       Section 21. Disqualification by reason of
      Section 2. Scope mental incapacity or immaturity
      Section 3. Admissibility of Evidence       Section 22. Disqualification by reason of
      Section 4. Relevancy; Collateral matters marriage
RULE 129       Section 23. Disqualification by reason of
WHAT NEED NOT BE PROVED death or insanity of adverse party
      Section 1. Judicial Notice, When Mandatory       Section 24. Disqualification by reason of
      Section 2. Judicial Notice, When privileged communication
Discretionary       Section 25. Parental and filial privilege
      Section 3. Judicial Notice, When Hearing       Section 26. Admission of a party
Necessary       Section 27. Offer of compromise not
      Section 4. Judicial Admissions admissible
RULE 130       Section 28. Admission by third party
RULES ON ADMISSIBILITY       Section 29. Admission by co-partner or
      Section 1.   Object as Evidence agent
      Section 2.   Documentary evidence       Section 30. Admission by conspirator
      Section 3.   Original Document Must Be       Section 31. Admission by privies
Produced; Exceptions       Section 32. Admission by silence
      Section 4.   Original of document       Section 33. Confession
      Section 5.   When original document is       Section 34. Similar acts as evidence
unavailable       Section 35. Unaccepted offer
      Section 6.   When original document is in       Section 36. Testimony generally confined to
adverse party's custody or control personal knowledge; hearsay excluded
      Section 7.   Evidence admissible when       Section 37. Dying declaration
original document is a public record       Section 38. Declaration against interest
      Section 8.   Party who calls for document       Section 39. Act or declaration about
not bound to offer it pedigree
      Section 9.   Evidence of written agreements       Section 40. Family reputation or tradition
      Section 10. Interpretation of a writing regarding pedigree
according to its legal meaning       Section 41. Common reputation
      Section 11. Instrument construed so as to       Section 42. Part of res gestae
      Section 43. Entries in the course of business witnesses
      Section 44. Entries in official records       Section 16. When witness may refer to
      Section 45. Commercial lists and the like memorandum
      Section 46. Learned treatises       Section 17. When part of transaction,
      Section 47. Testimony or deposition at a writing or record given in evidence, the
former proceeding remainder, the remainder admissible
      Section 48. General rule       Section 18. Right to respect writing shown
      Section 49. Opinion of expert witness to witness
      Section 50. Opinion of ordinary witnesses       Section 19. Classes of Documents
      Section 51. Character evidence not generally       Section 20. Proof of private document
admissible; exceptions:       Section 21. When evidence of authenticity
RULE 131 of private document not necessary
BURDEN OF PROOF AND       Section 22. How genuineness of handwriting
PRESUMPTIONS proved
      Section 1. Burden of proof       Section 23. Public documents as evidence
      Section 2. Conclusive presumptions       Section 24. Proof of official record
      Section 3. Disputable presumptions       Section 25. What attestation of copy must
      Section 4. No presumption of legitimacy or state
illegitimacy       Section 26. Irremovability of public record
RULE 132       Section 27. Public record of a private
PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE document
      Section 1.   Examination to be done in open       Section 28. Proof of lack of record
court       Section 29. How judicial record impeached
      Section 2.   Proceedings to be recorded       Section 30. Proof of notarial documents
      Section 3.   Rights and obligations of a       Section 31. Alteration in document, how to
witness explain
      Section 4.   Order in the examination of an       Section 32. Seal
individual witness       Section 33. Documentary evidence in an
      Section 5.   Direct examination unofficial language
      Section 6.   Cross-examination; its purpose       Section 34. Offer of evidence
and extent       Section 35. When to make offer
      Section 7.   Re-direct examination; its       Section 36. Objection
purpose and extent       Section 37. When repetition of objection
      Section 8.   Re-cross-examination unnecessary
      Section 9.   Recalling witness       Section 38. Ruling
      Section 10. Leading and misleading       Section 39. Striking out answer
questions       Section 40. Tender of excluded evidence
      Section 11. Impeachment of adverse party's RULE 133
witness WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF
      Section 12. Party may not impeach his own EVIDENCE
witness       Section 1. Preponderance of evidence, how
      Section 13. How witness impeached by determined
evidence of inconsistent statements       Section 2. Proof beyond reasonable doubt
      Section 14. Evidence of good character of       Section 3. Extrajudicial confession, not
witness sufficient ground for conviction
      Section 15. Exclusion and separation of       Section 4. Circumstantial evidence, when
sufficient witness.
      Section 5. Substantial evidence
      Section 6. Power of the court to stop further OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
evidence [REGALADO]
      Section 7. Evidence on motion 1) DIRECT – Proves the fact in dispute without
RULE 134  aid of any inference or presumption.
PERPETUATION OF TESTIMONY CIRCUMSTANTIAL – Proof of fact/s from
      Section 1. Petition which, taken singly/collectively, the existence of
      Section 2. Contents of petition the particular fact in dispute may be inferred as
      Section 3. Notice and service a necessary/probable consequence. It is
      Section 4. Order of examination evidence of relevant collateral facts.
      Section 5. Reference to court 2) CUMULATIVE – Evidence of the same
      Section 6. Use of deposition kind and to the same state of facts.
      Section 7. Depositions pending appeal CORROBORATIVE – Additional evidence of
a different character to the same point.
3) PRIMA FACIE – That which, standing
INTRODUCTION alone, is sufficient to maintain the proposition
affirmed.
DEFINITION OF EVIDENCE - The means, CONCLUSIVE – That class of evidence which
sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a the law does not allow to be contradicted.
judicial proceeding, the truth respecting a matter 4) PRIMARY – (Best evidence) The law
of fact.(Rule 128, Sec. 1) The mode and manner regards these as affording the greatest certainty
of proving competent facts in judicial of the fact in question.
proceedings. (Bustos v. Lucero) SECONDARY – (Substitutionary evidence)
Permitted by law only when the best evidence is
SCOPE - General Rule: Rules of evidence shall unavailable.
be the same in all courts and in all trials and 5) POSITIVE – When a witness affirms that a
hearings fact did or did not occur (there is personal
knowledge).
Exception: If otherwise provided by: NEGATIVE – When witness states that he did
1) law; not see or know of the occurrence of a fact (total
2) ROC. disclaimer of personal knowledge).
EVIDENCE COMPARED TO PROOF
CLASSIFICATION It is the result or effect of evidence; when the
RULES OF COURT CLASSIFICATION requisite quantum of evidence of a particular
ACCORDING TO FORM fact has been duly admitted and given weight,
1) OBJECT – Directly addressed to the senses the result is called the proof of such fact.
of the court (Rule 130, Sec.1) Referred to as real TO FACTUM PROBANDUM
evidence or evidence by “autoptic preference”. The ultimate fact or the fact sought to be
2) DOCUMENTARY - Consist of writing or established. It refers to the proposition (e.g.
any material containing modes of written victim was stabbed).
expression (i.e. words, numbers, figures, TO FACTUM PROBANS
symbols) offered as proof of their contents. The evidentiary fact or the fact by which the
(Rule 130, Sec. 2) factum probandum is to be established; refers to
3) TESTIMONIAL - Submitted to the court the materials that establish the proposition (e.g.
through the testimony or deposition of a bloody knife).
 committed.
CORPUS DELICTI - (latin for the body
of the crime) - used to describe the physical
     E. COURT TESTIMONY or material evidence that a crime has been
committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.
CONFESSION - is an express
acknowledgement by the accused in a
criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt
4. CRIME DETECTION AND as to the offense charge.
INVESTIGATION ADMISSION - refers to statement of facts
not directly constituting an
A. FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL acknowledgement of guilt.
INVESTIGATION ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP - a
INVESTIGATION - an inquiry, judicial structured group of three or more persons
or otherwise for the discovery and existing for a period of time and acting in
collection of facts concerning the matters concert with the aim of committing one or
involved. more serious crime or offenses.
- it is the process of inquiring, eliciting, ORGANIZED CRIME - a combination of
soliciting and getting vital information, two or more persons who are engaged in a
facts, circumstances in order to establish criminal or virtual criminal activity on a
the truth. continuing basis for the purpose of profit or
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - a public power using gangland style to attain their
safety officer who is tasked to conduct the purpose.
investigation of all criminal cases as PHYSICAL EVIDENCE - evidenced
provided for and embodied under the addressed to the senses of the court that are
revised penal code, criminals laws and capable of being exhibited, examined or
special laws which are criminal in nature. viewed by the court. This includes but not
- a well trained, disciplined and limited to fingerprints, body fluid,
experienced professional in the field of explosives, hazardous chemicals,
criminal investigation. soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION - used in the commission of the crime.
investigation conducted by law VICTIMOLOGY/VICTIM PROFILING
enforcement officers after a person has - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle
been arrested or deprived of his freedom of and personality, assist in determining the
action. nature of the disappearance, the risk level
NEIGHBORHOOD INVESTIGATION - of the victim and the type of person who
one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for could have committed the crime. Complete
ransom cases which is often overlooked. information regarding the victims physical
The objective is to identify and interview in description, normal behavior patterns, the
person all individuals in the area where the family dynamics and known friends and
victim was kidnapped or last known acquintances should be obtained as soon as
sighting area during the window of possible.
opportunity.(last time seen until the time MIRANDA VS. ARIZONA - Ernesto
discovered missing. Miranda had confessed to rape and
CRIME SCENE - a venue or place where kidnapping, after two hour interrogation.
the alleged crime/incident/event has been Because the interrogators failed to inform
Miranda of his right to counsel and remain Lincoln.
silent, his conviction was overturned. ROUGES GALLERY - is a police
WATERBOARDING - refers to the collection of pictures or photographs of
practice of strapping a suspect to a board criminals and suspects kept for
with his or her head lowered, then the face identification purposes.A compilation of
is covered and water is poured over it descriptions, methods of operation having
causing the suspect to gag and experience places and names of criminal and their
the sensation of drowning. associates.
CHINESE WATER TORTURE - MUGSHOT - is a photographic portrait
interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping taken after one is arrested.
water on the forehead of the suspect. The CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - it is the
goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity collection of facts in order to accomplish
thereby obtaining a confession. the three fold aims:
SERIAL KILLER - is someone who
murders 3 or more people with "cooling 3 FOLD AIMS OF CRIMINAL
off" periods in between. INVESTIGATION
POLICE BLOTTER - is an 18" x 12" To identify the guilty party
logbook with hard bound cover that To locate the guilty party
contains the daily register of all crime To provide evidence of his guilt
incident reports, official summary of arrests 6 CARDINAL POINTS OF
and other significant events reported in a INVESTIGATION
police station. A separate police blotter What specific offense was committed
shall be maintained for offenses requiring How the offense was committed
confidentiality like violence against women Who committed it
and children and those cases involving a Where the offense was committed
child in conflict with the law to protect When it was committed
their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti Why it was committed
violence against women and children act of
2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and TOOLS OF AN INVESTIGATOR IN
welfare act of 2006). GATHERING FACTS
ACTUS REUS - proof that a criminal act 1. INFORMATION - data gathered by an
has occurred. investigator and other person including the
SKETCH - a rough drawing or painting, victim himself and from:
often made to assist in making a more 1. public records
finished picture. 2. private records
TYPES OF SKETCHES 3. modus operandi file
  1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View) 2. INTERVIEW - skillful questioning of
  2. Elevation Drawing witness and suspects.
  3. Exploded View 3. INSTRUMENTATION - scientific
  4. Respective Drawings examination of real evidence, application of
instruments an          method of physical
ALLAN PINKERTON - a Scottish sciences in  detecting crime.
american detective who created the                                               
Pinkerton National Detective Agency, the PHASES OF INVESTIGATIONS
first detective agency in the US.Pinkerton 1.PHASE 1 - identify the suspect through:
foiled a plot to assassinate President 1. confession
2. eyewitness testimony Plaster cast
3. circumstantial evidence Tape recording of sounds
4. associate evidence Video tape recording of objects
2. PHASE 2 - locate and apprehend Written statement of objects and witnesses.
suspect.
3. PHASE 3 - gather and provide evidence 2 KINDS OF INFORMATION
to establish  the guilt of the accused.   1. REGULAR SOURCES - ex. citizen,
company records
COMPOSITION/ORGANIZATION OF   2. CULTIVATED SOURCES - ex. paid
AN INVESTIGATION TEAM: informant
Team leader
Investigator/recorder Interrogation or questioning witness or
Photographer suspect who is reluctant to divulge or reveal
Evidence Custodian information with the goal of extracting a
Composite illustrator/Artist confession or obtaining information while
an Interview is simple questioning of a
EQUIPMENT OF AN INVESTIGATOR person who cooperate with the investigator.
Police line HOW THE SUSPECT IS IDENTIFIED
Video camera 1. Confession or Admission - is a
Voice recorder declaration of an accused acknowledging
Camera his guilt.
Measuring device 2. Eyewitness testimony
Gloves 3. Circumstantial evidence
Flashlight
Fingerprint kit HOW CIRCUMSTANTIAL
Evidence bag EVIDENCE OBTAINED
Evidence tag 1. Motive
Evidence bottles/vials 2. Opportunity
Investigators tickler 3. Associative Evidence

INVESTIGATORS TICKLER TYPES OF INTERVIEW

Investigators checklist 1. INFORMAL (on the scene interview) -
Anatomical diagram form conducted by police/investigator at the
Evidence Checklist crime scene to get description of criminal if
Turn-over receipt seen.
2. FORMAL - interview conducted by the
STANDARD METHODS OF investigator assigned to the case.
RECORDING INVESTIGATIVE
DATA: TYPES OF FORMAL INTERVIEW
Photographs 1. NORMAL - for willing or cooperative
Sketching crime scenes witness.
Written notes (what you have 2. GROUP/PRETEXT INTERVIEW -
seen/observed) for hostile witness or witness who refuse to
Developing and lifting fingerprints found at cooperate.
the crime scene. 3. FOLLOW UP - additional interview in
Gathering physical evidence addition to vital points if necessary.
 4. ZONE SEARCH METHOD - one
QUALIFICATIONS OF searcher is assigned to each subdivision of
INTERVIEWER a quadrant and then each quadrant is cut
  1. Salesman into another set of quadrants.
  2. Actor 5. WHEEL SEARCH METHOD - the
  3. Psychologist area is considered to be approximately
circular. The searchers gather at the center
REQUISITES OF AN INTERVIEW and proceed outward along radii or spokes.
  1. Establish rapport Procedure is repeated several times
  2. Forcefulness of personality depending on the size of the circle and the
  3. Breadth of interest number of searchers.

SETTING OF INTERVIEW
1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW - time
and place of interview are not a
consideration except for busy person.
2. ROUTINE CRIMINAL CASES -
interview should be carefully planned. B. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND
Busy person can be interviewed at night, ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
privacy is important. ACCIDENT (Legal meaning) – an accident is
3. IMPORTANT CRIMINAL CASES - any happening beyond the control of a person
should be conducted in places other than the consequences of which are not foreseeable.
the subjects home/office to (There is no criminal liability in accident
prevent him/her feeling confident. provided, the following requisites or elements
Investigator should get interviewees under the law must be satisfied;
respect. 1. performance of a lawful act
4. APPROPRIATE TIME - General rule - 2. with due care
(ASAP) as soon possible while facts are 3. causes injury to another by mere accident
fresh in the memory of interviewees. 4. without any fault or intention of causing it
ARTICULATED VEHICLE - shall mean any
METHODS OF CRIME SCENE motor vehicles with a trailer having no front
SEARCH axle and so attached that part of the trailer rest
1. STRIP METHOD - the area is blocked upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of
out in the form of a rectangle. The the weight of the trailer and of its load is born
searchers (3 person is good) proceed slowly by the motor vehicle.
at the same pace along paths parallel to one BENZ PATENT-MOTORWAGEN -
side of the rectangle. (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded as
2. DOUBLE STRIP SEARCH METHOD the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to
- modification of the strip search method. be propelled by an internal combustion engine.
The rectangle is traversed first parallel to BOX JUNCTION - is a road traffic control
the base then parallel to a side. measure designed to prevent congestion and
3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD - The gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction
searchers (3 person is good) follow each marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle
other along the path of a spiral beginning should enter only if its exit from it is clear. Box
on the outside and spiraling in towards the junctions were introduced in UK during 1967,
center. following a successful trial in London.
CHAIN OF EVENTS – is the making up of 4. Municipal Road
accident or the link which explains the 5. Barangay Road
occurrence of the accident and its components 6. Private Road
are present in every accident.
PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – is the point of COMPRESSED AIR CAR - is an alternative
sensory warning at which the operator sensed fuel car that uses a motor powered by
the approaching hazard. The driver may not compressed air. The car can be powered solely
comprehend or recognized the hazard in all of by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid
its implications at this point of perception, but electric vehicle) with gasoline,diesel, ethanol, or
there was a warning. The normal routine is electric plant.
perception, realization, or recognition, decision, CROSSWALKS - are designed to keep
and action. pedestrians together where they can be seen by
POSSIBLE PERCEPTION - is a link in the motorists, and where they can cross most safely
accident chain dealing with the reaction of a across the flow of vehicular traffic.
normal person. Prompt perception occurs when DEFENSIVE DRIVING – is an act of driving
possible and actual perception are very close. while preventing accidents despite of the wrong
Maximum delayed perception occurs when actions of others aggravated by the existence of
actual perception is delayed until impact shock adverse driving conditions. Which requires
alerts the driver.. knowledge, alertness, foresight, judgment and
ENCROACHMENT – is the movement of a skill.
vehicle into the path assigned to the other traffic FERDINAND VERBIEST - a member of a
unit. Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-
EVASIVE ACTION – is the first action taken powered vehicle around 1672 which was of
by a traffic unit to escape from a collision small scale and designed as a toy for the
course or otherwise avoid the hazard. Chinese Emperor, that was unable to carry
POINT OF NO ESCAPE – is that location and a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was
that time after or beyond which an accident the first working steam-powered vehicle.
cannot be prevented by the driver or pedestrian. FORCE MAJURE – is an inevitable accident
INITIAL CONTACT – it is the first accidental or casualty, an accident produced by any
touching of an object collided with by a traffic physical cause which is irresistible. In other
unit in motion. words it is an Act of Man, such robbery, fire,
MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – is the greatest fault, negligence, rebellion, etc.
collapse or overlap in a collision. FORTUITOUS EVENT – an event which
DISENGAGEMENT – is the separation of a takes place by accident and could not have been
traffic unit in motion from an object with which foreseen. In other words it is an Act of God
it has collided. which could neither be foreseen nor resisted,
FINAL REST OF STOPPING – it usually such as earthquake, lightning, flood, and the
stabilizes the accident situation where both like.
vehicles in a collision has ceases its force, and FRANCOIS ISAAC DE RIVAZ - A French
stopping may occur with or without control by and Swiss national who invented a hydrogen
the driver or pedestrian. powered internal combustion engine with
electric ignition and described it in a French
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD patent published in 1807. In 1808 he fitted it
1. National Road into a primitive working vehicle the world's first
2. Provincial Road internal combustion powered automobile.
3. City Road FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE - FCHV
was developed by Toyota in 2005. The vehicle KARL FRIEDRICH BENZ - was a German
is powered by the chemical reaction between engine designer and car engineer, generally
hydrogen and oxygen to power the motor regarded as the inventor of the first automobile
driving the vehicle. powered by an internal combustion engine, and
GENEVA CONVENTION ON ROAD together with Bertha Benz, pioneering founder
TRAFFIC - September 19, 1949. Promotes the of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
development and safety of international road LAST CLEAR CHANCE - it means that the
traffic by establishing certain uniform rules. driver who is in the better position to prevent the
GOTTLIEB DAIMLER - He invented the accident shoulders the responsibility of
high-speed petrol engine.He is also thought to preventing the accident. The last clear chance
have invented the first real motorcycle in 1885. principle is always applied in any traffic
GUSTAVE TROUVE - In November 1881, accidental investigation in order to justify
Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled penalized the driver who was not defensive in
electric automobile at the International its driving.
Exhibition of Electricity in Paris. LESTER WIRE - a policeman in Salt Lake
HIT-AND-RUN - is the act of causing (or City, Utah. He developed the first electric traffic
contributing to) a traffic accident (such as light in 1912 which used red-green.
colliding with a person or a fixture), and failing MACADAM - is a type of road construction
to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon
considered a crime in most jurisdictions. McAdam around 1820. The method simplified
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIT-AND RUN what had been considered state of the art at that
DRIVERS point. Single-sized aggregate layers of small
1. After living the scene, he dreads or frighten of stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing
being caught. agent, are mixed in an open-structured roadway.
2. He may have left the accident scene because MESOPOTAMIA - (Present Iraq) location of
he was shocked, injured, or intoxicated. the oldest constructed roads discovered to date.
3. He may have been too confused to know he The stoned paved streets date back to about
was doing. 4000 BC, in the Mesopotamia cities of Ur and
4. He may have a long record of violations or Babylon.
accidents and therefore a terrible fear of  getting MILESTONE - The earliest road signs, giving
further involve with the law. distance or direction. milestone is one of a series
5. More often, he fears financial loss specially if of numbered markers placed along a road or
he does not have liability insurance. boundary at intervals of one mile or
6. Hit-and run drivers do not have a establish occasionally, parts of a mile. They are typically
method of operation unlike criminals. located at the side of the road or in a median.
MOTOR CAR ACT 1903 - introduced
IMPRUDENCE – indicates deficiency of registration of motor cars and licensing of
action. If a person fails to take the necessary drivers in the United Kingdom and increased the
precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage speed limit.
to property, there is imprudence. Imprudence MOTOR VEHICLE – shall mean any vehicle
usually involves lack of skill. propelled by any power other than muscular
IVAN KULIBIN - a Russian mechanic and power using the public highways, but exempting
inventor, he developed in 1971 a human- road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers,
pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles
features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box, and which runs only on rails or tracks, tractors,
bearings. trailers, and traction engine.
NEGLIGENCE – indicates a deficiency of markings used in traffic islands in order to warn
perception. If a person fails to pay proper the driver of the traffic island on the road and
attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the aids the motorist to its traffic lane.
injury or damage impending to be caused there 5. PAINTED CROSSWALK – are placed at
in negligence. Negligence usually involves lack intersections and other places where there is
of skill. considerable pedestrians traffic to provide
NICOLAS-JOSEPH CUGNOT - was a pedestrians with safety zones when crossing.
French inventor. He is known to have built the 6. BROKEN WHITE LINES – is used to
first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, define or separate traffic lanes. It permits
the world's first automobile. crossing from one lane to another if there is
NIKOLAUS AUGUST OTTO - the German ample passing distance, and if the opposing lane
inventor of the first internal-combustion engine is clear of traffic.
to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston 7. SOLID WHITE LINE – is used to separate
chamber. opposing streams of traffic. Crossing is unlawful
PARIS - in 1964, first time that police women except where ample distance exists and where
were used for traffic control duties. the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
PAVEMENT MARKINGS – are markings on 8. SOLID YELLOW LINE – is your driving
the roads and surfaces whereby a message is lane prohibits you from passing other vehicles.
conveyed by means of words or symbols, 9. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE – indicates two
officially reflected for the purpose of regulating, way traffic; were crossing of pedestrian and
warning and guiding traffic. motorist is not allowed. It separates the
MAY INDICATE A NUMBER OF THINGS opposing flow of traffic.
LIKE 10.BROKEN YELLOW LINES – is a two
1. Where lanes are divided way/highway which means no overtaking or
2. Where you may pass other vehicles passing is permitted only when the road ahead is
3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to clear.
use for turns 11.STOP LINE – it indicates where stop should
4. Where pedestrian walkways are located be made.
5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and
traffic signals PD 96 - A law declaring unlawful the use or
attachment of sirens, bells, horns, Whistles or
TYPES OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS similar gadgets that emit exceptionally loud or
1. CURVE MARKINGS – are used to show startling sounds, including dome lights and other
where parking is legally prohibited or not signalling or flashing devices on motor vehicles.
allowed, such Bus Stop, or in front of `a fire (January 13, 1973)
hydrant, drive way. Excemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for
2. OBJECT MARKINGS – are painted on official use by the
fixed poles, and on vertical ends of bridges and       1. AFP
ports to avoid accidents.       2. NBI
3. REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS – are       3. LTO
used to mark hazardous area and also used as       4. PNP
delineators or road limits, these delineators are       5. BFP
aids especially during night driving, particularly       6. Hospital Ambulances
when the alignment of a road changes and might
confused the operator of the vehicle. PENALTY
4. STRIPED CURB MARKINGS – are 1. CONFISCATION - 1st offense
2. IMPRISONMENT - 6 months and/or Fine. - PROHIBITED
2nd and succeeding offenses. 1. Within an intersection
3. Cancellation or Revocation or Certificate of 2. On a crosswalk
Registration 3. Within six meters of the intersection of curb
lines.
PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of of 4. Within four meters of the driveways entrance
unclaimed recovered and impounded carnapped to any fire station.
motor vehicles. 5. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
This law provides that all carnapped or stolen 6. In front of a private driveway
motor vehicle, recovered and impound by law 7. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped
enforcement agencies which after a period of or parked at the curb or edge of the highway.
three (3) months from the date of its 8. At any place where official signs have been
seizure/recovery have remained unclaimed or erected prohibiting parking.
whose real owners could no longer be
determined or established because the original PNP HIGHWAY PATROL GROUP - is an
numbers of the motor engine or chassis numbers operational support unit of the PNP in charged
could no longer be determined and restored, are of anti-carnapping, highway robbery and hi-
considered as abandoned motor vehicles and jacking incidents. Formerly called Traffic
shall be sold and disposed of by the Chief PNP Management Group. Traffic Management in
or his authorized representative in a public Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA.
auction. PROFESSIONAL DRIVER – shall mean
In all cases before any public auction is effected, every and any driver hired or paid for driving or
there shall be published once a week for three operating a motor vehicle, whether for private
(3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general use or for public.
circulation in the Philippines or in the place CATEGORIES OF DRIVERS
where it was recovered or found, a description       1. Tourist
of the motor vehicles intended to be auctioned       2. International Driver
with a notice that after the lapse of one month       3. Government
from the date of the last publication, should no       4. Professional
person file a claim for the recovery of the same,       5. Non-professional
said motor vehicles will be sold at public       6. Student Permit
auction.
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING - is a place RA 4136 - the Land Transportation and Traffic
designated for pedestrians to cross a road. Code.
PIERRE-MARIE-JÉRÔME TRÉSAGUET - RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. An act
was a French engineer. He is widely credited preventing and penalizing carnapping. (repealed
with establishing the first scientific approach to by RA 10883)
road building about the year 1764. Proposed a CARNAPPING -  is the taking, with intent to
method of construction relying on a firm well- gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another
drained foundation of large rocks topped by without the latter's consent, or by means of
progressively smaller ones, forming a convex violence against or intimidation of persons, or
surface to make it more impervious to water. He by using force upon things.
is sometimes considered the first person to bring ROAD INTELLIGENCE – Unusual points of
post-Roman science to road building. serious congestion must be noted. Note and
report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals
PLACES WHERE PARKING IS which are installed when traffic is heavier. Note
and report congestion that ties up traffic for a a sliding tire.
block or more. 8. SCRUB OF TIRE DURING COLLISION
SKID MARKS - are marks caused by tires on – collision of cars usually cause the wheel to
roads which occur when a vehicle wheel stops jam and prevents it from turning. If the vehicles
rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the are moving there will be a heavy scrubbing
road. action between tire and road surface.
IMPORTANCE OF SKID MARK IN 9. FURROW – is a ploughed depression made
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION by a sliding tire with material piled-up on each
Skid marks can be analyzed to find the sides and usually at the end. If the soil is smooth
maximum and minimum vehicle speed prior to and sticky, there may be soft material smear in
an impact or incident. the bottom of the rut.

KINDS OF SKID MARKS TYPES OF ENDING SKID MARK

1. PAVEMENT GRINDING – is the 1. OVERLAPPING SKID MARK – occurs
collection of many fine scratches and some when the rear wheels track on top of the front
larger one form by particles of gritty wheel marks in sliding.
materials such as stone, gravel, glass and 2. FRONT WHEEL MARKS – are in long
sometimes bit of metal embedding itself in the skids on hard pavement with bituminous
rubber of the tire or in the thread pattern and binders. Front wheels skid marks in which most
being ground or scored against the road surface. of the mark is at edge of the tire.
2. TIRE GRINDING – is the collection of 3. REAR TIRE MARKS – are relatively faint
particles of rubber ground from the tire surface because of lesser weight on the tire in slowing.
by gritty paving, especially before the tire gets They may show thread grooves when the front
hot enough smear. It occur on hard, dry, tire marks do not.
granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new 4. FLAT TIRE SCUFFS – will leave marks by
but not traffic-polished cement. a scrubbing action even without application of
3. ERASING – is a clean light area where a brakes due to overload.
sliding tire had erased or removed dirt from the 5. GAPS IN SKID MARKS – are interruptions
pavement. Erasing is most likely to be found on in skid marks made by release of brake pressure
traffic-polished concrete road. and its reapplication.
4. SQUEEZE MARK – are areas where a 6. SKIP SKID – are skid marks that are broken
sliding tie rubs moisture of the surface in its or interrupted without brakes being release.
path. It occurs on some kind of surface as 7. CURB IN SKID MARKS – are usually
erasing except that the surface is wet. gentle slides toward the edge of the road which
5. SMEAR OF SOFT MATERIAL – is simply downhill.
materials such as snow, mud, or debris usually
wet smooth or spread by a sliding tire. It occurs SOURCES OF POWER IN
on road covered with snow, or mud. TRANSPORTATION
6. SMEAR OF BITUMINOUS MATERIAL 1. Man Power
– is excess asphalt or tar, usually warm which 2. Animal Power
spread by a sliding tire this occurs in pavement 3. Water and Air Power
patches and joints in very warm weather and 4. Petroleum Fuel
else where when there is an excess of tar or 5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
asphalt bleeding to the surface. 6. Hydrogen
7. TIRE SMEAR – is a rubber melted from the 7. Electric
tire rather than material melted from the road by
REGISTRATION CLASSIFICATION OF 1. the evil sought to avoided actually exists ;
VEHICLES 2. the injury feared be greater that that done to
1. Private avoid it;
2. For Hire 3. that there is no other practical and less
3. Government harmful means of preventing it.
4. Diplomatic
THOMAS TELFORD - a Scottish civil
SCUFF MARKS – are signs left on the road by engineer, architect and stonemason, and a noted
tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the road, bridge and canal builder.  he was dubbed
wheel is still turning. The Colossus of Roads, and, reflecting his
command of all types of civil engineering in the
TYPES OF SCUFF MARKS early 19th century. He was elected as the first
1. DECELERATING SCUFF – are left while President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
the vehicle is slowing by braking effort and tires
are both sliding and rolling. TIMELINE - HISTORY OF
2. ACCELERATING SCUFF – are left by a TRANSPORTATION
wheel driven by the engine and spinning on the 3500 BC - Fixed wheels on carts are invented -
ground. the first wheeled vehicles in history. Other early
3. SIDE SCUFF – are scuff marks left by a tire wheeled vehicles include the chariot.
that is free to rotate without braking or power - River boats are invented - ships with oars
the sliding sideways, these are usually left by a 2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and used for
vehicle steering around a curb and also in transportation.
collision. 181-234 - The wheelbarrow is invented.
4. COMBINATION SCUFF – are combination 770 - Iron horse shoes improve transportation by
of slide with either decelerating or accelerating horse.
scuffs. 1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously
5. FLAT TIRE SCUFF – are marks lefts on the theorize about flying machines - with over 100
road by the edges of under-inflated or greatly drawings that illustrated his theories on flight.
overloaded tires. They are usually smear of 1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first
rubber, a flat tire rolls it become a very hot submarine - a human oared submersible.
specially at the edges where the pressure is 1662 - Blaise Pascal invents the first public bus
greatest. - horse-drawn, regular route, schedule, and fare
6. SCRUB OF TIRE – during collision it is system.
much the same when the wheel is rotating as 1740 - Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his
when it is locked. clockwork powered carriage.
7. FURROWS – by a rotating and sliding wheel 1783 - First practical steam boat demonstrated
are little different than one with a locked wheel. by Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy
d'Abbans - a paddle wheel steamboat.
STATE OF NECESSITY – there is state of 1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invent the first
necessity even if the injury to a person results in hot air balloons.
his death, because self-preservation always 1787 - Steamboat invented.
makes the actor feel that his own safety is 1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle invented
greater than that of another. by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
1790 - Modern bicycles invented.
ELEMENTS OR REQUISITES UNDER 1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first
THE LAW steam powered locomotive (designed for roads).
1807 Isaac de Rivas makes a hydrogen gas 3. The road.
powered vehicle - first with internal combustion
power - however, it is an unsuccessful design. POLICE OFFICERS MAIN FUNCTIONS
1807 - First steamboat with regular passenger IN TRAFFIC
service – inventor Robert Fulton's Clermont. 1. Police traffic directions
1814 - George Stephenson invents the first 2. Police traffic law enforcement
practical steam powered railroad locomotive. 3. Police traffic accident investigation.
1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine
automobile. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT -  (traffic Collision)
1867 -First motorcycle invented. occurs when a vehicle collides with another
1868 - George Westinghouse invents the vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other
compressed air locomotive brake - enabled stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility
trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy. pole.
1871 - First cable car invented.
1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
practical automobile to be powered by an 1. The vehicle involved
internal combustion engine. 2. The highway
1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first 3. The road user.
successful dirigible - the Zeppelin.
1903 - The Wright Brothers invent and fly the CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
first engine airplane. 1. DIRECT CAUSES – the direct causes of an
1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful accident are observable by witness and
design. participants, or may be constructed from
1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly line physical evidence found at the scene. Since a
for automobile manufacturing. direct cause relates to the action of the human
1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by part of the traffic unit concerned it is a behavior
Alexander Graham Bell & Casey Baldwin - cause. Usually only four direct causes are
boats that skimmed water. considered in accident investigation;
1926 - First liquid propelled rocket launched. A. INITIAL BEHAVIOR - Any movement,
1940 - Modern helicopters invented. position, or failure to signal intent to make a
1947 - First supersonic jet flight. traffic maneuver that creates a dangerous
1956 - Hovercraft invented. situation and is either hazardous,
1964 - Bullet train transportation invented. illegal, improper, or unusual may be initial
1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the behavior of a nature justly term a direct cause of
Moon. an accident.
1970 - First jumbo jet. B. SPEED – Too fast for conditions is the direct
1981 - Space shuttle launched. cause of many accidents.
C. DELAYED PERCEPTION – is inattention
TRAFFIC – is a movement of vehicles along a to the major task of operating a motor vehicle,
route where passengers and cargoes are carried and occurs when the driver is distracted by
by transportation. conversation with other occupants of the car,
lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at a
ELEMENTS OF STREET AND HIGHWAY roadway or the scenery, or glancing at
TRAFFIC occupants of nearby vehicles.
1. The road user D. FAULTY EVASIVE ACTION – Faulty
2. The vehicle and its load evasive action always occurs after perception
and is the reaction of a driver or pedestrian to a KEY EVENTS IN A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
hazardous situation on the highway. KEY EVENT – means the one which
2. MEDIATE AND EARLY CAUSES – characterizes the manner of the occurrence of
These mediate and early causes of an accident the traffic accident. It determines the time,
are also termed condition causes in formalized place, and type of accident.
accident investigation procedure. A mediate 1. POINT OF POSSIBLE PERCEPTION – is
cause of an accident occurs between the early the place and time at which the unusual or
and the direct causes in the time span leading to unexpected movement or condition could have
the accident, but it has a closer relationship to been perceive by a normal person.
the direct cause than to the early causes. A 2. DELAY IN PERCEPTION OR
mediate cause should not be listed unless it PERCEPTION TIME – it is the time between
explains the direct cause of an accident. A the point of possible perception and actual
mediate cause of an accident is an irregular or perception.
unusual condition of a vehicle, the road, the 3. PROMPT PERCEPTION – is the
weather, or of a road user (driver or pedestrian) perception of hazard which is actually nearly the
that explains on of the four direct causes of an possible accident.
accident: initial behavior, speed, delayed 4. MAXIMUM DELAYED PERCEPTION –
perception and faulty evasive action. occurred when the traffic unit does not sense a
3. EARLY CAUSES - An early cause of an hazard until he hits another vehicle.
accident results from the act of any individual, 5. POINT OF NO ESCAPE – is the place and
or the failure to act by any person, which creates time after or beyond which the accident cannot
conditions leading to the chain of events making be prevented by the traffic unit under
up an accident. consideration.
6. POINT OF IMPACT – is used to mean as
EARLY CAUSE OF AN ACCIDENT - is an the point of initial contact, sometimes it is
act or negligence on the part of an individual or considered the point of maximum engagement
an organization which causes or permits a or center of force.
mediate cause to exist. 7. FINAL POSITION – is the place and time
when the object involved in the accident finally
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS come to rest without application of power.
1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in
the accident; TRAFFIC ACTUATED SIGNAL – is
2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the controlled by an individual using his hands in
accident; signaling the flow of traffic wherein traffic shall
3. Load of the vehicle; proceed in accordance with the desire of the
4. Weather condition; individual controlling the flow of traffic.
5. Characteristics of the road, which involves TRAFFIC CODE - (also motor vehicle code)
the design condition, and inhabitants of the refers to the collection of local statutes,
place of accident regulations, ordinances and rules that have been
6. Presence or absence of traffic sign and its officially adopted by countries to govern the
condition. All these factors must considered in orderly operation and interaction of motor
order to fully uncover the reasons of the vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and others upon
accident, and thereby provide a factual bases in the public (and sometimes private) ways.
coming-up with a traffic prevention program TRAFFIC EDUCATION – comprises all
and traffic plans and programs. means for public information and the safety
education of both drivers and pedestrians as to
traffic laws and the use of traffic facilities and 3. Refuge Island
an adequate training programs in traffic control 4. Rotary Island
throughout the police unit.
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - is a branch of TRAFFIC LAWS - are the laws which govern
civil engineering that uses engineering traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the
techniques to achieve the safe and efficient road are both the laws and the informal rules
movement of people and goods on roadways. that may have developed over time to facilitate
the orderly and timely flow of traffic.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT –
ENGINEERING comprises all police activities in connection
1. Fact finding surveys and recommendation of with the direction of traffic, regulation and
traffic rules and regulations. education of drivers, determine potential
2. Supervision and maintenance to the offenders, constant patrol, giving of assistance
application of traffic control devices. in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of
3. Planning of traffic regulations. accidents, follow-up complaints, requesting
police action, warning, summoning or arrest of
OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC violators, reporting of road hazards and
ENGINEERING obstruction.
1. To achieve efficient, safe, free and rapid flow
of traffic. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTION
2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties. 1. Detection
3. To present the role of traffic engineering in 2. Apprehension
reducing the needs for police action and 3. Prosecution
simplifying police performance. 4. Adjudication
4. To show that good police action and 5. Penalization
performance makes engineering plans effective. ENFORCEMENT ACTION IS USUAL
LIMITED TO:
TRAFFIC INVESTIGATION - OBJECTIVE 1. Verbal or written warning;
1. Securing facts upon which to base an accident 2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to
prevention program; appear in court;
2. Determining whether or not laws have been 3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations
violated, gathering evidence which will reveal not attended
the road user responsible for the accident, and 4. Suspension or revocation of license;
taking on-the-scene police action; and 5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and;
3. Ascertaining the facts so that those involved 6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to
in accidents can properly exercise claims under traffic.
our Civil Law.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS - a set of automatically
TRAFFIC ISLAND - a small raised area in the operated coloured lights, typically red, amber,
middle of a road which provides a safe place for and green, for controlling traffic at road
pedestrians to stand and marks a division junctions, pedestrian crossings, and
between two opposing streams of traffic. roundabouts.
TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS – is a power
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ISLANDS operated traffic control device by which traffic
1. Divisional and or Pedestrian Barrier is warned or directed to take some specific
2. Channelizing Island actions.
LIGHT: FLASHING RED 1. LINE PATROL – Conducts observation
1. This is the same as STOP SIGN. either in moving or stationary observation at a
2. STOP at the designated line. certain route or point of a major street in a city.
3. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other 2. AREA PATROL – Conduct observation
side” either by moving patrol or stationary
4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian observation in a certain area, which included a
lane. number of streets roads or sections of a
5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR. highway.
LIGHT: FLASHING YELLOW 3. STATIONARY OBSERVATION –
1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN. Observation of traffic conditions of a selected
2. Proceed through the intersection with caution. place, usually one with unfavorable accident
3. You have the right of way over a flashing experiences for traffic law supervision.
RED light. Stationary observation may be conspicuous,
4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a visible or concealed, depending upon the
FULL STOP. location of the patrol unit in relation to the street
LIGHT: STEADY GREEN AND STEADY under observation.
LEFT/RIGHT ARROW 4. CONSPICUOUS OBSERVATION –
1. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the Stationary observation in which the observer
left lane can make a left turn. remains in full review of traffic conditions.
2. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the 5. VISIBLE OBSERVATION – Stationary
right lane can make a right turn. observation in which observer is full view but so
3. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might located, for example, at Side Street, so as to
NOT have a road sign disallowing a right turn require effort on the part of traffic users to
while the RED lights is On discover the observer.
6. CONCEALED OBSERVATION –
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT – it comprises all Stationary observation in which the observer is
public surfaces , facilities and agencies having not visible to persons using ordinary power of
responsibility for licensing, approving, observation form the roadway being observed.
maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic
and the use of traffic facilities. TRAFFIC SIGNS – a device mounted on a
TRAFFIC PATROL – Traffic patrol refers to fixed or portable means of words or symbols,
the observation of road conditions, the behavior officially created and installed for the purpose of
of the drivers and other users of vehicles for the regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
purpose of traffic supervision and law
enforcement and providing authorized traffic- TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
connected services to the public. 1. REGULATORY SIGNS - are intended to
PURPOSE OF TRAFFIC PATROL inform road-users of special obligations,
1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving. instructions or prohibitions which must comply.
2. Detecting and apprehending violators. A round shape is used for regulatory signs with
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions. exception of stop and yield signs.
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, 2. WARNING SIGNS - are intended to warn
including view obstruction which needs road-users of danger on the road and to inform
attention. them of its nature. These signs have an
5. Providing certain services to the public. equilateral triangular shape with one side
horizontal.
TYPES/KINDS OF TRAFFIC PATROL 3. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS - are
intended to guide road-users while they are dangerous weapons.
traveling or to provide them with other ANIMUS LUCRANDI - means intent to gain,
useful information. in Robbery.
BIENES MUEBLES - in Robbery, means
TYPES OF GUIDE SIGNS personal property belonging to another.
1. ROUTE MARKINGS – is usually found on ARREST - The legal taking of a person into a
highways composed of several lanes which are custody in order that
going into different direction. he may be bound to answer for the commission
2. DESTINATION AND DISTANCE SIGNS of an offense.    
– is usually erected on highway informing the ARREST WARRANT - An order in writing
motorist as to the number of kilometers and at issued in the name of the Philippines
which way to take going to its place of commanding or directing a peace officer to
destination. arrest the person described therein and brings it
3. INFORMATION SIGNS – is usually before the court.
erected on highway which informs the motorist
of the establishments in the era, such hospitals, THE WARRANT OF ARREST IS TO BE
restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other SERVED WITHIN A STATUTORY
establishments which provide services to PERIOD OF 10 DAYS.
motorist.
THE WARRANT  OF ARREST VALIDITY
TRANSFER EVIDENCE – it is an evidence CONTINUES UNLESS:
found at the accident scene that will connect to 1. Recalled by the issuing court
the suspected vehicle and with the crime scene. 2. The respondent has been arrested
3. Respondent voluntary submitted himself

ARSON - An act of willfully and maliciously

damaging or destroying a building or other
property by fire or explosion.
C. SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION AUTOPSY - known as a post-mortem
DEFINITION OF TERMS examination, necropsy, autopsia cadaverum, or
ADMISSION - Any statement of fact made by obduction, is a highly specialized surgical
a party which is against his interest or procedure that consists of a thorough
unfavorable to the conclusion for which he examination of a corpse to determine the cause
contends or inconsistent with the facts alleged and manner of death and to evaluate any disease
by him. or injury that may be present.
AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification ACCUSED - A person who’s case was
System (AFIS) is a biometric identification (ID) forwarded to the office of the prosecutor and
methodology that uses digital imaging filed in court.
technology to obtain, store, and analyze BASELINE - a method of locating object,
fingerprint data. particularly useful in in large, irregularly shaped
AMATEUR INTERMITTENT OFFENDER outdoor areas.
- These types of robbers view themselves as CONFESSION - An express acknowledgment
lifetime robbers and commits infrequent robbery by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the
offenses, often recklessly. truth of his guilt as to the offense charged, while
ARMED ROBBERY - This involves the use of admission refers to statements of fact not
weapons such as firearm, a knife or other directly constituting an acknowledgment of
guilt. method for determining the volume of an object
CORPUS DELICTI - Latin for the “body of with an irregular shape.
the crime”. BOOK OF XI YUAN LU - The first written
CRIME - A generic term referring to many account of using medicine and entomology to
types of misconduct forbidden by law. solve criminal cases.
CRIME SCENE - A venue or place where the CARL WILHELM SCHEELE - he devised in
alleged crime/incident/event has been 1773 a method for detecting arsenous oxide,
committed. simple arsenic, in corpses.
CRIMINAL - A person who is convicted by HENRY GODDARD - at Scotland Yard
final judgment. pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835.
CRIMINALIST - The officer responsible for ALPHONSE BERTILLON - was the first to
recording a crime scene and recognizing and apply the anthropological technique of
preserving physical evidence. anthropometry to law enforcement, thereby
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - The creating an identification system based on
collection of facts in order to accomplish the physical measurements.
three-fold aims – to identify the guilty party, to SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL - was one of the
locate the guilty party and to provide evidence first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the
of his (suspect) guilt. identification of criminal suspects.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - A well- ENGLISH CONSTABLE - early recorded
trained, disciplined and experienced professional criminal investigator.
professional in the field of criminal EVIDENCE -  The means by which facts are
investigation. proved.
CRIMINAL LAW - One that defines crimes FORCIBLE RAPE - Sexual intercourse carried
treats of their nature and provides for their out against a person’s will by the use of physical
punishment. violence.
CRIME SCENE - The geographical area where
the crime was committed. FOUR BASIC TECHNIQUES THAT CAN
CRIME SCENE SKETCH -  A simple BE USED TO MEASURE A CRIME SCENE
diagram that creates a mental pictures of the 1. Rectangular/Coordinate System
scene to those who are not present. 2. Baseline/Station Line
ROUGH SKETCH -  The first pencil-drawn 3. Triangulation/Trilateration
outline of the scene and the location of objects 4. Azimuth/Polar Coordinates
and evidence within this outline.
DNA PROFILING - (also called DNA testing, AZIMUTH - uses polar coordinates. This
DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a method requires two people; one to hold each
technique employed by forensic scientists to end of a tape measure. This type of measuring
assist in the identification of individuals by their convention is best suited for large open areas
respective DNA profiles. where there might not be any fixed reference
DNA FINGERPRINTING - is a test to identify points. A known starting point must be
and evaluate the genetic information, called established in your scene which might require
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's pounding in a stake. That point is located by
cells. using a handheld GPS (global positioning
system). A large protractor or some other type
EARLY TECHNIQUES OF CRIME of board marked with a circle and degree
INVESTIGATION increments is used. The zero location on the
ARCHIMEDES (287–212 BC) invented a board is oriented toward magnetic north.
TRIANGULATION - is a method that can be POWER-REASSURANCE RAPIST - The
used when the scene is irregularly shaped. Two rapist who psychologically doubt his
control points are used for this method. masculinity and seeks to dispel this doubt by
HIGHGRADING – selling exercising power and control over women.
INFORMATION - The general term referring PROFESSIONAL ROBBER - This
to the knowledge acquired by criminal characterized as having a long-term
investigator from various sources. Data gathered commitment to crime as a source of livelihood,
by an investigator from other persons including planning and organizing crimes before
the victim himself and other sources. committing them and pursuing money to
INSTRUMENTATION - The application of support a particular lifestyle.
instrument and method of physical science in RA 7438 - An act defining certain rights of
the detection and investigation of crime. person under custodial investigation.
INTERVIEW - The simple friendly RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997.
questioning of people who have the information RA 9514 - The Fire Code of the Philippines.
officially needed by investigators. RECTANGULAR - a method of obtaining
INTERROGATION - The vigorous or measurement to locate an object by making a
aggressive questioning of person suspected of measurement at right angles from each of two
having committed an offense or a person who is walls. Works well for indoor measurements.
reluctant or willing to make a full disclosure of SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - The
information in his possessions, which is investigation of cases that are unique and often
pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case. require special training to fully understand their
INVESTIGATION - The collection of basic broad significance.
facts establishing that a crime has been SPECTROMETRY - modern detection method
committed and that some other person is of alcohol and drugs.
responsible thereof. SUSPECT - A person arrested for a crime.
KASTLE–MEYER TEST - is a presumptive TERRORISM - The unlawful use of threat of
blood test, first described in 1903, in which the violence against person or property to further
chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to political or social objectives.
detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. THREE FOLD AIM OF CRIMINAL
MIRANDA DOCTRINE - The principle on the INVESTIGATION
rights of a suspect against forced self- 1. Identify the Perpetrator
incrimination during police interrogation. 2. Locate the Perpetrator
MODUS OPERANDI - Methods of Operation, 3. Provide Evidence
Modes of Operation, Manner of committing the
crime. TRIANGULATION - method of locating
MURDER-SUICIDE - An act in which an object where measurements are taken from two
individual kills one or more other persons fixed points at the scene to the object you desire
immediately before or at the same time as him to locate.
or herself.
PHENOMENA - A circumstance, event or
occurrence as it actually exists or existed.
PHOTOGRAPHY -  The most reliable means
of preserving the crime scene or evidence.
POLITICAL TERRORISTS - The use of D. ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION
force or the fear of force to achieve a political DEFINITION OF TERMS:
end.
AL-QAEDA - is a global militant Islamist held from November 3 to 8, 1980 at Manila.
organization founded by Osama bin Laden, After the second conference, the Philippine
Abdullah Azzam and several other militants in council of Non-Governmental Organization was
Peshawar, Pakistan. If translated, al-qaeda organized.
means the base. 1988 - the United Nations Convention Against
ALEX BONCAYAO BRIGADE - is a Manila- Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs and
based death squad that assassinated dozens of Psychotropic Substances was held further
people on the orders of the Communist Party of bolstering anti-drug laws.
the Philippines. It was formed in 1984. It ADDICTION - A person has an addiction when
formally split with the NPA in 1991. he becomes dependent on or craves a drug and
- Chairman and founder of the MILF Moro believes he needs the drug to live. All an
Islamoc Liberation Front. He passed away in addicted drug user can think about is getting the
2003. MILF was formed in 1977. next dose after getting high.
HUKBALAHAP - It was an anti-Japanese
guerrilla movement formed by the peasant CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY
farmers of Central Luzon. In 1946, the USED DRUGS
organization rebelled against the government. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS - These are often
JIHAD - a war or struggle against unbelievers. described as a psychotropic (mind affecting) or
MUJAHID - a person engaged in jihad. mind altering drugs. It is a chemical substances
NUR MISUARI - is a Moro revolutionary, that changes ones thinking, feelings, perceptions
politician, founder and former leader of the and behaviors.
Moro National Liberation Front. A. DEPRESSANTS - they are drugs that
PARTIDO KOMUNISTA NG PILIPINAS - affects the central nervous system causing it to
the original communist party of the Philippines. relax.
It was established on November 7, 1930. COMMON TYPES OF DEPRESSANTS
1. NARCOTICS - refers to any drugs which
produces insensibility, stupor, melancholy or
dullness of mind with delusion and which may
be habit forming.
2. BARBITURATES - drugs that affect the
E. DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE central nervous system causing sedation.
CONTROL 3. TRANQUILIZERS - are drugs which
1875 - in San Francisco California, enacted an relieves uncomfortable emotional feelings by
ordinance which banned the smoking of opium reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.
in opium dens. 4. ALCOHOL - fermented or distilled liquids
1919 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in or drug containing ethanol and intoxicating
Finland. substances.
1920 - the prohibition of alcohol commenced in 5. SOLVENTS AND INHALANTS - volatile
the United States. liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled
1974 - the Inter Agency Committee on Drug producing short term excitement and euphoric
Prevention Education was created and played followed by a period of disorientation. Its effect
vital role in the integration of drug abuse includes nausea, sneezing, coughing, nose
prevention concepts in social actions programs. bleeds, fatigue,lack of coordination and loss of
1979 - the first International non-governmental appetite.
organization conference was held in Jakarta,
Indonesia, followed by the second which was B. STIMULANTS - chemical substances that
generally speed up central nervous system for cocaine. The Cali Cartel became the number
function, resulting in alertness and excitability. one cocaine trafficker after the death of Pablo
COMMON TYPES OF STIMULANTS Escobar.
1. COCAINE - a natural stimulants derived PABLO ESCOBAR - the founder of the
from the plant erythroxylon coca. Medellin Cartel who was killed by the police in
2. late 1993.
METHAMPHETAMINE/AMPHETAMINE CHEMICALS – is any substance taken into the
- man made stimulants drugs. body, which alters the way, the mind and the
3. CAFFEINE - a stimulant found in coffee. bodywork.
4. NICOTINE - an addictive substance usually CHEMICAL ABUSE – is an instance when the
obtained from cigarette smoking. use of a chemical has produced a negative or
harmful consequence.
C. HALLUCINOGEN/PSYCHEDELICS - CODEINE - Methylmorphine is an opiate used
sometimes known as “all rounder's” and “mind for its analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal
expanders” these drugs affects the person properties. It is marketed as the salt codeine
perceptions, awareness, emotions and can also sulfate and codeinephosphate. It is also often
cause hallucinations as well as illusions. used as recreational drugs. This is primarily
because of its easy availability over the counter
COMMON TYPES OF HALLUCINOGENS or on prescription in combination of products.
1. Marijuana DANGEROUS DRUGS - are those that have
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide high tendency for abuse and dependency, these
3. Ecstacy substances may be organic or synthetic, and
4. PCP, Psilocybin mushroom and peyote pose harm to those who use them.
DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972 -
COCAINE - is a stimulant of the central marked the government assurance to strict
nervous system and an appetite suppressant, policy against drug abuse. The act was
giving rise to what has been described as a subsequently amended through Presidential
euphoric sense of happiness and increased Degree No. 44. Dangerous Drug Board was
energy. It is a quick acting drug whose effects created to implement the provisions of the
are rapid from the time of intake. It is legally Dangerous Drug Act as the national policy
used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, making body and deal with other related matters
specifically in the eye, nose and throat surgery. on drug abuse prevention and control.
It is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is derived DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD - is the
from the leaves of the coca plant known as policy making and strategy-formulating body,
“Erythroxylon” under the office of the President, in the planning
ALEXANDER BENNET - he discovered the and formulation of policies and programs on
first medical use of cocaine in 1873 as drug prevention and control.
anesthetic.
1879 - cocaine was used to treat morphine The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos,
addiction. organized the Dangerous Drugs Board on
1884 - cocaine was introduced into clinical use November 14, 1972 under the Office of the
as anesthetic in Germany. President.
1970 - cocaine gained popularity as a
recreational drug. NATIONAL AGENCIES FORMING PART
MEDELLIN AND CALI CARTEL - were OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD
founded in Colombia to meet the new demand 1. DOH - Department of Health
2. DSWD - Department of Social Welfare and assessment of the over-all drug demand and
Development supply reduction efforts undertaken by the
3. DECS - Department of Education, Culture government.
and Sports DDB-DIAL - (DDB DRUG INFORMATION
4. DOJ - Department of Justice ACTION LINE) is an action center created to
5. DND - Department of National Defense receive reports and complaints related to drug
6. DOF - Department of Finance abuse as well as to provide relevant information
7. DILG - Department of the Interior and Local and assistance to the public.
Government KID LISTO - is a mascot created to stand as an
8. DOLE - Department of Labor and icon or representation of the drug abuse
Employment prevention program. KID means KALABAN
9. DFA - Department of Foreign Affairs NG ILEGAL NA DROGA. It was brought to
10.CHED - Commission on Higher Education different schools and communities all over the
11.NYC  - National Youth Commission country to promote the anti-drug advocacy.
12.PDEA - Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency 5 PILLAR GLOBAL DRUG CONTROL
APPROACH
PERMANENT CONSULTANTS OF THE 1. Drug Supply Reduction
DDB 2. Drug Demand Reduction
1. Director of the NBI 3. Alternative Development
2. Chief of the PNP 4. Civic Awareness and Response
5. Regional and International Cooperation
TWO REGULAR MEMBERS OF THE DDB
1. PRESIDENT OF THE IBP - Integrated Bar DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD
of the Philippines CERTIFICATION - is issued to attest that
2. Chairman or President of a non-government substance/s manufactured or imported by
organization involved in dangerous drug companies are not included in the list of
campaign to be appointed by the President of dangerous drugs and controlled precursors and
the Philippines. essential chemicals.
CERTIFICATE OF EXEMPTION - is issued
OPLAN IWAS DROGA - is the national to exempt products or preparations containing
flagship program on drug abuse prevention dangerous drugs and/or controlled substances
launched by the DDB in 1995. that are below and above the 30% threshold
BARKADA KONTRA DROGA - is a peer- from certain regulatory control measures.
based program designed as a preventive DEPENDENCY - is the state of physical and
education and information strategy to counter psychological dependence, or both, on a
the dangers and disastrous effects of drug abuse. dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a
It aims to empower individuals to be catalysts person following the use of that substance on a
within their peer groups in advocating healthy, periodic or continuous basis.
drug-free lifestyles through involvement in DEPRESSANT - A depressant is a drug that
various wholesome activities. slows a person down. Doctors prescribed
depressants to help people be less angry,
IDADIN - INTEGRATED DRUG ABUSE anxious, or tense. Depressants relax muscles and
DATA AND INFORMATION NETWORK. make people feel sleepy or like their head are
is an online drug data pooling and collection stuffed.
system that allows better management and DRUGS - are chemicals that affect a person in
such a way as to bring about physiological, narcotics substances, marijuana or dangerous
emotional, or behavioral change. drugs as defined not more than a few times for
DRUG ABUSE - is a patterned use of a reasons of curiosity, peer pressure or other
substance (drug) in which the user consumes the similar reasons.
substance in amounts or with methods which are DRUG SYNDICATE - it is a network of evil.
harmful to themselves or others. Drug abuse It is operated and manned by willful criminals
exists when a person continually uses a drug who knowingly traffic human lives for the
other than its intended purpose. This continued money. Large sum of money, they can make in
use can lead to drug addiction and dependency. their illegal and nefarious trade. The set results
of their commerce are physical and mental
GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF cripples, ruined lives, even agonizing death.
DRUG ABUSE ECSTACY - In 1912 MDMA or
1. Unexpected changes of behavior Methylenedioxymethamphetamine was
2. Significant deterioration of grooming developed in Germany as an appetite depressant
3. Continually wear long sleeve clothing to hide by the pharmaceutical company Merck. During
injection marks the late 1970 psychiatrists and psychologist used
4. Wearing of sunglasses in appropriate time. the drugs as treatment for emotional and
5. Weight loss not attributed to proper physical psychological disorders. Among the youth users
exercises. referred it as the “sex drugs”. In its purest form
6. Association with persons who are known it is crystalline substance white powder with
drug abusers mastic odor.
7. Unusual spending of money ENABLING - is any action taken by a
concerned person that removes or softens the
DRUG ADDICTION – a state of periodic or negative effect or harmful consequences of drug
chronic (continuous) intoxication (drunk) use upon the user. Enabling only makes thing
detrimental to individual and to the society worse. It is like fighting fire with gasoline.
produced by the repeated consumption of drugs. FACILITY BASED/TREATMENT BASED
- Drug addiction refers to the behavioral DATA - are data gathered from the residential
condition where an individual’s need to obtain and out-patient treatment and rehabilitation
and use (especially, self-administer) drugs centers in the Philippines.
becomes a strong fixation. HALLUCINOGEN - A hallucinogen is a drug,
- Drug addiction is a complex, and often such as LSD, that changes a person's mood and
chronic, brain disease. It is characterized by makes him see, hear, or think things that aren't
excessive drug craving, seeking, and use. really there. Hallucinogens change the way a
Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by person feels time, making it seem to slow down.
constant drug use. As the name implies, hallucinogens may cause
DRUG DEPENDENCE - A state of psychic or hallucinations - this is when people think they
physical dependence, or both on dangerous see or hear imaginary people or things.
drugs, arising in a person following HARRISON ACT - passed in 1914, which
administration or use of a drug on a periodic or required sellers of opiates and cocaine to
continuous basis. procure license. Originally intended to require
- Drug dependence describes the state when an paper trails of drug transactions between
individual is dependent upon the drug for doctors, drug stores and patients, it soon became
normal physiological functioning. a prohibitive law.
DRUG EXPERIMENTER - One who HashISH - It is the dark brown resin that is
illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any collected from the tops ofpotent Cannabis
Sativa. It is at least five times stronger than 4. BHANG - a beverage prepared by grinding
crude marijuana. Since it is stronger, the effect cannabis leaves in milk and boiling with spices
on the user is more intense, and the possibility and other ingredients.
of side effects is greater. Placing the crude plant 5. HASH OIL - an oily mixture resulting
material in a solvent makes it. The plant fromchemical extraction or distillation of
materials then filtered out and the solvent is theTHC- rich part of the plant.
removed, yielding a gummy, resinous substance. 6. BUDDER - hash oil whipped to incorporate
HEROIN - is also known as Diacetylmorphine, air, making it more like butter.
is a semi synthetic opioid. It mimics endorphins
and creates a sense of well being upon entering METHODS/APPARATUS IN SMOKING
the bloodstream usually through intravenous MARIJUANA
injection. It is widely used as a illegal drug for 1. The Joint
its intense euphoria, which often disappears with 2. The Blunt
increase tolerance. 3. The Hookah
HIGH - A high is the feeling that drug users 4. The Bong - is a tube with a small bowl at the
want to get when they take drugs. There are end of a thinner tube inserted throughthe side
many types of high, including a spacey feeling, near the base.
euphoria, or a feeling that a person  has “special 5. The Waterfall
powers”, such as the ability to fly or see into the 6. The Pipe
future. 7. The Shotgun
LEBANON - also became the transit country 8. The Chillum
for cocaine from South America to illicit drugs 9. The One Hitter or Bat - is a contrivance that
markets. allows the small amount of cannabis to be
MARIJUANA - obtained from an Indian hemp burned and inhaled in a single breath.
plant known as “Cannabis Sativa” a strong,
handy, annual shrub which grows wild in MIDDLE EAST - the Bec ka Valley of
temperature and tropic regions. A mind-altering Lebanon is considered to be the biggest
substance produced from cannabis sativa, it is producer of cannabis in the Middle East.
used because its primary active chemical MORPHINE - is a strong opiate analgesic drug
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induces relaxation and is the principal active agent in opium. It acts
and heightens the senses. directly on the central nervous system relieving
pain. It is claimed to be six (6) times more
CANNABIS IS PREPARED FOR HUMAN potent than opium. It is administered into the
CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT FORMS: body by means of injection. It is used legally as
1. MARIJUANA OR GANJA - the leaves and an analgesic in hospital setting to relieve pain
flowering tops of female plants. after surgery and pain associated with trauma.
2. HASHISH OR CHARAS - a concentrated
resin composed of glandular trichomes and MOST COMMONLY USED/ABUSED
vegetative debris that has been physically SUBSTANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
extracted usually by rubbing, sifting or with ice. 1. Methamphetamine hydrochloride (Shabu)
3. KIF OR KIEF - the chopped flowering tops 2. Cannabis Sativa or Marijuana
of female cannabis plants, often mixed with 3. Inhalants (Contact Cement)
tobacco,Moroccan hashish produced in the Rif
mountains.Sifted cannabis trichomes consisting MOTBOK - an alcohol rationing system with
of only the glandular heads often incorrectly personal ration record book employed by
referred to as “Crystals or Pollen”. Sweden from 1914 to 1955.
NARCOTICS - is any drug that produces sleep PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE - An
or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant attachment to drug use which arises from a drug
effect on the central nervous system. A term ability to satisfy some emotional or personality
narcotic comes from the Greek word for sleep need of an individual. (Physical dependence not
“Narkotikos". required but it does not seem to reinforce
OPIUM - Obtained from a female poppy plant psychological dependence.
known as “Papayer Somniferum”. It comes from RA 9165 - commonly known as The
the Greek word which means “juice”. It is the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
original components of Morphine and Heroin. It It took effect on July 4, 2002.
was known to be cultivated in lower DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD (DDB) -
Mesopotamia long ago as 3400 BC. In De continues as policy making body and it formed
Medicina (30 AD), Aulus Cornelius Celsus the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
specified various uses for “Poppy Tears” as an (PDEA) as the led agency in the enforcement of
emollient for painful joints and anal crevices, in the law under the office of the President.
anodynes pills promoting relief of pain through
sleep. The new law abolished the National Drug Law
OPIUM PREPARATION - The smoking of Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating
opium does not involve the burning of the Center, the PNP Narcotics Group, the NBI
material as might be imagined. The prepared Narcotics Unit and the Customs Narcotics
opium is indirectly heated to temperature at Interdiction Office.
which active alkaloids, mainly Morphine, are
vaporized. Establishing the proper intelligence network has
OPIUM CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND been inherent task given by the law to PDEAin
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS – Opium coordination with the following support
includes two groups of alkaloids: units:The PNP AIDSOTF, the NBI AIDTF, the
Phenanthrenes(including Morphine and Customs Task Force in Dangerous Drugs and
Codeine) and Benzylisoquinolines (including Controlled Chemicals along with other
Papaverine). government and non-government entities
OPIUM MEDICAL USES - Opium has been a dedicated to curb the drug problem.
major commodity of trade for centuries, due to
the fact that it has long been used as a pain killer NATIONAL STRATEGIES AGAINST
and sedative. DANGEROUS DRUGS
PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION 1. SUPPLY REDUCTION STRATEGY -
NO.1192 - declared the 2nd week of November which refers to the concept of keeping the  drugs
as Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Week, away from the potential drug users.
and celebrated every year. INTENDED PROGRAMS
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE - An adaptive a. Law Enforcement
state caused by repeated drug use that reveals b. Amendments of the Law
itself by development of intense physical 2. DEMAND REDUCTION STRATEGY -
symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal refers to the concept of keeping the potential
syndrome). users away from drugs.
POLYDRUG ABUSE - Many people who INTENDED PROGRAMS
abuse on drug tend to take all sorts of drugs. a. Preventive Education
Some play chemical “Russian roulettes” by b. Sports Development
taking everything including unidentified pills. c. Moral and Spiritual Values Recovery
This is called polydrug abuse. d. Treatment and Rehabilitation
3. INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE OF DRUG
COOPERATION/COORDINATION - refers TRAFFICKING
to an effective and efficient cooperation and 1. Laos
coordination of all local and international 2. Thailand
agencies of the government. 3. Burma
INTENDED PROGRAMS
a. Joint Training and Exercises TOLERANCE - it is the increasing dosage of
b. Intelligence Networking drugs to maintain the same effect.
c. Interdiction Operation TREATMENT – Is a medical service rendered
to a client for the effective management of hit
REHABILITATION - is a dynamic process total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals
directed towards the changes on the health of with the physiological without abusing drugs.
the person to prepare him from his fullest life WITHDRAWAL PERIOD - From the point of
potentials and capabilities, and making him law- habituation or drug dependence up to the time a
abiding and productive member of the drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived
community without abusing drugs. of the drug.
SHABU - Methamphetamine was discovered in
Japan in 1919. This crystalline powder is solute DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE
in water making it an ideal drug for injection. CONTROL
During world War II, the drugs was used as RA NO. 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous
stimulants for combat soldiers. After the war it Drugs Act of 2002.
was regarded as a cure all for treatment in mild RA NO 6425 - DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT
depression and a good weight control substance. OF 1972 - the law that was repelled by RA no.
In the mid 80’s it was introduced in the 9165.
Philippines and has gained popularity not only DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD (DDB) - the
in urban areas but rural communities as well. It policy-making and strategy-formulating body in
is also regarded as poor man’s cocaine. the planning and formulation of policies and
STIMULANT - A stimulant speeds up a programs on drug prevention and control.
person's body and brain. Stimulants, such as DUTIES/FUNCTION OF THE DDB -To
methamphetamines, have the opposite effect of develop and adopt a comprehensive, integrated,
depressants. Usually stimulants make a person unified and balanced national drug abuse
high energetic. When the effects of a stimulant prevention and control strategy.
wear off, a person will feel tired or sick.
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL - (THC) It is COMPOSITION OF THE DDB
the psychoactive agent of marijuana. The more 3 permanent members
THC present in marijuana, the more potent is 2 regular members
the drug. It is also known as the “sinister 12 ex officio members
element” in marijuana. This is what causes the
“high lift” or “trip” in marijuana users. THE 12 EX OFFICIO MEMBERS ARE THE
FOLLOWING:
THE GOLDEN CRESCENT DOJ secretary or his/her representative
1. Afghanistan DOH secretary or his/her representative
2. Pakistan DND secretary or his/her representative
3. Iran DOF secretary or his/her representative
4. India DOLE secretary or his/her representative
DILG secretary or his/her representative
DSWD secretary or his/her representative
DFA secretary or his/her representative DUTIES/FUNCTIONS OF PDEA
DECS secretary or his/her representative DIRECTOR GENERAL
CHED chairman or his/her representative 1. Responsible for the general administration and
National Youth Commission chairman or his/her management of the agency.
representative 2. Perform other duties that may be assigned to
PDEA director general him/her by the President.
The DDB is under the office of the President.
The Department Secretary's representative shall The PDEA Director General and the 2 Deputy
in no case be lower than Under Secretary. Director General must possess adequate
knowledge, training and experience in the field
THE TWO REGULAR MEMBERS OF THE of dangerous drugs and in any of the following
DDB ARE: field: law enforcement, law, medicine,
 The President of The Integrated Bar of the criminology, psychology and social work.
Philippines (IBP)
The Chairman or President of a non- THERE ARE 2 PDEA DEPUTY DIRECTOR
governmental organization involved in GENERAL
dangerous drug campaign to be appointed by the 1. One for Administration
President of the Philippines. 2. One for Operation

PERMANENT CONSULTANTS OF THE They shall have a rank of Assistant Secretary and
DDB both are appointed by the President of the
Director of the NBI Philippines upon recommendation of the board.
Chief of the PNP
MANDATORY SERVICES OF THE PDEA
PDEA - implementing arm of the DDB.   1. Intelligence and Investigation
  2. International Cooperation and Foreign
QUALIFICATION OF THE 3 PERMANENT Affairs
MEMBERS OF THE DDB   3. Preventive Education and Community
- at least 7 years training and experience in the Involvement
field of dangerous drugs and in any of the   4. Plans and Operation
following fields:   5. Compliance, Legal and Prosecution
law,medicine,criminology,psychology or social   6. Administrative and Human Resource
work.They are appointed by the President.   7. Financial Management
 The President shall designate a Chairman  of the   8. Logistic Management
DDB from among the 3 permanent members   9. Internal Affairs
who shall serve for 6 years.
The Chairman of the DDB shall have a rank of PDEA shall establish regional offices.
Under Secretary. PDEA ACADEMY -  Shall be established either
Term of office of the permanent members of the in Baguio City or Tagaytay City and in such
DDB - 6 years and until their successors shall other places as may be necessary.
have been duly appointed and qualified.
The PDEA shall be headed by a Director General PDEA Academy shall be headed by a
with the rank of undersecretary. Superintendent with the rank of Director. He
The PDEA Director General shall be appointed shall be appointed by the PDEA Director
by the President of the Philippines. General.
 Iran
3 PRONGED APPROACHED IN THE India
SOLUTION OF DRUG PROBLEMS
1. Law enforcement activities CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG
2. Preventive Drug Education and Information USER/ABUSER
program in school and in communities. SITUATIONAL USER - those who use drugs
3. Treatment and Rehabilitation programs for to keep them awake or for additional energy to
drug dependent. perform an important work. Such individual may
or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS SPREE USER - school age user who take drugs
ACCORDING TO EFFECT for "kicks", adventure, daring experience or a
DEPRESSANT - "downers" - a drug reducing means of fun.
functional or nervous activity. Lower the level of HARDCORE ADDICTS - those whose
arousal when taken. activities revolves almost entirely around drug
STIMULANTS - "Uppers" - increase mental  use and securing supplies. They show strong
and/or physical function. A substance that raises psychological dependence on the drug.
the levels of physiological or nervous activity in HIPPIES - Those who are addicted to drugs
the body. believing that drug is an integral part of life.
HALLUCINOGENS - "psychedelics" - a drug
that causes hallucinations. Psychoactive drugs COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS:
that cause subjective change in SEDATIVES - are depressant drugs which
perception,thought,emotion and consciousness. reduce anxiety and excitement such as
barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS STIMULANTS - are drugs which increase
ACCORDING TO PHARMACOLOGY alertness and activity such as amphetamine,
Depressants cocaine and caffeine.
Narcotics HALLUCINOGEN/PSYCHEDELICS - drugs
Tranquilizers which affect sensation,thinking,self awareness
Stimulants and emotion.
Hallucinogens NARCOTICS - drugs that relieve pain and often
Solvents/Inhalants induce sleep. This includes opium and its
derivatives like morphine,codeine and heroin.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS SOLVENTS - volatile substances which are
ACCORDING TO LEGAL CATEGORIES found to be the most commonly abused.
Prohibited Drugs
Regulated Drugs PRIMARY CAUSES OF DRUG
Volatile substances ADDICTION:
PRIDE - excessive feeling of self worth or self
GOLDEN TRIANGLE OF DRUG esteem or sense of self importance.
TRAFFICKING ANGER - against, himself,family,friends and
Laos society in general.
Thailand LUST - burning sexual desire can distort the
Burma human mind to drug abuse.
GLUTTONY - "food trip" in the lingo of
THE GOLDEN CRESCENT junkies.
Afghanistan GREED - wealth,fame,recognition as
Pakistan
exemplified by people under pressure in their Irritability
work of art such as musician,actors and athletes Lots of cans,aerosols in the trash
who indulge in rug abuse. 5 . HALLUCINOGENS - ex. LSD, PCP
ENVY - to get attention from someone as sign of Dilated pupils
protest. Bizarre and irrational behavior including
LAZINESS - "i cant syndrome" incapacity to paranoia, aggression, hallucination
achieve is a breeding ground of drug abuse and Mood swings
boredom coupled with poor self image. Detachment from people
Absorption with self or other objects
WARNING SIGNS OF COMMONLY Slurred speech
ABUSED DRUGS Confusion
1. MARIJUANA 6. HEROIN
Glassy red eye Contracted pupils
Loud talking No response of pupils to light
Inappropriate laughter followed by sleepiness Needle marks
Loss of interest, motivation Sleeping at unusual time
Weight gain or loss Sweating
2. DEPRESSANT Vomiting
Contracted pupils Coughing, shiffling
Drunk-like Twitching
Difficulty concentrating Loss of appetite
Clumsiness 7. ALCOHOL
Poor judgement Clumsiness
3. STIMULANTS - ex. cocaine, amphetamines Difficulty walking
Dilated pupils Slurred speech
Hyperactivity Sleepiness
Euphoria Poor judgement
Irritability Dilated pupils
Anxiety Possession of false id cards
Excessive talking followed by depression or 8. TOBACCO/NICOTINE
excessive sleeping Smell of tobacco
May go long period of time without eating or Stained fingers or teeth
sleeping
Weight loss ANALGESIC - any drugs such as salicylates,
Dry mouth and nose morphine or opiates used primarily for the relief
4. INHALANTS - ex. glues, aerosols, vapors of pain.
Watery eyes ACUTE TOLERANCE - The development of
Impaired vision, memory and thought tolerance within the course of a single exposure
Secretions from the nose or rashes around the to a drug.
nose and mouth ADDICTION - Implies a very severe form of
Head aches and nausea dependence, one involving an overwhelming
Appearance of intoxication compulsion for the use of a particular drug.
Drowsiness ADULTERANT - Material used to increase the
Poor muscle control mass of a controlled substance. Adulterants
Changes in appetite produce physiological effects and give the
Anxiety illusion that more controlled substance is
present than its actual content. Secobarbital. Intoxication can result in lethargy,
ALKALOID - One of a group of nitrogenous confusion, disorientation, and ataxia.
organic bases, especially one of vegetable CANNABIDIOL - A constituent of cannabis,
origin, having a powerful toxic effect on which, upon isomerization to a
animals and man, such as nicotine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, has some of the
strychnine, or morphine. physiologic activity of marijuana.
AMITRIPTYLINE - A tricyclic antidepressant CANNABINOL - (C21H26O2) A
drug, found to impair skilled performance and to physiologically inactive phenol formed by
be additive with ethanol in its adverse effects. spontaneous dehydrogenation of
AMOBARBITAL - A barbiturate derivative tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis.
used as a sedative or hypnotic; available in CANNABIS - A genus of tall annual herbs in
ampules for intravenous or intramuscular the family Cannabaccae having erect stems,
injection for the control of seizures. with 3 to 7 elongated leaflets and pistillate
AMPHETAMINE - A drug that is flowers in spikes along the stem. Commonly
representative of a class of structurally related known as marijuana or sometimes referred to on
compounds known as phenethylamines. Basis of the street as grass or pot.
a group of hallucinogenic,habit-forming drugs CHRONIC - Persistent, prolonged, repeated.
that affect the central nervous system.The sale CHRONIC EFFECT - A pathologic process
and use restricted to physicians; trade name caused by repeated exposures over a period of
Benzedrine. long duration.
ANALGESIC - Any drugs, such as salicylates, CHRONIC TOLERANCE - The gradual
morphine, or opiates used primarily for the decrease in degree of effect produced at the
relief of pain. same blood concentration in the course of
ANAPHYLAXIS - An allergic hypersensitivity repeated exposure to that drug.
reaction of the body to a foreign protein or drug. COCAINE - A colorless to white crystalline
ANTIDEPRESSANT - A drug, such as powder. Used as a local anesthetic (medicine or
imipramine and tranylcypromine, that relieves dentistry), usually as the hydrochloride. Also
depression by increasing central sympathetic known by street names, such as coke, snow, or
activity. freebase.
ANTISERA - Injecting human serum into CODEINE - A narcotic alkaloid that is used in
various animals, such as the horse, goat,sheep, medicine and cough syrups; highly toxic and
rabbit, duck, hen, or guinea pig, can produce habit-forming narcotic.
antihuman sera. CONCENTRATION - The amount of a
ANTISERUM - Any immune serum that substance in a stated unit of a mixture or
contains antibodies active chiefly in destroying solution. Common methods of stating
a specific infecting virus or bacterium. concentration are percent by weight,percent by
BARBITURATE - A derivative of barbituric volume, or weight per unit volume. Amount of a
acid that produces depression of the central drug in a unit volume of biological fluid,
nervous system and consequent sedation. expressed as weight/volume.
BENZOYLECOGNINE - A cocaine CONFIRMATORY TEST - Second test by an
metabolite. alternative chemical method for unambiguous
BUTABARBITAL - A short- to intermediate- identification of a drug or metabolite.
acting barbiturate derivative. CRACK - Concentrated form of cocaine, which
BUTALBITAL - An occasionally encountered is used in vapor form. It is smoked or inhaled
short-acting barbiturate closely related to through crack pipes. It is a highly addictive drug
Talbutal and less closely to Amobarbital and that causes psychotic behavior, which is often
violent. Almost pure form of the drug cocaine MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE - A
hydrochloride, obtained from a shrub native to fine, white, odorless, crystalline powder; very
Bolivia and Peru. It can cause increased soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and used in
alertness and energy, runny nose, and decreased medicine as a narcotic.
appetite when snorted, injected, or smoked. METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE - A
CUT-OFF CONCENTRATION - synthetic narcotic. Used medicinally as a
Concentration of a drug in a specimen or sample sedative and also useful in treating heroin
used to determine whether the specimen or addiction.
sample is considered positive or negative. In METHAMPHETAMINE - Colorless, volatile
some circumstances it is recommended that the liquid; characteristic strong odor and slightly
cut-off concentration should be set equal to the burning taste. Highly toxic, flammable, as well
limit of detection. as a dangerous fire risk. Basis of a group of
DEPRESSANTS - Drugs that depress the hallucinogenic, habit-forming drugs that affect
action of the central nervous system such as the central nervous system.
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and alcohol. MORPHINE - White crystalline alkaloid,
DESIGNER DRUGS - Drugs that are produced slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether;
illicitly by means of chemical technology.They highly toxic, narcotic, habit-forming drug.
can cause uncontrollable tremors, chills, or MUSHROOM - (Drugs) Umbrella-shaped
sweating and faintness and paranoia when fungus, some varieties of which contain a drug
injected or taken in pill form. that can cause hyperventilation, tremors, and
DIAZEPAM - (valium) The second hyperactivity when the fungus is chewed,
benzodiazepine derivative to have been smoked, or ground and infused in water and
approved for human usage has been one of the drunk as a tea.
most frequently prescribed drugs in the United NARCOTIC - Pharmacologically, any
States. It is administered as an antianxiety substance that produces narcosis, a stuporous
agent,muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant. state resembling sleep, and characterized by loss
DRUG - Any natural or synthetic substance that of sensation. Addictive substance that reduces
is administered to produce specific pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually
physiological or psychological effects. induces sleep or stupor.
DRUG ABUSE - The nonmedicinal use of a OPIATES - Natural, semi-synthetic, or
drug in a manner that is not socially acceptable. synthetic substances with morphine-like effects
DRUG DEPENDENCE - The primary hazard in the body. They are primarily employed as
of the abusive use of drugs is the likelihood for analgesics and can be considered narcotic in
some individuals to develop a “need” or their effects.
compulsive desire that may occur as a result of a OPIUM - A highly toxic plant alkaloid that is a
psychological or a physical craving. habit-forming narcotic; one source of opium is
HALLUCINOGENS - Drugs like marijuana, morphine.
LSD, PSP, and ecstasy that produce changes in OVERDOSE - An excessive dose of medicine
mood, thought and perception. or narcotic substance.
HASHISH - Purified resin prepared from the PeyOTE - The common name for the small
flowering tops of the female cannabis plant and Mexican cactus, Lophophora williamsii,which
smoked or chewed as a narcotic or an intoxicant. contains the hallucinogen, mescaline.
IMPRAMINE - The prototype of the tricyclic PHARMACODYNAMICS - The study of the
antidepressant drugs. relationship of drug concentration to drug
MARIJUANA - Popular name for the dried effects.
flowers and leaves of Cannabis sativa. PHARMACOKINETICS - The study of the
time course of the processes can cause weight loss, increased respiration and
(absorption,distribution, metabolism, and heart rate, blurred vision, and anxiety when
excretion) a drug undergoes in the body. snorted,injected, smoked, or swallowed in
PHARMACOLOGIC - Relating to the study capsule, tablet, or pill form.
of drugs and their origin, natural properties,and STRYCHNINE - An alkaloid found together
effects on living organisms. with the less active brucine in the seed of
PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) - Has an anesthetic Strychnos nux-vomica, a tree indigenous to
activity and is manufactured legitimately for use India. It is a potent central nervous system
as a veterinary anesthetic. It has no legitimate stimulant and convulsant, acting by the selective
use in humans because of its hallucinogenic blockage of postsynaptic neuronal inhibition.
actions. The effects on humans are considered SUBSTANCE ABUSE - Use of alcohol or
euphoric, but at times depression or anxiety and drugs that results in adverse effects on the user.
aggressive behavior are produced. Common Substance abuse is a major health and social
street names are PCP, peace pill,hog, and angel problem in the United States among adolescents.
dust. TOLERANCE - A state that develops after
PICKING - Adherence of a drug to the face of long-term exposure to a drug. Metabolic
the punch used to produce a tablet.Picking tolerance infers a faster removal and oxidation
creates holes in the surfaces of pressed tablets, by the liver. Functional tolerance infers a
usually near letters such as A or R. change in sensitivity of the organ to the effects
PROPOXYPHENE - A mildly effective of the drug.
narcotic analgesic, somewhat less potent than
codeine, that bears a close structural relationship
to methadone.
QUALITATIVE TEST - A test that determines F. FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON
the presence or absence of specific drugs or INVESTIGATION
metabolites, proteins, or enzymes in the 3 STATES OF MATTER
specimen or sample. Solid
QUININE - Bulky, white, amorphous powder Liquid
or crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste; odorless Gas
and levorotatory. Used in medicine as an
antimalarial drug. 4 GENERAL CATEGORIES OF HEAT
SECOBARBITAL - A barbiturate derivative of ENERGY
short duration of action; used as either a Chemical Heat Energy
sedative or hypnotic. Electrical Heat Energy
SOLVENT - A substance capable of dissolving Mechanical Heat Energy
another substance (solute) to form a uniformly Nuclear Heat Energy
dispersed mixture (solution) at the molecular or
ionic size level. BACKDRAFT - a phenomenon in which a fire
STIMULANTS - Drugs that increase the that has consumed all available oxygen
activity of the central nervous system, creating suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made
feelings of confidence and energy. A drug that available, typically because a door or window
produces a temporary increase of functional has been opened.
activity or efficiency. A drug that increases BOILING POINT - The temperature of a
alertness and motor activity and, at the same substance where the rate of evaporation exceeds
time, reduces fatigue, allowing the individual to the rate of condensation.
remain awake for an extended period of time. It BRITISH THERMAL UNIT - (BTU)  The
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature oxidizing agent along with the evolution of heat
of one pound of water one degree F. and light.
CALORIE - The amount of heat needed to DRY CHEMICALS AND HALONS - method
raise the temperature of one gram of water one of fire extinguishment, interrupt the flame
degree Centigrade. producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid
CENTIGRADE - (Celcius)  On the Centigrade extinguishment.
scale, zero is the melting point of ice; 100
degrees is the boiling point of water. ELECTRICAL HEAT ENERGY
DIELECTRIC HEATING - The heating that
CHEMICAL HEAT ENERGY results from the action of either pulsating direct
HEAT OF COMBUSTION - The amount of current, or alternating current at high frequency
heat generated by the combustion (oxidation) on a non-conductive material.
process. HEAT FROM ARCING - Heat released either
HEAT OF DECOMPOSITION - The release as a high-temperature arc or as molten material
of heat from decomposing compounds.  These from the conductor.
compounds may be unstable and release their HEAT GENERATED BY LIGHTNING -
heat very quickly or they may detonate. The heat generated by the discharged of
HEAT OF SOLUTION - The heat released by thousands of volts from either earth to cloud,
the mixture of matter in a liquid.  Some acids, cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground.
when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose INDUCTION HEATING - The heating of
exposure problems to nearby combustibles. materials resulting from an alternating current
SPONTANEOUS HEATING - The heating of flow causing a magnetic field influence.
an organic substance without the addition of LEAKAGE CURRENT HEATING - The heat
external heat.  Spontaneous heating occurs most resulting from imperfect or improperly insulated
frequently where sufficient air is not present to electrical materials.  This is particularly evident
dissipate the heat produced.  The speed of a where the insulation is required to handle high
heating reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C) voltage or loads near maximum capacity.
temperature increase. RESISTANCE HEATING - The heat
generated by passing an electrical force through
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES a conductor such as a wire or an appliance.
CLASS A FIRE - Fires involving ordinary STATIC ELECTRICITY HEATING - Heat
combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, released as an arc between oppositely charged
paper, rubber and many plastics. surfaces.  Static electricity can be generated by
CLASS B FIRES - Fires involving flammable the contact and separation of charged surfaces or
liquids, greases and gases. by fluids flowing through pipes.
CLASS C FIRES - Fires involving energized
electrical equipment. ENDOTHERMIC HEAT REACTION - A
CLASS D FIRES - Fires involving combustible chemical reaction where a substance absorbs
metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, heat energy.
sodium and potassium. EXOTHERMIC HEAT REACTION - A
CLASS K FIRES - Class K is a new chemical reaction where a substance gives off
classification of fire as of 1998 and involves heat energy.
fires in combustible cooking fuels such as FAHRENHEIT - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32
vegetable or animal fats. degrees is the melting point of ice; 212 degrees
is the boiling point of water.
COMBUSTION - is the self-sustaining process FIRE POINT - The temperature at which a
of rapid oxidation of a fuel being reduced by an
liquid fuel will produce vapors sufficient to heat generated by the combustion (oxidation)
support combustion once ignited.  The fire point process.
is usually a few degrees above the flash point.
FIRE TRIANGLE - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat HEAT TRANSFER
FIRE NATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE CONDUCTION - Conduction is the transfer of
- (FNTI) the Institution for training on human energy through matter from particle to particle.
resource development of all personnel of the Heat may be conducted from one body to
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP). another by direct contact of the two bodies or by
FLAME - A gas-phased combustion. an intervening heat-conducting medium.
FLAMMABLE OR EXPLOSIVE LIMIT - CONVECTION - is the transfer of heat by the
The percentage of a substance in air that will actual movement of the warmed matter.
burn once it is ignited.  Most substances have an Transfer of heat by the movement of air or
upper (too rich) and a lower (too lean) liquid.
flammable limit. RADIATION - Electromagnetic waves that
FLASHOVER - an instance of a fire spreading directly transport energy through space.
very rapidly across a gap because of intense
heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes IGNITION TEMPERATURE - The minimum
heated to the point where flames flash over the temperature to which a fuel in air must be
entire surface or area. heated in order to start self-sustained
FLASH POINT - The minimum temperature at combustion independent of the heating source.
which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapors to HEAT - The form of energy that raises
form an ignitable mixture with the air near the temperature.  Heat is measured by the amount of
surface.  At this temperature, the ignited vapors work it does.
will flash, but will not continue to burn. HEAT OF DECOMPOSITION - The release
FUEL - is the material or substance being of heat from decomposing compounds. These
oxidized or burned in the combustion process. compounds may be unstable and release their
Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned heat very quickly or they may detonate.
to produce heat or power. HEAT OF SOLUTION - The heat released by
FUEL REMOVAL - method of fire the mixture of matter in a liquid.  Some acids,
extinguishment, fire is effectively extinguished when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
by removing the fuel source.  This may be exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or
gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the MECHANICAL HEAT ENERGY
path of the fire or allow the fire to burn until all FRICTIONAL HEAT - The heat generated by
fuel is consumed. the movement between two objects in contact
GLOWING COMBUSTION - A condensed with each other.
phased combustion. FRICTION SPARKS - The heat generated in
HEAT - the quality of being hot; high the form of sparks from solid objects striking
temperature. A form of energy arising from the each other.  Most often at least one of the
random motion of the molecules of bodies, objects is metal.
which may be transferred by conduction, HEAT OF COMPRESSION - The heat
convection, or radiation. generated by the forced reduction of a gaseous
HEATING - is transfer of energy, from a hotter volume.  Diesel engines ignite fuel vapor
body to a colder one, other than by work or without a spark plug by the use of this principle.
transfer of matter. NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION - The
HEAT OF COMBUSTION - The amount of heat generated by either the
splitting or combining of atoms. DIRECTORS OF THE DIRECTORATES
OXIDATION - The complex chemical reaction IN THE RESPECTIVE NATIONAL
of organic material with oxygen or other HEADQUARTERS OFFICE - rank is Senior
oxidizing agents in the formation of more stable Superintendent.
compounds. REGIONAL DIRECTOR FOR FIRE
OXIDIZING AGENTS - are those materials PROTECTION - The BFP  shall establish,
that yield oxygen or other oxidizing gases operate and maintain their respective regional
during the course of a chemical reaction. offices in each of the administrative regions of
OXYGEN DILUTION - is the reduction of the the country. Rank is Senior Superintendent.
oxygen concentration to the fire area. - He/She shall be respectively assisted by the
following officers with the rank of
PHASES OF FIRE superintendent: Assistant Regional Director for
Incipient Phase (Growth Stage)   Administration, Assistant Regional Director for
Free-Burning Phase (Fully Developed Stage) Operations, and Regional Chief of Directorial
Smoldering Phase (Decay Stage) Staff.
     
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION ASSISTANT REGIONAL DIRECTOR FOR
Fire gases FIRE PROTECTION – The assistant heads of
Flame the Department's regional offices – rank is
Heat Senior Superintendent.
Smoke DISTRICT FIRE MARSHALL - the heads of
the NCR district offices - rank is Senior
PYROLYSIS (also known as thermalde Superintendent.
composition) - is defined as the chemical PROVINCIAL FIRE MARSHALL - the
decomposition of matter through the action of heads of the provincial offices - rank is
heat. Superintendent.
DISTRICT FIRE MARSHALL - heads of the
RA 6975 - CREATED THE BFP. district offices – rank is Chief Inspector.
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (BFP) - CHIEF OF MUNICIPAL/CITY FIRE
administers and enforces the fire code of the STATION - (also called City/ Municipal Fire
Philippines. The Fire Bureau shall have the Marshall) - the heads of the municipal or city
power to  investigate all causes of fires and, if stations - rank is Senior Inspector.
necessary, file the proper  complaints with the FIRE STATION - at least one in every
city or provincial prosecutor who has provincial capital, city and municipality.
jurisdiction  over the case. LGU - (Local Government Unit) - shall
CHIEF OF THE FIRE BUREAU - rank is provide the site of the Fire Station.
Director. RA 9263 - this Act shall be known as the
DEPUTY CHIEF FOR ADMINISTRATION "Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
OF THE FIRE BUREAU - 2nd highest officer Management and Penology Professionalization
in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent. Act of 2004.
DEPUTY CHIEF FOR OPERATION OF
THE FIRE BUREAU - the 3rd highest officer The BFP is headed by a Chief to be assisted by
in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent. 2 deputy chief, 1 for administration and 1 for
CHIEF OF DIRECTORIAL STAFF OF operation, all appointed by the President upon
THE FIRE BUREAU - 4th highest officer in recommendation of DILG Secretary from
the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent. among qualified officers with at least the rank of
Senior Superintendent in the service. CELLULOSE - A highly combustible and
explosive compound produced by the reaction
In no case shall any officer who has retired or is of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
retriable within six (6) months from his/her CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTIC
compulsory retirement age be appointed as (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance, materials
Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the Jail or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro
Bureau. cellulose) as base.
COMBUSTIBLE, FLAMMABLE OR
The Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the INFLAMMABLE - Descriptive of materials
Jail Bureau shall serve a tour of duty not to that are easily set on fire.
exceed four (4) years. COMBUSTIBLE FIBER - Any readily
ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton,
The President may extend such tour of duty in oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok,
times of war or other national emergency hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior and other
declared by Congress. similar materials commonly used in commerce.
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID - Any liquid having
RA 9514 - this act shall be known as the fire a flash point at or above 37.8 C (100 F).
code of the Philippines of 2008. An Act CORROSIVE LIQUID - Any liquid which
establishing a comprehensive fire code of the causes fire when in contact with organic matter
Philippines repealing PD 1185 and for other or with certain chemicals.
purposes. CURTAIN BOARD - A vertical panel of non-
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - the density of liquids combustible or fire resistive materials attached
in relation to water. to and extending below the bottom chord of the
SPONTANEOUS HEATING - The heating of roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof
an organic substance without the addition of into separate compartments so that heat and
external heat.  Spontaneous heating occurs most smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
frequently where sufficient air is not present to CRYOGENIC - Descriptive of any material
dissipate the heat produced. which by its nature or as a result of its reaction
TEMPERATURE REDUCTION - method of with other elements produces a rapid drop in
extinguishing fire,  cooling the fuel with water temperature of the immediate surroundings.
to a point where it does not produce sufficient DAMPER - A normally open device installed
vapor to burn. inside an air duct system which automatically
VAPOR DENSITY - the density of a particular closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
gas or vapor relative to that of hydrogen at the DISTILLATION - The process of first raising
same pressure and temperature. the temperature in separate the more volatile
from the less volatile parts and then cooling and
DEFINITION OF TERMS UNDER RA 9514 condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce
ABATEMENT - Any act that would remove or a nearly purified substance.
neutralize a fire hazard. DUCT SYSTEM - A continuous passageway
ADMINISTRATOR - Any person who acts as for the transmission of air.
agent of the owner and ma nages the use of a DUST - A finely powdered substance which,
building for him. when mixed with air in the proper proportion
BLASTING AGENT - Any material or mixture and ignited will cause an explosion.
consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off ELECTRICAL ARC - An extremely hot
explosives. luminous bridge formed by passage of an
CELLULOSE NITRATE OR NITRO electric current across a space between two
conductors or terminals due to the integral to and incorporated into a building or
incandescence of the conducting vapor. structure in order to minimize danger to life
EMBER - A hot piece or lump that remains from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the
after a material has partially burned, and is still building is evacuated. These features are also
oxidizing without the manifestation of flames. designed to achieve, among others, safe and
FINISHES - Materials used as final coating of a rapid evacuation of people through means of
surface for ornamental or protective purposes. egress sealed from smoke or fire, the
FIRE - The active principle of burning, confinement of fire or smoke in the room or
characterized by the heat and light of floor of origin and de lay their spread to other
combustion. parts of the building by means of smoke sealed
FIRE TRAP - A building unsafe in case of fire and fire resistant doors, walls and floors.It shall
because it will burn easily or because it lacks also me an to include the treatment of buildings
adequate exits or fire escapes. components or contents with flame retardant
FIRE ALARM - Any visual or audible signal chemicals.
produced by a device or system to warm the FLASH POINT - The minimum temperature at
occupants of the building or fire fighting which any material gives off vapor in sufficient
elements of the presence or danger of fire to concentration to form an ignitable mixture with
enable them to undertake immediate action to air.
save life and property and to suppress the fire. FORCING - A process where a piece of metal
FIRE DOOR - A fire resistive door prescribed is heated prior to changing its shape or
for openings in fire separation walls or dimensions.
partitions. FULMINATE - A kind of stable explosive
FIRE HAZARD - Any condition or act which compound which explodes by percussion.
increases or may cause an increase in the HAZARDOUS OPERATION/PROCESS -
probability of the occurrence of fire, or which Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,
may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials
fighting operations and the safeguarding of life which are likely to cause fires or explosion.
and property. HORIZONTAL EXIT - Passageway from one
FIRE LANE - The portion of a roadway or building to another or through or around a wall
public way that should be kept opened and in approximately the same floor level.
unobstructed at all times for the expedient HOSE BOX - A box or cabinet where fire
operation of fire fighting units. hoses, valves and other equipment are stored
FIRE PROTECTIVE AND FIRE SAFETY and arranged for fire fighting.
DEVICE - Any device intended for the HOSE REEL - A cylindrical device turning on
protection of buildings or persons to include but an axis around which a fire hose is wound and
not limited to built-in protection system such as connected.
sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing HYPERGOLIC FUEL - A rocket or liquid
system, detectors for heat, smoke and propellant which consist of combinations of
combustion products and other warning system fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously
components, personal protective equipment such on contact with each other.
as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and INDUSTRIAL BAKING AND DRYING -
other garments that may be put on or worn by The industrial process of subjecting
persons to protect themselves during fire. materials to heat for the purpose of removing
FIRE SAFETY CONSTRUCTIONS - Refers solvents or moisture from the same, and/or to
to design and installation of walls, barriers, fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform
doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. glazing the surface of materials being treated.
JUMPER - A piece of metal or an electrical compound. It shall also refer to partial
conductor used to bypass a safety device in an distillation and electrolysis.
electrical system. SELF-CLOSING DOORS - Automatic closing
OCCUPANCY - The purpose for which a doors that are designed to confine smoke and
building or portion thereof is used or intended to heat and delay the spread of fire.
be used. SMELTING - Melting or fusing of metallic
OCCUPANT - Any person actually occupying ores or compounds so as to separate impurities
and using a building or portions thereof by from pure metals.
virtue of a lease contract with the owner or SPRINKLER SYSTEM - An integrated
administrator or by permission or sufferance of network of hydraulically designed piping
the latter. installed in a building, structure or area with
ORGANIC PEROXIDE - A strong oxidizing outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which
organic compound which releases oxygen automatically discharges water when activated
readily. It causes fire when in contact with by heat or combustion products from a fire.
combustible materials especially under STANDPIPE SYSTEM - A system of vertical
conditions of high temperature. pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be
OVERLOADING - The use of one or more attached on each floor, including a system by
electrical appliances or devices which draw or which water is made available to the outlets as
consume electrical current beyond the designed needed.
capacity of the existing electrical system. VESTIBULE - A passage hall or antechamber
OWNER - The person who holds the legal right between the outer doors and the interior parts of
of possession or title to a building or real a house or building.
property. VERTICAL SHAFT - An enclosed vertical
OXIDIZING MATERIAL - A material that space of passage that extends from floor to
readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the
stimulate or support combustion. building.
PRESSURIZED OR FORCED DRAFT
BURNING EQUIPMENT - Type or burner
where the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to     
discharge into the combustion chamber and/or
which includes fans or other provisions for the
introduction of air at above normal atmosphere 5. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
pressure into the same combustion chamber. A. INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BUILDING - Any ALCATRAZ - a US federal penitentiary, Often
building or structure where fifty (50) or more referred to as "The Rock", the small island of
people congregate, gather, or assemble for any alcatraz was developed with facilities for a
purpose. lighthouse, a military fortification, a military
PUBLIC WAY - Any street, alley or other strip prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933
of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, until 1963.
deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE - was a
appropriated for public use. Scottish naval officer, geographer, and penal
PYROPHORIC - Descriptive of any substance reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.
that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
REFINING - A process where impurities HIS 2 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PENOLOGY
and/or deleterious materials are removed from a 1. As cruelty debases both the victim and
mixture in order to produce a pure element of society, punishment should not be vindictive but
should aim at the reform of the convict to BJMP DEPUTY CHIEF FOR
observe social constraints, and OPERATIONS - the 3rd highest ranking BJMP
2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of officer. Appointed by the President upon
task, not time sentences, with release depending recommendation of the DILG Secretary. Rank is
on the performance of a measurable amount of Chief Superintendent.
labour. BJMP CHIEF OF THE DIRECTORIAL
AUBURN PRISON - Constructed in 1816 , STAFF - the 4th highest BJMP officer.
(opened 1819) it was the second state prison in Appointed by the President upon
New York, the site of the first execution by recommendation of the DILG Secretary. Rank is
electric chair in 1890. It uses the silent or Chief Superintendents.
congregate system.
BANISHMENT - a punishment originating in BORSTAL - a custodial institution for young
ancient times, that required offenders to leave offenders.
the community and live elsewhere, commonly in BORSTAL SYSTEM - rehabilitation method
the wilderness. formerly used in Great Britain for delinquent
BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated (1895)
Penology) government agency mandated by law with the Gladstone Committee as an attempt to
(RA 6975) to take operational and reform young offenders. The first institution was
administrative control over all city, district and established (1902) at Borstal Prison, Kent,
municipal jails. It takes custody of detainees England.
accused before a court who are temporarily BRANDING - stigmatizing is the process in
confined in such jails while undergoing which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental
investigation, waiting final judgement and those pattern, is burned into the skin of a living
who are serving sentence promulgated by the person, with the intention that the resulting scar
court 3 years and below. makes it permanent as a punishment or
- created Jan. 2, 1991. imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or
- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief. otherwise oppressed person.
- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4 BRIDEWELL PRISON AND
years, maybe extended by President. Grounds: WORKHOUSE - was the first correctional
1. In times of war institution in England and was a precursor of the
2. other national emergencies. modern prison. Built initially as a royal
- Senior superintendent - the rank from which residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given
the BJMP chief is appointed. This is the rank of to the city of London to serve as the foundation
the BJMP Directors of the Directorates in the for as system of Houses of Correction known as
National Headquarters. This is also the rank of “Bridewells.” These institutions, eventually
the Regional Director for Jail Management and numbering 200 in Britain, housed vagrants,
Penology. homeless children, petty offenders, disorderly
CHIEF OF THE BJMP - Highest ranking women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and colonists
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon sent to Virginia.
recommendation of DILG Secretary. Rank is BRIDEWELL PRISON AND HOSPITAL -
Director. was established in a former royal palace in 1553
BJMP DEPUTY CHIEF FOR with two purposes: the punishment of the
ADMINISTRATION - the 2nd highest ranking disorderly poor and housing of homeless
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon children in the City of London.
recommendation of the DILG Secretary. Rank is BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS - has for its
Chief Superintendent. principal task the rehabilitation of national
prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a term of the world.
imprisonment of more than three years. CODE OF JUSTINIAN -  formally Corpus
- has 7 prison facilities Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), Justinian I
- 1 prison institution for women the collections of laws and legal interpretations
- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles. developed under the sponsorship of the
- Classification Board - classifies inmates Byzantine emperor Justinian I from AD 529 to
according to their security status. 565.
- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC) COMMITMENT ORDER - is an act of
receives, studies and classifies inmates sending a person to prison by means of such a
committed to Bureau of Corrections. warrant or order.
- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION -
grievances with regard to violations of prison the study and practice of a system of managing
rules and regulations. jails and prisons and other institutions
- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon concerned with the custody, treatment and
orders of Gov. Forbes, then the Sec. of rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
Commerce and police. CORRECTIONS - describes a variety of
- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in functions typically carried out by government
Muntinlupa Camp Bukang Liwayway - agencies, and involving the punishment,
minimum security prison. Camp Sampaguita - treatment, and supervision of persons who have
medium security prison been convicted of crimes.
- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932 DEATH ROW - refers to incarcerated persons
(RA 3732) who have been sentenced to death and are
- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm - established awaiting execution.
Sept.27, 1954 (Proclamation No.72) DETERRENCE - as contended by Cesare
location:Occidental Mindoro Beccaria, proponent of the classical theory, that
- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16, punishment is to prevent others from
1973 committing crime.
- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in DIRECTOR CHARLES S. MONDEJAR -
the Phil. designated as insular penitentiary by the first Chief of BJMP. He took his oath of
Royal Decree in 1865. office on July 1 of   1991.
  DISTRICT JAIL - is a cluster of small jails,
BURNING AT STAKE - a form of ancient each having a monthly average population of ten
punishment by tying the victim in a vertical post or less inmates and is located in the vicinity of
and burning him/her. the court.
CESARE BECCARIA - an Italian DRACO - was the first legislator of ancient
criminologist, jurist, philosopher and politician Athens, Greece, 7th century BC. He replaced
best known for his treaties On Crimes and the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud
Punishments (1764), which condemned torture by a written code to be enforced only by a court.
and the death penalty, and was a founding work DUCKING STOOL - a chair fastened to the
in the field of penology and the Classical School end of a pole, used formerly to plunge offenders
of criminology into a pond or river as a punishment.
CHARLES MONTESQUIEU - a french DUNGEON - a dark cell, usually underground
lawyer, who analyzed law as an expression of where prisoners are confined.
justice. He is famous for his articulation of the ELMIRA REFORMATORY - located in new
theory of separation of powers, which is York, was originally a prison opened to contain
implemented in many constitutions throughout Confederate prisoners of war during the Civil
War. It became known as a “death camp” sails and up to three banks of oars, chiefly used
because of the squalid conditions and high death for warfare or piracy and often manned by
rate in its few years of operation. Established slaves or criminals.
1876.
ELMIRA SYSTEM - An American penal GOALS OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING
system named after Elmira Reformatory, in New 1. Retribution
York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an 2. Punishment
innovator in the reformatory movement by 3. Deterrence
establishing Elmira Reformatory for young 4. Incapacitation
felons. The Elmira system classified and 5. Rehabilitation
separated various types of prisoners, gave them 6. Reintegration
individualized treatment emphasizing vocational 7. Restoration
training and industrial employment, used
indeterminate sentences. GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY - 1870 -
ERGASTULUM - is a Roman prison used to 1880
confine slaves. They were attached to work GUILLOTINE - an ancient form of capital
benches and forced to do hard labor in period of punishment by cutting the head.
imprisonment. HALFWAY HOUSE - a center for helping
EXEMPLARITY - the criminal is punished to former drug addicts, prisoners, psychiatric
serve as an example to others to deter further patients, or others to adjust to life in general
commission of crime. society.
EXPIATION - (Atonement) execution of HAMMURABI'S CODE - an ancient code
punishment visibly or publicly for the purpose which contain both civil and criminal law. First
of appeasing a social group. Expiation is a group known codified law prior to Roman law. Better
vengeance as distinguished from retribution. organized and comprehensive than biblical law.
FIRST WOMEN'S PRISON - opened in One of its law is lex taliones (an eye for an eye)
Indiana 1873. Based on the reformatory model. HEDONISM - the ethical theory that pleasure
(in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the
FOUR CLASSES OF PRISONERS highest good and proper aim of human life.
1. INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONER – HULK - an old ship stripped of fittings and
one who is sentenced to a prison term of three permanently moored, especially for use as
years and one day to death; storage or (formerly) as a prison.
2. PROVINCIAL PRISONER – one who is IMPALEMENT - (Impaling) a form of capital
sentenced to a prison term of six months and punishment, is the penetration of an organism
one day to three years; by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook,
3. CITY PRISONER – one who is sentenced to by complete (or partial) perforation of the body,
a prison term of one day to three years; and often the central body mass.Killing by piercing
4. MUNICIPAL PRISONER – one who is the body with a spear or sharp pole.
sentenced to a prison term of one day to six INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS - refers
months. to those persons housed in secure correctional
facilities.
FLOGGING - (Flog) beat (someone) with a JAIL - is defined as a place of confinement for
whip or stick as a punishment. inmates under investigation or undergoing trial,
FRED T. WILKINSON - last warden of the or serving short-term sentences
Alcatraz prison. GAOL - old name/term of jail.
GALLEY - a low, flat ship with one or more
THREE TYPES OF DETAINEES for only 24 to 48 hours. A suspect may later be
1. Those undergoing investigation; transferred from the lockup to the jail.
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and MAMERTINE PRISON -  was a prison
3. those awaiting final judgment (carcer) located in the Comitium in ancient
Rome. It was originally created as a cistern for a
JAILS - HOLDS spring in the floor of the second lower level.
a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences Prisoners were lowered through an opening into
b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to the lower dungeon.
prison MARK SYSTEM - developed in Australia by
c. Offenders who have violated their probation Alexander Maconochie, whereby credits, or
or parole marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a
d. Defendants who are awaiting trial certain number of marks being required for
release.
JAMES V. BENNETT - was a leading MITTIMUS - is a process issued by the court
American penal reformer and prison after conviction to carry out the final judgment,
administrator who served as director of the such as commanding a prison warden to hold
Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) from 1937 to the accused, in accordance with the terms of the
1964. He was one of the strongest advocates in judgment. Mittimus is often attached on the
the movement in persuading Congress to close commitment order issued by the court whenever
Alcatraz and replace it with a new maximum- the convict is to be transferred to prison for
security prison, eventually successful in 1963 service of sentence.
when it closed. MORTALITY RATE - A measure of the
JANUARY 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail frequency of deaths in a defined population
Management and Penology was created thru during a specified interval of time.
Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the MUTILATION OR MAIMING - an ancient
Department of Interior and Local Government. form of punishment, is an act of physical injury
JEAN JACQUES VILLAIN - pioneered that degrades the appearance or function of any
classification to separate women and children living body, sometimes causing death.
from hardened criminals. NATIONAL PRISONS ASSOCIATION -
JEREMY BENTHAM - a prison reformer, was organized in Cincinnati in 1870.
believed that the prisoner shouldsuffer a severe
regime, but that it should not be detrimental to NEO-CLASSICAL - children and lunatics
the prisoner's health. He designed the should not be punished as they can not calculate
Panopticon in 1791. pleasure and pain.
JOHN HOWARD - a philanthropist and the CLASSICAL THEORY - pain must exceed
first English prison reformer. pleasure to deter crime. All are punished
JUSTICE - crime must be punished by the state regardless of age, mental condition, social status
as an act of retributive justice, vindication of and other circumstances.
absolute right and moral law violated by the POSITIVIST THEORY - criminal is a sick
criminal. person and should be treated and not punished.
LAPIDATION - (Stoning) the act of pelting
with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing ECLECTIC - it means selecting the best of
stones at the victim. various styles or ideas.
LEX TALIONES - an eye for an eye, a tooth NEWGATE PRISON - not a real prison but an
for a tooth. abandoned copper mine of Simsbury
LOCKUPS - Suspects usually stay in a lockup Connecticut. Inmates are confined underground
(Black hole of horrors).
OPERATIONAL CAPACITY - the number of New York, under which inmates worked and ate
inmates that can be accommodated based on a together in silence during the day and were
facility's staff, existing programs, and services. placed in solitary cells for the evening.
PANOPTICON - a prison design, allowed a (Congregate System)
centrally placed observer to survey all the PENOLOGY - a branch of Criminology that
inmates, as prison wings radiated out from this deals with prison management and reformation
central position. of criminals.
PAROLE - refers to criminal offenders who are Poene (latin) - penalty
conditionally released from prison to serve the Logos (latin) - science
remaining portion of their sentence in the
community. PILLORY - a wooden framework with holes
PAROLE AND PROBATION for the head and hands, in which offenders were
ADMINISTRATION (PPA) - was created formerly imprisoned and exposed to public
pursuant to Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.968, abuse.
as amended, to administer the probation system. PRISON -  which refers to the national prisons
Under Executive Order No. 292, the Probation or penitentiaries managed and supervised by the
Administration was renamed as the Parole and Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the
Probation Administration, and given the added Department of Justice.
function of supervising prisoners who, after PRISON HULKS - (1776-1857) were ships
serving part of their sentence in jails are which were anchored in the Thames, and at
released on parole or granted conditional Portsmouth and Plymouth. Those sent to them
pardon. The PPA and the Board of Pardons and were employed in hard labour during the day
Parole are the agencies involved in the non- and then loaded, in chains, onto the ship at
institutional treatment of offenders. night.
PENAL MANAGEMENT - refers to the PRISON REFORM - is the attempt to improve
manner or practice of managing or controlling conditions inside prisons, aiming at a more
places of confinement such as jails and prisons. effective penal system.
PD NO. 603 - was promulgated to provide for PROBATION - Probation in criminal law is a
the care and treatment of youth offenders from period of supervision over an offender, ordered
the time of apprehension up to the termination by a court instead of serving time in prison.
of the case. Under this law, a youth offender is JOHN AUGUSTUS - Father of Probation.
defined as a child, minor or youth who is over Augustus was born in Woburn, Massachusetts in
nine years but under eighteen years of age at the 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent resident of
time of the commission of the offence. Boston and the owner of a successful boot-
PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW YORK - making business.
pioneered the penitentiary movement by FATHER COOK - a chaplain of the Boston
developing two competing systems of Prison visited the courts and gained acceptance
confinement. The Pennsylvania system and the as an advisor who made enquiries into the
Auburn system. circumstances of both adult and juvenile
PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM - An early offenders
system of U.S. penology in which inmates were PROVINCIAL JAIL - under the office of the
kept in solitary cells so that they could study Governor. Where the imposable penalty for the
religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and crime committed is more than six months and
perform handicraft work.(Solitary System). the same was committed within the
AUBURN SYSTEM - An early system of municipality, the offender must serve his or her
penology, originating at Auburn Penitentiary in sentence in the provincial jail.
 were equally influential in raising public
Where the penalty imposed exceeds three years, awareness. Reforms such as the separation of
the offender shall serve his or her sentence in women and children from men and the
the penal institutions of the Bureau of development of purposeful activity of work or
Corrections. education came about through pressure from
informed people.
PUNISHMENT - the infliction or imposition of
a penalty as retribution for an offence. RA 6975 - SEC.60 TO 65, CREATED THE
BJMP.
QUAKERS - (or Friends, as they refer to RANK CLASSIFICATION OF BJMP
themselves) are members of a family of Director
religious movements collectively known as the Chief Superintendent
Religious Society of Friends. Many Quakers Senior Superintendent
have worked for reform of the criminal justice Superintendent
systems of their day. Quakers believe that Chief Inspector
people can always change: their focus has been Senior Inspector
on reforms that make positive change more Inspector
likely, such as increased opportunities for Senior Jail Officer IV
education, improved prison conditions, help Senior Jail Officer III
with facing up to violent impulses, and much Senior Jail Officer II
else. Senior Jail Officer I
WILLIAM PENN - founder of the Province of Jail Officer III
Pennsylvania, the English North American Jail Officer II
colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsy Jail Officer I
lvania.was the first great Quaker prison RA 10575 - The Bureau of Corrections Act of
reformer. In his ‘Great Experiment’ in 2013.
Pennsylvania in the 1680s he abolished capital RACK - a form of torture or punishment
punishment for all crimes except murder. He wherein pain is inflicted to to the body through
also stated that ‘prisons shall be workhouses,’ stretching.
that bail should be allowed for minor offences’, RATED CAPACITY - the number of beds or
and ‘all prisons shall be free, as to fees, food inmates assigned by a rating official to
and lodgings’. He provided for rehabilitation, as institutions within the jurisdiction.
he stipulated that prisoners should be helped to REFORMATION - the object of punishment in
learn a trade, so that they could make an honest a criminal case is to correct and reform the
living when they were released. offender.
JOHN BELLERS - (1654-1725) was the REFORMATORY MOVEMENT - The
earliest British Friend to pay serious and reformatory movement was based on principles
systematic attention to social reform. He adopted at the 1870 meeting of the National
pleaded for the abolition of the death penalty, Prison Association.
the first time this plea had been made. He
argued that criminals were the creation of THE REFORMATORY WAS DESIGNED:
society itself and urged that when in prison there a. for younger, less hardened offenders.
should be work for prisoners so that they might b. based on a military model of regimentation.
return to the world with an urge to industry. c. with indeterminate terms.
ELIZABETH FRY -  (1780-1845) was the d. with parole or early release for favorable
most famous of Quaker reformers, though others progress in reformation.
 SECURITY PRISON -  house notorious
REHABILITATION - to restore a criminal to a offenders and problem inmates from other
useful life, to a life in which they contribute to institutions. These institutions utilize: Total
themselves and to society. isolation of inmates, Constant lockdowns
RETRIBUTION - punishment inflicted on MEDIUM-SECURITY INSTITUTIONS -
someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal place fewer restrictions on inmate movement
act. inside the facility.
SECURITY LEVEL - A designation applied to
a facility to describe the measures taken, both CHARACTERISTICS OFTEN INCLUDE:
inside and outside, to preserve security and (MEDIUM)
custody. - Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters
- No external security wall
THE SIMPLEST SECURITY LEVEL - Barbed wire rather than razor wire
CATEGORIZATION IS: - Fences and towers that look less forbidding
a. maximum
b. medium HOUSES THE FOLLOWING INMATES:
c. minimum - Those sentenced to less than 20 years

MAXIMUM - security facilities are Minimum-security prisons - are smaller and

characterized by very tight internal and external more open.
security.       
COMMON SECURITY MEASURES THEY OFTEN HOUSE INMATES WHO:
INCLUDE: (MAXIMUM) - Have established records of good behavior
- A high wall or razor-wire fencing - Are nearing release
- Armed-guard towers
- Electronic detectors CHARACTERISTICS OFTEN INCLUDE:
- External armed patrol (MINIMUM)
- A wide, open buffer zone between the outer - Dormitory or barracks living quarters
wall or fence and the community. - No fences
- Restrictions on inmate movement - Some inmates may be permitted to leave
- The capability of closing off areas to contain during the day to work or study.
riots or disruptions. - Some inmates may be granted furloughs

HOUSES THE FOLLOWING INMATES: SING SING PRISON - was the third prison
- Those sentenced to death built by New York State. It is a maximum-
- Those sentenced with min. 20 years security prison.
- Those remanded inmates/detainees with min. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE - was a
20 years sentence British prison administrator and reformer, and
- Those whose sentences is under review by SC founder of the Borstal system.
(min.20 years) SIR WALTER CROFTON - the director of
- Those whose sentences is under appeal Irish prisons. In his program, known as the Irish
(min.20 years) system, prisoners progressed through three
- Those with pending cases stages of confinement before they were returned
- Those who are recidivist to civilian life. The first portion of the sentence
was served in isolation. After that, prisoners
ULTRA-MAXIMUM/SUPER-MAXIMUM were assigned to group work projects.
STOCKS - an instrument of punishment VOLTAIRE - believes that fear of shame is a
consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in deterrent to crime.
which the feet and sometimes the hands of an WALNUT STREET JAIL - opened in 1790 in
offender can be locked. Philadelphia. Considered the 1st state prison.
Inmates labored in solitary cells and received
THREE MAJOR GOVERNMENT large doses of religious training
FUNCTIONARIES INVOLVED IN THE WORKHOUSES - European forerunners of the
PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM: modern U.S. prison, where offenders were sent
1. DOJ to learn discipline and regular work habits.
2. DILG ZEBULON REED BROCKWAY - was a
3. DSWD penologist and is sometimes regarded as the
Father of prison reform and  Father of American
DOJ - supervises the national penitentiaries Parole in the United States.
through the Bureau of Corrections, administers
the parole and probation system through the
Parole and Probation Administration, and assists
the President in the grant of executive clemency
through the Board of Pardons and Parole.
DILG - supervises the provincial, district, city B. NON-INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
and municipal jails through the provincial BOARD OF PARDONS AND PAROLE -
governments and the Bureau of Jail was created pursuant to Act No. 4103, as
Management and Penology, respectively. amended. It is the intent of the law to uplift and
DSWD - supervises the regional rehabilitation redeem valuable human material to economic
centers for youth offenders through the Bureau usefulness and to prevent unnecessary and
of Child and Youth Welfare. excessive deprivation of personal liberty.
TRANSPORTATION - a punishment in which FUNCTIONS
offenders were transported from their home 1. To grant parole to qualified prisoners;
nation to one of that nation's colony to work. 2. To recommend to the President the grant of
TWELVE TABLES - The Law of the Twelve pardon and other forms of executive clemency;
Tables (Latin: Leges Duodecim Tabularum or 3. To authorize the transfer of residence of
Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation parolees and pardonees, order their arrest and
that stood at the foundation of Roman law. recommitment, or grant their final release and
Established basic procedural rights for all discharge.
Roman citizens as against one another
UNDERGROUND CISTERN - a reservoir for BASIS FOR GRANT OF PAROLE
storing liquids, an underground tank for storing 1. The prisoner is fit to be released;
water. This was also used in prison in ancient 2. There is a reasonable probability that, if
times. released, he or she will live and remain at liberty
UTILITARIANISM - a tradition stemming without violating the law; and
from the late 18th- and 19th-century English 3. His or her release will not be incompatible
philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham with the welfare of society.
and John Stuart Mill that an action is right if it
tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends HOW MAY EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY BE
to produce the reverse of happiness—not just EXERCISED?
the happiness of the performer of the action but 1. Reprieve
also that of everyone affected by it. 2. Absolute pardon
3. Conditional pardon
4. Commutation of sentence. WHEN APPLICATIONS FOR
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY WILL NOT BE
COMMUTATION – refers to the reduction of FAVOURABLY ACTED UPON BY THE
the duration of prison sentence of a prisoner. BOARD OF PARDON AND PAROLE
COMMUTATION ALLOWED WHEN: 1. Convicted of evasion of service of sentence;
1. person is over 70 years old 2. Who violated the conditions of their
2. 8 justices fail to reach a decision affirming conditional pardon;
the death penalty 3. Who are habitual delinquents or recidivists;
4. Convicted of kidnapping for ransom;
ABSOLUTE PARDON - An act of grace, 5. Convicted of Violation of the Dangerous
proceeding from the power entrusted with the Drugs Act of 1972 and the Comprehensive
execution of the laws, Exempts the individual Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002;
from the penalty of the crime, he has committed. 6. Convicted of offenses committed under the
CONDITIONAL PARDON - If delivered and influence of drugs
accepted, it is a contract between the executive 7. Whose release from prison may constitute a
and the convict that the former will release the danger to society.
latter upon compliance with the condition.
Example of a condition: Not to violate any of ISSUES CONFRONTING THE
the penal laws of the country again. PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONS SYSTEM
REPRIEVE - refers to the deferment of the 1. Overcrowding of Certain Prison
implementation of the sentence for an interval of Institutions/Jails
time; it does not annul the sentence but merely 2. Fragmented Set-Up of the Corrections System
postpones or suspends its execution 3. Lack of Information Technology Systems and
BASIS FOR GRANT OF EXECUTIVE Expertise
CLEMENCY 4. Lack of/Inadequate Training - lack of
The BPP recommends to the President the grant awareness and understanding by some
of executive clemency when any of the prison/jail officials and staff on the rights of
following circumstances are present: inmates.
1. The trial or appellate court recommended in
its decision the grant of executive clemency for Petitions for parole shall be addressed to the
the prisoner Chairman or to the Executive Director of the
2. Under the peculiar circumstances of the case, Board. However, the Board may, motu proprio,
the penalty imposed is too harsh compared to consider cases for parole, commutation of
the  crime committed sentence or conditional pardon of deserving
3. Offender qualifies as a youth offender at the prisoners whenever the interest of justice will be
time of the commission of the offense served thereby.
4. Prisoner is seventy years old and above;
5. Prisoner is terminally-ill; Minimum Requirements A Prisoner Must Meet
6. Alien prisoners where diplomatic Before Petitions for executive clemency may be
considerations and amity among nations reviewed.
necessitate review and   
7. Other similar or analogous circumstances FOR COMMUTATION OF SENTENCE
whenever the interest of justice will be served 1. The prisoner shall have served at least one-
thereby third (1/3) of the minimum of his indeterminate
and/or definite sentence or the aggregate
minimum of his indeterminate and/or definite (2) needs medical treatment abroad which is not
sentences. available locally;
2. At least ten (10) years for prisoners sentenced (3) will take any government examination; or
to Reclusion Perpetua or Life imprisonment for (4) is emigrating.
crimes or offenses committed before January 1,
1994. Prisoners who escaped or evaded service of
3. At least twelve (12) years for prisoners whose sentence are not eligible for executive clemency
sentences were adjusted to a definite prison term for a period of one (1) year from the date of
of forty (40) years in accordance with the their last recommitment to prison or conviction
provisions of Article 70 of the Revised Penal for evasion of service of sentence.
Code, as amended.
4. At least fifteen (15) years for prisoners BUREAU OF CORRECTION - Where the
convicted of heinous crimes as defined in penalty imposed exceeds three years, the
Republic Act No. 7659 and other special laws offender shall serve his or her sentence in the
committed on or after January 1, 1994, and penal institutions of the BuCor.
sentenced to one or more Reclusion Perpetua or CARPETA - refers to the institutional record of
Life imprisonment. an inmate which consists of his mittimus or
5. At least twenty (20) years in case of one (1) commitment order issued by the Court after
or more Death penalty/penalties, which conviction, the prosecutor's information and the
was/were automatically reduced or commuted to decisions of the trial court and the appellate
one (1) or more Reclusion Perpetua or Life court, if any; certificate of non-appeal,
imprisonment. certificate of detention and other pertinent
documents of the case.
FOR CONDITIONAL PARDON DISTRICT JAIL - is a cluster of small jails,
The prisoner shall have served at least one-half each having a monthly average population of ten
(1/2) of the minimum of his original or less inmates, and is located in the vicinity of
indeterminate and/or definite sentence. the court.
However, in the case of a prisoner who is JAIL - is defined as a place of confinement for
convicted of a heinous crime as defined in inmates under investigation or undergoing trial,
Republic Act No. 7659 and other special laws, or serving short-term sentences.
he shall have served at least one-half (1/2) of the - Jails include provincial, district, city and
maximum of his original indeterminate sentence municipal jails managed and supervised by the
before his case may be reviewed for conditional Provincial Government and the Bureau of Jail
pardon. Management and Penology (BJMP)
respectively, which are both under the
FOR ABSOLUTE PARDON Department of the Interior and Local
After he has served his maximum sentence or Government.
granted final release and discharge or court
termination of probation. However, the Board Municipal and city prisoners are committed to
may consider a petition for absolute pardon even municipal, city or district jails managed by the
before the grant of final release and discharge BJMP.
under the provisions of Section 6 of Act No.
4103, as amended, as when the petitioner: PRISON -  refers to the national prisons or
(1) is seeking an appointive/elective public penitentiaries managed and supervised by the
position or reinstatement in the government Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the
service; Department of Justice.
- prison refers to the national prisons or valuable human material and prevent
penitentiaries managed and supervised by the unnecessary and excessive deprivation of liberty
Bureau of Corrections, an agency under the and economic usefulness
Department of Justice. - It is necessary to consider the criminal first as
PROVINCIAL JAIL - Where the imposable an individual, and second as a member of the
penalty for the crime committed is more than six society.
months and the same was committed within the - The law is intended to favor the defendant,
municipality, the offender must serve his or her particularly to shorten his term of imprisonment,
sentence in the provincial jail which is under the depending upon his behavior and his physical,
Office of the Governor. mental and moral record as a prisoner, to be
EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY - refers to determined by the Board of Indeterminate
Reprieve, Absolute Pardon, Conditional Pardon Sentence.
with or without Parole Conditions and
Commutation of Sentence as may be granted by The settled practice is to give the accused the
the President of the Philippines. benefit of the law even in crimes punishable
with death or life imprisonment provided the
INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW resulting penalty, after considering the attending
THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE IS circumstances, is reclusion temporal or less.
COMPOSED OF:
1. a MAXIMUM taken from the penalty ISL does not apply to destierro. ISL is expressly
imposable under the penal code granted to those who are sentenced to
2. a MINIMUM taken from the penalty next imprisonment exceeding 1 year.
lower to that fixed in the code.
Procedure For Determining The Maximum and
THE LAW DOES NOT APPLY TO Minimum Sentence
CERTAIN OFFENDERS: - It consists of a maximum and a minimum
1. Persons convicted of offense punished with instead of a single fixed penalty.
death penalty or life imprisonment. - Prisoner must serve the minimum before he is
2. Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or eligible for parole.
proposal to commit treason. - The period between the minimum and
3. Those convicted of misprision of treason, maximum is indeterminate in the sense that the
rebellion, sedition or espionage. prisoner may be exempted from serving said
4. Those convicted of piracy. indeterminate period in whole or in part.
5. Those who are habitual delinquents. - The maximum is determined in any case
6. Those who shall have escaped from punishable under the RPC in accordance with
confinement or evaded sentence. the rules and provisions of said code exactly as
7. Those who violated the terms of conditional if the ISL had never been enacted.
pardon granted to them by the Chief Executive. - Apply first the effect of privileged mitigating
8. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment circumstances then consider the effects of
does not exceed one year. aggravating and ordinary mitigating
9. Those who, upon the approval of the law, had circumstances.
been sentenced by final judgment. - The minimum depends upon the court’s
10. Those sentenced to the penalty of destierro discretion with the limitation that it must be
or suspension. within the range of the penalty next lower in
degree to that prescribed by the Code for the
Purpose of the law: to uplift and redeem offense committed.
NOTE: A minor who escaped from
confinement in the reformatory is entitled to the SPECIAL FACTORS - The Board may give
benefits of the ISL because his confinement is special consideration to the recommendation for
not considered imprisonment. commutation of sentence or conditional pardon
whenever any of the following circumstances
PAROLE – The suspension of the sentence of are present
the convict after serving the minimum term of 1. Youthful offenders;
the intermediate penalty, without being granted 2. Prisoners who are sixty (60) years old and
a pardon, prescribing the terms upon which the above;
sentence shall be suspended. 3. Physical disability such as when the prisoner
- May be given after the prisoner has served the is bedridden, a deaf-mute, a leper, a cripple or is
minimum penalty; is granted by the Board of blind or similar disabilities;
Pardons and Parole under the provisions of the 4. Serious illness and other life-threatening
Indeterminate Sentence Law. diseases as certified by a government physician;
5. Those prisoners recommended for the grant
DISQUALIFICATION FOR PAROLE - of executive clemency by the trial/appellate
THE FOLLOWING PRISONERS SHALL court as stated in the decision;
NOT BE GRANTED PAROLE: 6. Alien prisoners where diplomatic
1. Those convicted of an offense punished with considerations and amity between nations
Death penalty, Reclusion Perpetua or Life necessitate review;
imprisonment; 7. Circumstances which show that his continued
2. Those convicted of treason, conspiracy or imprisonment will be inhuman or will pose a
proposal to commit treason or espionage; grave danger to the life of the prisoner or his co-
3. Those convicted of misprision of treason, inmates; and,
rebellion, sedition or coup d'etat; 8. Such other similar or analogous
4. Those convicted of piracy or mutiny on the circumstances whenever the interest of justice
high seas or Philippine waters; will be served thereby.
5. Those who are habitual delinquents i.e. those
who, within a period of ten (10) years from the PRISON RECORD - refers to information
date of release from prison or last conviction of concerning an inmate's personal circumstances,
the crimes of serious or less serious physical the offense he committed, the sentence imposed,
injuries, robbery, theft, estafa and falsification, the criminal case number in the trial and
are found guilty of any of said crimes a third appellate courts, the date he commenced serving
time or oftener; his sentence, the date he was received for
6. Those who escaped from confinement or confinement, the place of confinement, the date
evaded sentence; of expiration of the sentence, the number of
7. Those who were granted Conditional Pardon previous convictions if any, and his behavior or
and violated any of the terms thereof; conduct while in prison.
8. Those whose maximum term of imprisonment PROBATION - is a disposition under which an
does not exceed one (1) year or those with accused, after conviction and sentence is
definite sentence; released subject to conditions imposed by the
9. Those suffering from any mental disorder as court and to the supervision of a probation
certified by a government officer.
psychiatrist/psychologist; PROGRESS REPORT - refers to the report
10.Those whose conviction is on appeal; submitted by the Probation and Parole Officer
11.Those who have pending criminal case/s. on the conduct of the parolee/pardonee while
under supervision. treatment of mental illness. An expert witness in
INFRACTION REPORT -  refers to the report a sanity trial.
submitted by the Probation and Parole Officer ANDREW VON HIRSCH -  developed the
on violations committed by a parolee/pardonee notion of just desert.
of the conditions of his release on parole or JUST DESERT - has five guidelines; 1. treat
conditional pardon while under supervision. legal punishment as a desert; 2. avoid doing
SUMMARY REPORT - refers to the final harm; 3. Sentence delinquency, not the
report submitted by the Probation and Parole delinquent; 4. interfere parsimoniously; 5.
Officer on his supervision of a parolee/pardonee restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day
as basis for the latter's final release and utilitarianism.
discharge. ANGER - is an emotion characterized by
SENTENCE - in law, is the penalty imposed by antagonism toward someone or something you
the court in a criminal case against a person, feel has deliberately done you wrong.
known as the “accused”, who is found guilty of ANOMIE - is a condition in which society
committing the crime charged. provides little moral guidance to individuals.
YOUTH OFFENDER - is defined as a child, ANTHROPOLOGY - is the study of humans,
minor or youth who is over nine years but under past and present.
eighteen years of age at the time of the ATAVISM - The return of a trait or recurrence
commission of the offense. of previous behavior after a period of absence.
ATAVISTIC ANOMALY - physically their
throwbacks on the evolutionary scale to more
primitive times, where people were savages.
AUGUST AICHHORN - is considered to be
one of the founders of psychoanalytic education.
He is remembered for his work with juvenile
6. SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES AND ETHICS delinquent and disadvantaged youth. He
believed that imposed discipline and
A. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY suppression which were practiced in traditional
ABRAHAMSEN - In his crime and human reformatories yielded few positive results.
mind, 1945, explained the causes of crime by AUTOPHOBIA - is the specific phobia of
his formula "Criminal Behavior equals isolation; a morbid fear of being egotistical, or a
criminalistic tendencies plus crime inducing dread of being alone or isolated.
situation divided by the persons mental or MONOPHOBIA - is an acute fear of being
emotional resistance to temptation. alone and having to cope without a specific
ADOLPHE QUETELET (1796–1874) - was a person, or perhaps any person, in close
Belgian mathematician, astronomer and proximity.
statistician, he helped to establish the BIOMETRICS - is a technique for
cartographic school and positivist schools of identification of people that uses body
criminology which made extensive use of characteristics or behavioral traits and is
statistical techniques. Through statistical increasingly being used instead of or in
analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the conjunction with other forms of identification
relationships between crime and other social based on something you have (e.g. ID card) or
factors. Among his findings were strong something you know (e.g. password or PIN).
relationships between age and crime, as well as BROMBERG - (crime and mind 1948)
gender and crime. criminality is the result of emotional immaturity.
ALIENIST - a doctor specializing in the A person is emotionally matured when he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and disorganization. The high crime and
who live at peace with himself and in harmony delinquency rates of certain ethnic or racial
with the standard of conduct which are group is explained by their exposure to diverse
acceptable to society. Am emotionally immature and incongruent standards and codes of larger
person rebels against rules and regulations, society.
tends to engage in unusual activities and CONTAINMENT THEORY - criminality is
experience a feeling of guilt due to inferkiority brought about by the inability of the group to
complex. contain behavior of its member and that of
BROTHERHOOD - an association, society, or effective containment of the individual into the
community of people linked by a common value system and structure of society will
interest, religion, or trade. minimize crime.
CESARE BECCARIA - founders of the COPYCAT CRIME - A copycat crime is a
classical school of thought within criminology. criminal act that is modelled or inspired by a
CESARE LOMBROSO - an Italian previous crime that has been reported in the
criminologist, founder of the Italian school of media or described in fiction.
criminology, formulated the theory of CRIMINALOID - (from the word "criminal"
anthropological criminology, essentially stated and suffix -oid, meaning criminal-like) is a
that criminality was inherited, and that someone person who projects a respectable, upright
"born criminal" could be identified by physical facade, in an attempt to conceal a criminal
defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, personality. This type, first
or atavistic. defined by Cesare Lombroso in the later editions
CHARLES DARWIN - wrote Origin of of his 1876 work "the Criminal man".
Species in 1859, kicked off the scientific CRIMINAL PERSONALITY - 1. the roots of
revolution, father of evolution. criminality lie in the way in which people think
CHARLES GORING - author of the and make decisions; 2. criminals think and act
influential work The English convict: a differently from others, even at a very young
statistical study. age; 3. criminals are irresponsible, 4.
THE ENGLISH CONVICT: A deterministic explanations of crime result from
STATISTICAL STUDY - It was first believing the criminal who is seeking sympathy.
published in 1913, and set out to establish ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY -
whether there were any significant physical or characterized by patterns of irresponsible and
mental abormalities among the criminal classes antisocial behavior, as well as aggressive
that set them apart from ordinary men, as tendencies.
suggested by Cesare Lombroso. He ultimately CYRIL BURT - gave the theory of general
concluded that "the physical and mental emotionality. An excess of the submissive
constitution of both criminal and law-abiding instinct account for tendency of many criminals
persons, of the same age, stature, class, and to be weak-willed or easily led. Fear and
intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing absconding may be due to the impulse of fear.
as an anthropological criminal type." DETERMINISM - belief that individual
CLASSICAL SCHOOL - based on free will; behavior is beyond the control of the individual;
able to make decisions in a logical way; opposite of free will.
assumes people are hedonistic. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
CONFLICT OF CULTURE THEORY - by - Criminal behavior is learnable and learned in
Thorstein Sellin. It was emphasized in this interaction with other deviant persons. Through
theory that the multiplicity of conflicting this association, they learn not only techniques
cultures is the principal source of social of certain crimes, but also specific rationale,
motives and so on. annoyed, especially because of inability to
EDWIN SUTHERLAND - Differential change or achieve something.
association theory was Sutherland's major GENERAL DETERRENCE - involves the
sociological contribution to criminology; similar effects of legal punishment on those persons
in importance to strain theory and social control who have not suffered.
theory. These theories all explain deviance in SPECIFIC DETERRENCE -  involves the
terms of the individual's social relationships. effects of legal punishment on those who have
IMITATION-SUGGESTION THEORY -  by suffered it.
Gabriel Tarde, Delinquency and crime pattern GENETICS - the branch in biology that deals
are learned and adopted. The learning process with heredity.
either be conscious type copying or unconscious HEALY - (individual delinquency) crime is the
copying of confronting pattern of behavior. expression of the mental content of the
DIFFERENTIAL-SOCIAL individual. Frustration of the individual causes
DISORGANIZATION THEORY - This is emotional discomfort, personality demands
sometimes called Social Disorganization. There removal of pain and the pain is eliminated by
is social disorganization when there is substitute behavior, that is the start of the crime
breakdown, changes, conflict of values between delinquency of an individual.
the new and the old, when there is reduced GIANELT INDEX OF CRIMINALITY - this
influence of the social institution over behavior crimino-synthesis explains the reason why a
and when there is declining influence of the person may commit a crime or inhibit himself
solid moral and ethical front. from doing so.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM - recording HEDONISM - pleasure or the absence of pain
of electrical activity of the brain; measures it. is the soul good in life.
EMILE DURKHEIM - father of sociology. He HENRY MAUDSLEY - mental illness and
is a Frenchman, Chief among his claims is that criminal behavior went hand in hand, crime
society is a sui generis reality, or a reality prone traits were inherited.
unique to itself and irreducible to its composing INCAPACITATION - when they are locked
parts. It is created when individual consciences up behind bars, they can't commit anymore
interact and fuse together to create a synthetic crimes.
reality that is completely new and greater than ITALIAN SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY -
the sum of its parts. Founded in the end of the 19th century by
E. O. WILSON - put forth a theory that Cesare lombroso and 2 of his disciples, Enrico
differed from earlier theories, believed that Ferri and Rafael Garofalo.
biological factors affect the perception and ENRICO FERRI - an italian criminologist,
learning of social behaviors. student of Lombroso, His work served as the
ETIOLOGY OF CRIME - causes of crime. basis for Argentina’s penal code of 1921. His
EUGENICS - the science of improving a research led to him postulating theories calling
human population by controlled breeding to for crime prevention methods to be the mainstay
increase the occurrence of desirable heritable of law enforcement, as opposed to punishment
characteristics. Developed largely by Francis of criminals after their crimes had taken place.
Galton as a method of improving the human RAFAEL GAROFALO - often regarded as the
race. father of Criminology. He is a student of Cesare
FREE WILL - the idea that human beings are Lombroso.
free to choose one behavior or action over JAMES Q. WILSON -  advocate for special
another. deterrence; ultilitarian. JEREMY BENTHAM
FRUSTRATION - the feeling of being upset or - founders of the classical school of thought
within criminology. He is a lawyer. structure of an organism or any of its parts;
JUKES FAMILY -  family of criminals. measuring different parts of the human head;
Descendants are criminally minded and there is a meaningful relationship between
committed crimes. certain types of physical features and
JONATHAN EDWARDS FAMILY - opposite personality.
of jukes Family, descendants are good people NEO-CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVE - stressed
and attained prominence in various fields. that the legal system should focus exclusively
KALLIKAK FAMILY - A Study in the on doing justice; respond to the crime; the
Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness was a 1912 criminal made the rational decision.
book by the American psychologist and NEUROSIS - condition characterized by
eugenicist Henry H. Goddard. The work was an anxiety, impulses may breakthrough and take
extended case study of Goddard's for the control.
inheritance of "feeble-mindedness," a general AMNESIA - a partial or total loss of memory.
category referring to a variety of mental Origin late 18th century: from Greek amnēsia
disabilities including mental retardation, ‘forgetfulness.’
learning disabilities, and mental illness. DELUSION - a belief that is not true : a false
Goddard concluded that a variety of mental idea. : a false idea or belief that is caused by
traits were hereditary, and society should limit mental illness.
reproduction by people possessing these traits. DEMENTIA PRAECOX (a "premature
KARYOTYPE STUDIES - examination and dementia" or "precocious madness") refers to a
comparison of chromosomes. chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder
KLEPTOMANIA - a recurrent urge to steal, characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration,
typically without regard for need or profit. usually beginning in the late teens or early
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG - pathological adulthood. It is a term first used in 1891 in this
jealousy, quick anger reactions, and the bearing Latin form by Arnold Pick (1851–1924), a
of grudges. professor of psychiatry at the German branch of
LIMBIC SYSTEM - a set of areas in the Charles University in Prague.
human brain that integrate a wide variety of PSYCHOSIS - severe form of mental
messages from the senses and control goal- disturbance, behavior impairs or gets in the way
oriented response to environmental and internal of everyday focus, Id takes control.
stimuli. SCHIZOPHRENIA - often linked to criminal
MEGALOMANIa - is a psychopathological behavior, incoherent thought process, thinking is
condition characterized by delusional fantasies scrambled and may have split personalities.
of power, relevance, omnipotence, and by PARANOIA - pathological jealousy, quick
inflated self-esteem. anger reactions, and the bearing of grudges.
MENS REA - The state of mind indicating PENAL COUPLE - is defined as the
culpability which is required by statute as an relationship between perpetrator and victim of a
element of a crime.(Latin) guilty mind. crime. That is, both are involved in the event.
MILLER LOWER-CLASS CULTURE PENITENTIARY -  repent of wrongdoing and
CONFLICT THEORY - citizens who obey the the will to atone for it.
street rules of lower class life find themselves in PHOBIA - an extreme or irrational fear of or
conflict with the dominant culture. aversion to something.
MORAL/INTELLECTUAL STAGES - deals PHRENOLOGY - study of the shape of the
with how adults morally represent a reason skull and bumps of facial features. The study of
about the world that they live in. facial features.
MORPHOLOGY - deals with the form and CRANIOLOGY - the scientific study of the
shape and size of the skulls of different human obsession with unusual sexual practices.
races. Another term for Phrenology. EXHIBITIONISM - a mental condition
PSYCHOPATIC PERSONALITY – This is characterized by the compulsion to display one's
the most important cause of criminality among genitals in public.
youthful offenders and habitual criminals. It is FETISHISM - is sexual attraction to objects,
characterized by infantile level or rescind, lack situations, or body parts not traditionally viewed
of conscience, deficient feeling of affection to as sexual.
others and aggression to environment and other PARAPHILIA - a condition characterized by
people. abnormal sexual desires, typically involving
PHYSIOGNOMY - to judge, interpret, or extreme or dangerous activities.
assess a person's character or personality from PEDOPHILIA - sexual feelings directed
his or her outer appearance, especially the face. toward children.
This study and science was used by Beccaria SADOMASOCHISM - is the giving or
(1764) and lavater (1175) to discover the receiving of pleasure, sometimes sexual, from
character of a person. acts involving the infliction or reception of pain
POSITIVIST SCHOOL - based on or humiliation.
determinism; human behavior is controlled by SADISM - the tendency to derive pleasure,
science. especially sexual gratification, from inflicting
POSITIVISM - the belief that the classical pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.
school of thought is wrong in explaining what TRANSVESTISM (also called transvestitism) -
causes crime because they failed to explain is the practice of dressing and acting in a style
adequately the why portion. or manner traditionally associated with another
CESARE LOMBROSO - father of positivism; gender.
medical doctor who wanted to see whether MASOCHISM - the tendency to derive
criminals were physically different, believed in pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from
atavistic anomaly. one's own pain or humiliation.
PSYCHIATRY - the study and treatment of VOYEURISM - Watching others while naked
mental illness, emotional disturbance, and or having sex, generally without their
abnormal behavior. knowledge; also known as scopophilia or
PSYCHOANALYTIC - the analysis of human scoptophilia.
behavior. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the ZOOPHILIA - is a paraphilia involving cross-
19th century. species sexual activity between human and non-
RECIDIVISM - elapse into criminal behavior; human animals or a fixation on such practice.
where you return back into the criminal system. SHAW AND MCKAY'S ECOLOGICAL
REGRESSION - a return to an earlier stage of THEORY - crime is a product of transitional
life or a supposed previous life, especially neighborhoods that manifest social
through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a disorganization and value conflict.
means of escaping present anxieties. SIGMUND FREUD - austrian psychiatrist; his
SAMUEL YOCHELSON - convinced that approach: crime is but one form of deviance.
there is such thing as a criminal personality. ID - contains the inner world of the individual's
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT - devices for inborn instincts and reflexes.
organizing fundamentally differing views of EGO - represents the real world of the
human nature and relating them to issues individual's conscious reason and common
surrounding crime and its control. sense.          SUPEREGO - inner world of the
SEXUAL DEVIATION - a type of mental individual's ideal expectations and conscience;
disorder characterized by a preference for or the conceptions of what the individual considers
to be morally good. behavior,intelligence, and social hierarchy
SOCIAL BOND THEORY - relation between through his Ivy league nude posture photos.
social factors and individual activities;
individuals become free to commit crimes when TEMPERAMENT
their ties to society are broken. VISCEROTONIC - Coined by WH Sheldon,
SPIRITUAL SCHOOL - based on from viscera + -o- + tonic. Designating a
determinism; human behavior is determined by personality type characterised as sociable, easy-
God or demons or Satan. going, and comfort-seeking.
STANTON SAMENOW -  convinced that SOMATONIC - active, dynamic; walks, talks,
there is such thing as a criminal personality. gestures assertively and behaves aggressively.
THOMAS HOBBES - he believed that man is CEREBROTONIC - Introvert and full of
egotistical and self-centered; if he thought he functional complaints to allergies, skin troubles,
could get away with it, then he would commit chronic fatigue, insomia, insensitive skin, and to
the crime. noise, shrinks from crowds.
XYY Syndrome - these people are very tall and
TYPE OF PHYSIQUE disproportionate; more inclined to commit
ECTOMORPH - a person with a lean and crimes.
delicate body build. Are tall and thin and less
social and more intellectual.
MESOMORPH - a person with a compact and
muscular body build. Have well-developed
muscles and an athletic appearance. They are
active, aggressive, sometimes violent, and more B. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
likely to become criminals. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - is the
ENDOMORPH - a person with a soft round system of practices and institutions of
body build and a high proportion of fat tissue. governments directed at upholding social
Have heavy builds and are slow moving. They control, deterring and mitigating crime or
arte known for lethargic behavior rendering sanctioning those who violate laws with
them unlikely to commit violent crime and more criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
willing to engage in less strenuous criminal
activities such as fencing stolen property. GOALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
To protect individuals and society
TYPOLOGY OF CRIME - involve classifying To reduce crime by bringing offenders to
offenses or offenders according to some criteria justice
of relatedness or similarity. To increase the security of the people
UTILITARIANISM - the belief that legal
punishments serve two vital functions: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
1. deterring persons from committing the crimes CONSISTS OF THREE MAIN PARTS
and LEGISLATIVE - create laws
2. protecting society from those wholes acts COURTS - adjudication
threaten the social order; the greatest good for CORRECTIONS - jail, prison, probation,
the greatest number. parole

WILLIAM SHELDON - an American PARTICIPANTS OF CRIMINAL

psychologist who created the field of JUSTICE SYSTEM
somatotype and constitutional psychology that POLICE - first contact of offender since
tried to correlate body types with
they investigate wrongdoing and makes b. gap between rich and poor widens
arrest. c. physicality of punishment increases
PROSECUTION - proves the guilt or
innocence of wrongdoers. GOALS OF PUNISHMENT
COURT - venue where disputes are settled 1. GENERAL DETERRENCE - the state
and justice is administered. tries to convince potential criminals that the
CORRECTION - after accused is found punishment they face is certain, swift, and
guilty, he is put to jail or prison to be severe so that they will be afraid to commit
reformed. an offense.
COMMUNITY - where the convict after 2. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE -
service of sentence comes back to be convincing offenders that the pain of
integrated to be a productive member of punishment is greater than the benefits of
society. crime so they will not repeat their criminal
COMMUNITY POLICING - the system offending
of allocating officers to particular areas so 3. INCAPACITATION - if dangerous
that they become familiar with the local criminals are kept behind bars, they will not
inhabitants. be able to repeat their illegal activities.
4. RETRIBUTION/JUST DESERT -
EARLY HISTORY OF PUNISHMENT punishment should be no more or less than
1. EARLY GREECE AND ROME the offender’s actions deserve, it must be
a. most common state administered based on how blameworthy the person is.
punishment was banishment and exile. 5. EQUITY/RESTITUTION - convicted
b. economic punishment such as fins for criminals must pay back their victims for
such crime as assault on slave, arson, or their loss, the justice system for the costs of
house breaking. processing their case and society for any
2. MIDDLE 5TH TO 15TH CENTURY disruption they may have caused.
a. blood feuds were the norm. 6. REHABILITATION - if the proper
b. law and government not responsible for treatment is applied, an offender will
conflict. present no further threat to society
3. POST 11TH CENTURY FEUDAL 7. DIVERSION - criminals are diverted
PERIODS into a community correctional program for
a. fine system, punishment often consisted treatment to avoid stigma of incarceration.
of payment to feudal lord. The convicted offender might be asked to
b. goals, public order and pacifying the make payments to the crime victim or
injured. participate in a community-based program
c. corporal punishment for poor who can that features counseling.
not pay. 8. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE - repairs
4. 1500'S injuries suffered by the victim and the
a. urbanization and industrialization, use of community while insuring reintegration of
torture and mutilation showed and the offender. Turn the justice system into a
punishment began to be more monetary healing process rather than a distributor of
based. retribution and revenge.
b. use of gallery slaves - ship-rowers.
c. shipped inmates to american colonies 3 BROAD CATEGORIES OF CRIME
5. 1700'S - EARLY 1800'S 1. Sensational crime
a. increase in prison population 2. Street Crime
3. Corporate Crime, White Collar Crime, suspect has the right to remain silent which
and Organized Crime. means they have the right to refuse to
answer questions from the police. They
SENSATIONAL CRIME - certain have the right to an attorney and if they can
offenses are selected for their sensational not afford an attorney, one will be provided
nature and made into national issues.Much for them at no charge.
of what we know about crime comes from PRO BONO - legal work done for free.
the media. WRIT - a form of written command in the
STREET CRIME - includes a wide name of the court or other legal authority to
variety of acts both in public and private act or abstain from acting in some way.
spaces including interpersonal violence and SUBPOENA - is a writ issued by a court
property crime. authority to compel the attendance of a
JUSTICE - the quality of being just, fair witness at a judicial proceeding
and reasonable. SUMMON - a legal document issued by a
RULE OF LAW - is a legal maxim court or administrative agency of
whereby governmental decisions be made government authoritatively or urgently call
by applying known legal principles. on someone to be present.
JUDGE - a public officer who presides DISCRETION - the use of personal
over court proceedings and hear and decide decision making and choice in carrying out
cases in a court of law either alone or as operations in the criminal justice system.
part of a panel of judges. WHAT IS TWELVE TABLE? early
PROSECUTOR - the person responsible Roman laws written around 450 BC which
for presenting the case  in a criminal trial regulated family.religious, and economic
against an individual accused of breaking life.
the law.
LAW - is a system of rules of conduct WHAT IS THE MEDICAL MODEL OF
established by the sovereign government of PUNISHMENT?
a society to correct wrongs, maintain the - a view of corrections holding that
stability of political and social authority convicted offenders are victims of their
and deliver justice. environment or sick people who were
PLAINTIFF - the person who brings a suffering from some social malady that
case against another in court of law. prevented them into valuable members of
RESPONDENT - the defendant in a society.
lawsuit. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
APPELLEE - the respondent in a case BETWEEN INDETERMINATE
appealed to a higher court. SENTENCE AND DETERMINATE
APPELLANT - the party who appeals the SENTENCE?
decision of the lower court. A person who 1. INDETERMINATE SENTENCE
applies to a higher court for a reversal of a. a term of incarceration with a stated
the decision of a lower court. minimum and maximum length. ex. 3-
STARE DECISIS - the legal principle of 10years
determining points in litigation according to b. prisoner is eligible for parole after the
precedent. Latin for "to stand by that which minimum sentenced has been served.
is decided", general practice of adhering to c. based on belief that sentences fit the
previous decisions when it makes new one. criminal, indeterminate sentences allow
MIRANDA DOCTRINE - criminal individualized sentences and provide for
 sentencing flexibility. 3. WEDDING CAKE MODEL - An
d. judges can set a high minimum to explanation of the workings of the criminal
override the purpose of the indeterminate justice system that shows how cases get filtered
sentence. according to the seriousness of the offense.
2. DETERMINATE SENTENCE 4. CRIME PREVENTION - Measures taken to
a. a fixed term of incarceration ex. 3 years reduce the opportunity for crime commission by
b. these sentences are felt by many to be individuals predisposed to such.
restrictive for rehabilitative purposes. 5. CRIME CONTROL MODEL - A model of
c. offenders know exactly how much time the criminal justice system that emphasizes the
they have to serve. efficient arrest and processing of alleged
criminal offenders.
VARIOUS FACTORS SHAPING 6. DUE PROCESS MODEL - A model of the
LENGTH OF PRISON TERMS criminal justice system that emphasizes
1. LEGAL FACTORS individual rights at all stages of the justice
a. the severity of the offense process.
b. the offenders prior criminal record 7. MORAL PANIC - The reaction by a group
c. whether the offender used violence of people based on exaggerated or false
d. whether the offender used weapons perceptions about crime and criminal behavior.
e. whether the crime was committed for 8. VICTIM ADVOCATE - A professional who
money assists the victim during the post victimization
2. EXTRA LEGAL FACTORS period.
a. social class 9. PAROLE - An early release from prison
b. gender based on complying with certain standards
c. age while free.
d. victim characteristics 10. PROBATION - An alternative to prison or
jail in which the offender remains in the
WHAT ARE THE INSTITUTIONS OF community under court supervision.
SOCIALIZATION?
1. Family NOTES:
2. Religion 1. MALA PROHIBITA - A behavior that is
3. Schools morally wrong. Wrong in any context, even if
4. Media there is no law against it.
2. MALA IN SE - Also known as statutory
FAMILY - is the primary institution of crimes. Are Acts that are criminal because they
socialization in society. are prohibited by law.
3. RETRIBUTION - (Vengeance)(Revenge)
NOTES: punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance
1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - The for a wrong or criminal act.
Interdependent actors and agencies, law 4. DETERRENCE - A thing that discourage or
enforcement agencies, the courts, the intended to discourage someone from doing
correctional systems, and victim services at the something.
local and national levels of govt. that deal with 5. PUNISHMENT - the infliction or imposition
the problem of crime. of a penalty as retribution for an offense.
2. SECONDARY VICTIMS - family and 6. REHABILITATION - restore someone to
friends of an individual who has been health or normal life by training and therapy
victimized. after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
7. RECOGNIZANCE - a bond by which a values and develop their own value
person undertakes before a court to observe systems, being so allows them to maintain
some condition especially to appear when their self-esteem.
summoned. 4. RICHARD CLOWARD AND LLOYD
8. CURFEW - a regulation requiring people to OHLIN - In 1960, developed another sub-
remain indoors between specified hours, culture theory called differential
typically at night. opportunity theory.
9. TRUANCY - the action of staying away from 5. MANOR - A large country house with
school without good reason; absenteeism. lands; the principal house of a landed
10. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - the estate.
system of law enforcement that is directly 6. STATUTE OF WINCHESTER -
involved in apprehending, prosecuting, (1285) Declared that each district or
defending, sentencing and punishing those who hundred would be held responsible for
are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. unsolved crimes. Each man was to keep
-In 1829, England, The Metropolitan Police Act arms to take part in the Hue And Cry when
was passed to the leadership of Home Secretary necessary.
Robert Peel 7. TITHING - Earliest type of community
-Bobbies - first salaried police to patrol London. organized policing. Based on principles of
-Boston - began its police department in 1838. self-help and collective responsibility. Each
-New York City - 1845 created a police force. Tithing consisted of 10 men who were
-U.S. Marshall Service 1789. accountable for policing each other.
-U.S. Coast Guard 1790. 8. SHERIFF - Supervision of the tithing
-Department of Homeland Security - was was a responsibility of the sheriff, the local
created to coordinate the work of intelligence representative of the king.
and security agencies. 9. THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT OF
-Texas Rangers - 1835, became the first state 1701 - In England, Was designed to secure
police organization. the protestant succession to the throne and
-William Penn - in the new world in 1682, to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring
established houses of correction. parliamentary system of government. The
act also strengthened the bill of rights
NOTES: (1689) which had previously established
1. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION the order of succession of Mary II's heirs.
THEORY - This Theory argues that more One of the most important provisions of
crime occurs in neighborhoods that have this act was the recognition that judges
fraying social structures such as poor should hold office only during  good
schools, vacant and vandalized buildings, a behavior and could be removed only with
mix of commercial and residential property, the consent  of the parliament.
changing ethnicity and high unemployment. 10. BILL OF RIGHTS - A statement of
2. ANOMIE - Another word for strain. It fundamental rights and privileges. The bill
refers to the difference between what a of rights is an act of the Parliament of
person aspires to do and what he can England whose title is " And Act Declaring
actually achieve. the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and
3. LOWER CLASS REACTION Settling the Succession of the Crown". It is
THEORY - Holds that as kids in lower often called the English Bill of Rights.
classes fail to live up to society's 11. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS - A
expectations, they reject middle-class writ ordering a prisoner to be brought
before a judge. It is a writ or legal action with returns being given to early
through which a prisoner can be released participants using money contributed by
from unlawful detention. The remedy can later ones.
be sought by the prisoner or by another 21. PONZI SCHEME - a form of fraud in
person coming to his aid. which belief in the success of non existent
12. CONSTITUTION - A body of enterprise is fostered by the payment of
fundamental principles or established quick returns to the first investors from
precedents according to which a state or money invested by later investors.
other organization is acknowledged to be 22. FENCE - would buy stolen items for a
governed. huge discounts and then resell those items.
13. MAGNA CARTA - A Charter of 23. EMBEZZLEMENT - is the act of
Liberty and political rights obtained from stealing from your employer.
King John of England by his rebellious
Barons at Runnymede in 1215 which came CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
to be seen as the seminal document of DEFINITION OF TERMS
English constitutional practice. 4 PRINCIPAL METHODS OF
14. EUTHANASIA - helping another IMPLEMENTING THE PUNITIVE
person commit suicide. POLICY USED DURING THE HISTORY
15. SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME - A OF MANKIND
situation of shaking a baby. An infant’s Physical Torture
brain is so vulnerable, just one or two Social Degradation
violent shakes can result in serious injury or Financial Loss
even death. Removal from the group by death, exile or
16. SODOMY - Refers to forced anal or imprisonment.
oral sex or those same acts when they're
done consensually between an adult and a ALPHONSE BERTILLON – One who
juvenile. originated a system of classifying criminals
17. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY according to bodily measurements.
DISORDER - Someone with this disorder ANCIENT ROME – A nation who pioneered
generally sees herself as very important, banishment as a form of punishment.
needs others to see her as important, and
lacks the ability to experience empathy APPROACHES TO THE EXPLANATION
with others. OF CRIME
18. ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY 1. Subjective Approach
DISORDER - Someone with this disorder 2. Objective Approach
has a pattern of disregarding the rights of
others that starts when she's a juvenile and SUBJECTIVE APPROACH
progresses into adulthood. 1. Anthropological Approach
19. PSYCHOPATH - is a predator who 2. Medical Approach
uses charm, manipulation, and violence to 3. Biological Approach
control others and achieve her own selfish 4. Physiological Approach
needs without experiencing any guilt or 5. Psychological Approach
remorse. 6. Psychiatric Approach
20. PYRAMID SCHEME - a form of 7. Psycho-Analytical Approach
investment in which each paying
participant recruits two further participants OBJECTIVE APPROACH
1. Geographic Approach The Socialist School
2. Ecological Approach The Psychiatric School
3. Economic Approach Sociological and Social-Psychological School.
4. Sociological and Cultural Approach
                DAVID W. MAURER – An American
AUSTRALIA – A place where after the authority in police matters who in his books
Americans gained their independence from “The Big Con – 1940” once said the dominant
England in 1786, the prisoners of England were culture would control the predatory cultures
transferred until 1867. without difficulty and what is more, it could
AUTOPHOBIA – It is a morbid fear of one's exterminate them for no criminal subculture can
self or of being alone. operate continuously and professionally without
BERLIN – The country where the last burning the connivance of the law.
at the stake was made until 1786.
BIOLOGY – Is the study of living things. The DIVISIONS OF CRIMINALISTICS
science that deals with the origin, history, SCIENTIFIC
physical characteristics, life, processes, habits A. Chemistry
etc. of plants and animals. b. Physics
CLASSICAL SCHOOL – This school of c. Biology
penology which Beccaria made of the first
significant contributions and to which Rousseau TECHNOLOGICAL
Montesquieu and Voltaire belonged maintained a. Questioned Document Examination
the doctrine of psychological hedonism, that the b. Firearms Identification
individual calculates pleasures and pains in c. Fingerprint Identification
advance of action and regulates his conduct by
the results of his calculations. That since ITALIAN THEORY – Dr. Cesare Lombroso
punishment must be one that can be calculated, it
must be same for all individual regardless of age, 3 CLASSES OF CRIMINALS
mentality, social  or other conditions. BORN CRIMINALS – Atavism
CRIMINALISTICS – Sum total of the INSANE CRIMINALS – Idiots, imbecile,
application of all sciences in crime detection. A dementia, paralysis, pelagno etc.
criminal commits crime by means of things or he CRIMINALOIDS – Not born with physical
leaves something in the crime scene. stigma but who are of such mental makeup
that they display anti social conduct.
THESE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE INCLUDE Criminaloids are persons suffering from
BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE psychological defects.
FOLLOWING
1. Blood and Blood stain PROPONENTS/PIONEER OF ITALIAN
2. Firearms and other deadly weapons THEORY
3. Fingerprints and footprints Dr. Cesare Lombroso
4. Tool marks and many more Enrico Ferri
Garofalo
CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY – Is an attempt at
scientific analysis of the causes of crime. JOHN HOWARD – The great prison reformer
who wrote “The state of prisons in england in
CRIMINOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 1777 after a personal investigation of practically
Cartographical School all the prisons in England.
MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY – The
period when the first house of correction which the other machineries of the criminal
appeared in England on the petition of Bishop justice system are developed.
Ridley of London for help in dealing with the POSITIVE SCHOOL – This school denied
sturdy vagabonds of the city. The King gave his individual responsibility and reflected an
place at Bridewell to be one of the hospitals of essentially non punitive reaction to crime and
the city for lewd and idle and a place for the criminality. The adherents of this school
employment of the unemployed and the training maintained that a crime as any other act is a
of children. natural phenomenon like tornado, flood etc.
MODERN TREND IN CRIMINOLOGY
AND PENOLOGY – Is that the offender in PRINCIPAL DIVISION OF
society regardless of the gravity of the offense CRIMINOLOGY -
must be corrected and rehabilitated for eventual Criminal Etiology
return to the community. Sociology of Law
NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL – This school Penology
arose at the time of the French revolution and the
period immediately following, maintained that SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY – It is based
while the classical school was correct in general, on the principle that it is the obligation of the
it should be modified in certain details since state to protect and provide safety of the people
children and lunatic can not calculate pleasures and to promote the happiness of its constituent
and pain, they should not be regarded as members. In return for these services, it is the
criminals or to be punished. obligation of the individual member to surrender
PEACE – Philippine Educator's Association for a small portion of his natural liberty in obedience
Criminology Education, January 15, 1983. to the valid laws of the state.
PENOLOGY – Concerned with the control and SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – Since man
prevention of crime and the treatment of has enjoyed freely the protection and security, it
youthful offenders. is necessary for the state to assume some sort of
PHENOMENON – Any extremely unusual or control over the behavior of the members so that
extra ordinary thing or occurrence. the greatest happiness for the majority can be
PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF obtained.
CRIMINOLOGY – At Sta. Cruz Manila, SOCIOLOGY OF LAW – Is an attempt at
Formerly known as Plaridel College, 1950's. scientific analysis of the conditions under which
penal/criminal laws develop as a process of
FOUNDERS: formal social control.
Manila Police Major Eliseo Vibar
Dr. Pedro Solis of NBI THEORIES UNDERLYING CRIMINAL
SC Associate Justice Felix Bautista Angelo LAW IN RELATION TO MAN
Classical Theory
PETER RENTZEL – A private person who in Neo-Classical Theory
1669 established a work house in hamburg at his The Positive and Italian Theory
own expense because he had observed that
thieves and prostitutes were made worse instead The behavior system in crime may be described
of better by pillory and he hoped that they might by its 3 principal characteristics except “it is not
be improved by work and religious instruction in merely an aggregation of individuals criminal
the workhouse. acts”.
POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT – The core
of the criminal justice system or the institution The maintenance of peace and order is the joint
 SOCIAL DECORUM - a set of norms and
and several responsibility of man and his standard practiced by the members during social
government. Can be described by the following activities and other functions.
theories: POLICE COMMUNITY RELATION -
1. Social Contract Theory generally refers to the sum total of attitudes and
2. Social Control theory behavior between police and the communities
they serve.

PUBLIC RELATIONS - a collection of

communication techniques used by individuals
   C. ETHICS AND VALUES or organizations to convince an audience about
POLICE ETHICS AND COMMUNITY the merits of an idea, organization, program,
RELATIONS practice or policy.
PNP PHILOSOPHY COMMUNITY SERVICE - refers to the
  1. Service activities whereby police engage in pro-social
  2. Honor activities to enhance the well being of the
  3. Justice community beyond law enforcement and other
maintenance.
PNP CORE VALUES COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - involves
  1. Makadios (God-Fearing) members of the community taking an active role
  2. Makabayan (Nationalistic) in trying to genuinely help the police.
  3. Makatao (Humane) POLICE TRADITIONS
1. Spiritual beliefs
ETHICAL ACTS TO BE OBSERVED BY 2. Valor
PNP MEMBERS 3. Patriotism
  1. Morality 4. Discipline
  2. Judicious use of authority 5. Gentlemanliness
  3. Integrity 6. Word of Honor
  4. Justice 7. Duty
  5. Humility 8. Loyalty
  6. Orderliness 9. Camaraderie
  7. Perseverance
SPIRITUAL BELIEFS - can refer to an
DEFINITION OF TERMS ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality, an
CUSTOMS - established usage or social inner path enabling a person to discover the
practices carried on by tradition that have essence of his/her being or the deepest values
obtained the force of law. and meanings by which people live.
TRADITIONS - bodies of belief, stories, VALOR - great courage in the face of danger.
customs and usages handed down from Strength of mind or spirit that enables a person
generation to generation with the effect of an to encounter danger with firmness.
unwritten law. PATRIOTISM - love of country and
COURTESY - a manifestation of expression of willingness to sacrifice for it.
consideration and respect for others. DISCIPLINE - the practice of training people to
CEREMONY - a formal act or set of formal obey rules or a code of behavior using
acts established by customs or authority as punishment to correct disobedience.
proper to special occasion. GENTLEMANLINESS - characteristic of or
 having the character of a gentleman. A man implementation of a systematic values-
whose conduct conforms to a high standard of integration and intervention program.
propriety or correct behavior 6. MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM - The
WORD OF HONOR - a verbal commitment by Moral Recovery Program is a movement which
one person to another agreeing to do or not to do aims to mobilize all Filipinos for nation-
something in the future. building through the practical exercise of human
DUTY - a task or action that someone is values in our daily lives as citizens. It is
required to perform. empowered through Executive Order 319 signed
LOYALTY - a strong feeling of support or by President Fidel V Ramos on April 03, 1996,
allegiance. Is faithfulness or a devotion to a which institutionalizes the MRP in all
person, country, group or cause. government departments, offices, agencies, and
CAMARADERIE - mutual trust and friendship government-owned and controlled corporations
among people who spend a lot of time together. 7. MORALE – refers to a person’s state of
Goodwill and lighthearted rapport between or mind and emotions, affecting the
among friends. personnel/employee and the police force to
perform assigned tasks willingly and
FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE enthusiastically with confidence, cheerfulness
FOLLOWING TERMS: and discipline to work, which in turn affects the
individual performance and organizational goals
1. CORRUPTION – is the misuse of authority and objectives.
by a police officer in a manner designed to 8. MORALITY – quality of human acts that
produce personal gain for himself or others; an leads man to observe “moral behavior”, to be
impairment of integrity, virtue or moral obedient to a system of moral rules, “rules of
principle; inducement (as an official) by means right conduct”.
of improper considerations (as bribery) to 9. POLICE DISCRETION – the inherent
commit a violation of duty. ability and privilege of a police officer to test
2. DHRDD – refers to the DIRECTORATE and use the limits of his power in making a
FOR HUMAN RESOURCE AND choice among possible courses of action or
DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT; the primary inaction (i.e. to arrest or not to arrest).
training and education directorate in the PNP. 10. PRO - Police Regional Office which
3. ETHICS - is the capacity to determine right constitute seventeen (17) Regional Offices of
conduct and the knowledge of what is right from the PNP to include ARMM, CAR and NCRPO
wrong; specific moral choices to be made by the 11. POLICE OFFICER – a public servant who
individual in his relationship with others; the represents the disciplinary and discretionary
moral quality of a course of action, fitness and power of the state to enforce laws
propriety. 12. VALUES – are beliefs, principles and
4. ETHICS AND VALUES COUNSELING philosophies that are important,cherished,
CENTER – A facility for spiritual and prized, upheld and defended:
behavioral intervention established in every 13. VIRTUE – the quality of moral excellence,
Police Regional Office to provide adequate righteousness, probity, responsibility and
counseling and assistance to police officers goodness; conformity to standard morality or
5. ETHICS AND VALUES FORMATION mores (as by abstention from vices, rectitude);
PROGRAM - THIS program contains specific type of moral excellence or other
policies,principles, guidelines and sanctions, all exemplary quality considered meritorious, a
geared towards the internalization of moral worthy practice or ideal
values and service dedication through the
14. CUSTOMS - Established usage or social that traditionally encouraged cooperative
practices carried on by tradition that have relationships among people.
obtained the force of law.                   
15. TRADITIONS - Bodies of beliefs, stories, COMMUNAL INSTITUTIONS
customs and usages handed down from 1. Family
generation to generation with the effect of an 2. School
unwritten law. 3. Church
16. COURTESY - A manifestation or 4. Social Groups
expression of consideration and respect for
others. 3. STRAIN THEORY - crime is caused by
17. CEREMONY - A formal act or set of the difficulty of those in poverty in
formal acts established by customs or authority achieving socially valued goals by
as proper to special occasion. legitimate means.
18. SOCIAL DECORUM - A set of norms and 4. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION -
standards practiced by members during social young people are motivated to commit
and other functions. crimes by delinquent peers and learn
19. SALUTE - Salute is the usual greeting criminal skills from them.
rendered by uniformed members upon meeting 5. LABELLING THEORY - once a
and recognizing person entitled to a salute. person is labeled criminal they are more
20. HABITS - Provide the basis for judgments likely to offend. Once labeled as deviant, a
about what is important for the organization to person may accept that role and more likely
succeed in its core business. to associate with others who have been
similarly labeled.
6. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY -
proposes that exploiting the process of
socialization and social learning builds self
control and can reduce the inclination to
indulge in behavior recognized as anti
D. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY social.
PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code
RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women FOUR TYPES OF CONTROL THAT
and their Children Act of 2004. CAN HELP PREVENT JUVENILE
RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare DELINQUENCY
Act of 2006 1. DIRECT - punishment is threatened or
YOUTHFUL OFFENDER - over 9 years applied for wrongful behavior and
old but under 18 years old at the time of the compliance is rewarded by parents, family
commission of the offense. and authority figures.
2. INTERNAL - youth refrains from
CRIME THEORIES APPLICABLE TO delinquency through the conscience or
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY super ego.
1. RATIONAL CHOICE - causes of 3. INDIRECT - by identification with
crime lie within the individual offender those who influence behavior because
rather than in their external environment. his/her delinquent act might cause pain and
2. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION - disappointment to parents and others with
absence or breakdown of communal whom he/she has close relationships.
institutions and communal relationships 4. CONTROL - through needs satisfaction,
if all individuals needs are met, there is no CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR - crimes dealt
point in criminal activity. with by the criminal justice system.
STATUS OFFENSES - offenses which are
BREED VS. JONES - A US court only classified as such because one is a
decision where it held that juveniles can not minor, such as truancy which is also dealt
be tried when acquitted in juvenile court with by juvenile court.
then tried again in adult criminal
court.Double jeopardy applies to juveniles TRUANCY - is any intentional
as well as adults. unauthorized absence from compulsory
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY - is the schooling.
participation in illegal behavior by minors VANDALISM - Ruthless destruction or
who fall under a statutory limit. spoiling of anything beautiful or
JUVENILE DELINQUENT - is a person venerable.The term includes criminal
who is typically under the age of 18 and damage such as graffiti and defacement
commits an act that otherwise would have directed towards a property without the
been charged as a crime if they were an permission of the owner.
adult. GRAFFITI - is writing or drawings
scribbled,scratched or sprayed illicitly on a
CRIMES COMMONLY COMMITTED wall or other surface in a public place.
BY JUVENILE DELINQUENTS DEFACEMENT - refers to marking or
STATUS OFFENSES - is an action that is removing the part of an object designed to
prohibited only to a certain class of people hold the viewers attention.
and most often applied to offenses only
committed by minors. example, under age TYPES OF OFFENDERS THAT
smoking. EMERGE IN ADOLESCENCE
PROPERTY CRIMES - is a category of REPEAT OFFENDER - (life-course-
crime that includes theft,robbery,motor persistent offender) - begins offending or
vehicle theft,arson,shop lifting and showing anti-social/aggressive behavior in
vandalism. adolescence or even childhood and
Violent Crime in which the offender uses or continuous in adulthood.
threatens to use violent force upon the AGE SPECIFIC OFFENDER
victim. (adolescence-limited offender) - juvenile
AGE OF MAJORITY - is the threshold of offending or delinquency begins and ends
adulthood as it is during their period of adolescence.
conceptualized,recognized or declared by
law.The vast majority of country including 1. VICTIMLESS CRIMES -  refers to
the Philippines set majority age at 18. offenses where there is no private offended
YOUNG ADULT - a person between the party.
ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a 2. YOUTH REHABILITATION
person between the ages of 13 and 19. CENTER - refers to a 24-hour residential
  care facility managed by the Department of
TYPES/CATEGORIES OF JUVENILE Social Welfare and Development (DSWD),
DELINQUENCY LGUs, licensed and/or accredited NGO's
DELINQUENCY - crimes committed by monitored by the DSWD, which provides
minors which are dealt with by the juvenile care, treatment and rehabilitation services
courts and justice system. for children in conflict with the law.
3. YOUTH DETENTION HOME - refers
to a 24-hour child-caring institution issues that caused the child to commit an
managed by accredited local government offense. It may take the form of an
units (LGU's) and licensed and/or individualized treatment program which
accredited non-government organizations may include counseling, skills training,
(NGO's) providing short-term residential education, and other activities that will
care for children in conflict with the law enhance his/her psychological, emotional
who are awaiting court disposition of their and psycho-social well-being.
cases or transfer to other agencies or 11. INITIAL CONTACT WITH THE
jurisdiction. CHILD - refers to the apprehension or
4. STATUS OFFENSES -  refers to taking into custody of a child in conflict
offenses which discriminate only against a with the law by law enforcement officers or
child, while an adult does not suffer any private citizens.
penalty for committing similar acts. These 12. DIVERSION PROGRAM - refers to
shall include curfew violations, truancy, the program that the child in conflict with
parental disobedience and the like. the law is required to undergo after he/she
5. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE -  refers to is found responsible for an offense without
a principle which requires a process of resorting to formal court proceedings.
resolving conflicts with the maximum 13. DIVERSION - refers to an alternative,
involvement of the victim, the offender and child-appropriate process of determining
the community. the responsibility and treatment of a child
6. RECOGNIZANCE -  refers to an in conflict with the law on the basis of
undertaking in lieu of a bond assumed by a higher social, cultural, economic,
parent or custodian who shall be psychological or educational background
responsible for the appearance in court of without resorting to formal court
the child in accordance with the law, when proceedings.
required. 14. DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY - 
7. OFFENSE - refers to any act or refers to any form of detention or
omission whether punishable under special imprisonment, or to the placement of a
laws or the Revised Penal Code, as child in conflict with the law in a public or
amended. private custodial setting, from which the
8. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER -  child in conflict with the law is not
refers to the person in authority or his/her permitted to leave at will by order of any
agent as defined in Article 152 of the judicial or administrative authority.
Revised Penal Code, including a barangay 15. COURT -  refers to a family court or,
tanod. in places where there are no family courts,
9. JUVENILE JUSTICE AND any regional trial court.
WELFARE SYSTEM - refers to a system 16. COMMUNITY-based Programs - 
dealing with children at risk and children in refers to the programs provided in a
conflict with the law, which provides child- community setting developed for purposes
appropriate proceedings, including of intervention and diversion, as well as
programs and services for prevention, rehabilitation of the child in conflict with
diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and the law, for reintegration into his/her family
aftercare to ensure their normal growth and and/or community.
development. 17. CHILD IN CONFLICT WITH THE
10. INTERVENTION - refers to a series LAW - refers to a child who is alleged as,
of activities which are designed to address accused of, or adjudged as, having
 committed an offense under Philippine violation of the criminal law, that is, a
laws. delinquent act.The judge can formally
18. CHILD AT RISK -  refers to a child adjudicate the youth as an initial step before
who is vulnerable to and at the risk of imposing a disposition (a sentence or
committing criminal offenses because of punishment), or the judge can decide not to
personal, family and social circumstances. adjudicate the youth and instead impose
19. CHILD -  refers to a person under the conditions that, if met, will result in
age of eighteen (18) years. dismissal of the charges.
20. BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD - 2. ADJUDICATORY HEARING: The
refers to the totality of the circumstances fact finding (trial) phase of a juvenile case
and conditions which are most congenial to in which a judge receives and weighs
the survival, protection and feelings of evidence before deciding whether a
security of the child and most encouraging delinquency or status offense has been
to the child's physical, psychological and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
emotional development. It also means the 3. AGGRAVATING FACTORS: Factors
least detrimental available alternative for to be considered that may increase the
safeguarding the growth and development seriousness of the offense, such as prior
of the child. offenses, weapon use, heinous nature of
21. BAIL -  refers to the security given for crime, and threats to victims or witnesses.
the release of the person in custody of the 4. ARREST: A law enforcement officer
law, furnished by him/her or a bondsman, charges an offender with a criminal act or
to guarantee his/her appearance before any violation of law and takes the offender into
court. Bail may be given in the form of custody based on probable cause.
corporate security, property bond, cash 5. CONFLICT RESOLUTION: Use of
deposit, or recognizance. communication skills and creative thinking
22. R.A. NO. 9344 - The Act creating the to develop voluntary solutions that are
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. acceptable to disputants.
23. ARTICLE 40 OF THE UNITED 6. CONTINUUM OF CARE: A broad
NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE array of juvenile justice programs and
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD -  the State services ranging from prevention programs
recognizes the right of every child alleged for young children and youth at risk of
as, accused of, adjudged, or recognized as, delinquency to intervention programs
having infringed the penal law to be treated serving high-risk youth in secure residential
in a manner consistent with the promotion settings.
of the child's sense  of dignity and worth, 7. CURFEW: A local ordinance that
taking into account the child's age and requires, under specific conditions and
desirability of promoting his/her exceptions, a specific group of persons
reintegration. (usually juveniles under a certain age) to
24. R.A. NO. 9344 should be construed refrain from unsupervised activities after a
liberally in favor of the child in conflict designated hour within the confines of a
with the law. selected area, city, or county.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY DEFINITION 8. CUSTODY; Taken into custody: Being
OF TERMS in the care of a criminal or juvenile justice
1. ADJUDICATED DELINQUENT: A agency or official or being taken into
youth who has been found by a judge in custody by a law enforcement officer
juvenile court to have committed a pursuant to the laws of arrest if the juvenile
were an adult and the offense is criminal in nonofficial or nonjudicial handling. This
nature. screening also identifies the presence of
9. DELINQUENCY PREVENTION medical, psychiatric, psychological,
PROGRAMS: Programs and services substance abuse, and educational problems
designed to keep at-risk youth from or other conditions that may have caused
entering the juvenile justice system. the youth to come to the attention of law
10. DELINQUENT ACT: Any act enforcement or intake. Intake includes
committed by a youth that would be a initial screening of a status offender to
criminal violation if committed by an adult. determine the recommended action to be
11. DELINQUENT JUVENILE: A youth taken in the best interests of the youth, the
who has been found responsible for having family, and the community.
committed a delinquent act--the equivalent 17. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
of being found guilty of a criminal offense. PROGRAM: Any program or activity
12. DETENTION: In custody (secure, related to juvenile delinquency prevention,
non-secure, or home confinement) while control, diversion, intervention, treatment,
awaiting an adjudication hearing, rehabilitation, planning, education, training,
disposition, or commitment placement. and research.
13. DETENTION HEARING: A judicial 18. MEDIATION: A process by which a
hearing generally required to be held within neutral third person, or mediator,
72 hours of a youth being taken into encourages and facilitates the resolution of
custody, at which point the court a dispute between two or more parties. It is
determines whether (1) there is probable an informal process designed to help the
cause to believe that the youth has disputants reach a mutually acceptable and
committed a delinquent act or a court order voluntary agreement. Decision making
exists that requires the continued detention authority rests with the parties. The role of
of the youth, and (2) continued detention is the mediator includes, but is not limited to,
required pending an adjudicatory hearing. helping the parties identify issues, fostering
14. DISPOSITION HEARING: The joint problem solving, and exploring
hearing in a juvenile case (like a sentencing settlement alternatives.
hearing in criminal court) at which the 19. MENTORING: Generally involves
court receives a predisposition report providing support and guidance to and
containing information and spending time on a regular basis with a
recommendations to help determine the youth. Mentoring activities can include
appropriate sanction. These sanctions can participating in sports, playing games,
include probation, commitment to the shopping, taking hikes, helping with
custody of the state's department of juvenile homework, and doing chores.
justice, or community-based sanctions. 20. PROTECTIVE FACTORS: Factors
15. DIVERSION: A process by which a that help to reduce the impact of risk
youth is channeled from the juvenile justice factors in a young person's life.
system. Examples are Informal Adjustment, 21. RISK FACTORS: Certain problem
Truancy Court, etc. behaviors present risk factors in a young
16. INTAKE: The process used for every person's life that may contribute to later
youth referred to juvenile court. Intake delinquency. A few examples include the
involves screening each youth to determine availability of drugs and firearms in the
the appropriateness for release or referral to community, family conflict, and friends
a diversionary program or agency for who engage in problem behaviors.
22. STATUS OFFENSES: Non-criminal whose parents, guardian or other custodian for
offenses only applicable to children--for good cause desires to be relieved of his care and
example, being truant, running away from custody.
home, possessing alcohol or cigarettes, or DELINQUENCY – Acts against norms, mores
violating curfew. of society.
23. TRUANT: A young person who is DEVIANCY – Is a stage of human existence
absent from school without permission or where one has ceased to believe in love whereby
authorization. the child ends up bitter, empty, lonely, resentful
24. VICTIMIZATION: The result of a and in most cases emotionally infantile
planned or accidental act that causes EDWIN SCHUR – Radical Non Intervention –
physical or psychological harm. if a child commits an offense, he should be left
25. VIOLENT CRIME: Crimes of alone.
violence include rape, robbery, assault, or EMANCIPATION – Liberty from parental
murder. authority.
EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN
4 MAJOR THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN – Are those who although not afflicted with
EXISTENCE OF DELINQUENCY insanity or mental defect are unable to maintain
Demonological/Pre-Classical – Possessed by normal social relations with others and the
spirits – before. community in general due to emotional problems
Classical and complexes.
Positivist EPIDEOLOGY –Transmission.
Gotical ETIOLOGY – Delinquency
FAMILY HOME – Constituted jointly by the
ABANDONED CHILD – Is one who has no husband and the wife or by unmarried head of a
proper parental care or guardianship or whose family, is the dwelling house where they and
parents or guardians have deserted him for a their family reside and the land on which it is
period of at least 6 continuous months. situated.
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT – 18th century. HEDONISM – Pleasure, highest goal of man's
BORSTALS – Youth Custody Centers and life.
detention center. HEDONISTIC CALCULUS – Process of
CESARE LOMBROSO – Father of weighing pleasure and pain.
Criminology. IDEA OF DETERMINATION – Any act
committed awaits an explanation to the natural
COMMON DETECTED YOUNG PERSONS world.
CRIME JEREMY BENTHAM – Introduced
Shoplifting punishment of imprisonment.
Crimes Of Violence JJS – Juvenile Justice System
JUVENILE – person/Minors/Youth whose
CRIME RATE – mental and emotional faculty has not been fully
Population X 100% developed.
Crime Volume JUVENILE DELINQUENT – Person commits
any act of delinquency.
CRITICAL THEORY – explains that JUVENILE DIVERSION – Offender is
delinquency is the by product of social removed from JJS and diverted to other
arrangement. government programs.
DEFENDANT CHILD – Is one who is without
a parent, guardian or other custodian or one
LABELLING THEORY - RA 6809 – 18 years old - age of majority.
INTERNATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE – RA 8669 – Law which created the family court.
any youth who commits a crime should be left TRUANCY – Frequent Absences
alone
SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE TYPES OF DELINQUENTS
Occasional Delinquent
NEGLECTED CHILD – is one whose basic The Gang Delinquent
needs have been deliberately unattended or Mal Adjusted delinquent
inadequately attended.
NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY – Modified the WELFARE MODEL – Is the positivistic
classical theory, excepted the child and lunatics approach which holds that young offenders
from punishment. should be helped rather than punished.
PARENTAL AUTHORITY/PARTIA WILLIAM BONGER – Social Conflict Theory
POTESTOS – Rights and obligations which – society is composed of the ruling class and the
parents have in relation to the persons and ruled class.
property of their children until their
emancipation and even after this under certain YOUNG OFFENDERS FALL INTO TWO
circumstances. CATEGORIES
PD 603 – Child and Youth Welfare Code – Juveniles
Approval – Dec.10,1974 Young Adults – at least 17
EFFECTIVITY – June 10,1975
POLICE – Prime mover of JJS; Backbone of YOUTHFUL OFFENDER – below 18 years
CJS old.
POVERTY – Means the condition of that group - Is one who is over 9 years but under 18 years of
whose income is low, therefore, the standard of age at the time of the commission of the offense.
living is not enough to maintain normal health ZONES OF PEACE – Children trapped in an
and efficiency. armed conflict based on RA 7610.
SOME CAUSES OF POVERTY WHICH
COULD BE ONE OF THE CAUSES OF
CRIME
Physical Environment
Unfavorable Economic Condition    E. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS
Social Environment MANAGEMENT
Defects in Government AUTOMATIC CUES OR FIXED ACTION
Defects in Education RESPONSES - these are responses that are
usually found or used among animals when you
PROPONENT OF CLASSICAL THEORY instruct them to do something. For example, in
Jeremy Bentham an animal show, animal trainers use a whistle to
Cesare Beccaria elicit a specific response from an animal.
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
PROPONENTS OF POSITIVIST/ITALIAN - is characterized by a long-standing pattern of a
THEORY disregard for other people’s rights, often
Cesare Lombroso crossing the line and violating those rights. It
Enrico ferri usually begins in childhood or as a teen and
Rafael Garofalo continues into their adult lives.
ANXIETY - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or
unease about something with an uncertain CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY - a branch of
outcome. psychiatry that deals with the evaluations,
APATHY - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or prevention and cure of criminal behavior.
concern. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY - a branch of
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER - psychology that deals with the study of behavior
experience long-standing feelings of inadequacy and mental processes of the criminal.
and are extremely sensitive to what others think CRIMINAL SIEGE - is a result of a
about them. These feelings of inadequacy leads perpetration of crime that went wrong and the
to the person to be socially inhibited and feel criminals were trapped or cornered by law
socially inept. Because of these feelings of enforcers. In many cases, hostage taking is
inadequacy and inhibition, the person with violent and unplanned.
avoidant personality disorder will seek to avoid CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY - a branch of
work, school and any activities that involve sociology that studies about the criminal and to
socializing or interacting with others. its relation to the social structure of organization
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY of society as well the process on how the
DISORDER - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and
instability in interpersonal relationships, self- non-criminal.
image and emotions. People with borderline CRISIS - Any situation that is threatening or
personality disorder are also usually very could threaten to harm people or property,
impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self- seriously interrupt operations, damage
injurious behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, reputation and/or negatively impact the bottom
cutting, suicide attempts). line.
COMPULSION - A sudden and irresistible CRISIS INTERVENTION - focuses on
force compelling a person to do some action. studying an individual’s life in order to defuse
the destructive effects of the unusual stress
CONDITIONS AND FACTORS THAT being experienced, and then assisting the
SURROUNDS AND INFLUENCES AN individual in crisis to go back to his or her
INDIVIDUAL  normal condition before the crisis.
THAT CAN CAUSE CERTAIN BEHAVIOR CRISIS MANAGEMENT - is the expert
PATTERNS. handling of a situation to reduce or eliminate
1. Environment danger or destruction.
2. Society                                                       CRISIS NEGOTIATION - the use of
3. Heredity communication techniques and strategies to
4. Learning influence a person to change his/her behavior in
accordance with goals within legal, ethical and
COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE - any method moral constraints.
either physical or technical employed by the
offender(s) to detect Law Enforcement CRISIS NEGOTIATION TEAM -
involvement or the use of surveillance. COMPOSITION
COURIER - the person(s) delivering the 1. PRIMARY NEGOTIATOR - actually
concessions(s), which, purports to be, that being communicates with the subject.
demanded by the offenders. 2. SECONDARY NEGOTIATOR - (Backup)
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR - is intentional assists the primary negotiator by offering
behavior that violates a criminal code; advice, monitoring the negotiations, keeping
intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator
or under duress. sees and hears everything in the proper
perspective. individual who has no contact with reality.
3. INTELLIGENCE LIAISON/RECORDER He/She is characterized by the following:
- interviews individuals associated with the a. Irritable depressed mood
suspect to compile a criminal history and a b. Diminished interests
history of mental illness, as well as to gather c. Weight loss and fatigue
other relevant information. He is also in charge d. Insomnia or hypersomnia
of the recordings of all conversations. e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
4. NEGOTIATION TEAM LEADER - the f. Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
most senior member of the team act as a leader. g. Lack of concentration
His primary responsibility is to act as a buffer h. Thoughts of death.
between command personnel and the
Negotiation Team. He/She advises the DEVIANT BEHAVIOR - a behavior that
Incident/On-Scene Commander on the best deviates from the norms and standards of the
negotiating strategies and co-ordinates the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has the
process with the SWAT and the forward tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will
command resources. become criminals when it violates the provision
5. BOARD NEGOTIATOR - he/she maintains of the criminal law.
a visual display of all information relevant to the EMPHATY - is the ability to understand and
negotiations, i.e. deadlines, demands and details share the feelings of another. It is where the
of persons known to be in the stronghold. negotiator tries to perceive the emotional state
DEADLOCK - means no deal and no or condition of the subject and feedback a
agreement—in other words, failure of the response that demonstrates his/her
negotiation. understanding of the subject.
DEBRIEFING - shall be conducted after each HEMATOPHOBIA - an abnormal and
positive police action to evaluate and study persistent fear of blood.
operational lapses. Proper assessment of the HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
situation is an important key to a successful - is characterized by a long-standing pattern of
operation during hostage-taking scenarios. attention seeking behavior and extreme
Debriefing also assists in determining and emotionality. Someone with histrionic
establishing best practice. personality disorder wants to be the center of
DELUSION - is a belief held with strong attention in any group of people and feel
conviction despite superior evidence to the uncomfortable when they are not. While often
contrary. lively, interesting and sometimes dramatic, they
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER have difficulty when people aren’t focused
- is characterized by a long-standing need for exclusively on them.
the person to be taken care of and a fear of being HOSTAGE - an individual who has been held
abandoned or separated from important by the perpetrators against this/her will.
individuals in his or her life. This leads the HOSTAGE-TAKER(S) - an individual or
person to engage in dependent and submissive group of person who hold another person(s)
behaviors that are designed to elicit care-giving against his/her/their will as bargaining chips for
behaviors in others. The dependent behavior purposes of demanding certain amount of
may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on” to money, self protection, thwarting any police
others, because the person fears they can’t live action, or pursuing personal interest or that of
their lives without the help of others. the general public.
HOSTAGE TAKING - is a situation that set of
DEPRESSIVE AND SUICIDAL - is an circumstances wherein a suspected law violator
is holding a person in captive by the use of force disorder often believe they are of primary
or threat of violence. importance in everybody’s life or to anyone they
HOT DEBRIEF - short debriefing conducted meet.
by negotiating team prior to turn over to another NEGOTIATION - to communicate on a matter
set of negotiating team. of disagreement between two parties, with a
HUMAN BEHAVIOR - is refers to the view to first listen to the other party’s
manner, the way in which a human react to his perspective and then attempt to arrive at a
environment. resolution agreed by consensus.
ILLUSION - is a distortion of the senses, NEGOTIATOR - a trained PNP personnel or
revealing how the brain normally organizes and any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene
interprets sensory stimulation. Though illusions Commander to negotiate for and in behalf of the
distort reality, they are generally shared by most police.
people. NEIGHBORHOOD CHECK – the process of
IMPULSION - a strong urge to do something. getting information from a person who knew the
INCIDENT/ON-SCENE COMMANDER - victim particularly in the neighborhood with the
the senior officer in command of the incident. purpose of obtaining material information about
INSIDE AGENT - a person who is in any the victim and probable suspect.
advantageous position (e.g. employed by the OBSESSION - an idea or thought that
victim or victim’s organization) which allows continually preoccupies or intrudes on a person's
them to gather intelligence or carry out counter mind.
surveillance on behalf of the offenders. OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE DISORDER -
INTERMEDIARY - any person authorized by (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by
the Incident/On-Scene Commander to intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness,
communicate with the hostage-takers either apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions),
upon the request of the latter or to facilitate repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the
smooth communication between the designated associated anxiety (compulsions), or a
negotiators and the hostage-takers. All actions combination of such obsessions and
of the intermediary are supervised by the compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include
negotiators. excessive washing or cleaning, repeated
KIDNAPPER(S) - an individual or group of checking, extreme hoarding, preoccupation with
persons who kidnapped or held another person sexual, violent or religious thoughts,
against his/her will as bargaining chips for relationship-related obsessions, aversion to
purposes of demanding certain amount of particular numbers and nervous rituals such as
money, self-protection, thwarting any police opening and closing a door a certain number of
action, or pursuing personal interest. times before entering or leaving a room.
LEARNED - an operant behavior which PARANOID - is a mental disorder
involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-
human being’s ability to cope with changes in standing suspiciousness and generalized
the environment and to manipulate the mistrust of others.
environment. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER -
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY are generally characterized by having a long-
DISORDER - is characterized by a long- standing pattern of pervasive distrust and
standing pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy auspiciousness of others.  A person with
or actual behavior), an overwhelming need for paranoid personality disorder will nearly always
admiration, and usually a complete lack of believe that other people’s motives are suspect
empathy toward others. People with this or even malevolent. Individuals with this
disorder assume that other people will exploit, the incident.
harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence B. PREVENTION - the best way to minimize
exists to support this expectation. the damage done by an incident is to prevent it
PAY-OFF – the act of exchanging an agreed from occurring. Not all incidents are preventable
amount between the family and the kidnappers like natural disasters. Some preventable
at a designated time and place for the safe incidents may be detected too late to prevent
release of the victim. them.
PERSONALITY DISORDER - is not a mental C. PREPARATION - 2 Forms of preparation
disorder. Individuals with personality disorders 1. Preparation of the response designed to
can function in the world to a high level, e.g. prevent the incident
look after themselves, business, finance, etc. 2. Preparation for the incident.
However, they fail to function normally in terms 2. INCIDENT OCCURRENCE - is the
of their relationship with other people. They instance in time at which the incident occurs or
have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behavior. starts to occur if it has not been prevented.
3. POST-OCCURRENCE PHASE - during
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON this phase, the incident may get worse. This
WITH PERSONALITY DISORDER Phase consists of the following:
1. No conscience – lacks guilt or remorse, a. Recognition
inability to love, no empathy. A Bully. b. Response
2. Selfish, no loyalty 1. Initial Response
3. Manipulative/charmer – likes 2. Consolidation
power/controlling others 3. Stand down
4. Sexually experimenting c. Recovery
5. Seeks immediate gratification, thrill seeker d. Investigation
6. Low anxiety, blames others – never their fault 4. POST-INCIDENT PHASE - incident is
7. Frustration tolerance low – may turn to likely to have a finite lifetime. Most incidents
his/her for stimulation will conclude without intervention. However,
8. Low self esteem, poor achievement history without intervention the effects of the incident
9. Poor planner – lacks follow through may be worse or the incident may last longer.
10.Probable marital and employment problems This Phase Consist of the following:
11.Chaotic family relationship A. RESTORATION - once the incident is over,
12.Excessive/exorbitant and normality returns over a period of time which
13.Changing demands can take months or years for very severe
14.Suicide potential high incidents.
15.Seeks attention/audience B. INVESTIGATION - may be performed
16.Wants to prove can do something after the incident concludes to provide
17.May like attention and not want to end information and evidence for any hearing,
incident inquiries and criminal prosecution.
C. POST-INCIDENT DISCUSSION
PHASES OF A CRISIS ACTIVITIES - activities include immediate
1. PRE-INCIDENT PHASE - is the period of incident debriefs and other types of incident
time prior to an incident occurring. This Phase discussions occurring sometime after the
consists of the following: incident concludes. The aim of the debriefs is to
A. PREDICTION - determination of what identify areas for improvement.
incident is going to occur and when it is going
to occur, is the key to minimizing the effects of PHOBIA - is an overwhelming and
unreasonable fear of an object or situation that emotional coldness.
poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and SCHIZOPHRENIC - is an individual who has
avoidance. no contact with reality.
PROOF OF LIFE - positive proof that the He/She is usually characterized by the
hostage is alive, obtained from a reliable or following:
verified source. a. He/She is a psychotic;
PSYCHOTIC – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a b. He/She has a fundamental personality
mental disorder which means that individuals disorder;
affected cannot function in the world adequately c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as
on a day-to-day basis. They see the world as hallucinations, voices, obscene language,
disorder and they are desperately trying to make giggling, self absorbed smile and sudden breaks
sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clusters of in flow of thinking.
behavior and fear/terror may be their underlying
emotion. STOCKHOLM SYNDROME - term that
refers to a situation during hostage taking where
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PSYCHOTIC the victim develops rapport and becomes
INDIVIDUAL sympathetic with his/her captor.
1. DISORGANIZED THINKING STRONGHOLD - any location or structure,
a. Delusions, false beliefs – often of persecution fixed or mobile, where the hostage is being held.
or grandeur despite evidence to the contrary. SUICIDE INTERVENTION - the use of
b. Thoughts spill out in no logical order, leaps communication techniques and strategies to
from one idea to another. influence a person to change behavior and
2. DISTURBED PERCEPTION - reconsider his desire to commit suicide.
Hallucinations, all 5 senses with no known TACTICAL INTERROGATION - refers to
cause. the act of questioning or eliciting information
3. INAPPROPRIATE from a suspect to produce information of tactical
EMOTIONS/ACTIONS - Laughs at funerals, or operational value.
cries when others laugh, performs compulsive or TIME - is the most important element of
senseless acts e.g. rocking, rubbing, twisting hostage negotiation.
hair. VICTIM -  the person/company/organization to
4. Socially withdrawn, aloof, detached whom the unwarranted demand or threat is
5. Disoriented/confused/paranoid directed or intended, or is expected by the
6. Argumentative, suspicious of others, over offenders to respond.
reacts VICTIM COMMUNICATOR - the individual
7. Acts peculiarly such as collecting rubbish and communicating directly with the people making
talking to himself/herself the threat(s), demand(s) or issuing instructions.
8. Belief that his/here body/thoughts is VICTIMOLOGY – the process of obtaining a
controlled by external force. detailed account of the victim’s lifestyle and
RAPPORT - a close and harmonious personality that can assist in determining the
relationship in which the people concerned nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the
understand each other’s feelings or ideas and victim, and the
communicate. type of person who could have committed the
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER - crime. It also includes complete information
IS a personality disorder characterized by a lack regarding the victim’s physical description,
of interest in social relationships, a tendency normal behavioral patterns, family dynamics
towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and and known friends and
acquaintances. crime committed by Lito?
A.    Corruption of Public Officials
B.    Direct Assault
C.    Slight Physical Injuries
   F. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND D.    Grave Coercion
STATISTICS
5. A warrant of arrest was issued against Fred for the
killing of his parents.  When PO2 Tapang tried to
arrest him,Fred gave him 1 million pesos to set him
free. PO2 Tapang refrained in arresting Fred.  What
was the crime committed by PO2 Tapang?
A.    Indirect Bribery   
B.    Direct Bribery
C.    Corruption of Public Officials
D.    Qualified Bribery

6. Which of the following is the exemption to the

QUESTION: hearsy rule made under the consciousness of an
CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE REVIEW impending death?
QUESTIONS A. Parol Evidence
1. Berto, with evident premeditation and treachery B. Ante mortem statement
killed his father.  What was the crime committed? C. Suicide note
A.    Murder D. Dead man statute
B.    Parricide
C.    Homicide 7. Factum probans means __.
D.    Qualified Homicide A.    preponderance of evidence
B.    ultimate fact
2. PO3 Bagsik entered the dwelling of Totoy against C.    evidentiary fact
the latter’s will on suspicion that Bitoy keep D.    sufficiency of evidence
unlicensed firearms in his home. What was the crime
committed by PO3 Bagsik? 8. It refers to family history or descent transmitted
A.    Trespass to Dwelling from one generation to another.
B.    Violation of Domicile A.    inheritance
C.    Usurpation Of Authority B.    heritage
D.    Forcible Trespassing C.    pedigree
D.    culture
3. Charlie and Lea had been married for more than 6
months.They live together with the children of Lea 9. The authority of the court to take cognizance of the
from her first husband. Charlie had sexual relation case in the first instance.
with Jane, the 14 year old daughter of Lea.Jane loves A.    Appellate Jurisdiction
Charlie very much. What was the crime committed B.    General Jurisdiction
by Charlie? C.    Original Jurisdiction
A. Simple Seduction D.    Exclusive Jurisdiction
B. Qualified Seduction
C. Consented Abduction 10.A person designated by the court to assist destitute
D. Rape    litigants.
   A.    Counsel de officio
4. Prof. Jose gave a failing grade to one of his B.    Attorney on record
students, Lito. When the two met the following day, C.    Attorney at law
Lito slapped Prof. Jose on the face.  What was the D.    Special counsel 
11. Which of the following is not covered by the A.    Tumultuous
Rules on Summary Procedure? B.    charivari
A.    Violation of rental laws C.    sedition
B.    Violation of traffic laws D.    scandal
C.    The penalty is more than six months of Answer: B 
imprisonment
D.    The penalty does not exceed six months 18. The unauthorized act of a public officer who
imprisonment compels another person to change his residence.
A.    violation of domicile   
12. It refers to a territorial unit where the power of B.    arbitrary detention
the court is to be exercised. C.    expulsion
A.    jurisdiction        D.    direct assault
B.    jurisprudence Answer: C  
C.    venue
D.    bench 19. The deprivation of a private person of the liberty
of another person without legal grounds.
13.The Anti-Bouncing Check Law. A.    illegal detention   
A.    RA 6425 B.    arbitrary detention
B.    RA 8353 C.    forcible abduction
C.    BP.22 D.    forcible detention
D.    RA 6975 Answer: A  

14. The taking of another person’s personal property, 20. An offense committed by a married woman
with intent to gain, by means of force and through carnal knowledge with a man not her
intimidation. husband who knows her to be married, although the
A.    qualified theft marriage can be later declared void.
B.    robbery A.    concubinage   
C.    theft B.    bigamy
D.    malicious mischief C.    adultery
D.    immorality
15. Felony committed when a person compels Answer: C  
another by means of force, violence or intimidation 21. Age of absolute irresponsibility in the
to do something against his will, whether right or commission of a crime.
wrong. A.    15-18 years old
A.    grave threat B.    18-70  years old
B.    grave coercion C.    9 years old and below
C.    direct assault D.    between 9 and 15 years old
D.    slander by deed Answer: C   
Answer: B   
22. Those who, not being principals cooperate in the
16. These are persons having no apparent means of execution of the offense by previous or simultaneous
subsistence but have the physical ability to work and acts.
neglect to apply himself or herself to lawful calling. A.    Accomplices
A.    Pimps B.    Suspects
B.    prostitutes C.    principal actors
C.    gang members D.    accessories
D.    vagrants Answer: A    
Answer: D   
23. The loss or forfeiture of the right of the
17. A medley of discordant voices, a mock serenade government to execute the final sentence after the
of discordant noises designed to annoy and insult. lapse of a certaintime fixed by law.
A.    prescription of crime A.    gang   
B.    prescription of prosecution B.    conspiracy
C.    prescription of judgement    C.    band
D.    prescription of penalty D.    piracy
Answer: D    Answer: C   

24. A kind of executive clemency whereby the 30. The failure to perform a positive duty which one
execution of penalty is suspended. is bound to.
A.    Pardon A.    Negligence
B.    commutation B.    imprudence
C.    amnesty C.    omission
D.    reprieve D.    act
Answer: D     Answer: C  

25. Infractions of mere rules of convenience designed 31. Ways and means are employed for the purpose of
to secure a more orderly regulation of the affairs of trapping and capturing the law breaker in the
the society. execution of his criminal plan.
A.    mala prohibita A.    Misfeasance
B.    mala in se B.    entrapment       
C.    private crimes C.    inducement
D.    public crimes D.    instigation
Answer: A    Answer: B   

26. Felony committed by a public officer who agrees 32. Those where the act committed is a crime but for
to commit an act in consideration of a gift and this reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no
act is connected with the discharge of his public penalty imposed.
duties. A.    impossible crimes
A.    qualified bribery B.    aggravating circumstances
B.    direct bribery C.    absolutory  causes
C.    estafa D.    Complex Crimes
D.    indirect bribery Answer: C
Answer: B     
33. One of the following is an alternative
27. The willful and corrupt assertion of falsehood circumstance.
under oath of affirmation, administered by authority A.    Insanity
of law on a material matter. B.    intoxication       
A.    libel    C.    passion or obfuscation
B.    falsification D.    evident premeditation
C.    perjury Answer: B   
D.    slander
Answer: C     34. If the accused refuse to plead, or make
conditional plea of guilty, what shall be entered for
28. Deliberate planning of act before execution. him?
A.    Treachery A.    a plea of not guilty
B.    evident premeditation B.    a plea of guilty
C.    ignominy C.    a plea of mercy
D.    cruelty D.    a plea of surrender
Answer: B    Answer: A   

29. Whenever more than 3 armed malefactors shall 35. At what time may the accused move to quash the
have acted together in the commission of a crime. complaint or information?
A.    at any time before his arrest C.    preliminary investigation
B.    only after entering his plea D.    plea bargaining
C.    any time before entering his plea Answer: C   
D.    Monday morning
Answer: C 41. It is evidence of the same kind and to the same
     state of facts.
36. The process whereby the accused and the A.    secondary evidence
prosecutor in a criminal case work out a mutually B.    prima facie evidence
satisfactory C.    corroborative evidence
disposition on the case subject to court approval. D.    best evidence
A.    Arraignment Answer: C   
B.    plea bargaining
C.    preliminary investigation    42. It is that which, standing alone, unexplained or
D.    trial uncontradicted is sufficient to maintain the
Answer: B    proposition affirmed.
A.    secondary evidence
37. The security given for the release of a person in B.    prima facie evidence
custody, furnished by him or a bondsman, C.    corroborative evidence
conditioned upon his appearance before any court as D.    best evidence
required under the conditions specified by law. Answer: B    
A.    Subpoena
B.    recognizance 43. A form of evidence supplied by written
C.    bail instruments or derived from conventional symbols,
D.    warrant such as letters, by which ideas are represented on
Answer: C    material substances.
A.    documentary evidence
38. The examination before a competent tribunal, B.    testimonial evidence
according to the laws of the land, of the acts in issue C.    material evidence
in a case, for the purpose of determining such issue. D.    real evidence
A.    Trial Answer: A
B.    Arraignment    
C.    pre-trial 44. When the witness states that he did not see or
D.    judgment know the occurrence of a fact.
Answer: A A.    positive evidence
                                  B.    corroborative evidence
39. The adjudication by the court that the accused is C.    secondary evidence
guilty or is not guilty of the offense charged, and the D.    negative evidence
imposition of the proper penalty and  Answer: D   
A.    trial
B.    Pre-trial 45. Personal property that can be subjects for search
C.    Arraignment      and seizure.
D.    Judgment A.    used or intended to be used  as means in
Answer: D    committing an offense
B.    stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or fruits
40. It is an inquiry or proceeding for the purpose of of the offense
determining whether there is sufficient ground to C.    subject of the offense
engender a well founded belief that an offense has D.    all of the above
been committed and the offender is probably guilty Answer: D   
thereof and should  be held for trial.
A.    pre-trial 46. All persons who can perceive and perceiving, can
B.    arraignment make known their perception to others.
A.    Suspects 52. Infanticide is committed by killing a child not
B.    witnesses more than….
C.    victims A.    36 hours
D.    informers B.    24 hours
Answer: B    C.    48 hours
D.    72 hours
47. The unlawful destruction or the bringing forth Answer: D
prematurely, of human fetus before the natural time         
of birth which results in death. 53. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from
A.    abortion    compliance therewith.
B.    infanticide A.    ignorantia legis non excusat   
C.    murder B.    parens patriae
D.    parricide C.    res ipsa loquitur
Answer: A    D.    dura lex sed lex
Answer: A
48. Felony committed when a person is killed or
wounded during the confusion attendant to a quarrel 54. An act which would be an offense against persons
among several persons not organized into groups and or property if it was not for the inherent impossibility
the parties responsible cannot be ascertained. of its accomplishment.
A.    alarm and scandal            A.    compound crime
B.    mysterious homicide B.    impossible crime
C.    death under exceptional circumstances      C.    complex crime
D.    tumultuous affray D.    accidental crime
Answer: D  Answer: B  
 
49. A question which arises in a case the resolution 55. The law which reimposed the death penalty.
of which is the logical antecedent of the issue A.    RA 5425
involved in said case and the cognizance of which B.    RA 8553
pertains to another tribunal. C.    RA 7659
A.    legal question D.    RA 8551
B.    juridical question Answer: C
C.    prejudicial question
D.    judicial question 56. One who is deprived completely of reason or
Answer: C      discernment and freedom of the will at the time of the
commission of the crime.
50. The RPC was based on the A.    discernment   
A.    Spanish penal code B.    insanity
B.    English penal code C.    epilepsy
C.    American penal code D.    imbecility
D.    Japanese penal code Answer: D   
Answer: A
57. The quality by which an act may be subscribed to
51. An act or omission which is a result of a a person as its owner or author
misapprehension of facts that is voluntary but not A.    responsibility   
intentional. B.    duty
A.    impossible crime C.    guilt
B.    mistake of facts D.    imputability
C.    accidental crime Answer: D   
D.    complex crime
Answer: B    58. Something that happen outside the sway of our
will, and although it comes about through some acts
of our will, lies beyond the bound s of humanly B.    alternative
foreseeable consequences. C.    justifying 
A.    fortuitous event D.    aggravating
B.    fate Answer: C   
C.    accident
D.    destiny 64. When the offender enjoys and delights in making
Answer: C    his victim suffers slowly and gradually, causing him
unnecessary physical pain in the consummation of
59. A sworn written statement charging a person with the criminal act.
an offense,subscribed by the offended party, any A.    Ignominy
peace officer or other public officer charged with the B.    cruelty
enforcement of the law violated. C.    treachery
A.    subpoena    D.    masochism
B.    information Answer: B
C.    complaint       
D.    writ 65. One, who at the time of his trial for one crime
Answer: C    shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title
60. This right of the accused is founded on the of the Revised Penal Code.
principle of justice and is intended not to protect the A.    Recidivism
guilty but to prevent as far as human agencies can the B.    habitual delinquency
conviction of an innocent person. C.    reiteracion
A.    right to due process of law D.    quasi-recidivism
B.    presumption of innocence Answer: A   
C.    right to remain silent
D.    right against self-incrimination 66. Alevosia means
Answer: B    A.    Craft
B.    treachery
61. Known in other countries as the body of C.    evident premeditation
principles, practices, usages and rules of action which D.    cruelty
are not recognized in our country. Answer: B   
A.    penal laws
B.    special laws 67. The law hears before it condemns, proceeds upon
C.    common laws inquiry and render judgment after a fair trial.
D.    statutory laws A.    ex post facto law
Answer: C B.    equal protection of the law
C.    rule of law
62. Circumstances wherein there is an absence in the D.    due process of law
agent of the crime any of all the conditions that Answer: D   
would make  an act voluntary and hence, though
there is no criminal liability there is civil liability. 68. A person if within a period of 10 years from the
A.    Exempting date of his release or last conviction of the crime of
B.    alternative serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery,
C.    justifying theft, estafa or falsification, he is found guilty of any
D.    aggravating of the said crimes a third time or oftener.
Answer: A    A.    Recidivist
B.    quasi-recidivist
63. Circumstances wherein the acts of the person are C.    habitual delinquent
in accordance with the law, and hence, he incurs no D.    hardened criminal
criminal and civil liability. Answer: C   
A.    exempting           
69. A kind of evidence which cannot be rebutted or contempt upon another person.
overcome. A.    libel     
A.    Primary B.    slander by deed   
B.    Best C.    incriminating innocent person   
C.    Secondary D.    intriguing against honor
D.    Conclusive Answer: B   
Answer: D
    76. The improper performance of some act which
70. A kind of evidence which cannot be rebutted or might lawfully be done.   
overcome. A.    misfeasance        
A.    Primary B.    malfeasance         
B.    Best C.    nonfeasance    
C.    Secondary D.    dereliction
D.    Conclusive Answer: B  
Answer: D   
77. A sworn statement in writing, made upon oath
71. These questions suggest to the witness the before an authorized magistrate or officer.
answers to which an examining party requires. A.    subpoena   
A.    leading B.    writ     
B.    misleading C.    warrant    
C.    stupid D.    affidavit
D.    hearsay Answer: D   
Answer: A  
78. Any other name which a person publicly applies
72. A method fixed by law for the apprehension and to himself without authority of law.
prosecution of persons alleged to have committed a A.    alias    
crime, and or their punishment in case of conviction B.    common name    
A.    Criminal Law C.    fictitious name 
B.    Criminal Evidence D.    screen name
C.    Criminal Procedure Answer: C 
D.    Criminal  Jurisprudence          
Answer: C  79. A special aggravating circumstance where a
person, after having been convicted by final
73. The period of prescription of crimes punishable judgment, shall commit a new felony before
by death. beginning to serve such sentence, or while serving
A.    20  years the same.
B.    15 years A.    quasi-recidivism    
C.    10 years B.    recidivism    
D.    40 years C.    reiteracion   
Answer: A   D.    charivari
Answer: A  
74. Persons who take direct part in the execution of a
crime. 80. Which of the following is not a person in
A.    Accomplices authority?
B.    Accessories A.    Municipal mayor    
C.    Instigators B.    Private School Teacher       
D.    Principals C.    Police Officer
Answer: D   D.    Municipal Councilor
Answer: C   
75. A crime against honor which is committed by
performing any act which casts dishonor, discredit, or 81. In its general sense, it is the raising of
commotions or disturbances in the State. C.    Rebellion    
A.    Sedition     D.    Rape
B.    Rebellion        Answer: C  
C.   Treason    
D.    Coup d’ etat 88. It means that the resulting injury is greater than
Answer: A    that  which is intended.
A.    Aberratio ictus    
82. The length of validity of a search warrant from its B.    Error in personae    
date. C.    Dura Lex Sed lex 
A.    30 days D.    Praeter Intentionem
B.    15 days    Answer: D  
C.    10 days    
D.    60 days 89. It means mistake in the blow.
Answer: C    A.    Aberratio Ictus    
B.    Error in Personae           
83. The detention of a person without legal grounds C.    Dura lex sed lex     
by a public officer or employee. D.    Praeter Intentionem
A.    illegal detention    Answer: A    
B.    arbitrary detention    
C.    compulsory detention 90. A stage of execution when all the elements
D.    unauthorized detention necessary for its execution and accomplishment are
Answer: B    present.
A.    Attempted    
84. A breach of allegiance to a government, B.    Frustrated    
committed by a person who owes allegiance to it. C.    Consummated   
A.    treason     D.    Accomplished
B.    espionage      answer: C
C.    rebellion    
D.    coup d’ etat 91. An act or omission which is the result of a
Answer: A    misapprehension of facts that is voluntary but not
intentional.
85. A building or structure, exclusively used for rest A.    Absolutory Cause 
and comfort. B.    Mistake of facts        
A.    sanctuary     C.    Conspiracy 
B.    prison     D.    Felony
C.    jail     Answer: B   
D.    dwelling  
Answer: D    92. Crimes that have three stages of execution.
A.    Material    
86. The mental capacity to understand the difference B.    Formal   
between right and wrong. C.    Seasonal    
A.    treachery     D.    Continuing
B.    premeditation     Answer: A   
C.    recidivism    
D.    discernment 93. Felonies where the acts or omissions of the
Answer: D     offender are malicious.
A.    Culpable    
87. Conspiracy to commit this felony is punishable B.    Intentional   
under the law. C.    Deliberate   
A.    Estafa     D.    Inculpable
B.    Murder    Answer: B   
  with her 11 year old girlfriend without threat, force
94. It indicates deficiency of perception. or  intimidation. What was the crime committed?
A.    Negligence   
B.    Diligence                   A.    Child rape
C.    Imprudence              B.    Qualified Rape   
D.    Inference           C.    Statutory Rape    
Answer: A              D.    None of these                                             
Answer: C
95. Acts and omissions punishable by special penal
laws. Law Enforcement Administration Review
          A.    Offenses     Questions
          B.    Misdemeanors    
          C.    Felonies 1.  The amount and nature of the demands
          D.    Ordinances of the police service
Answer: A          A.Clientele
         B.Purpose
96. A character of Criminal Law, making it binding          C.Time
upon all persons who live or sojourn in the
         D. Process
Philippines.
          A.    General     Answer: C
          B.    Territorial  
          C.    Prospective     2.  The PNP has a program which ensures
          D.    Retroactive                                                  the deployment of policemen in busy and
Answer: A    crime prone areas.  This is called
A.    patrol deployment program
97. A legislative act which inflicts punishment B.    roving patrol program
without judicial trial. C.    patrol and visibility program
          A.    Bill of Attainder    D.    police patrol program
          B.    Bill of Rights   
Answer: C
          C.    Ex Post Facto Law
          D.    Penal Law
Answer: A 3. All regional appointments of
            commissioned officers commence with the
98. The taking of a person into custody in order that rank of: 
he may be bound to answer for the commission of an           A.    Senior Police Officer I
offense.           B.    Inspector
          A.    Search              C.    Police Officer III
          B.    Seizure             D.    Senior Inspector
          C.    Arrest     Answer: B
          D.    Detention
Answer: C  
4.  In busy and thickly populated
99. Pedro stole the cow of Juan. What was the crime commercial streets like those in Divisoria,
committed? police patrol is very necessary.  Since there
          A.    Robbery are several types of patrol, which of the
          B.    Farm Theft      following will you recommend:
          C.    Qualified Theft    
          D.    Simple Theft
          A.    Horse patrol
Answer: C              B.    Mobile patrol
          C.    Foot patrol
100.Pedro, a 19 year old man had sexual intercourse           D.    Helicopter patrol
Answer: C B.    perimeter barriers
C.    communication barriers
5.  It is the product resulting from the D.    window barriers
collection, evaluation, analysis, and Answer:B
interpretation of all available information
which concerns one or more aspects of 10. All of the following are members of the
criminal activity and which is immediately People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB),
or potentially significant to police planning. EXCEPT:
          A.    Investigation        A.    Three (3) members chosen by the
          B.    Information Peace and Order Council from among the
          C.    Data respected members of the community.
          D.    intelligence B.    Any barangay Captain of the
Answer: D city/municipality concerned chosen by the
          association of the Barangay Captains.
6.  These are work programs of line C.    Any member of the Sangguniang
divisions which related to the nature and Panglungsod/Pambayan
extent of the workload and the availability D.    A bar member chosen by the
of resources. Integrated bar of the Philippines (IBP)
          A.    administrative plan            Answer: D
          B.    operational plan                                              
          C.    strategic plan 11. It is the circumspect inspection of a
          D.    tactical plan place to determine its suitability for a
Answer: B        particular operational purpose.
7.  It is the premier educational institution           A.    Inspection       
for the police, fire and jail personnel.           B.    Surveillance
A.    Philippine Military Academy           C.    Survey
B.    Development Academy of the           D.    Casing
Philippines Answer: C
C.    Philippine College of Criminology
D.    Philippine Public Safety College 12. In the civil service system, merit and
Answer: D fitness are the primary considerations in the

8.  A crew which is assigned to a mobile           A.    two-party system   

car usually consist of           B.    evaluation system
A.    a driver and intelligence agent           C.    promotional system
B.    a driver and traffic man           D.    spoils system
C.    a driver and a recorder Answer: C
D.    a driver, recorder and supervisor
Answer: D 13. In the de-briefing, the intelligence agent
is asked to discuss which of the following:
9.  An industrial complex must establish its A.    his educational profile and schools
first line of physical defense.  It must have attended
A.    the building itself            B.    his personal circumstances such as his
age, religious affiliation, address, etc. accordance with a police-to-population
C.    his political inclination and/or party ratio of:
affiliation A.    one (1) policeman for every seven
D.    his observations and experiences in the hundred (700) inhabitants.
intelligence B.    one (1) policeman for every one
Answer: D thousand five hundred (1,500)
C.inhabitants.
14. It is a natural or man-made structure or C.    one (1) policeman for every five
physical device which is capable of hundred (500) inhabitants.
restricting, determine, or delaying illegal D.    one (1) policeman for every one
access to an installation. thousand (1,000) inhabitants.
          A.    alarm                    Answer: C
          B.    wall   
          C.    barrier 18. In disaster control operations, there is a
          D.    hazard need to establish a ______where telephones
Answer: C or any means of communication shall  
A.ensure open lines of communication.
15. What form of intelligence is involved B.command post           
when information is obtained without the C.operations center
knowledge of the person against whom the D.field room
information or documents may be used, or Answer:B
if the information is clandestinely acquired?
          A.    covert                 19. Registration of a security agency must
          B.    overt    be done at the______.
          C.    active A.Securities and Exchange Commission
          D.    underground B.National Police Commission
Answer: A C.Department of National Defense
D.PNP Criminal Investigation Group
16. The provincial Governor shall choose Answer:D
the provincial Director from a list of
___________ eligible recommended by the 20. The cheapest form of police patrol.
Regional Director, preferable from the           A.    Bicycle Patrol
same province, city, municipality.             B.    Foot Patrol
          A.    three (3)              C.    Motorcycle Patrol
          B.    five (5)           D.    Helicopter Patrol                        
          C.    four (4)                                        Answer: B    
21. The budget is a _________________ in
          D.    Two (2) terms of expenditure requirements.
Answer: A           A.tactical plan           
          B.financial plan   
17. Republic Act 6975 provides that on the           C.work plan
average nationwide, the manning levels of           D.control plan
the PNP shall be approximately in Answer: B
           C.Chief of Police
22. The term used for the object of           D.Chief, PNP                                     
surveillance is a subject while the Answer: D
investigator conducting the surveillance is:
          A.rabbit                    27. You are the Patrol Supervisor for the
          B.surveillant morning shift.  You don’t have enough men
          C.traffic enforcement to cover all the patrol beats.  Which of the
          D.patrol following will you implement?
Answer: A A.    assign roving mobile patrol with no
foot patrol
23. It is a police function which serves as B.    assign mobile patrols only in strategic
the backbone of the police service.  In all places
types of police stations, there is a specific C.    maintain your patrolmen at the station
unit assigned to undertake this function in and just wait for calls for police assistance
view of its importance. D.    assign foot patrol in congested and
          A.vice control            busy patrol beats but assign a roving mobile
          B.criminal investigation patrol to cover beats which are not covered
          C.traffic management by foot patrol               Answer: B
          D.patrol                                                            
Answer: D 28. The father of organized military
espionage was:
24. It is the weakest link in security chain.           A.    Akbar                   
          A.managers                          B.    Alexander the Great   
          B.Barriers           C.    Genghis Khan
          C.Personnel           D.    Frederick the
          D.inspections Great                               Answer: D
Answer:
29. Which of the following is the most
25. Which of the following is considered as common reason why informer can give
the most important factor in formulating an information to the police?
effective patrol strategy?           A.wants to be known to the
A. training of station commander policeman
B. adequacy of resources of the police           B.monetary reward
station           C.as a good citizen
C. rank of the patrol commander           D.revenge                                        
D. salary rates of police personnel Answer: B
Answer: B
30. To improve delegation, the following
26. Who among the following have must be done, EXCEPT:
summary disciplinary powers over errant           A.    establish objectives and
police members? standards
          A.District Director                      B.    count the number of supervisor
          B.Provincial Director           C.    require completed work
          D.    define authority and surveillance are the following, EXCEPT
responsibility           Answer: C A.    stop quickly, look behind
B.    drop paper, never mind what happens
31. What administrative support unit to the paper
conducts identification and evaluation of C.    window shop, watch reflection
physical evidences related to crimes, with D.    retrace steps                                      
emphasis on their medical, chemical, Answer: B
biological and physical nature.
A.    Logistics Service        36. On many occasions, the bulk of the
B.    Crime Laboratory    most valuable information comes from:
C.    Communication and Electronic service           A.    business world           
D.    Finance Center                                              B.    newspaper clippings
Answer: B           C.    an underworld informant
          D.    communications
32. Those who are charged with the actual media                           Answer: B
fulfillment of the agency’s mission are
________. 37. Highly qualified police applicants such
          A.    staff                    as engineers, nurses and graduates of
          B.    supervision    forensic sciences can enter the police
          C.    management service as officers through:
          D.    line                                                       A.    regular promotion           
Answer: D           B.    commissionship
          C.    lateral entry
33. When the subject identifies or obtains           D.    attrition                                        
knowledge that the investigation is Answer: C
conducting surveillance on him, the latter
is: 38. Police Inspector Juan Dela Cruz is the
          A.    cut out                  Chief of Police of a municipality.  He wants
          B.    sold out his subordinates to be drawn closer to the
          C.    burnt out people in the different barangays.  He
          D.    get out                                         should adopt which of the following
Answer: C projects?
          A.    COPS on the blocks       
34. Small alley like those in the squatters           B.    Oplan Bakal
area of Tondo can be best penetrated by the           C.    Oplan Sandugo
police through:           D.    Complan
          A.    foot patrol                Pagbabago                              Answer: A
          B.    mobile patrol   
          C.    highway patrol 39. What should be undertaken by a
          D.    helicopter Security Officer before he can prepare a
patrol                                    Answer: A comprehensive security program for his
industrial plan?
35. Some of the instructions in foot           A.    security conference           
          B.    security check    thief’s desire to steal is not diminished by
          C.    security survey the presence of the police officer but the
          D.    security education                        ______for successful theft is.
Answer: C           A.    ambition               
          B.    feeling
40. This patrol method utilizes disguise,           C.    intention
deception and lying in wait rather than           D.    opportunity                                  
upon high-visibility patrol techniques. Answer: A
          A.    low-visibility patrol           
          B.    directed deterrent patrol 45. Graduates of the Philippine National
          C.    decoy patrol Police Academy (PNPA) are automatically
          D.    high-visibility appointed to the rank of:
patrol                               Answer: A           A.    Senior Superintendent       
          B.    Inspector
41. It enforces all traffic laws and           C.    Senior Police Officer 1
regulations to ensure the safety of motorists           D.   
and pedestrians and attain an orderly traffic. Superintendent                                   
          A.    Civil Relations Unit        Answer: C
          B.    Traffic Operations Center
          C.    Traffic Management Command 46. PNP in-service training programs are
          D.    Aviation Security under the responsibility of the:
Command                    Answer: C A.    PNP Directorate for Plans
B.    PNP Directorate for Human Resource
42. A method of collecting information and Doctrine Development
wherein the investigator merely uses his C.    PNP Directorate for Personnel and
different senses. Records Management
          A.    observation            D.    PNP Directorate for
          B.    casing Comptrollership          Answer: C
          C.    research
          D.    interrogation                                47. One way of extending the power of
Answer: A police observation is to get information
from persons within the vicinity. In the
43. In stationary surveillance, the following police work, this is called:
must be observed, EXCEPT           A.    data gathering            
          A.    never meet subject face to face           B.    field inquiry
          B.    avoid eye contact           C.    interrogation
          C.    recognize fellow agent           D.    interview                                     
          D.    if burnt out, drop subject             Answer: B
Answer: C
48. Dogs have an acute sense of ________
44. Pedro is a thief who is eying at the thus, their utilization in tracking down lost
handbag of Maria.  PO1 Santos Reyes is persons or illegal drugs.
standing a few meters from Maria. The           A.    smell                   
          B.    hearing                                       
          C.    eating 53. The uprightness in character, soundness
          D.    drinking                                       of moral principles, honesty and freedom
Answer: A from moral delinquencies is referred to as
          A.    integrity               
49. Intelligence on _______makes heavy           B.    loyalty                   
use of geographic information because law           C.    discretion
enforcement officials must know exact           D.    moral                        
locations to interdict the flow of drugs. Answer: A
          A.    Logistics                                                      
          B.    Human Cargo Trafficking 54. Going east while foot patrolling and
          C.    Narcotics Trafficking turning right after reaching the end of your
          D.    Economic beat and turning right after reaching the
resources                              Answer: C other end of the road and again turning
right until you completed the cycle by
50. Which of the following is most ideally reaching back to your origin of patrolling.
suited to evacuation and search-and-rescue What patrol pattern have you applied?
duties?           A.    clockwise                
          A.    motorcycle                          B.    straightway
          B.    helicopter                  C.    counter clockwise
          C.    patrol car           D.    free-
          D.    bicycle                                          wheeling                                      Answer: A
Answer: B                                       
55. Which theory of patrol state that police
51. A method of collection of information visibility increases the opportunity to
wherein the investigator tails or follows the apprehend criminals by soothing them and
person or vehicle. letting them believe that their crimes will
          A.    research                not be detected?
          B.    undercover operation           A.    low profile theory   
          C.    casing           B.    high visibility   
          D.    surveillance                                          C.    theory of omnipresence
Answer: C           D.    team policing                             
Answer: A
52. This is a person who does detective
work for hire, reward or commission, other 56. Without air force capability, patrol
than members of the AFP, BJMP, operation that covers large park areas,
provincial guards, PNP or any law grassy fields or wooded areas requires the
enforcement agency of the government. use of
          A.    Secret Agent                          A.    bike patrol               
          B.    “Tiktik”           B.    horse patrol
          C.    Private detective           C.    marine patrol
          D.    Undercover                                           D.    helicopter
Answer: C patrol                                   Answer: B
 same meaning as the word credibility?
57. Which of the following refers to the           A.    ability               
long range planning?           B.    capacity
          A.    Intermediate                          C.    believability
          B.    Strategic           D.    vulnerability                               
          C.    Medium Answer: C
          D.    short                                                                                 
Answer: B 63. Which of the following best defines the
word self-reliant?
58. The operational plan which is designed           A.    observation           
to met everyday or year  round needs is           B.    crime prevention
called           C.    called for service
A.   meeting unusual needs                  D.    criminal
B.   extra office    apprehension                            Answer: C
C.   regular operating programs
D.   special operating 64. All but one are the primarily line
programs                      Answer: C operation in police organization
          A.    patrol               
59. Which of the following is the oldest           B.    records
type of patrol?           C.    investigation
          A.    horse                                  D.    traffic                                        
          B.    foot Answer: C
          C.    canine
          D.    police                                       65. Criminals can hear the sound of the
Answer: B helicopter coming and so element of
surprise is lost which is one of the
60. The act of expelling a squatter by the ______of air patrol:
legal process is called:           A.    advantages               
          A.    demolition                          B.    features
          B.    squadron           C.    disadvantages
          C.    eviction           D.    import                                         
          D.    tear down                                     Answer: C
Answer: C
66. What is the patrol used to locate
61. Which of the following is not a prowlers, burglars hiding in large buildings
commissioned officer? or stores, and the control of unruly crowds
          A.    Inspector                  and riots?
          B.    senior superintendent                  A.    foot                       
          C.    asst. chief           B.    horse
          D.    chief           C.    bicycle
superintend                                  Answer: C           D.    dog               .                     
Answer: D
62. Which of the following words has the
67. Which of the following laws established officers and new officers of the police
the Police Organization under the DILG? service?
          A.    R.A.     5487                      A.    15 years               
          B.    R.A.    8551           B.    25 years
          C.    R.A. 1174           C.    30 years
          D.    R.A.    6975                                            D.    20 years                                       
Answer: D Answer: D

68. Who is the most important officer in the 73. Governors and mayors, upon having
police organization?     been elected and having qualified as such,
          A.    investigator are automatically deputized as
          B.    patrol officer representatives of the
          C.    traffic officer           A.    NAPOLCOM            
          D.    The Chief of           B.    DND
Police                                Answer: B           C.    PLEB
          D.    none of these                               
69. Which of the following is the oldest Answer: A
warning device?
          A.    trumpet            74. It is constitutionally and legally
          B.    horn    mandated to administer and control the
          C.    radio Philippine National Police. 
          D.    siren                                                      A.    DILG                   
Answer: A           B.    DND 
          C.    NAPOLCOM
70. What type of cover uses actual or true           D.    DFA                                           
background? Answer: C
A.    artificial               
B.    multiple cover    75. It is the central receiving entity for any
C.    natural citizen’s  complaint against the members
D.    cover within a cover                             and officers of the PNP.
Answer: C           A.    DILG                  
          B.    NAPOLCOM 
71. What is the principle of organization           C.    PLEB
suggesting that communication should           D.    IAS                                             
ordinarily go upward and downward Answer: C
through establish channels in the hierarchy?
A.    Chain of Command            76. When we say that a commander is
B.    Span of Control directly responsible  for any act or omission
C.    Unity of Command of his subordinates  in relation to the
D.    Delegation of performance of their official duties, we are
Authority                          Answer: A referring to:
                                               A.    chain of command              
72. What is the optional retirement for           B.    delegation of responsibility
          C.    Command responsibility           A.    off duty         
          D.    span of control                                      B.    off limits  
Answer: C           C.    on call
          D.    on duty                                        
77. A police strategy which aims to directly Answer: D
involve members of the community in the
maintenance of peace and order by police 81. The act of temporarily denying an
officers. officer the privilege of performing his
A.    Integrated Police System         police duties in consequence of an offense
B.    Comparative Police System  and violation of rules and regulations.
C.    Police Visibility           A.    dismissal                    
D.    Community Oriented Policing System           B.    restriction           
(COPS)           C.    suspension
                                                                                 D.    reprimand                                    
Answer: D                   Answer: C

78. No person in an organization can do all 82. The credential  extended by the Civil
the tasks necessary for accomplishing Service Commission/National Police
group objective.  Also, no one should Commission for the purpose of conferring
exercise all the authority for making status for permanent appointment  in the
decisions.This refers to police service.
          A.    chain of command                   A.    police credibility         
          B.    command responsibility             B.    police visibility   
          C.    unity of command           C.    Criminology Board Examination
          D.    delegation of authority                          D.    police patrol examination 
Answer: D           E.    police eligibility                         
Answer: E
79. Under RA 6975, a police officer is
entitled to a longevity pay equivalent to 83. In the history of our police force, who
how many percent (%) of his monthly basic was the first Director General of the
salary for every five years of service, to be Philippine National Police (PNP)?
reckoned from the date of his original           A.    Gen. Cesar Nazareno            
appointment in the police, fire, jail or other           B.    Gen. Raul Imperial  
allied services?            C.    Gen. Umberto Rodriquez
          A.    2 percent                                    D.    Gen. Recaredo Sarmiento          
          B.    5 percent Answer: A
          C.    10 percent
          D.    15 percent                                  84. The premier educational institution for
Answer: C the training, human resource development
and continuing education of all the
80. This term refers to the period when a personnel of BJMP, BFP and PNP.
police officer is actively engaged in the           A.    PNPA                    
performance of his duty.            B.    PCCR    
          C.    PNTC
          D.    PPSC                                             90. The annual reservation percentage
Answer: D quota for women in the PNP
          A.    25%                  
85. Under the law,the city/municipal jail           B.    5%   
warden should have a rank of __.           C.    10%
          A.    Inspector                            D.    20%                                            
          B.    Chef Inspector  Answer: C
          C.    Senior Inspector
          D.    Superintendent                    91. Which of the following administers and
Answer: C attends to cases involving crimes against
chastity?
86. The required rank for the Chief of Jail           A.    CIDG                    
Bureau.            B.    DSWD
          A.    Chief Superintendent                  C.    Women’s Desk
          B.    Director  General             D.    Homicide Division                      
          C.    Director Answer:    C
          D.    Deputy Director General           
Answer: C 92. They are automatically deputized as
NAPOLCOM representatives to exercise
87. It exercise supervision and control over supervision and control over PNP units. 
the provincial jails.           A.    Chief of Police             
          A.    BJMP            B.    Judges       
          B.    Bureau of  Prisons             C.    Local Government Executives
          C.    Department of Justice           D.    Fiscals                                        
          D.    Provincial Government              Answer: C
Answer:  D
93. They have the authority to recommend
88. The required rank for the head of the to the Provincial Director the transfer,
Fire Bureau. reassignment of PNP members outside of
          A.    Chief Superintendent             their town residences.
          B.    Director General              A.    Regional Directors         
          C.    Director           B.    Priests 
          D.    Deputy Director General                       C.    Chiefs of Police
Answer: C           D.    Mayors                                       
Answer: D
89. It exercise supervision and control over
all city and municipal jails. 94. The head of a local peace and order
          A.    BJMP                council is the __.
          B.    Bureau of Prisons               A.    judge                    
          C.    Department of Justice           B.    chief of police  
          D.    Local Government                                C.    mayor
Answer: A           D.    governor                                      
Answer: C Answer: C

95. The utilization of units or elements, of 100. The current PNP deputy director
the PNP for the purpose of protection of General for Administration is
lives and properties, enforcement of laws          A.    Arturo Cacdac Jr.
and maintenance of peace and order.          B.    Emilito Sarmiento
          A.    employment                           C.    Rommel Heredia
          B.    deployment             D.    Alexander Roldan                       
          C.    assignment Answer: A
          D.    designation                                  
Answer: A 101. Registration of a security agency as a
corporation must be processed at what
96. The orderly and organized physical particular government agency.
movement of elements or units of the PNP.              A. PNP SAGSD
          A.    employment                         B. NAPOLCOM
          B.    deployment                      C. DND
          C.    assignment              D. SEC                                            
          D.    designation                                  Answer: D
Answer: B
102. Minimum age requirement for security
97. One of the following exercises control manager or operator of a security agency.
and supervision over the PNP units during              A. 25 years old
elections.              B. 30 years old
          A.    NBI                         C. 35 years old
          B.    Ombusdman              D. 40 years old                                 
          C.    COMELEC    Answer: A
          D.    DILG                                          
Answer: C 103. He exercises the power to revoke for
cause licenses issued to security guards.
98. The number of eligible for which the              A. Chief PNP
Regional Director may recommend for              B. DILG Usec
Provincial Director to the governor is __.              C. NAPOLCOM chairman
          A.    2                        D. DILG Secretary                          
          B.    3   Answer: A
          C.    5
          D.    4                                                  104. Refers to a natural or man made
Answer: B structure which is capable of delaying
illegal access to facility.
99. Who is the current Chief of the PNP?              A. Wall
         A.   Nicanor Bartome              B. Fence
         B.   Nicanor Bartomeo              C. Barriers
         C.   Nick Bartolome              D. Beach fronts                                
         D.   Nicanor Bartolome                       Answer: C
 Answer: A
105. It refers to means and ways that
personnel and employees making them 110. This is an additional outward inclined
security conscious. fixed structure usually barbed wires placed
             A. Security Promotion above a vertical fence to increase
             B. Security Education physical protection from intruders of a
             C. Security Investigation certain area,this is known as
             D. Security Seminar                                      A. Cellar Guard
Answer: B              B. Tower Guard
             C. Top Guard
106. Industrial management must establish              D. Top Tower                                  
the first line of physical defense,it refers to Answer: C
A. Perimeter barriers
B. The building itself 111. The exterior and interior parallel area
C. Door,Locks,Window barriers near the perimeter barrier of an industrial
D. Entry points where security guards are compound to afford better observation and
located        Answer: A patrol movement is known as
             A. Protective zone
107. Physical security is a system of              B. Clear zone
barriers placed between the potential              C. Twilight zone
intruder and the object matter to be              D. Patrol lane zone                         
protected. As criminologists, this is simply Answer: B
a denial of
A. Opportunity to commit the offense 112. Protective guarding in a compound
B. Opportunity to the object of protection can be done by the use of electronic
C. Access to the object of protection hardware,human guards and even
D. Criminal instinct to surface in the animals.In England,an owner to protect his
potential offender Answer: C compound used this and they are not only
effective but also the cheapest to
108. Weakest link in the security chain. maintain.This man is using
             A. Security Guards              A. Doberman
             B. Manager              B. Tame Tigers
             C. Barriers              C. Geese
             D. Personnel                                                  D. Duck                                            
Answer: D Answer: C

109. Perimeter barriers,protective lighting 113. The government agency that issues
and ______ system are known in industrial licenses for private and government
security as physical security. security guard is
             A. Guarding              A. PNP SOSIA
             B. Reporting              B. Mayors office
             C. Relieving              C. PNP FEO
             D. Accounting                                               D. PNP SAGSD                               
Answer: D or owning a security agency
B. A military intelligence officer
114. If access is limited only to C. A police officer
unauthorized personnel,this particular place D. A security agency owner                  
is referred to as Answer: A
             A. Compromise area
             B. Restricted area 119. As a security officer,you can not
             C. Danger area prevent nor protect natural hazards like
             D. Exclusive area                              storm, earthquakes, floods and the like.In
Answer: B order to reduce the disastrous effects of
these natural hazards you will
115. First measure undertaking before a A. Call PAGASA and inquire when the
comprehensive security program for an next storm is coming
industrial plan could be developed. B. Alert your guards when hazards occur
             A. Security education C. Not take any concern of such hazards
             B. Security check D. Prepare a disaster or emergency plan for
             C. Security survey these hazards for the firm           Answer: D
             D. Security Inspection                     
Answer: C 120. Practical exercise or test of a plan or
activity to determine its effectiveness is
116. A security of a plant or industrial firm called
is also known by other terms except              A. Sham drill
             A. Robbery evaluation              B. Fire drill
             B. Vulnerability              C. Dry run
             C. Risk Assessment              D. Evacuation plan                         
             D. Security Audit                              Answer: C
Answer: B
121. The main reason for a personnel
117. Today there are 3 categories of security investigation is
security guards belonging to the blue army. A. To weed out undesirable employees
             A. Government security guards B. To check loyalty of employees to the
             B. Company guards organization
             C. Agency guards C. To determine the character and
             D. Body guards                                 reputation  of certain employees secretly
Answer: D tagged as risks.
D. Preclude assignment to sensitive
118. Whether to put up its own security positions for those who are security
guard organic to the firm or hire contractual risks.                           Answer: D              
agency guards have their individual merits 122. In an industrial firm there is a need for
and disadvantages.To determine which type document security.As security officer,you
of guarding system an industrial firm will can advice management on this aspect
require management must consult although this is not totally your assigned
A. A security consultant not connected to work.Document
security is not a protection of vital records              C. key control
from              D. Key management                        
             A. Authorized handlers Answer: C
             B. Theft or loss
             C. Compromise or destruction 126. It is defined as system of barriers
             D. Unauthorized access                    placed between the matters protected and
Answer: A the potential intruder
             A. Computer security
123. As a security chief of an industrial              B. Personnel security
firm,inventory shows that pilferage is              C. Document security
rampant in the warehouses.What will be              D. Physical security                        
your choice of action Answer: D
A. To resign if you have failed your job
B. Deploy intelligence men in pilferage 127. This type of alarm system utilizes a
prone areas to catch the culprit station located outside the compound
C. Prepare your protective plans and confer              A. Auxiliary system
with management for their immediate              B. Proprietary system
implementation              C. Central alarm system
D. Tighten checking at exists of vehicles of              D. Local alarm system                     
the compound/complex Answer: C
Answer: B
128. It is installed as part of the building
124. There are many types of electronic and which holds up to 10,000 cubic meters of
electric protective devices available for essential items.At least 12 ft. in height with
security buildings,storehouses and enough ventilation and fire proof of at least
compounds.One of the ff: is true one hour.
A. Electronics/electrical devices provide              A. Protective cabinet
total protection for the place to be              B. File room
safeguarded              C. Vault
B. Types of alarms needed can best be              D.
given by the dealers of said devices Safe                                                   
C. Each building or compound requires Answer: B
particular electronic/electrical protective
devices 129. It is the susceptibility of a plant or
D. Electronic/electrical devices eliminate establishment to damage,loss or disruption
human guards  of operations due to various hazards.
Answer: C              A. Risk analysis
             B. Risk assessment
125. The management of keys used in plant              C. Relative vulnerability
office or business organization to prevent              D. Relative criticality                       
unauthorized access is referred to as Answer: C
             A. Security key control
             B. Lock control 130. It refers to the importance of the
establishment with reference to the national plant adequacy and deficiency all aspects of
economy and security. security with the corresponding
             A. Risk analysis recommendation.
             B. Relative vulnerability              A. Security audit
             C. Risk assessment              B. Security survey
             D. Relative criticality                                    C. Security inquiry
Answer: D              D. Security operations                     
Answer: B
131. The association of all licensed security
agencies operators 136. Barrier which includes but not limited
             A. POAPAD to wall,fences,grill etc.
             B. PADPAO              A. Structural barriers
             C. PODPAO              B. Man made barriers
             D. PAOPAD                                                 C. Physical barriers
Answer: B              D. Natural barriers                           
Answer: B
132.Who among below can own or operate
security agency? 137. One who steals due to his inability to
             A. A Filipino citizen resist the unexpected opportunity and has
             B. Anyone provided he knows the little fear of detection.
job              A. Systematic
             C. An alien but living in the              B. Outsider
Philippines              C. Casual
             D. All of them                                                D. Insider                                        
Answer: A Answer: C

133. A licensed issued to operate security 138. A barrier which includes but not
agency or company forces. limited to mountains, cliffs, ravines, cliffs,
             A. Business license etc.
             B. License to engage in business              A. Energy
             C. License to operate              B. Human 
             D. All of them                                                C. Natural
Answer: C              D. Animals                                      
Answer: C
134. R.A. No. 5487 governs the operation
of 139. Issued by the security guard for
             A. Private detective personnel to be admitted to the company.
             B. Company security              A. Duress code
             C. Private security forces/agencies              B. Pass system
             D. All of them                                              C. ID
Answer: D              D. Access list                                   
Answer: B
135. A fact-finding prove to determine a
140. In a close-in security formations, a one              A. Electronic hazard
man security covers              B. natural hazard
             A. 360 degrees              C. Artificial hazard
             B. 180 degrees              D. Human
             C. 45 degrees hazard                                     Answer: D
             D. 90 degrees                                   
Answer: A 145. Example of the Security
  Communication system.
141. A mechanical device of supplying              A. Telephone
water which can be manual or motor              B. Paging system
driven.              C. Radio
             A. Stand pipe              D. All of them                                
             B. Fire extinguisher Answer: D
             C. Fire hydrant
             D. Fire pump                                     146. The revised rules and regulations
Answer: A governing the organization and operation of
private detective and private security
142.Intrusion alarm devices are designed to agencies and company security forces
______ and not prevent criminals from throughout the country.
trespassing and should be used normally as              A. Private security law
an independent adjunct and not a              B. International law
replacement of the human guard forces.              C. Private law
             A. Detect              D. Security law                                
             B. Deterred Answer: A
             C. Provide
             D. Impeded                                     147. A metallic container used for the 
Answer: A safekeeping of documents or small items in
an office or installation.
143. An authenticated list of personnel              A. Steel cabinet
given to security allowing entry to              B. Drawer
compound or installation or part thereof.              C. Basket
             A. Pass system              D. Safe                                            
             B. ID Answer: D
             C. Access list
             D. Duress code                                148. A heavily constructed fire and burglar
Answer: C resistant container usually a part of the
building structure used to keep and protect
144. The act or condition affecting the safe cash, document and negotiable instruments.
operation of the facility caused by human              A. Basket
action,accidental or intentional.It includes              B. Vault
sabotage,espionage,pilferage and theft,              C. Steel cabinet
disloyalty,disaffection and subversive              D. Concrete
activities. coffin                                   Answer: B
 inactive or retirees
149. Steal or plastic pipes located in the B. At least 25 years of age
building from the lowest to the top floor C. Filipino citizen
with water under pressure for use in case of D. All of them                                          
fire. Answer: D
             A. Lowering pipe
             B. Wet pipe 154. A security force maintained and
             C. Top pipe operated by any private company for its
             D. Stand pipe                                    own security requirements only.
Answer: D              A. Insular security force
             B. Company security force
150. Who among below are exempted from              C. Government security unit
pre-licensing training?              D. Private security
             A. AFP and PNP retirees unit                              Answer: B
             B. Graduate of ROTC basic or
advance 155. A person who offers or renders
             C. AFP and PNP veterans personal services to watch or secure a
             D. All of the residence or business establishment or both
above                                   Answer: D is
             A. Watchman
151. Tenure of security personnel is based              B. Security guard
on              C. B only
A. Can be extended by the client              D. B and
B. The service contract between the agency A                                              Answer: D
and the client
C. Labor only contracting between the 156. Include all the security measures
agency and the guard designed to prevent unsuitable individuals
D. Tenure provided by the labor or persons of doubtful loyalty to the
code            Answer: B government from gaining access to
classified matter or to any security facility
152. Before private security agencies and to prevent appointment or retention as
render security services to its clients,there employees of such individuals.
must be a contract that must bind them,it is              A. Security personnel
called              B. Employee security
             A. Contract service              C. Personnel security
             B. Service contract              D. Both A and
             C. Security contract C                                         Answer: C
             D. Security service
contract                       Answer: D 157. It is an inquiry into the character,
reputation, discretion and loyalty of
153. Which below is a qualification for the individual in order to determine a persons
operator or manager of security agency. suitability to be given security clearance.
A. Commissioned officer of AFP or PNP,              A. BI
             B. LAC 162. Motives that cause people to be
             C. NAC disloyal
             D. PSI                                                          A. Character
Answer: D              B. Revenge
             C. Moral
158. Consist of the investigation of the              D.
background of an individual but limited Reputation                                           
only to some of the circumstances of his Answer: B
personal life which are deemed pertinent to
the investigation. 163. Weakness that makes people
             A. PSI susceptible to pressure
             B. PBI              A. Jealousy
             C. CBI              B. Weakness of character
             D. BI                                                              C. Close relative in foreign land
Answer: B              D. All of
them                                            Answer: D
159. A thorough and complete investigation
of all or some of the circumstances or 164. A security unit maintained and
aspect of a persons life is conducted. operated by any government entity.
             A. PSI              A. Insular security force
             B. PBI              B. Company security force
             C. CBI              C. Government security unit
             D. BI                                                              D. Private security
Answer: D agency                           Answer: C

160. Among the following,which is the 165. Cosnsist of the investigation of the
least expensive and least secure personnel background of a person particularly all the
control identification system? circumstances of his personal life
             A. Multiple pass system              A. PSI
             B. Group pass and badge system              B. PBI
             C. Spot magnetized identification              C. CBI
pass              D. BI                                               
             D. Single pass or badge Answer: C
system                     Answer: D
166. Any
161. Factors considered in background person,association,partnership,firm or
investigation except: private corporation,who contracts recruits,
             A. Integrity trains,furnishes or post any security guards
             B. Character to do its functions.
             C. Personal prestige              A. Insular security force
             D. Loyalty                                                     B. Company security force
Answer: C              C. Government security unit
             D. Private security
agency                           Answer: D              A. Top secret
             B. Information security
167. Shall be responsible to the detachment              C. Personnel security
commander as far as his shift is concerned.              D. Documents
A. Officer in charge security                               Answer: D
B. Shift in charge
C. Security guard on duty 172. Refers to assigned information by one
D. Assistant detachment of the four classification categories
commander             Answer: B              A. Reclassify
             B. Classified
168. Before a security guard can practice              C. Declassify
his profession,he shall possess a valid              D. Security
security license,What is this license? clearance                                 Answer: B
             A. Firearm license
             B. License to operate 173. Refers to the administrative
             C. Drivers license determination that an individual is eligible
             D. Security guard for access to classified matter.
license                            Answer: D              A. Reclassify
             B. Classified
169. How many firearms issued for every              C. Declassify
two guards employed by the security              D. Security
agency is allowed by law? clearance                                 Answer: D
             A. 4
             B. 3 174. Means loss of security which results
             C. 2 from an unauthorized persons obtaining
             D. 1                                                  knowledge of classified matter.
Answer: D              A. Vulnerability
             B. Criticality
170. Firearms of security agency should be              C. probability
covered with firearms license issued by the              D.
PNP through its Firearm Explosive Compromise                                         
Division under the civil security group Answer: D
renewable every
             A. 4 years 175. These are information and material,the
             B. 3 years unauthorized disclosure of which would
             C. 2 years cause exceptional grave damage to the
             D. 1 year                                          nation, politically, economically or from a
Answer: D security aspect,this category is reserved for
the nations closest secret and is to be used
171. The aspect of security which involves with great reserve.
the application of security measures For the A. Restricted matters
protection and safeguarding of classified B. Secret matters
information C. Confidential matters
D. Top secret matters                                manufacturing,treating or preserving
Answer: D materials,a pattern for machine or device or
a list of customers.
176. These information and material,the              A. Transmission security
authorized disclosure of which would              B. Trade secret
endanger national security,cause serious              C. Patents
injury to the interest or prestige of the              D. Proprietary
nation or of any governmental activity or information                            Answer: B
would be of great advantage to a foreign
nation. 180. It is the protection resulting from the
             A. Restricted matters application of various measures which
             B. Secret matters prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized
             C. Confidential matters persons in gaining information through
             D. Top secret communication.
matters                                 Answer: B              A. Transmission security
             B. Cryptographic security
177. These information and material,the              C. Communication security
unauthorized disclosure of which while not              D. All of the
endangering the national security would be above                                    Answer: C
prejudicial to the interest or prestige of the
nation or any government activity or would 181. That component of communication
cause administrative embarrassment or security which results from the provisions
unwarranted injury to an individual or of technically sound crypto system and
would be of the advantage to a foreign their proper use.
nation.              A. Transmission security
             A. Restricted matters              B. Cryptographic security
             B. Secret matters              C. Communication security
             C. Confidential matters              D. All of the
             D. Top secret above                                    Answer: B
matters                                Answer: C
182. A system which uses words as the
178. It is information that in some special smallest element.
way relates to the status or activities of the              A. Transposition system
possessor and over which the possessor              B. Code
asserts ownership.              C. Concealment
             A. Transmission security              D.
             B. Trade secret Cipher                                                
             C. Patents Answer: B
             D. Proprietary
information                            Answer: D 183. A system that manipulate 1,2 or 3
characters at a time.
179. It maybe a formula for a chemical              A. Transposition system
compound, a process of              B. Code
             C. Concealment common human hazards which security has
             D. to deal with.
Cipher                                                              A. Casual pilferage
Answer: D              B. Systematic pilferage
             C. Pilferage
184. It is the potential damage or loss of an              D. None of the
asset. above                                 Answer: C
             A. Adversary
             B. Risk 189. One who steals with pre conceived
             C. Security hazard plans and takes always any or all types of
             D. items or supplies for economic gain.A.
Criticality                                            Casual pilferage
Answer: B              B. Systematic pilferage
             C. Pilferage
185. It is the impact of a loss as measured              D. None of the
in financial terms. above                                 Answer: B
             A. Adversary
             B. Risk 190. What date is the Republic Act No.
             C. Security hazard 5487 or the private security agency law
             D. passed?
Criticality                                                         A. June 13, 1999
Answer: D              B. June 13, 1969
             C. June  7, 2009
186. Eliminating or removing the risk              D. June 31,
totally from the business,government or 1969                                       Answer: B
industrial environment for which the risk
manager has responsibility. 191. A natural hazards or acts of god.
             A. Risk self-assumption              A. Calamity
             B. Risk spreading              B. Phenomenon
             C. Risk avoidance              C. Disaster
             D. Risk              D. Force
avoidance                                      Answer: majeure                                      Answer: D
C
192. A restricted area where visitors are
187. It is an act of spying. limited in movement and are usually
             A. Saboteur escorted.
             B. Espionage              A. Exclusive area
             C. pilferer              B. Limited area
             D.              C. Restricted area
Sabotage                                                          D. Protected
Answer: B area                                     Answer: B

188. It is one of the most annoying and 193. A structure placed above a vertical
fence to increase protection from intruder.              D.
             A. Guard house Peterman                                            
             B. Clear zone Answer: D
             C. Tower guard  
             D. Top
guard                                           Answer: D 198. The badge or pass coded for
authorization to enter specific
194.A conference similar to entrance        areas is issued to an employee who
conference,this is only done keeps it in his possession
      after the completion of security survey.        until his authorization terminates.
             A. Entrance conference              A. Pass system
             B. Briefing              B. Pass exchange system
             C. Debriefing              C. Single pass system
             D. Exit              D. Multi pass
conference                                     Answer: system                                  Answer: C
D

195. It is the lost that would be sustained if 199. Company owned alarm system with a
a given target or unit in the nearest police
       combination of target where totally        station so that in case of need, direct
removed,destroyed or call is possible.
       both.              A. Auxiliary alarm
             A. Risk reduction              B. Proprietary system
             B. Probable maximum loss              C. Local alarm system
             C. Risk transfer              D. Central station station
             D. Possible maximum system                 Answer: A
loss                            Answer: D
200. The system consists of ringing up a
196. Refers to the amount of loss a target visual or audible alarm
would be likely to        system near the object to be protected.
       sustain through theft and robbery.              A. Auxiliary alarm
             A. Risk reduction              B. Proprietary system
             B. Probable maximum loss              C. Local alarm system
             C. Risk transfer              D. Central station
             D. Possible maximum system                           Answer: C
loss                            Answer: B
Criminalistics Review Questions 1
197. A term used in England for lock 1. There is freehand invitation and is
pickers,safe crackers and considered as the most  skilful
       penetrators of restricted rooms or area.     class of forgery
             A. Superman           A.    simulated or copied forgery
             B. Peterpan           B.    simple forgery
             C. Batman           C.    traced forgery
          D.    carbon           A.    Certificate
tracing                                             B.    Subpoena
          C.    Warrant
2. Condensed and compact set of authentic           D.    Document                                   
specimen which is
    adequate and proper, should contain a        
cross section 7. A type of fingerprint pattern in which the
    of the material from known sources.  slope or downward 
          A.    disguised document          flow  of the innermost sufficient
          B.    questioned document recurve is towards the 
          C.    standard document       thumb of radius   bone of the hand of
          D.    requested origin.
document                                   A.    ulnar loop
             B.    tented arch
3. Specimens of hand writing or of           C.    accidental whorl
typescript which is of known            D.    radial loop                                   
    origin.
          A.    Letters
          B.    Samples 8. The forking or dividing of one line to
          C.    Exemplars two or more branches.
          D.              A.    Ridge
Documents                                                  B.    Island
          C.    Delta
4. A document which is being questioned           D.    Bifurcation                              
because of its origin, its  
    contents or the circumstances or the
stories of its production.  9. The point on a ridge at or in front of and
          A.    disputed document nearest the center  of
          B.    standard document     the divergence of the type lines.
          C.    requested document           A.    Divergence
          D.    questioned           B.    Island
document                                C.    Delta
          D.    Bifurcation                                  
5. The art of beautiful writing is known as
          A.    Drafting  
          B.    Calligraphy 10.The following are considerations used
          C.    Art appreciation for the identification  
          D.    Gothic                                               of a  loop except one:
          A.    Delta
          B.    Core
6. Any written instrument by which a right           C.    a sufficient recurve
or obligation is           D.    a ridge count across a looping
    established. bridge    
 
11.The process of recording fingerprint 16.The impressions left by the patterns of
through the use of  ridges and depressions on
      fingerprint ink.       various surfaces.  
          A.    Pathology           A.    kiss marks
          B.    Fingerprinting           B.    finger rolls
          C.    Dactyloscopy           C.    thumb marks
          D.    Printing press                                      D.    fingerprints                                  

 
12.The fingerprint method of identification. 17.Which among the following is not
          A.    Pathology considered as a basic fingerprint    
          B.    Fingerprinting pattern? 
          C.    Dactyloscopy           A.    Arch
          D.    Printing press                                         B.    Accidental
          C.    Loop
          D.    Whorl                                         
13.Two lines that run parallel or nearly
parallel, diverge and 
     surround  the pattern area.  18.The minimum identical characteristics to
          A.    Ridges justify the identity
          B.    Delta      between two points.  
          C.    Type line           A.    Eighteen
          D.    Bifurcation                                            B.    Fifteen
          C.    Twelve
          D.    Nine                                            
14.A part of the whorl or loop in which
appear the cores, deltas
     and ridges. 19.A fingerprint pattern in which the ridges
          A.    type line form a sequence of
          B.    bifurcation     spirals around core axes.
          C.    pattern area           A.    whorl
          D.    furrow                                                   B.    double loop
          C.    central pocket loop
          D.    accidental                                    
15.Fingerprints left on various surfaces at
the crime scene which are
    not clearly visible. 20.A fingerprint pattern which one or more
          A.    plane impressions ridges enter on either side
          B.    visible fingerprints     of the impression by a recurve, and
          C.    rolled impressions terminate on the same side
          D.    latent fingerprints                            where the ridge has entered.  
          A.    Loop
          B.    radial loop      a  predetermined time interval.
          C.    ulnar loop           A.    holder of sensitized material
          D.    tented arch                                              B.    view finder
          C.    shutter
          D.    view finder                                 
21.A person allowed who gives his/her
opinion or conclusion on a
    given scientific evidence is considered 26.A lens with a focal length of less than
          A.    interrogator the diagonal of its negative
          B.    expert witness     material.
          C.    prosecutor           A.    telephoto lens
          D.    judge                                                    B.    long lens
          C.    normal lens
          D.    wide angle lens                         
22.The application of scientific knowledge
and techniques in the  
     detection of crime and apprehension of 27.Chemical used as an accelerator in a
criminals.  developer solution.
          A.    Law Enforcement           A.    Potassium Bromide
Administration           B.    Sodium Carbonate   
          B.    Forensic Administration           C.    Sodium Sulfite
          C.    Criminal Psychology           D.    Hydroquinone                            
          D.    Criminalistics                              

  28.A part of a camera used in focusing the

23.Lens that is characterized by a thicker light from the subject
center and thinner sides.           A.    view finder
          A.    concave lens           B.    lens
          B.    convex lens           C.    shutter
          C.    negative lens           D.    light tight box                             
          D.    positive lens                                
29.A component of the polygraph
instrument which records the 
24.The normal developing time of a paper     breathing of the subject.
or film.           A.    Cardiosphygmograph
          A.    30-60 minutes           B.    Pneumograph
          B.    20-30  minutes           C.    Galvanograph
          C.    5-10 minutes           D.    Kymograph                                 
          D.    1- 2 minutes                                

30.A component of the polygraph

25.This part of a camera is used to allow instrument which records the
light to enter  the lens for     blood  pressure and the pulse rate of the
subject.
          A.    Cardiosphygmograph 34. It refers to an emotional response to a
          B.    Pneumograph specific danger, which   
          C.    Galvanograph      appears to go beyond a person’s
          D.    Kymograph                                 defensive power.
          A.    Fear
            B.    Stimuli
31.A component of the polygraph           C.    Response
instrument which is a motor that              D.    Reaction                                      
    drives or pulls the chart paper under the
recording pen  
    simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12 35. The primary purpose of pre-test
inches per minute.   interview.
          A.    Cardiosphygmograph           A.    Prepare subject for polygraph
          B.    Pneumograph test
          C.    Galvanograph           B.    Obtain confession
          D.    Kymograph                                           C.    Make the subject calm
          D.    Explain the polygraph test
procedures  
32.The following are specific rules to be  
followed in the formulation of 36. The deviation from normal tracing of
     the questions in a polygraph test except the subject in the relevant  
one.      question.
          A.    Questions must be clear and           A.    positive response
phrased in a language the            B.    specific response
                 subject can easily           C.    normal response
understand.                        D.    reaction                                      
          B.    Questions must be answerable
by yes or no.  
          C.    Questions must be as short as 37. The study of the effect of the impact of
possible. a projectile on the
          D.    Questions must all be in the      target.   
form of accusations           A.    Terminal Ballistics
                                                                                  B.    Internal Ballistics
             C.    External Ballistics
33. In “ polygraph examination”, the term “           D.    Forensic Ballistics                       
examination” means a  
     detection of  
          A.    Forgery 38. The unstable rotating motion of the
          B.    Emotion bullet is called
          C.    the mind           A.    Trajectory
          D.    deception                                                B.    Yaw
          C.    Velocity
          D.    Gyroscopic           D.    breaching                                   
action                             
 
39. The part of the mechanism of a firearm 44. It refers to the unstable rotating motion
that withdraws the shell  of the bullet.
      or cartridge from the chamber.           A.    Trajectory
          A.    Extractor           B.    Yaw
          B.    Ejector           C.    Velocity
          C.    Striker           D.    Gyproscopic action                     
          D.    Trigger                                       

45. It is the measurement of the bore

40. The pattern or curved path of the bullet diameter from land to land.
in flight.           A.    Calibre
          A.    Yaw           B.    Mean diameter
          B.    Range           C.    Gauge               
          C.    Velocity           D.    Rifling                                       
          D.    Trajectory                                    

46. He is known as the Father of Ballistics.

41. This refers to the deflection of the bullet           A.    Hans Gross
from its normal path           B.    Charles Waite
      after striking a resistant surface.           C.    Albert Osborne
          A.    Misfire           D.    Calvin Goddard                           
          B.    Mushroom
          C.    Ricochet
          D.    Key hole shot                             47. A document in which some issues have
been raised or is under
     scrutiny.
42. A type of primer with two vents or flash           A.    Void Document
holes.           B.    Illegal Document
          A.    Bordan primer           C.    Forged Document
          B.    Berdan Primer           D.    Questioned Document                
          C.    Baterry Primer
          D.    Boxer Primer                               
48. The following are characteristics of  
forgery  except one:
43. This refers to the helical grooves cut in           A.    Presence of Natural Variation
the interior surface of           B.    Multiple Pen Lifts
      the   bore.           C.    Show bad quality  of ink lines
          A.    swaging            D.    Patchwork
          B.    ogive Appearance                
          C.    rifling
49. Standards which are prepared upon the           A.    simulated document
request of the           B.    forged document
     investigator and for the purpose of           C.    standard document
comparison with the           D.    compared document                    
     questioned document.  
          A.    relative standards  
          B.    collected standards 54. The process of making out what is
          C.    extended standards illegible or what has been   
          D.    requested standards                        effaced. 
                A.    Comparison
50. Any stroke which goes back over           B.    Collation
another writing stroke.           C.    Obliteration
          A.    natural variation           D.    Decipherment                              
          B.    rhythm
          C.    retracing  
          A.    shading                                        55. A document which contains some
  changes either as an
51. The name of a person written by      addition or deletion.  
him/her in a document as a sign           A.    inserted document
      of acknowledgement.           B.    altered document
          A.    Opinion           C.    disputed document
          B.    Document           D.    obliterated document                  
          C.    Signature
          D.    Handwriting                                
56. A kind of erasure by using a rubber
eraser, sharp knife, razor  
52. A kind of document  which is executed      blade or picking instrument.
by a private person           A.    mechanical erasure
      without the intervention of a notary           B.    electronic erasure
public, or of           C.    magnetic erasure
      competent public   official, by which           D.    chemical erasure                        
some disposition of
      agreement is proved.
          A.    commercial document 57. It is the periodic increase in pressure,
          B.    official document characterized by 
          C.    public document       widening of the ink stroke.
          D.    private document                                   A.    Shading
          B.    pen lift
          C.    pen emphasis
53. An instrument that can be legally used           D.    pen pressure                                
in comparison with a
     questioned document, its origin is
known and can be proven.   58. A kind of document executed by a
person in authority and by  
     private parties but notarized by 63. Methamphetamine hydrochloride is
competent officials. commonly known as 
          A.    private document           A.    Coke
          B.    commercial document           B.    LSD
          C.    public document           C.    Heroin
          D.    official document                                   D.   
“shabu”                                            
  Answer: D
59. The detection and identification of
poisons. 64. An area surrounding the place where
          A.    Bacteriology the crime occurred.
          B.    Posology           A.    crime scene
          C.    Toxicology           B.    police line
          D.    Chemistry                                               C.    area of operation
          D.    area of
responsibility                        Answer: A
60. The specimen that is preferably used in  
the determination of 65. The body of the crime.
      abused drugs in the body.           A.    Evidence
          A.    blood           B.    body of the victim
          B.    saliva           C.    criminology
          C.    body fluid           D.    corpus
          D.    urine                                             delicti                                     Answer: D
 
66. One of the following is a derivative of
61. A forensic chemist is tasked  to the opium poppy.
examine the chemical nature           A.    Demerol
      and composition of the following           B.    Caffeine
except one:            C.    Morphine
          A.    Fingerprint           D.    nicotine                                       
          B.    Explosives Answer: C
          C.    Blood  
          D.    Body 67. Number restoration is necessary in
fluids                                        Answer: A determining whether there is
     tampering of serial number in 
62. Who qualifies a forensic chemist as           A.    Typewriter
expert?           B.    Firearm
          A.    defense  lawyer              C.    Prisoners
          B.    judge           D.    Bank notes                                  
          C.    prosecutor Answer: B
          D.    the chemist
himself/herself               Answer: B 68. In forensic examination, a tip of the hair
is examined to of semen particularly
     determine  if it was       in  stained clothing.
          A.    Bend           A.    Florence Test
          B.    Folded           B.    Barberio’s Test
          C.    Stretched           C.    Microscopic Test
          D.    Cut                                                         D.    Ultra-Violet Test                         
Answer: D Answer: A
   
69. All of the following are accurate tests 74. The test used to determine the presence
for the presence of alcohol       of blood in stained
      in the human body except one:       material.
          A.    Saliva test           A.    Florence Test
          B.    Harger Breath Test           B.    Barberio’s Test
          C.    Fecal test           C.    Takayama Test
          D.    Blood test                                              D.    Phenolphtalein  Test                   
Answer: C Answer: C
  
70. The application of chemical principles 75. It is the major component of a glass.
and processes in the              A.    Lime
     examination of evidence.           B.    Soda
          A.    Forensic Medicine           C.    Silica
          B.    Forensic Evidence           D.    Gel                                              
          C.    Criminalistics Answer: C
          D.    Forensic                   
Chemistry                           Answer: D 76. Poisons which produce stupor and less
  feeling.
71. Volatile poisons may be isolated by           A.    Narcotics
means of this process.           B.    Irritants
          A.    Dialysis           C.    Depressants
          B.    Dilution           D.    Stimulants                                   
          C.    Distillation Answer: A
          D.    Extraction                                    
Answer: C 77. A supercooled liquid which possess
  high viscosity and rigidity.
72. The process in reproducing physical           A.    dry ice
evidence by plaster moulds.           B.    cartridge case
          A.    Casting           C.    gel
          B.    Cementing           D.    glass                                          
          C.    Moulage Answer: D
          D.    Sticking                                         
Answer: C 78. The study and identification of body
fluids.
73. The test used to determine the presence           A.    Pharmacology
          B.    Serology           D.    Deoxy Nucleic Acid                  
          C.    Posology Answer: B
          D.    Immunology                               
Answer: B 84. The Geneticist from Great Britain who
pioneered DNA testing and   
79. The test to determine whether blood is         fingerprinting. 
of human origin or not.           A.    Alec Jeffries
          A.    Blood typing           B.    Lowell C. Van Berkom
          B.    Precipitin Test           C.    William  Reynolds
          C.    Confirmatory Test           D.    Henry Van Dyke                        
          D.    Preliminary Test                         Answer: A
Answer: B
85. The cause of death of a person who
80. The circulating tissue of the body. immediately died because of
          A.    Blood       lack of oxygen for around 3 to five
          B.    Cells minutes.
          C.    Muscles           A.    Stroke
          D.    Liver                                                     B.    Asphyxia
Answer: A           C.    Stupor
          D.    Exhaustion                                 
81. The complete, continuous, persistent Answer: B
cessation of respiration,
      circulation and almost all brain function 86. The most serious burn involving skin,
of an organism.  nerves, muscles and bones,
          A.    Apparent death       causing death due to loss of fluids and
          B.    Molecular death electrolytes in
          C.    Cellular Death       the body and massive infection.  
          D.    Somatic death                                       A.    First Degree Burn
Answer: D           B.    Second Degree Burn
          C.    Third Degree Burn
82. The approximate time for the           D.    Sunburn                                       
completion of one case for DNA   Answer: C
      Testing. 
          A.    minimum of eight weeks 87. A discoloration of the body after death
          B.    minimum of six weeks when the blood tends 
          C.    minimum of four weeks      to  pool in the blood vessels of the most 
          D.    minimum of two weeks               dependent portions
Answer: C      of the body and starts 20 to 30 minutes
after death and is 
83. DNA stands for      completed by 12 hours.
          A.    Deonatural Acid           A.    livor mortis
          B.    Deoxyribonucleic  Acid           B.    primary flaccidity
          C.    Denaturalized  Acid           C.    maceration
          D.    rigor      experience but not had conceived a
mortis                                        Answer: A child.
          A.    virgo-intacts
88. A wound which if inflicted in the body           B.    demi-virginity
so serious that it will             C.    moral virginity
     endanger one’s life.           D.    physical virginity                       
          A.    mortal wound Answer: A
          B.    trauma
          C.    coup injury 93. Fixed discoloration of the blood clothed
          D.    superficial wound                        inside the blood vessels
Answer: A      or  has diffused to different parts of the
body.
89. A wound produced by a blunt           A.    hypostatic lividity
instrument such as club and stone.           B.    diffusion lividity
          A.    incised wound           C.    hyper lividity
          B.    hack wound           D.    rigor mortis                                
          C.    lacerated wound Answer: B
          D.    punctured wound                           
Answer: C 94. Things used by a person in the
  commission of a crime, or objects
90. A displacement of the articular surface      left in a crime scene which are the
of the bone without  subjects of criminalistics. 
     external wounds.           A.    testimonial evidence
          A.    Hematoma           B.    hearsay evidence
          B.    Fracture           C.    circumstantial evidence
          C.    Sprain           D.    physical evidence                      
          D.    Dislocation                                   Answer: D
Answer: D
95. The science dealing with the motion of
91. A condition of exposure to cold a projectile and the
temperature of certain parts of        conditions governing that motion.  
     the body which produces mechanical           A.    Ballistics
disruption of cell structure           B.    Forensic Ballistics
     characterized by cold stiffening and           C.    Terminal Ballistics
diminished body.              D.    External Ballistics                       
          A.    immersion foot Answer: A
          B.    trench foot
          C.    frostbite 96. The application of medical knowledge
          D.    gangrene                                       in the solution of crimes.
Answer: C           A.    Forensic Science
          B.    Forensic Chemistry
92. A condition of women who have had           C.    Forensic Ballistics
one or more sexual           D.    Forensic Medicine                      
Answer: D 7.    D 29.   54.  
8.    D B D
97. The science or art of obtaining images 9.    C 30.   55.  
in scientific materials by 10.   A B
     the  action of electro magnetic radiation B 31.   56.  
rays. 11.   D A
          A.    Polygraphy B 32.   57.  
          B.    Dactyloscopy 12.   D D
          C.    Photography C 33.   58.  
          D.    Chemistry                                     13.   D C
Answer: C C 34.   59.  
     14.   A C
98. Instrument used in the measurement of C 35.   60.  
temperature. 15.   A D
          A.    Endometer D 36.  
          B.    Barometer 16.   A
          C.    Thermometer D 37.  
          D.    ananometer                                   17.   A
Answer: C B 38.  
  18.   B
99. The scientific detection of deception. D 39.  
          A.    Polygraphy 19.   B
          B.    Dactyloscopy A 40.  
          C.    Toxicology 20.   D
          D.    Chemistry                                     C 41.  
Answer: A 21.   C
  B 42.  
100. The test conducted to determine the 22.   D
presence of gunpowder D 43.  
       residue in the hands of a suspect.      23.   D
          A.    diphenylamine test A 44.  
          B.    ultra violet test 24.   B
          C.    paraffin test C 45.  
          D.    Simon’s Test    25.   A
                                   Answer: C C 46.  
D
Answers: Criminalistics Review Questions 47.  
1.    A 26.   51.   D
2.    C A C 48.  
3.    C 27.   52.   A
4.    D B D 49.  
5.    B 28.   53.   D
6.    D B C 50.  
 C           B.    application of medical science to
Criminalistics Review Questions 2 elucidate legal problems
1. The following are types of medical           C.    knowledge of law in relation to
evidence, except: practice of medicine
          A.    Photographic evidence           D.    none of the above
          B.    Experimental evidence           E.    all of the
          C.    Testimonial evidence above                                 
          D.    Autoptic
evidence                             6. The different test to determine peripheral
circulation are the
2. The art of identification by comparison     following, except 
of fingerprint is called:           A.    Magnus test
          A.    Dactylography           B.    Diaphanous test
          B.    All of the these           C.    I card’s test
          C.    Dactyloscopy           D.    Winslow’s test                            
          D.    Palmistry                                     
   
7. The following officials of the Philippine
3. Some scientific methods of identification Government are authorized to
are the following, except:     conduct death investigation, except -
          A.    Fingerprinting           A.    Public Prosecutor
          B.    Handwriting           B.    Judges of the regional trial court
          C.    Dental identification           C.    Director PNP
          D.    Identification by close friends           D.    SOCO team                                 
and relatives
  
4. The greater the number of points of 8. The following statements are important
similarities and dissimilarities of in death determination.
    two persons compared, the greater the     Which is not valid?.
probability for the           A.    Civil personality of a natural
    conclusion to be correct is found in the person is extinguished by
          A.    Law of Municipality of                  death
Evidence in Identification              B.    Civil property of a person is
          B.    All of the these transmitted to the heirs, if
          C.    Identification by Comparison                  not, to  the government      
and Exclusion          C.    The death of the partner is one of
          D.    Law of Super the causes of
Imposition                                    dissolution of partnership
agreement             
5. In the strict sense of the word, Forensic          D.    The criminal liability of a person
Medicine means is extinguished by death 
          A.    application of medicine to legal                                                                        
cases    
9. The following are kinds of death, which
one is not? 14. Hanging is asphyxia due to the
          A.    Somatic or Clinical Death constriction of the neck as a result
          B.    State of Suspended Animation      of suspension in which the weight of the
          C.    Cellular or Molecular Death body pulls upon the
          D.    Regulated Death                        
     ligature.What differentiates it from
strangulation by a ligature
10. Of the following kinds of death, which      therefore is: 
one is relevant to Organ           A.    The factor of suspension
     Transportation?           B.    Hanging raises a presumption of
          A.    Somatic or clinical Death suicide
          B.    State of Suspended Animation           C.    Strangulation is usually
          C.    Molecular Death homicidal
          D.    Cellular Death                                       D.    All of the above
          E.    None of the
above                        
11. To find out the truth is an essential
requirement for the 15. Distinctions between ante-mortem from
      administration of Justice. Which of the post-mortem clot are the
following is the commonly      following. Which one is not valid?
      used method of deception detection?           A.    Ante-mortem clot is firm in
          A.    Lie detection method consistency
          B.    Hypnotism           B.    Clot is homogenous in
          C.    Use of drugs construction so it cannot be
          D.    Confession                                                    stripped into layers          
          C.    Clot with varied colors
            D.    Surface of the blood vessels are
12. In molecular or cellular death, death of raw after the clots are
individual cells is with in                   removed                                      
          A.    3-6 minutes
          B.    3-6 hours                                                     
          C.    20-30 minutes 16. Post-mortem lividity maybe due to any
          D.    20-30 hours                               of the following, except:
          A.    Hypostasis       
            B.    Autolysis
13. Post-mortem lividity has the following           C.    Diffusion
mechanisms:           D.    Suggillation                                 
          A.    Hypostatic pressure
          B.    Diffusion    
          C.    Gravitational pressure 17. Comprehensive study of dead body,
          D.    All of the above                         performed by a trained
      Physician, to determine the cause of
death: the matter of fact.
          A.    Autopsy           A.    Polygraph
          B.    Biophsis           B.    Evidence
          C.    Dissection              C.    Lie detector
          D.    Physicians                                              D.    All of
these                                      
 
18. Articles and materials found in the 23. Determination of individuality of a
crime scene: person or thing:
          A.    Physical evidence           A.    Description   
          B.    Associative evidence           B.    Perception
          C.    Evidence           C.    Identification
          D.    Tracing evidence                                   D.    All of these                                  

        
19. Circumscribed extravation of blood or 24. Types of fingerprint patters, except:
subcutaneous tissue or          A.    Arches
      underneath the mucous membrane.          B.    Ordinary
          A.    Contusion          C.    Loop
          B.    Petechia          D.   
          C.    Abrasion Whorl                                            
          D.    All of them                                 
25. It is any unusual pattern of sexual
behavior including habitual,
20. Among the following, which has the       preference and completing need for
greatest value in scientific sexual gratification by any
      examination/identification?
          A.    Dental examination       means except sexual intercourse which
          B.    Fingerprinting results to bodily 
          C.    Photography       excitement
          D.    Pictures Parle                                       A.    Virginity
          B.    Sexual intercourse
          C.    Prostitution
21. One is a condition that can approximate           D.    Sexual
the time of death. deviation                              
          A.    Cadaver   
          B.    Magnus test 26. An open wound produced by a sharp-
          C.    Rigor mortis pointed instrument and is
          D.    None of these                                    characterized by a small opening of the
wound.
22. The means sanctioned by the law, of           A.    Gunshot wound
ascertaining the judicial           B.    Stab wound
      power/proceeding, the truth respecting           C.    Shrapnel wound
          D.    Punctured wound                                   A.    Bore
Answer: D           B.    Barrel
          C.    Rifling
27. A physical injury wherein the offended           D.    Primer                                        
victim is incapacitated for Answer: A

      work or requires medical assistance for 32. The portion of the gun which is held or
10 days or more but not shouldered is called
          A.    Slight physical injury              A.    Buckle
          B.    Mutilation           B.    Buttstock
          C.    Serious physical injury           C.    Handle
          D.    less serious physical           D.    End
injury                Answer: D joint                                            Answer: B
   
28. It is the type of burn due to gamma rays 33. In a gun, the portion of the "action" that
and which is difficult to holds the cartridge ready
      remedy:       for firing is called
          A.    Thermal burn              A.    Gas tube
          B.    Electric burn           B.    Chamber
          C.    Chemical burn           C.    Double-action
          D.    Radiation burn                                      D.    Trigger                                      
Answer: D Answer: B

29. The metal tube through which the bullet 34. A metal rod or plate that strikes the
is fired is called cartridge primer to detonate
          A.    Bore      the powder.  
          B.    Barrel           A.    Spring
          C.    Baretta           B.    Trigger guard
          D.    Bromet                                                   C.    Hammer
Answer: B           D.    Revolver                                     
                     Answer: C
30. The old form of gunpowder invented
over a thousand years ago 35. This is a device for storing cartridges in
     and consisting of nitrate, charcoal, and a repeating firearm for
sulfur.       loading into the chamber. Also referred
          A.    Chinese Powder to as a "clip".
          B.    Black Powder           A.    Clipper
          C.    Gray Powder           B.    Holder
          D.    All of these                                           C.    Pin or pinhead
Answer: B           D.    None of these                             
Answer: D
31. The inside of the barrel is generally
termed as 36. A device that fits over the muzzle of the
barrel to muffle the           C.    Core
     sound of a gunshot. Most work by           D.    Cuticle                                         
baffling the escape of gases.  Answer: B
          A.    Buffer
          B.    Silencer 40. Who was the noted British Examiner of
          C.    Magazine questioned documents said
          D.    Hanger                                              that an intelligent police investigator
Answer: B can detect almost 75% of all
      forgeries by careful inspection of a
37. Under the management of Lt. Darby document with simple
during the American       magnifiers and measuring tools?
     occupation in the Philippines, a modern           A.    Dr. Arthur Stoll
and complete fingerprint           B.    Dr. Aristotle Curt
     file has been established for the           C.    Dr. William Harrison
Philippine commonwealth. In 1937,           D.    Dr. Benjamin Jones                     
     the first Filipino fingerprint technician Answer: C
employed by the Phil.
     Constabulary was        41. In police photography studies, what are
          A.    Mr. Generoso Reyes called the thin, gelatinous,
          B.    Mr. Amado Delos Santos       light-sensitive coatings on film that
          C.    Mr. Calixto Solis react chemically to capture
          D.    None of these                                    the color and shadings of a scene?
Answer: A           A.    Films
          B.    Emulsions
38. The first leading judicial decision in the           C.    Chemical Coatings
Philippine jurisprudence on           D.    None of these                              
     the  science of fingerprinting was the Answer: B
case of
          A.    People vs Medina 42. A medium that divert or absorb light,
          B.    People vs Pineda but does not allow lights to
          C.    People vs Amador      pass though, they absorb most of the
          D.    People vs. Rosas                          light while reflecting some of
Answer: A      it is called
          A.    Opaque object
39. What is the intermediate and the           B.    Convection
thickest layer of the hair and is           C.    Visible light
      composed of elongated, spindle-shaped           D.    Prisms                                         
fibrils which cohere? They Answer: A
      contain pigment granules in varying
proportion depending on the 43. In the practice of polygraphy, what do
      type of hair. you call questions
          A.    Medulla      unrelated to the matter under
          B.    Cortex investigation but are of similar
     nature although less serious as compared       fingerprint which maybe compared with
to those relevant the low area in a tire
     questions under investigation?       tread.   
          A.    Irrelevant questions           A.    None of these
          B.    Relevant questions           B.    Envelope
          C.    Control questions           C.    Furrows
          D.    Interrogative questions                         D.    Bifurcation                                 
Answer: C Answer: C
 
44. What test is given if a subject of 48. In the study of questioned documents,
interrogation is not yet informed what do you call the
     of the details of the offense for which he      quality of paper that does not allow light
is being interrogated by to pass through or which
     the investigation, or by other persons or      prevents dark objects from being seen
from other sources like through the paper?
     the print media?           A.    Opacity
          A.    Peak of Tension test           B.    Watermarks
          B.    Control test           C.    Skid marks
          C.    IQ Test           D.    Invisibility                                   
          D.    Guilt Complex Test                    Answer: A
Answer: A
   49. What is the oldest ink material known?
45. In fingerprinting, the space between           A.    Ball point pen ink
shoulders of a loop, free of           B.    Chinese Ink
     any appendage, and a butting at right           C.    Aniline Ink
angle.              D.    White Ink                                   
          A.    Complete curve Answer: B
          B.    Sufficient Recurve
          C.    Straight arrow 50. It is the art of extracting and working
          D.    Core                                            on metals by the application
Answer: B      of chemical and physical knowledge.
          A.    Cryptography
46. The term use to refer to a single           B.    Metallurgy
recurving ridge enclosing one or           C.    Casting
      more rods or bars of a fingerprint.           D.    Matalisky                                    
          A.    None of these Answer: B
          B.    Envelope
          C.    Furrows 51. The branch of geology that deals with
          D.    Bifurcation                                  the systematic
Answer: B       classification and identification of
   rocks, rock forming minerals and
47. These are depressions or canals       soil.Also includes study of dust, dirt,
between the ridges of a safe insulation, ceramics and
      other such materials, both natural and Answer: A
artificial.
          A.    Petrography 56. The ratio of the weight of the powder
          B.    Serology charge to the weight of the
          C.    Anthropology       projectile is called
          D.    Ecology                                                  A.    Power to speed ratio
Answer: A           B.    Charge weight to bullet weight
ratio
52. In a fire, the presence of reddish brown           C.    Firing pin stroke ratio
smoke indicates           D.    All of these                                 
          A.    Nitrocellulose Answer: B
          B.    Sulfuric acid  
          C.    Nitric acid 57. Chemical rearrangement of molecules
          D.    All of these                                   into gas instead of solids to
Answer: D      cause the high explosives to exert full
power of shock. The speed
53. The bending of light around an object      varies in different explosive but in some
gives rise to the it is as high as 7000 yards
     phenomenon called      in a second. This refers to
          A.    attraction           A.    Energy
          B.    diffraction           B.    Gas
          C.    light curve           C.    Detonation
          D.    light fingerprint                                      D.    Gun powder                               
Answer: B Answer: C

54. Under the law of reflection, The angle 58. What occurs when a cartridge fails to
of reflection depends upon explode on time or delayed
     the angle of the light striking the      in firing?
material, which is referred to as           A.    Knocking Power
     the           B.    Hang fire
          A.    angle of incidence           C.    Recoil
          B.    angle of biometry           D.    None of
          C.    angle of light these                                   Answer: B
          D.    none of these                               
Answer: A 59. In China, fingerprint is called ___. It
  was valued for purposes of
55. In ballistics, what is the pressure       identification since time immemorial as
generated within the chamber found on a Chinese clay
      erroneously called breeched pressure?       seal made not later than the 3rd Century
          A.    Chamber Pressure B.C.   
          B.    Barrel Pressure           A.    Hua Chi
          C.    Gunpowder           B.    Mah Whang
          D.    None of these                                         C.    Wong Cho
          D.    Tiang Hin                                              C.    John Dellinger
Answer: A           D.    Billy the Kid                              
Answer: C
60. Who has given the fame title as “Father
of Dactyloscopy”? 64. What is the science of palm print
          A.    Johannes Purkinje identification?
          B.    Leonard Keeler           A.    Chiroscopy
          C.    Charles Darwin           B.    Poroscopy
          D.    Sir Francis Galton                                  C.    Podoscopy
Answer: A           D.   
Astrology                                         
61. In Hoogly, district of Bengal, India, he Answer: B
used fingerprints to prevent
      fraudulent collection of army pay 65. A single ridge which splits into two
account and for identification of ridges forming a “Y” shape
      other documents. He was known as the       formation or structure is commonly
Father of Chiroscopy. known as
          A.    William Herschel           A.    Diverging ridges
          B.    Francis Galton           B.    Bifurcating ridges
          C.    Gilbert Thompson           C.    Loop
          D.    Alphonse Bertillon                                D.    Delta                                           
Answer: A Answer: B
 
62. A noted British anthropologist who 66. Symbolized by letter W in the
began observation which led to fingerprint classification. It is a
      the publication in 1882 of his book      fingerprint pattern which there are two
“Fingerprints.”  That deltas and in which at
      established the individuality of      least one ridge makes a turn through one
classifying fingerprint patterns. complete circuit.
          A.    Francis Galton           A.    Plain whorl
          B.    Gilbert Thompson           B.    Central pocket loop whorl
          C.    Wayne Kate           C.    Accidental loop
          D.    Alphonse Bertillon                                D.    Ulnar loop                                  
Answer: A Answer: A

63. The notorious gangster and a police 67. Father of Criminalistics.

character, who attempted to           A.    Dr. Hans Gross
      erase his fingerprints by burning them           B.    Dr. Cesare Lombroso
with acid but as time went           C.    Dr. John Reid
      by the ridges were again restored to           D.    Dr. John Larson                          
their “natural” feature.  Answer: A
          A.    John Fielding  
          B.    Johanes Curie 68. Which evidence offers least resistance
to decomposition? solemnities required  by law, it is
          A.    Semen      called
          B.    Urine           A.    Official document
          C.    Hair           B.    Public document
          D.    Blood                                                     C.    Commercial document
Answer: C           D.    Private Document                      
Answer: B
69. One in which the facts appearing  
therein may not be true, and are 73. What is known as the blotting out or
     contested either in whole or part with shearing over the writing to
respect to its authenticity,       make the original invisible to as an
     identity, or origin. addition?
          A.    Questioned document           A.    Obliteration
          B.    Illegal document           B.    Obscuration
          C.    Falsified document           C.    Forged
          D.    Disputed facts                                       D.    None of these                              
Answer: A Answer: A
 
70. Are condensed and  compact  set  of 74. In legal language, it refers to the
authentic specimens which, document examiner's conclusion.
     if adequate and proper, should contain  a      In Court, he may not only express it but
cross  section  of  the demonstrates the
     material from a known source for      reasons for arriving at his conclusion.
questioned document           A.    Remarks
     examination.           B.    Testimony
          A.    Basis products           C.    Opinion
          B.    Standards           D.    Reasoning                                  
          C.    Handwriting Answer: C
          D.    Signatures                                    
Answer: B 75. In this kind of document examination,
  the document is viewed with
71. A term used by some document      the source of illumination behind it and
examiners and attorneys to the light passing through
      characterize known material.       the paper.Documents are subjected to
          A.    Basis this type of examination to
          B.    Exemplar      determine the presence of erasures,
          C.    Xerox copies matching of serrations and
          D.    Reproduced                                       some other types of alterations.
Answer: B           A.    Microscopic examination
            B.    Ultra violet examination
72. When a document is issued and           C.    Photographic examination
notarized by a notary  public or           D.    Transmitted light
     competent public official with examination           Answer: D
           B.    Characteristics
76. Ultraviolet radiation is invisible and           C.    Attribute
occurs in the wave lengths just           D.    Form                                            
     below the visible blue-violet end of the Answer: B
spectrum (rainbow). These  
     visible rays react on some substances so 80. The act of setting two or more items
that visible light is side by side to weigh their
     reflected, a phenomenon known as       identifying qualities; it refers not only a
          A.    Prism visual but also the mental 
          B.    Fluorescence       act in which the element of one item are
          C.    Infrared related to the
          D.    Radiation                                            counterparts of the other.
Answer: B           A.    Collation
               B.    Analysis
77. It is the result of a very complicated           C.    Comparison
series of facts, being used as           D.    Recording                                    
     whole, combination of certain forms of Answer: C
visible mental and muscular
     habits acquired by long, continued 81. In the study handwriting, the movement
painstaking effort.Some of the pen toward the
     defined it as “visible speech.”       writer is called
          A.    Typewriting           A.    Downstroke
          B.    Money Bills           B.    Backstroke
          C.    Handwriting           C.    Sidestroke
          D.    All of these                                            D.    None of these                              
Answer: C Answer: A
 
78. In document examination, what is the 82. It is a signature, signed at a particular
relation of parts of the time  and place, under
     whole of writing or line of individual      particular conditions, while the signer
letters in words to the was at particular age, in a
     baseline?      particular physical and mental condition,
          A.    Proportion using particular
          B.    Alignment      implements, and with a particular reason
          C.    Lining and purpose for recording
          D.    Letter forms                                     his name.
Answer: B           A.    Fraudulent Signature
            B.    Freehand forged signature
79. Any property or mark which           C.    Guided Signature
distinguishes and in document           D.    Evidential Signature                   
      examination commonly called to as the Answer: D
identifying details si called
          A.    Standard 83. It is the crime of making, circulating or
uttering false coins and       between two fired bullets or two fired
     banknotes.  Literally, it means to make a shells, by simultaneously
copy of; or imitate; to       observing their magnified image in a
     make a spurious semblance of, as money single microscopic field.
or stamps, with the           A.    Magnetic field device
     intent to deceive or defraud.           B.    Compound microscope
          A.    Counterfeiting           C.    Bullet comparison microscope
          B.    Falsification           D.    Photographic microscope          
          C.    Forgery Answer:C
          D.    Fake money bills                            
Answer: A 88. Consist of a wooden box, 12 “x”12”x
96, with a hinged to cover
84. A fluid or viscous marking material      and with one end open. This long box is
used for writing or printing. filled with ordinary cotton
          A.    Pen      and separated into sections by cardboard
          B.    Ink petitions use in
          C.    Coal      ballistics.
          D.    Chalk                                                     A.    Firing point box
Answer: B           B.    Bullet recovery box
          C.    Slug collection box
85. In 1884, who was this insurance agent           D.    All of
in New York who patented these                                        Answer: B
      the first practical fountain pen
containing its own ink reservoir 89. Photographic films maybe classified
          A.    Lewis Waterman according to their forms and
          B.    John Loud       types. What are the films that are
          C.    Peter Reynolds sensitive to radiation?
          D.    Henry Ball                                              A.    Chrome Films
Answer: A           B.    X-Ray Films
             C.    B&W Films
86. What do you calle the type of           D.    Colored Films                             
instrument used in measuring pitch Answer: B
     of rifling firearms
          A.    Pinometer 90. Which film is suitable for general use in
          B.    Helixometer the preparation of black
          C.    Thermometer      and white photography because it
          D.    Caliper                                         produces the most natural
Answer: B      recording of colors?
            A.    Panchromatic film
87. This valuable instrument is specially           B.    Chrome Films
designed to permit the           C.    X-Ray Films
      firearms examiner to determine the           D.    Color Films                                 
similarity and dissimilarity Answer: A
           becomes a vertical line.   
91. One film maybe rated ISO – 100, and           A.    Astigmatism
another film ISO- 200. This           B.    Bended light
     means that the 200 films are twice as           C.    Chromatic aberration
fast (twice more sensitive           D.    Pragmatic rays                           
     to light) than the ISO-100 film. This Answer: A
statement is
          A.    true 95. Depth of field is the range in front of
          B.    false and behind a sharply focused
          C.    partly true       subject in which details also look sharp
          D.    partly false                                   in the final photographic
Answer: A       image.
          A.    Focus
92. Among the following speed of film,           B.    Depth of field
which has the fastest speed?           C.    Camera trick
          A.    ISO – 25           D.    Aperture                                     
          B.    ISO – 100 to ISO – 200 Answer: B
          C.    ISO – 400
          D.    ISO – 1000 and up                      96. In photography, what determines how
Answer: D effectively a moving object
         can be stopped, that is, how sharply it
93. Chromatic aberration is the failure of can be reproduced without
different colored light rays to       blurring, or streaking in the final
      focus after passing through a lens, image?
focusing of light of different           A.    Focus
      colors at different points resulting in a           B.    Shutter speed
blurred image.           C.    Aperture
          A.    Astigmatism           D.    Lens                                            
          B.    Bended light Answer: B
          C.    Chromatic aberration
          D.    Pragmatic rays                             97. What makes a bullet spin? Without
Answer: C spin, a bullet would not stay
        pointed forward in flight, but would
94. What is the defect in which the light tumble over and over. The
coming from an off-axis       spinning motion increases the accuracy
     object point is spread along the direction of a bullet.
of the optic axis? If the           A.    Bore
     object is a vertical line, the cross section           B.    Gunpowder
of the refracted beam at      successively           C.    Rifling
greater distances from the lens is an ellipse           D.    Shell                                            
that Answer: C
     collapses first into a horizontal line,
spreads out again, and later 98. What component of the polygraph
machine records the changes in 16.  B
      the breathing of the subject? 17.  A
          A.    Pneumograph 18.  A
          B.    Cardiograph 19.  A
          C.    Galvanograph 20.  B
          D.    Kymograph                                  21.  C
Answer: A 22.  B
23.  C
99. In fingerprinting, it refers to the process 24.  B
of counting the 25.  D
     intervening ridges that touch or cross an Crime Detection Review Questions
imaginary line drawn 1. An extra judicial confession obtained
     between the core and the delta. from a suspect is admissible
          A.    Ridge counting     in a court of law if it was made in the
          B.    Ridge tracing presence of a counsel
          C.    Delta tracing     of his own choice and must be in
          D.    All of these                                          A.    the presence of  a  fiscal   
Answer: A         B.    the presence of a police
investigator
100.For many years the most commonly         C.    writing
used preliminary test for blood         D.    front of a judge                         
          A.    Plasma count
          B.    Serum test 2. Fiscals and Prosecutors  are under the
          C.    Benzidine test control and supervision
          D.    Barberio’s test                                  of the  
Answer: C         A.National Bureau of Investigation
          B. Department of the Interior and
Answers:Criminalistics Local Government
1.   B         C. Supreme Court
2.   C         D.Department of Justice                   
3.   D
4.   A 3.The questioning of a person in a formal
5.   B and systematic way and is
6.   C 26.   D   most often used to question criminal
7.   B 27.   B suspects to determine their
8.   B 28.   D   probable guilt or innocence.  
9.   D 29.   B         A.    Inquiry
10.  A 30.   B         B.    Interview
11.  A         C.    polygraph examination
12.  A         D.    interrogation                            
13.  D
14.  E 4.A form of investigation in which the
15.  C investigator assume a
   different and unofficial identity. additional evidence of a
        A.   Tailing    different character to the same point.
        B.   Casing         A.    Corroborative evidence
        C.   Espionage         B.    Circumstantial evidence
        D. Undercover work                                  C.    Direct evidence
        D.    Real evidence                             
5.A type of surveillance in which extreme
precautions and actions 10.The process of bringing together in a
   are taken in not losing the subject. logical manner all evidence
        A.    loose tail      collected during the investigation and
        B.    casing present it to the
        C.    pony tail      prosecutor.
        D.    close tail                                              A.    case preparation
        B.    order maintenance
6.A type of shadowing employed when a         C.    crime prevention
general impression of the         D.    public service                           
   subject’s habits and associates is required.
        A.   loose tail 11.Ways and means are resorted for the
        B.   casing purpose of trapping and
        C.   pony tail      capturing the law breaker during the
        D. close tail                                      execution of a criminal act.
        A.    Instigation
7.A surveillance activity for the purpose of         B.    Inducement
waiting the anticipated         C.    Buy bust operation
   arrival of a suspect or observing his         D.    Entrapment                              
actions from a fixed location.
        A.   Casing 12.A special qualification for an
        B.   Tailing undercover agent.
        C.   Stake out         A.    excellent built
        D.   Espionage                                           B.    excellent eyesight
        C.    excellent looks
8.An examination of an individual’s person,         D.    excellent memory                   
houses, or effects or a
  building, or premises with the purpose of 13.The discreet observation of places,
discovering contraband's persons and vehicles for the
  or personal properties connected in a    purpose of obtaining information
crime. concerning the identities or
        A.   Search    activities of suspects.
        B.   Raid         A.    close observation
        C.   Investigation         B.    espionage
        D.   Seizure                                               C.    tailing
        D.    surveillance                             
9.A kind of evidence that tends to prove
14. The questioning of a person by law preliminary investigation.
enforcement officers after            A. initial investigation   
      that person has been taken into custody.         B.custodial investigation
        A.    preliminary investigation         C.secondary investigation
        B.    interrogation         D.follow-up investigation                   
        C.    custodial investigation
        D.    cross examination                     19.To obtain admission and confession of
guilt is the primary purpose
15.As a general rule, a warrant of arrest can      of
be served at         A. Interview
        A.   day time                        B. Surveillance
        B.   night time         C. Investigation
        C.   any day and at any time of the day         D.Interrogation                                  
or night
        D.   weekdays                                    20.Such facts and circumstances that would
lead a reasonably
16.Measures through which police seek to     discreet and prudent man to believe that
detect crimes, or an offense has been
    attempts to be present when they are
committed, through the     committed and that the object sought in
connection with the 
    use of the undercover agents, electronic     offense are in the place sought to be
devices for wiretapping searched.
    or bugging, and stakeouts.         A. prima facie evidence
        A.    preventive measures         B. probable cause
        B.    countermeasures         C. prejudicial question
        C.    pro-active measures         D.res ipsa loquitur                              
        D.    tape measures                         
21.A search warrant shall be valid for
17.A police activity directed toward the _____ days from its date.
identification and     Thereafter, it shall be void.
    apprehension of alleged criminals and         A.    10
the accumulation,         B.    15
        C.    30
    preservation, and presentation of         D.    45                                            
evidence regarding their
    alleged crimes. 22.It means that a specific crime was
        A. police patrol committed at a specified time,
        B. police intelligence     date and place, and that the person
        C. Criminal procedure named in his report
        D. Criminal investigation                    committed the crime.
        A.    corpus delicti
18.An extension or continuation of the         B.    sufficiency of evidence
        C.    stare decisis      person who is the subject of
        D.    parens patriae                          investigation.
        A.    background interview
23.Police seek to prevent crime by being         B.    personal interview
present in places where         C.    intimate interview
    crimes might be committed and by         D.    pre-game interview                 
alerting citizens to refrain from
    practices that make them or their 28.It means method of operation.
property vulnerable.         A.    corpus delicti
        A.    opportunity denial         B.    parens patriae
        B.    order maintenance         C.    stare decisis
        C.    criminal investigation         D.    modus operandi                       
        D.    police intelligence                       
29.It is one which induces the criminal to
24.A statement of the suspect directly act and need not be
acknowledging his guilt.     shown in order to obtain conviction.
        A.    Admission         A.    Intent
        B.    Confession         B.    Motive
        C.    Deposition         C.    Opportunity
        D.    Accusation                                          D.    Inducement                               

25.It may be a direct acknowledgement of 30.The three tools in criminal investigation,

the truth of the guilty whereby their
    fact as charge or of some essential part of     application varies in proportion on their
the commission of the necessity to establish
    criminal act itself.      the guilt of the accused in a criminal
        A.    Admission case.
        B.    Confession         A.    information, interrogation,
        C.    Deposition instrumentation
        D.    Accusation                                          B.    detection, apprehension,
conviction    ‘
26.It may be a self-incriminatory statement         C.    inquiry, observation, conclusion
by the subject falling         D.    magnifying glass, pencil, tape
    short of an acknowledgement of guilt. measure    
        A.    Admission
        B.    Confession 31.The simple questioning of a person who
        C.    Deposition is cooperating in the
        D.    Accusation                                       investigation.
        A.    Interview
27.The simplest type of interview which         B.    Inquiry
concerns with the gathering         C.    Interrogation
     of information regarding the personal         D.    Instrumentation                        
circumstances of a
32.It involves a number of persons who 36.This may be applicable to a crime scene
might have handled  which is approximately
    evidence     between the time of the     circular or oval.  The searchers gather at
commission of the alleged the center and proceed
    offense and the disposition of the case,     outward along radii or spokes.
should be kept to         A.   strip method
    a minimum.         B.   wheel method
        A.chain of command         C.   spiral method
        B.chain of custody         D.   zone method                            
        C.evidence tracking
        D.tracing evidence                          37.The area to be searched is divided into
quadrants and each
33.A kind of evidence which may link the     searcher is assigned to one quadrant.
suspect to the crime scene         A.   strip method
    or offense. Examples are fingerprints,         B.   wheel method
impressions, blood etc.         C.   spiral method
        A.   physical evidence         D.   zone method                           
        B.   associative evidence
        C.   tracing evidence 38.The searchers follow each other in the
        D.   factual evidence                         path of a crime scene
    beginning in the outside and circling
34.Articles and materials which are found around a central point.
in connection with an         A. strip method
    investigation and which help in         B. wheel method
establishing the identity of the         C.spiral method
    perpetrator or the circumstances under         D.zone method                                     
which the crime was 
    committed or which in general, assist in 39.A kind of gathering information
the prosecution of the whereby a subject is being
     criminal.      followed.
        A.   physical evidence         A.    Convoy
        B.   documentary evidence         B.    Caravan
        C.   tracing evidence         C.    Tailing
        D.   testimonial evidence                           D.    Surveillance                          

35.The following are different techniques 40.Another term for tailing.

in interrogation except          A.Impersonating
      one:         B.Backing
        A.   sympathetic approach         C.Supporting
        B.   emotional appeal         D.Shadowing                                
        C.   financial assistance
        D.   friendliness                                  41.A person who gives necessary
information to the investigator.
    He may give the information openly and         C.    Flash over
even offer to be a         D.    Starter                                  
    witness or he may inform the
investigator surreptitiously and 46.A term of the start of the combustion, its
    request to remain anonymous. detailed process of
        A.   Witness     a solid is very complicated, since the
        B.   Expert witness proportion of different
        C.   Hostile witness     flammable vapors varies from one
        D.   Informant                                material to another and  
    contact with oxygen must take place
42.The use of an equipment or tool to listen before combustion can
and record discreetly     begin.
    conversations of other people.         A.    Intensity
        A.   Bugging         B.    Ignition
        B.   Dubbing         C.    Flash over
        C.   Mimicking         D.    Starter                                    
        D. Tapping                                      
47.The term describes the transfer of heat
43.The questioning of persons not through a gas or vacuum
suspected of being involved in a     in a similar way to that of light.
    crime,but who knows about the crime or         A.    Ignition
individuals involved in it.         B.    Convection
        A.   Interrogation         C.    Radiation
        B.   rumor mongering         D.    Conduction                          
        C.   interview
        D. inquiry                                         48.The transfer of heat within a solid
material from hotter to
44.An objective of criminal investigation.     cooler parts.
        A.    determine the motive         A.    Ignition
        B.    identify criminals         B.    Convection
        C.    rehabilitate criminals         C.    Radiation
        D.    prevent crimes                                 D.    Conduction                         

49.The greatest concern of the firemen at

45.A term used to describe a transition the fire/crime scene is to
which occur in the         A.    interview witnesses
    development of a fire, when, for         B.    view the site of the crime
example, most of all the         C.    preserve the fire/crime scene
    combustible surfaces within a room are         D.    opportunity in the fire/crime
heated above their scene 
    ignition temperature at the same time.
        A.    Intensity 50.Most malicious fires are set by
        B.    Ignition individuals secretly; it is
    either set for revenge or self         A.    fire resistance
aggrandizing; or set by psychotic         B.    fire duration
    fire setter, or for sexual gratification.         C.    fire proof
        A.    group fire setter         D.    fire strength                              
        B.    arson for profit Answer: A
        C.    fire starter
        D.    solitary fire setter                  55.A type of fire that is the result of the
combustion of certain
51.The primary course of action in case of a     metals in finely divided forms;
fire. magnesium, potassium, zinc, etc….
        A.   pack up and flee         A.    class A
        B.   run for your life         B.    class B
        C.   call an ambulance         C.    class C
        D.   raise the alarm                                     D.    class D                                        
Answer: D Answer: D

52.The main product of the combustion of 56.A type of fire which results from
carbon.  It is not burning of wood, paper,
    poisonous but is an asphyxia which     textiles, and other carbonaceous
lowers the proportion of materials.Extinguishment of
    oxygen available for breathing.     this fire is by quenching and cooling.
        A.   carbon oxide         A.    class A
        B.   carbon monoxide         B.    class B
        C.   carbon paper         C.    class C
        D.   carbon dioxide                                      D.    class D                                        
Answer: D Answer: A

53.A normal product of combustion, and is 57.The following are components of fire
poisonous, especially except one:
    when the air supply to the fire is         A.    Gas
restricted.         B.    Fuel
        A.    carbon oxide         C.    Oxygen
        B.    carbon monoxide         D.    Heat                                           
        C.    carbon paper Answer: A
        D.    carbon dioxide                            
Answer: B 58.It is observed in structural fires and can
be an indicator of
54.The fire resisting property of structural     the fire travel and point of origin.
elements and the         A.    Charring
    behavior of a building material in a fire,         B.    Alligatoring
it is used to predict         C.    V pattern
    how long it will resist the effect of a fire         D.    Pour pattern                              
before it fails. Answer: A
         C.    pyromania
59.A pattern or network of fine, irregular         D.    pyrophobia                                  
lines in glass and wood.                                                    Answer:
        A.    Crazing C                          
        B.    Spalling
        C.    Light bulbs 64.It is known as the “Fire Code of the
        D.    Charring                                      Philippines.”
Answer: A         A.    PD 1108
        B.    PD 1017
60.A tool employed by an arsonist to delay         C.    PD 1081
the start of the fire         D.    PD 1185                                     
    and allow him to establish an alibi. Answer: D
        A.    Accelerants
        B.    delaying tactic 65.Any material or mixture consisting of a
        C.    timing device fuel and oxidizer used
        D.    stopper                                             to set off explosives.
Answer: C         A.    blasting agent
        B.    blasting cap
61.It can be readily identified by their         C.    gun powder
distinctive odors, and the         D.    explosive primer                         
    most common examples are gasoline, Answer: A
turpentine and kerosene.
        A.    Accelerants 66.These are description of materials or
        B.    Trailers compounds that are
        C.    timing device       easily set on fire except one:
        D.    Stopper                                              A.    Combustible
Answer: A         B.    Corrosive
        C.    Flammable
62.This catalytic combustion device is the         D.    Inflammable                               
most common means Answer: B
    employed to detect flammable vapors.
        A.    Accelerant 67.Any material having a flash point at or
        B.    Sniffer above 37.80 degree
        C.    timing device      Celsius or 100 degree Fahrenheit.
        D.    stopper                                               A.    combustible liquid
Answer: B         B.    flammable liquid
        C.    inflammable liquid
63.The irresistible impulse or compulsion         D.    corrosive liquid                          
to start a fire and Answer: A
     experience gratification and satisfaction
from it. 68.Any liquid that causes fire when in
        A.    fire starter syndrome contact with organic matter.
        B.    pyrotechnic disease         A.    combustible liquid
        B.    flammable liquid 73.The temperature at which a liquid is
        C.    inflammable liquid transformed or converted to 
        D.    corrosive liquid                                 vapor.
Answer: A         A.    burning point
        B.    melting point
69.An extremely hot luminous bridge         C.    freezing point
formed by the passage of an         D.    boiling point                               
     electric current across the space between Answer: B
two conductors.
        A.    electrical arc 74.The first action taken by a traffic unit to
        B.    damper escape from a
        C.    duct system      collision course or to avoid hazard.
        D.    ember                                                 A.    point of no return
Answer: A         B.    point of no escape
        C.    start of evasive action
70.The active principle of burning,         D.    final position                               
characterized by the heat Answer: C
     and light combustion.
        A.    explosion    75.The movement of vehicles, and
        B.    arson pedestrians in a road or highway.
        C.    combustion         A.    Traffic
        D.    fire                                                     B.    Flight
Answer: D         C.    Trip
        D.    Journey                                     
71.A type of fire, of flammable liquid and Answer: A
gasses.
        A.    class A 76.A method of locating a spot in the area
        B.    Class B by measurements from
        C.    Class C     two or more reference points.
        D.    Class D                                               A.    traffic report
Answer: B         B.    spot report
        C .    triangulation
72.A mass movement in a fluid, an example         D.    accident investigation                
a liquid or a gas where Answer: C
     fluid at one temperature and density
moves under the influence 77.The force that tends to pull all objects to
     of gravity at different temperatures. the center of the
        A.    Conduction      earth.
        B.    Convection         A.    Inertia
        C.    Radiation         B.    Friction
        D.    Combustion                                         C.    Energy
Answer: B         D.    Gravity                                      
Answer: D
          D.   D. traffic violation                        
78.Any motor vehicle accident that results Answer: A
in no death, but only
    injuries to one or more persons. 83.The first accidental touching of an
        A.    Fatal object collision course
        B.    Chronic      or otherwise avoid a hazard.
        C.    Non fatal         A.    primary contact
        D.    Injurious                                             B.    secondary  contact
Answer: B         C.    disengagement
        D.    initial contact                              
79.The “Traffic and Land Transportation Answer: D
Code of the Philippines”
        A.    RA 7160 84.The following are the three E’s of
        B.    RA 8551 Traffic Management and
        C.    RA 6425     Operation except one:
        D.    RA 4136                                              A.   Engineering
Answer: D         B.   Education
        C.  Enforcement
80.An occurrence in a sequence of events,         D.  Evaluation                                    
which usually produces Answer: D
    unintended injury, death or property
damage. 85.The “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
        A.    traffic incidents Act of 2002.”
        B.    traffic accidents         A.    RA 9870
        C.    traffic hazards         B.    RA 9165
        D.    traffic events                                      C.    RA 1017
Answer: B         D.    RA 6195                                      
Answer: B
81.Any motor vehicle accident occurring
on a traffic way. 86.Drugs that produce perceptual alteration,
        A.   non motor vehicle traffic accident varying emotional
        B.   non motor vehicle non-traffic      change, thought disruption and ego
accident distortion. They are called
        C.   motor vehicle non-traffic accident     psychedelics.
        D.   motor vehicle traffic accident              A.    Tranquillizers
Answer: D         B.    Hallucinogens
        C.    Stimulants
82.An order wherein a violator is         D.    Depressants                               
commanded to appear in court, Answer: B
     but without detaining him.
        A.   traffic citation 87.Drugs which produce insensibility,
        B.   traffic request stupor, melancholy or
        C.   traffic warrant     dullness of the mind with delusions.
        A.    Stimulants     depravity, wickedness and corruption of
        B.    Narcotics the mind and body.
        C.    Depressants         A.    Vice
        D.    Hallucinogens                                       B.    Abuse
Answer: B         C.    Addiction
        D.    Virtue                                         
88.The practice or profession of having Answer: A
sexual intercourse for
    money or profit. 93.The most common form of stimulant.
        A.    Gynecology         A.    Heroin
        B.    Prostitution         B.    Codeine
        C.    White Slavery         C.    Morphine
        D.    Sex Trade                                            D.    Shabu                                         
Answer: B Answer: D
 
89.The scientific name of Indian hemp 94.It is chemically known as
plant. methamphetamine hydro chloride.
        A.    cannabis sativa L         A.    Heroin
        B.    Papaver somniforum         B.    Codeine
        C.    deoxyribonucleic acid         C.    Morphine
        D.    methamphetamine HCl                         D.    None of these                             
Answer: A Answer: D

90.The original components of heroin and 95.A derivative of opium which is used a
morphine. cough reliever.
        A.    Codeine         A.    Codeine
        B.    Caffeine         B.    Heroin
        C.    Opium         C.    Morphine
        D.    Methamphetamine                                D.    Caffeine                                      
Answer: C Answer: A

91.An inter department agency that enforce 96.Any part of the plant of the papaver
and carry out the law somniferum, including the 
    against illegal drugs.      seeds.
        A.    Philippine Drug Enforcement         A.    opium poppy
Agency         B.    marijuana
        B.    Bureau of Foods and Drugs         C.    caffeine components
        C.    Dangerous Drug Board         D.    codeine                                      
        D.    Food and Drug Administration     Answer: A
Answer: A
97.Another term for psychological drug
92.A harmful conduct or habit, the addiction.
indulgence of which leads to         A.    drug habituation
        B.    drug net consciousness 10. A 35.   C
        C.    drug pushing 11. D 36.   B
        D.    drug dependence                        12. D 37.   D
Answer: D 13. D 38.   C
14. B 39.   C
98.Commercially produced drugs that can 15. C 40.   B
be legally sold or 16. C 41.   D
    dispensed only by a physician’s order. 17. D 42.   A
        A.    illegal drugs 18. D 43.   C
        B.    prohibited drugs 19. D 44.   B
        C.    regulated drugs 20. B 45.   C
        D.    prescription drugs                         21. A 46.   B
Answer: D 22. A 47.   C
23. A 48.   D
99.Any chemical substance that by virtue of 24. B 49.   C
its chemical nature 25. B 50.   D
    alters the structure and functioning of Sociology of Crimes Review Questions
living organism. 1. An old woman approached PO3 Gomez
        A.    Alcohol asking the police officer to
        B.    Poison      run after an unidentified young man who
        C.    Drug allegedly snatched her      mobile
        D.    Vice                                               phone. PO3 Gomez declined claiming that
Answer: C the man was   
     already a block away from them and
100.It is, in most cases, the initial step for besides the police officer 
obtaining information      alleged that he is rushing home for an
     to determine the origin and cause of fire. urgent matter. The
     officer’s  refusal to help the old woman
        A.    Evidence collection is an example of
        B.    laboratory examination of          A.    nonfeasance
evidence          B.    malfeasance 
        C.    interview witnesses          C.    misfeasance
        D.    interrogation of suspects                        D.    misconduct        
Answer: C                               
1.   C 26.   A Answer: A                        
2.   D 27.   A
3.   D 28.   D 2. When the accused is found not guilty of
4.   D 29.   B the charges presented    
5.   D 30.   A     before the court, he is
6.   A 31.   A         A.    convicted
7.   C 32.   A         B.    suspended
8.   A 33.   C         C.    acquitted
9.   A 34.   A         D.    absuelto           
                                                             Answer: A                                 
Answer: C                        
7. What aggressive behavior includes
3. Guilty by act means cursing/swearing, intentional 
         A.    Actus Reus      destruction of property, and self
         B.    Actus Numbus destructive behaviors?
         C.    Giltus reus          A.    Isolated
         D.    Rea mensa               B.    Covert
                                         C.    Interactive
Answer: A                                 D . Overt     
                                                              
4. If physiological or psychological Answer: A                                    
dependence on some agent are 
     obviously detected from a person, he is 8. What aggressive behavior includes the
in the state of emotional and cognitive
         A.    dependency or addiction      components of aggression such as anger
         B.    comatose and hostility?
         C.    insanity          A.    Covert
         D.    metamorphosis           B.    Dynamic
                                                                    C.    Interactive
Answer: A                            D.    Directive       
                                
5. Which of the following is described as Answer: A                           
the threatening behaviors, 
     either verbal or physical, directed at 9. When there is an apparent, intentional,
others and physically aggressive
         A.    Abnormality      act irrespective of severity against
         B.    Dependency another person, there is
         C.    Aggression          A.    Battering
         D.    Violence               B.    Assault
                                        C.    Chaos
Answer: C                                      D.    Crisis   
                                
6. What aggressive behavior includes Answer: B                                 
repeated noncompliance to a  
     direct command, verbal abuse-name 10.What kind of assault committed when it
calling, verbal abuse-threat, includes kicking,
     and physical abuse?      punching,deliberately throwing an
         A.    Interactive object and drawing a lethal
         B.    Isolated      weapon against someone?
         C.    Covert          A.    Mental
         D.    Overt              B.    Physical
                                         C.    Sexual
         D.    Verbal             B.    Conspiracy theory
                                                                          C.    Neurotic Mind theory
Answer: B                                         D.    Dementia praecox                     
Answer: A
11.Allege means
         A.    Assert or make an accusation 15.A term used to describe a clinical
         B.    remove from its position condition in young children who
         C.    direct an act from doing
         D.    intentional mutilation                       have received non-accidental,
Answer: A inexcusable violence or injury,
       ranging from minimal to severe or fatal
12.What do you call measures other than trauma, at the hand of
judicial proceedings used      an adult in a position of trust, generally
a parent or guardian
     to deal with a young person alleged to          A.    Battered Child Syndrome
have committed an          B.    Incapacitated Child Syndrome
     offense?          C.    Abuse Trauma Syndrome
         A.    Rehabilitation          D.    None of these                           
         B.    Alternative measures Answer: A
         C.    Individual response against bad
behavior 16.When we say capital offense, it means:
         D.    Extra judicial proceedings                    A.    a very serious crime, for which
Answer: B the death penalty is 
                 imposed
13.What do we call the psychological,          B.    the highest penalty for selected
emotional and behavioral offenses
         C.    total punishment of offender by
     reactions and deficits of women victims incarceration
and their inability to          D.    all of the above                         
     respond effectively to repeated physical Answer: A
and psychological 
     violence?
         A.    Woman Menopausal Syndrome 17.At trial, the authenticity of an item as
         B.    Battered Woman Syndrome evidence is crucial,
         C.    Violence against women      whether it be a physical object like a
         D.    M'Naghten Rule                         bullet, a medical record or a
Answer: B      photograph. The item cannot be offered
in court without a
14.What is the theory that tumors and      testimonial sponsor who can vouch for
seizures have been its unaltered authenticity
     associated with aggression and violent      to the court and the jury. To validate an
behavior? items unaltered
         A.    Brain lesion theory      authenticity, a record must be kept of
each and every time the evidence to the
     item changes hands. This refers to      contrary, and which is not related to
         A.    Records management cultural or religious beliefs
         B.    Presentation of evidence in court          A.    False alarm
         C.    Chain of custody          B.    Wrong perception
         D.    Laboratory analysis of items                 C.    Incoherence
Answer: A          D.    Delusion                                     
  Answer: D
18.The negligent treatment or maltreatment      
of a child by a parent or 22.Which of the following is an act
     caretaker under circumstances indicating committed by a juvenile for
harm or threatened      which an adult could be prosecuted in a
     harm to the child's health or welfare is criminal court?
known as          A.    Adult offense
         A.    Child Abuse          B.    Status offense
         B.    Child Neglect          C.    Delinquency offense
         C.    Child Dilemma          D.    Children in conflict with the
         D.    Child in conflict with the law       law      Answer: C
Answer: C
23.Anything that has been used, left,
19.The exchange of sexual favors for removed, altered or
money or other material goods      contaminated during the commission of
     without any emotional involvement  a crime by either the
involving a person under the      suspect or victim is part of
     age of 18 years is called          A.    Evidence
         A.    Child prostitution          B.    Modus operandi
         B.    Child trafficking          C.    Recidivism
         C.    Both A and B are correct          D.    Preservation of crime scene      
         D.    Both A and B are wrong             Answer: A
Answer: A
24.Generally, putting to death a person, as a
20.An abuse that is kept secret for a legal penalty, is called
purpose, concealed, or           A.    Infliction
     underhanded is called          B.    Execution
         A.    Clandestine abuse          C.    Murder
         B.    Clinical abuse          D.    Capital punishment                    
         C.    Overt abuse Answer: B
         D.    Abuse of authority                    
Answer: A 25.Among the following, what is the form
of abuse where the use of
21.A false belief based on an incorrect      the victim is for selfish purposes and or
inference about external financial gain?
     reality and firmly sustained despite clear          A.    Verbal Abuse
         B.    Exploitation rather than by courts or
         C.    Racketeering      judges.
         D.    Khotongism                                         A.    Criminal procedure
Answer: C          B.    Administrative procedure
         C.    Summary procedure
26.The most common legal grounds for          D.    Trial                                            
termination of parental rights, Answer: B
     also a form of child abuse in most states.
Sporadic visits, a few 30.A legal relationship between two people
     phone calls, or birthday cards are not not biologically related,
sufficient to maintain      usually terminating the rights of
     parental rights. biological parents, and usually
         A.    Exploitation      with a trial "live-in" period. Once it is
         B.    Abuse finalized, the records are
         C.    Neglect      sealed and only the most compelling
         D.    Abandonment                             interests will enable
Answer: D      disclosure of documents.
         A.    Adoption
27.Which of the following is defined as          B.    Foster parenting
acts or omissions by a legal          C.    Common law relationship
     caretaker that encompasses a broad          D.    Brotherhood                              
range of acts, and usually Answer: A
     requires proof of intent.
         A.    Abuse 31.What is the legal doctrine establishing
         B.    Exploitation court as determiner of best
         C.    Neglect      environment for raising child which is
         D.    Abandonment                             an alternative to the Parens
Answer: A      Patriae Doctrine?
         A.    Rights of Society
28.The phase of a delinquency hearing          B.    Miranda Doctrine
similar to a "trial" in adult          C.    Best interest of the Child Rule
     criminal court,except that juveniles have          D.    Parental Obligation                    
no right to a jury trial, a Answer: C
     public trial, or bail.
         A.    Acquittal 32.What was the case that allowed second
         B.    Conviction prosecution in adult
         C.    Adjudication      court for conviction in juvenile court
         D.    Entertainment                             which was based on idea
Answer: C      that first conviction was a "civil"
matter?
29.Any of the processes involving          A.    Case Law
enforcement of care, custody, or          B.    Breed v. Jones
     support orders by an executive agency          C.    Miranda v. Arizona
         D.    Matt v. Jeff                                delinquent.
Answer: B          A.    Summon
         B.    Subpoena
33.The Law established by the history of          C.    Custodial confinement
judicial decisions in cases          D.    Rehabilitation order                   
     decided by judges, as opposed to Answer: C
common law which is
     developed from the history of judicial 37.___ is anyone under the care of someone
decisions and social else. A child ceases to
     customs.      be a dependent when they reach the age
         A.    Case Law of emancipation.
         B.    Breed v. Jones          A.    Delinquent
         C.    Miranda v. Arizona          B.    Dependent
         D.    Matt v. Jeff                                         C.    Independent
Answer: A          D.    Recognizance                            
Answer: B
34.The filing of legal papers by a child    
welfare agency when its 38.It a phase of delinquency proceeding
     investigation has turned up evidence of similar to "sentencing" 
child abuse. This is a      phase of adult trial. The judge must
     civil,rather than criminal, charge consider alternative,
designed to take preventive      innovative, and individualized sentences
     action, like appointment of a guardian rather than imposing
for at-risk children before      standard sentences.
     abuse occurs.           A.    Preliminary investigation
         A.    Child prosecution          B.    Judgment
         B.    Child protection action          C.    Disposition
         C.    Parens Patriae          D.    Probationary period                  
         D.    Preliminary investigation             Answer: C
Answer: B
39.The independence of a minor from his
35.The act of being responsible for or her parents before  
enforcing child support      reaching age of majority is known as
     obligations is known as          A.    Enlightenment
         A.    Child’s care          B.    Recognizance
         B.    Parental Guidance          C.    Emancipation
         C.    Child at risk          D.    Freedom from parental
         D.    Child support                              obligation       Answer: C
Answer: D
40.A clause requiring government to treat
36.A court order for placement in a secure similarly situated people
facility, separate from      the same or have good reason for
     adults, for the rehabilitation of a juvenile treating them differently.
     Compelling reasons are considered to      of a child's inheritance. Guardians are
exist for treating children usually compensated for
     differently.      their services.
         A.    Bill of Rights          A.    Guardianship
         B.    Equal Protection          B.    Order of Authority
         C.    Parens Patriae          C.    In Loco Parentis
         D.    Diversion                                              D.    Parens Patriae                           
Answer: B Answer: A
 
41.What is the legal doctrine preventing 45.Teachers, administrators, and babysitters
unemancipated children who are viewed as
     from suing their parents?      having some temporary parental rights
         A.    Parens Patriae Doctrine & obligations are
         B.    Equal Protection      considered
         C.    Family Immunity Doctrine          A.    Guardianship
         D.    Poisonous Tree          B.    Order of Authority  
Doctrine               Answer: C          C.    In Loco Parentis
         D.    Parens Patriae                           
42.What is the legal doctrine holding Answer: C
parents liable for injuries caused
     by a child's negligent driving or other 46.What is the legal doctrine establishing
actions? "parental" role of state 
         A.    Family Purpose Doctrine      over welfare of its citizens, especially its
         B.    Family Immunity Doctrine children?
         C.    Parens Patriae Doctrine          A.    Guardianship
         D.    None of the above                               B.    Order of Authority
Answer: A          C.    In Loco Parentis
         D.    Parens Patriae                           
43.Guardian ad litem means: Answer: D
         A.    “For the Proceeding"
         B.    “Protection of child by the law” 47.The emergency, temporary custody by a
         C.    “Guardians of the little children” child welfare agency,
         D.    “Legal authority”                              police agency, or hospital for reasons of
Answer: A immanent danger to the
       child is called
44.A court order giving an individual or          A.    Preventive detention
organization legal authority          B.    Diversion
     over a child. A guardian of the person is          C.    Witness protection program
usually an individual and          D.    Protective custody                    
     the child is called a ward. A guardian of Answer: D
the estate is usually an
     organization, like a bank, which 48.What is the legal doctrine granting
manages the property and assets custody to the parent whom
     the child feels the greatest emotional 52.A parent who provided an egg, sperm,
attachment to? or uterus with an intent of
         A.    Psychological Parent      giving the child up for adoption to
         B.    Maternity specific parties.
         C.    Paternity          A.    None of these
         D.    Parental Selection                                B.    Stepparent
Answer: A          C.    Foster Parent
         D.    Surrogate Parent                       
49.A disposition requiring a defendant to Answer: D
pay damages to a victim.
     The law prohibits making it a condition 53.What is the legal doctrine that unless the
of receiving probation. mother is "unfit", very
     Poor families cannot be deprived of      young children should be placed in
probation simply because custody with their mother
     they are  too poor to afford it.      following a divorce?
         A.    Bond          A.    Tender Years Doctrine
         B.    Surety          B.    Psychological Parent Doctrine
         C.    Restitution          C.    Unwed Mother’s Doctrine
         D.    Protection money                                 D.    Illegitimacy                                 
Answer: C Answer: A
         
50.An activity illegal when engaged in by a 54.What is declared of a temporary or
minor, but not when done permanent termination of
     by an adult. Examples include truancy,      parental rights in the best interest of the
curfew, running away, or child usually for
     habitually disobeying parents.      reasons of abandonment, abuse, or
         A.    Adult Offenses neglect, but also including
         B.    Minor Offenses      mental illness, addiction, or criminal
         C.    Status Offenses record?
         D.    Stubbornness                                      A.    Unfit Parent
Answer: C          B.    Psychological Incapacitation
         C.    Mental Disturbance
51.A spouse of a biological parent who has          D.    Child at risk                                
no legal rights or duties Answer: B
     to the child other than those which have
been voluntarily 55.It refers to the security given for the
     accepted. release of the person in
         A.    Maternity      custody of the law, furnished by him/her
         B.    Paternity or a bondsman, to
         C.    Stepparent      guarantee his/her appearance before any
         D.    Foster parent                              court.
Answer: C          A.    Surety
         B.    Money order
         C.    Conditions      as:
         D.    None of these                                     A.    Arrest
Answer: D          B.    Initial contact
         C.    Child custody
56.It refers to the totality of the          D.    All of the above                         
circumstances and conditions most Answer: B
     congenial to the survival, protection and
feelings of security of 60.The series of activities designed to
     the child and most encouraging to the address issues that caused
child’s physical,      the child to commit an offense. It may
     psychological and emotional take the form of an
development.      individualized treatment program, which
         A.    Best interest of the child may include counseling,
         B.    Rights      skills training, education, and other
         C.    Obligations activities that will enhance
         D.    Child’s role                                        his/her psychological, emotional and
Answer: A psycho-social well-being is
     called
57.Children who are vulnerable to and at          A.    reformation guide
the risk of committing          B.    intervention
     criminal offenses because of personal,          C.    diversion
family and social          D.    welfare procedures                   
     circumstances are considered Answer: B
         A.    Abused Children
         B.    Neglected Children 61.An undertaking in lieu of a bond
         C.    Children in conflict with the law assumed by a parent or
         D.    Children at risk                                 custodian who shall be responsible for
Answer: D the appearance in court of
        the child in conflict with the law, when
58.A child who is alleged as, accused of, or required is known as
adjudged as, having          A.    Status offense
     committed an offense under Philippine          B.    None of these
laws is considered          C.    Recognizance
         A.    Child at risk          D.    Bail                                             
         B.    Child in conflict with the law Answer: C
         C.    Minor offense
         D.    Juvenile offender                       62.What is the type of offense committed
Answer: B where there is no private
     offended party involved?
59.The apprehension or taking into custody          A.    Status offense
of a child in conflict with          B.    Victimless crime
     the law by law enforcement officers or          C.    Minor crime
private citizens is termed          D.    None of these                           
Answer: B          C.    The belief that man is a demon
  and devil
63.What is the doctrine that requires a          D.    The belief that man is evolved
process of resolving conflicts from the animal ape.   
     with the maximum involvement of the                                                                    
victim, the offender and Answer: B
     the community?
         A.    Proactive justice 66.Among the following classical thoughts
         B.    Restorative justice in Criminology is not  
         C.    Reactive justice      correct:
         D.    All of the above                                   A.    The Classical school of
Answer: B Criminology is spearheaded by 
                 Bentham and Beccaria.
64.One of the following is an act          B.    The Classical School of
constituting exploitation and sex  Criminology is an advocate of
     abuse among children in exchange of                  punishment as a deterrent to
any form of incentive. crime.
         A.    Child trafficking             C.    The Classical School of
         B.    Child abuse Criminology argues that criminals
         C.    Child prostitution                  were primitive creatures,
         D.    Child racketeering                       incapable of living normally in 
Answer: C                  society.
         D.    The Classical School of
65.Centuries ago, criminal behavior was Criminology also argued that
believed to be the result of                  nature has placed mankind under
     evil spirits and demons.Guilt and the governance of two
innocence were established by a                  sovereign masters, “pain” and
     variety of procedures that presumably “pleasure’.
called forth the               
     supernatural allies of the accused. The                                                                    
accused were innocent if Answer: C
     they could survive an ordeal, they were   
guilty if they died at the 67.What school of thought in Criminology
     stake or if omens were associated with challenges the proposition
them. In the 18th       that man has absolute free will to
     century,this spiritual determination choose between good and evil
began to give way to:      and states that it is not absolute as
         A.    The belief that there is no such presumed to be because
thing as bad spirits      free will can be diminished by
         B.    The belief that humans are pathology, mental disorders and
rational creatures with free        other conditions that may instigate
                 will,who    seek happiness and personal responsibility? 
pleasure and avoid pain          A.    Neo-classical School of
Criminology they could best
         B.    Positivism      understand human behavior by
         C.    Hedonistic Calculus searching for a stable, consistent
         D.    Radical Criminology                          personality dispositions or traits that
Answer: A exert orderly generalized
     effects on behavior. Which among the
68.The Classical School of thoughts in following theory on
Criminology is based on the      Criminal Behavior is not consistent with
     principle of free will. The positivist the previous statement?
thoughts on the other hand is          A.Psychoanalytical Theory
     focused on the principle of:          B.Strain Theory
         A.    Darwinism          C.Behavioral descriptions
         B.    Determinism          D.Psychological Determination          
         C.    Cognitive Functioning Answer: B
         D.    Conceptual Thinking                  
Answer: B 72.Based on the Lombroso’s works, he
classified criminals as: the
69.The Differential Association Theory      born criminal, the habitual, the
provides a good illustration of passionate and the criminoloid.
     a social learning approach perspective in     Which of the following statements
Criminology Criminal describe a criminoloid?
     behavior according to this theory is:          A.    the morally insane and hysteric
         A.    A result of an emotional criminal
disturbance          B.    the impulsive and cruel criminal
         B.    An inmate quality of goodness or          C.    the “weak natures” susceptible to
badness bad examples
         C.    Learned and not inherited          D.    the primitive and atavist            
         D.   An excess of wisdom                    Answer: C
Answer: C
73.Some criminology theorists have linked
70.What perspective in Criminology probes physical characteristics
the situational or      with personality. Among these theories
     environmental action and examines the is William Sheldon’s
underlying conditions with      Somatotyping theory. He classified body
     in the environment that may encourage physique into three
criminal behavior?      categories as the endomorphic, the
         A.    Psychiatric Criminology mesomorphic and the
         B.    Psychological Criminology      ectomorphic body. Of the following
         C.    Sociological Criminology statements, which
         D.    Criminal Anthropology                      appropriately describes the
Answer: C mesomorphic?
         A.    the twin and fragile with
71.In the past, psychologist assumed that withdrawn behavior
         B.    the muscular and hard physique Enforcement in the
         C.    the attractive and beautifully                 U.S.    
shaped                                                                    
         D.    the fat and soft body type        Answer: A
Answer: B
77.One family background predictors in
74.According to Hans Eyesenck, in his juvenile delinquency is
study about the behavioral      broken home. The term broken home is
     character and incidence to crime, the ambiguous but can be
typical extravert is one      characterized by:
     who is:           A.    Inadequate type of family
         A.    sociable, impulsive, optimistic structure
and has high needs for            B.    Anti-social type of family
                excitement structure
         B.    reserved, quiet and cautious          C.    Discordant or disturbed family
         C.    undersized, short and untidy structure
         D.    over sized, heavy and firm                  D.    Disrupted or incomplete family
Answer: A structure   Answer: D

75.To explain human behavior, social 78.Parental discipline appears relation to

learning theorists place great delinquency. Harsh
     emphasis on cognitive variables. Social      discipline in the home may result in
learning reflects the more delinquencies than
     theory’s strong assumption that we learn      consistent and reasoning forms of
primarily by observing discipline. Aside from this,
     and listening to people around us-      screaming at the child, calling the child
         A.    the social environment insulting names,
         B.    the stimulus that elicit response      excessive criticizing or generally
         C.    the mental state and brain- ignoring the child is also
mediation processes.      contributory to delinquency. These
         D.    the reinforcements for actions simply refers to:
behavior     Answer: A          A.    Physical Abuse
         B.    Emotional abuse
76.In the study of juvenile delinquency,          C.    Unfair parent
which of the following          D.    Parental neglect                        
     projects paved the way for a Answer: B
reassessment of existing
     treatment and prevention programs for 79.When a person is seen to show
delinquents? indiscriminate giggling or crying,
         A.    Chicago Area Project of 1930      emotional flatness, the voice is
         B.    Illinois Legislature monotonous, the face immobile
         C.    Boston Child Guidance Clinic      and expressionless and manifest highly
         D.    President’s Commission on Law bizarre and add behavior
     then appropriately he is:      that it would be inhuman to convict him
         A.    suffering from neurotic behavior since it was clear he
         B.    suffering from psychopathic      was not in control of his faculties.This
behavior case became known as:   
         C.    suffering from schizophrenia or          A.    the M’naghten Rule
psychotic behavior          B.    the Durham Rule
         D.    suffering from sexual          C.    the Brawner Rule
dysfunctions    Answer: C          D.    the Irrational Mind Rule             
Answer: A
80.It is a popular notion that the brutal,     
violent and apparently 83.One day we maybe cool and withdrawn
     senseless crime is usually committed by and the next day, warm
someone who is mentally      and sociable. This condition may fall
     ill or sick. Or if not sick, then the person into the disorder known as:
is an animal. The kind of          A.    Bipolar disorder
     alternate explanation is an influence of          B.    Schizophrenia
the:          C.    Psychopathic behavior
         A.    Positivist theory of Criminology          D.    Amnesia                                     
         B.    Classical theory of Criminology Answer: A
         C.    Neoclassical theory of
Criminology 84.A bank robber who kills some individual
         D.    Differential Association theory with in the bank, flees
of Criminology   Answer: A      with hostages, and kills a number of
people while in flight diving a
81.Which of the following is not a      chase would be an example of:
symptom of dyssocial behavior?          A.    Serial Murder
         A.    Failure to conform to social          B.    Spree Murder
norms.          C.    Mass Murder
         B.    Consistent irresponsibility, as          D.    Multiple Murder                         
reflected in a poor work  Answer: A
                 history
         C.    Lack of guilt for wrongdoings. 85.Pedro engaged in a multiple means of
         D.    Episode of schizophrenia like torture, using psychological
illogical thinking  Answer: D      torment combined with physical
methods to lighten his sexual
82.A Scottish woodcutter was accused of      arousal is suffering from:
killing a man he believed          A.    Sexual Pyromania
     to be Prime Minister for thought that he          B.    Sexual Sadism
was persecuted by the          C.    Sexual Torture
     Tories and their leader, Robert Peel,          D.    Masochism                                 
however turned out to be Answer: B
     another person. The court believed he
was so mentally deranged 86.There are many pathways to
delinquency and a variety of family          A.    harass the people 
     circumstances contribute to negative          B.    perform his job well
behavior in children.  Which          C.    dress well   
     of the following developmental          D.    always present in the office      
pathways to delinquency begins Answer: B
     with stubborn behavior, then defiant
behavior, and developing 90.Which of the following is the basic
     later into avoidance of authority figures political unit of the Filipino
like truancy, running      nation that implements the policies of
     away, staying out late, etc.? the national and local
         A.    Authority conflict pathways      government?
         B.    Covert pathway          A.    family
         C.    Overt pathway          B.    society    
         D.    None of these                                     C.    community  
Answer: A          D.    barangay                                   
Answer: A
87.Which of the following refers to
juveniles who have doli incapax? 91.In crisis management, the teams under
         A.    Children aging from 7 to 12 the support unit are under
years      the control of the ground commander. 
         B.    Children above 9 that below 15 Which is responsible for
years old      the collection and processing of all
         C.    Children at puberty age information needed by the on
         D.    Children in conflict with the law       – scene commander?
Answer: B          A.    Security element
         B.    Support unit     
88.Recent research and legal literature          C.    Negotiation unit   
suggest that a useful away          D.    Intelligence team                       
     of classifying juvenile crime is to Answer: D
distinguish between serious and
     non-serious acts and between serious 92.What is known to be the oldest but
and non-serious offenders. commonly used terrorist
     Among the following, which is not     tactic where target are often police,
considered a serious juvenile military officials or political
     act?     features?
         A.    Forcible sexual intercourse          A.    Hijacking
         B.    Larceny          B.    Assassination
         C.    Homicide          C.    Ambush
         D.    Vagrancy                                              D.    Kidnap for Ransom                    
Answer: D Answer: B

89.The best PCR a police officer can do to 93.The one who makes complete estimate
the community is of the crisis situation and
     plans his courses of actions upon arrival taker is due to
at the incident area          A.    selfishness
     while negotiation is in progress is the           B.    personal grudge
          A.    Chief Negotiator          C.    personal affection
          B.    Tactical Commander          D.    personal interest                       
          C.    Fire fighting team Answer: C
          D.    Support Unit Commander         
Answer: B 98.The stage of advance planning,
organization and coordination
94.A comprehensive plan which delineates      and control in response to an anticipated
responsibilities and future crisis occurrence
     specific action to be taken when a bomb      is called
incident or bomb threat          A.    Proactive Crisis Management
     occurs is called          B.    Reactive Crisis Management   
         A.    Floor plan          C.    Performance Stage
         B.    Bomb threat plan          D.    Reaction Phase                          
         C.    Drill Answer: A
         D.    Contingency plan                      
Answer: B 99.What stage is the performance of the
crisis management plan
95.What do you call the phenomenon      when a crisis situation occurs?
where a hostage begins to          A.    Pro-active Phase
     identify his captor and give his          B.    Reactive Phase   
sympathy to his own hostage          C.    Prediction
     taker?          D.    None of these                            
         A.    Holmshock syndrome Answer: B
         B.    Traumatic syndrome
         C.    Withdrawal syndrome 100.What model of insurgency does the
         D.    none of these                            New People’s Army in the
Answer: D         Philippines is employing?
         A.    Communist Model
96.Among the following, which is most          B.    Socialist Model
contagious on human          C.    Democratic  Model
     emotion?          D.    None of these                              
         A.    Fear Answer: A
         B.    Panic Correctional Administration Review Questions
         C.    Worry
         D.    Dementia Praecox                     
Answer: A 1. It is the authority of the President of the
Philippines to
97.In Stockholm syndrome, some of the     suspend the execution of a penalty, reduce the
causes why a hostage sentence and
     becomes cooperative with the hostage     extinguish criminal liability.
       A. Parole     budgeting, accounting, and other activities
       B.Executive clemency related to financial
       C. Pardon        services.  It consolidates and prepares
       D.President’s clemency                                   financial reports and
Answer: B     related statements of subsistence outlays and
disbursements in
2. The B.J.M.P. is under the administration of     the operational of the jail.
the:        A.    Budget and finance branch   
       A.    Executive Department             B.    General services branch
       B.    P.N.P.        C.    Property and supply branch
       C.    D.I.L.G.        D.    Mess services branch                             
       D.    D.O.J                                                      Answer: A
Answer: C
7. Operation conducted by the BJMP wherein a
3. There are three (3) casework techniques prisoner maybe
applied by the parole
     officer, which is not included?      checked at any time.  His bedding's, lockers
       A.    The trick and treat techniques and personal
       B.The executive techniques      belongings may also be opened at anytime, in
       C.The guidance, counseling and leadership his presence,
techniques      whenever possible.  This practice is known
       D.The manipulative techniques                 as:
Answer: A        A.    Check and balance   
       B.    S.O.P.
4. The basis of this old school of penology is the        C.    Inventory
human free-will.        D.    Operation Greyhound                             
       A.    Penology School        Answer: D
       B.    Classical School
       C.    Neo-classical 8. Pardon cannot be extended to one of the
       D.    Positivist                                                 following instances.
Answer: B        A.    Murder
       B.    Brigandage
5. This helps the prisoner/detainee in the        C.    Rape
resolution of his problems        D.    Impeachment                                         
       A.    Meeting            Answer: D
       B.    Working
       C.    Recreation    9. It refers to commission of another crime
       D.    Counseling                                      during service of
Answer: D
     sentence of penalty imposed for another
6. Takes charge of financial matters especially in previous offense.
programming,        A.    Recidivism   
       B.    Delinquency
       C.    Quasi-recidivism prisoner to pursue
       D.    City prisoner                                                his normal job during the week and return to
Answer: C the jail to serve
     his sentence during the weekend or non-
10. A person who is detained for the violation of working hours.
law or ordinance        A.    Amnesty
     and has not been convicted is a -        B.    good conduct time allowance
       A.    Detention Prisoner        C.    probation
       B.    Provincial Prisoner        D.    delayed sentence                                    
       C.    Municipal Prisoner            Answer: D
       D.    City
Prisoner                                                 Answer: 15. The following are the justifications of
A punishment, EXCEPT
       A.    Retribution           
11. The following are forms of executive        B.    Deterrence
clemency, EXCEPT        C.    Redress
       A.    Commutation               D.    Expiration or atonement                
       B.    Reform model Answer: C
       C.    Amnesty
       D.    Pardon                                                    16. Pardon is exercised when the person is __.
Answer: B        A.    already convicted
       B.    not yet convicted
12. It is that branch of the administration of        C.    about to be convicted
Criminal Justice        D.    serve the sentence                                   
     System charged with the responsibility for the Answer: A
custody,
     supervision, and rehabilitation of the 17. The idea that punishment will be give the
convicted offender. offender lesson by
       A.    conviction         showing to others what would happen to them
       B.    corrections if they have   
       C.    penalty         committed   the heinous crime.
       D.    punishment                                              A. Protection
Answer: B        B. Deterrence
       C. Lethal injection   
13. Which of the following instances Pardon        D.Stoning                                                       
cannot be exercised? Answer: B
       A.    before conviction
       B.    before trial 18. For a convicted offender, probation is a form
       C.    after conviction of __.
       D.    during service of sentence                              A.  Punishment
Answer: B        B.  Treatment
       C.  Enjoyment
14. This is a procedure which permits a jail        D.  Incarceration                                             
Answer: B        B.    Social defense
       C.    Exemplary
19. For amnesty to be granted, there should be        D.    Equality                                                 
__. Answer: C
       A.    Recommendation from U.N.
       B.    Recommendation from C.H.R. 24. The purpose of the decree on probation shall
       C.    Application from C.H.R be to
       D.    Concurrence of the congress                          A.    provide an opportunity for the
Answer: D reformation of a
              penitent offender
20. The head of the Bureau of Corrections is the        B.    prevent the commission of offenses
       A.    Director        C.    promote the correction and
       B.    Secretary of the DND rehabilitation of an offender
       C.    Chief of Executive               by providing him with individualized
       D.    Prison Inspector                                       treatment
Answer: A        D.    All of these                                       
Answer: D
21. Which program plays a unique role in the
moral and spiritual 25. In the Philippines, the most common
      regeneration of the prisoner? problem of the
       A.    None of these       National Prison is
       B.Work programs        A.    Excessive number of escapes
       C.Education programs        B.    Overcrowding
       D.Religious programs                                            C.    Disagreement about their mess
Answer: D        D.    Lack of adequate funding                 
Answer: D
22. It is a penalty wherein a convicted person
shall not be permitted 26. A justification of penalty which states that
    to enter the place designated in the sentence or nobody can assume
within the radius       the suffering for a crime committed by
    therein specified, which shall not be more than others.
250 and not less        A.    Justice
    than 25 kilometers from the place designated.        B.    Personal
       A.    Fine        C.    Legal   
       B.    None of these        D.    Certain                                             
       C.    P22.00/day Answer: B
       D.    P19.00/day                                           
Answer: B 27. These are the factors considered in
diversification, EXCEPT;
23. Giving punishment to a person so to serve as        A.    Age of offenders       
an example to        B.    Mother of offender
      others is the theory of        C.    Sex of offenders   
       A.    Self-defense        D.    Medical condition                              
Answer: B        dangerous as the super security prisoners. 
They are not 
28. This branch takes charge of the preparation        allowed to work outside the institution.
of the daily menu,        A.    maximum security prisoners
      makes foodstuff purchases, prepares and        B.    super security prisoners
cooks the food and             C.    minimum security prisoners
      serves it to the inmates.It maintains a record        D.    medium security prisoners                     
of daily purchases Answer: A
      and consumption and submits a daily report
to the warden. 33. Among the following, which has the
       A.    General Services Branch authority to grant parole?
       B.    Mittimus Computing Branch        A.    President
       C.    Budget and Finance        B.    Board of Pardons and Parole
       D.    Mess services Branch                                     C.    Director of Prison
Answer: D        D.    Court                                                      
Answer: B
29. Under Article VII, Section 10 paragraph (B)
of the Philippines 34. A recipient of absolute pardon is ________
      Constitution, pardoning power is vested with from civil
the       liability imposed upon him by the sentence.
       A.    Department of Justice        A.    partially exempted
       B.    Judiciary        B.    exempted
       C.    Chief Executive           C.    conditionally exempted
       D.    Legislative                                                     D.    not exempted                                         
Answer: C Answer: D

30. The temporary stay of execution of sentence 35. It is an act of clemency which changes a
is called heavier sentence to
       A.    Reprieve       a less serious one or a longer term to a
       B.    Pardon shorter term.
       C.   Communication        A.    Amnesty   
       D.    Amnesty                                                    B.    Commutation
Answer: A          C.    Reprieve
       D.    none of these                                         
31. Parole is a matter of ___. Answer: B
       A.    Privilege
       B.    Right 36. ___ is an act of grace and the recipient is not
       C.    Grace entitled to
       D.    Requirement                                          it as a matter of right.
Answer: A        A.    Pardon
       B.    Parole
32. This group consists of chronic troublemakers        C.    Probation
but not as           D.    none of these                                         
Answer: B Supervision of the BJMP?
       A.    Provincial and sub-Provincial Jails
37. In probation system’s philosophy and        B.    City and Municipal Jails
concept, it is stated        C.    Lock up Jails
      that the individual has the ability to ____ and        D.    Insular Jails                                      
to modify Answer: B
      his anti-social behavior with the right kind of
help. 42. Provincial Jails were first established in 1910
       A.    challenge under the
       B.    none of these      American Regime.  At present, who
       C.    change supervises and controls the
       D.    aggravate his behavior                                  said jails?
Answer: C        A.    BJMP
       B.    Provincial Government
38. The Bureau of Corrections is under the        C.    DOJ
_____.        D.    Municipal or City Mayor                     
       A.    Department of Social Welfare and Answer: B
Development
       B.    Department of Justice 43. What is the primary purpose of
       C.    Department of the Interior and Local imprisonment?
Government        A.    Rehabilitation and Reformation
       D.    Department of Health                                    B.    To stand trial
Answer: B        C.    Punishment
       D.   
39. A person who is sentenced to serve a prison Socialization                                                
term of over three Answer: A
   (3) years is a _________________.
       A.    Municipal prisoner 44. Which is a place of confinement for persons
       B.    Detention prisoner awaiting trial or
       C.    National or Insular prisoner       court action and where the convicted
       D.    City prisoner                                            offenders serve short
Answer: D       sentences or penalty of imprisonment?
       A.    Jail
40. The Head of Bureau of Corrections is also        B.    Lock-up
the        C.    Penitentiary
       A.    Chief of the Bureau of Corrections        D.    Detention
       B.    Director of the Bureau of Corrections Cells                                             Answer: A
       C.    Superintendent of the Bureau of
Corrections 45. Which is a warrant issued by the court
       D.    Warden                                                   bearing its seal and
Answer: B     signature of the judge directing the jail or
prison authorities to
41. What is the type of Jails under the     receive the convicted offender for service of
sentence or       state which exempts an individual from the
    detention? punishment which the
       A.    Mittimus     law imposes or prescribes for his crime,
       B.    Detention Mittimus extended by the President
       C.    Sentence Mittimus     thru the recommendation of the Board of
       D.    Detention Warrant                                   Parole and Pardon is 
Answer: C     called
       A.    Amnesty
46. The maintenance or care and protection        B.    Parole
accorded to people who        C.    Pardon
    by authority of law are temporarily        D.    Probation                                           
incarcerated for violation Answer: C
    of laws and also those who were sentenced by
the court to serve 50. Under the prison service manual, the
    judgment is called – prescribed color of prison
       A. custody       uniform for maximum security prison is -
       B.    safe-keeping        A.    Orange   
       C.    classification        B.    Brown
       D.    caring                                               C.    Stripe Orange
Answer: A        D.    Blue                                                   
Answer: A
47. Which of these refers to the assigning or
grouping of offenders 51. When an inmate is given a “shakedown”
    according to their sentence, gender, age, before admission, it  
nationality, health,       means:
    criminal record, etc.?        A.    He has taken the process of
       A.    None of these identification, record,
       B.    Custody                fingerprint and photograph
       C.    Security        B.    He has been examined for contraband
       D.    Safe-keeping                                                   C.    His commitment paper are delivered to
Answer: A record clerk
         D.    All of these                                        
48. The institution for dangerous but not Answer: B
incorrigible prisoners
    in the Philippines is the 52. An inmate maybe granted parole if he
       A.    NBP           A.    earned good conduct time allowance
       B.    Medium Security Institution credit
       C.    Maximum Security Institution        B.    serve minimum sentence
       D.    Minimum Security Institution                       C.    earned good behavior while serving
Answer: B prison term
       D.    all of these                                        
49. The act of grace from a sovereign power Answer: D
inherent in the
53. Aside from protecting the public,        D.    None of the above                           
imprisonment has for its Answer: B
      latest objective, the
       A.    reformation of offenders 58. The putting of offenders in prison for the
       B.    deterrence purpose of protecting
       C.    segregation of offender       the public and at the same time rehabilitating
       D.    confinement of Offender                         them by requiring
Answer: A       the latter to undergo institutional treatment
program is
54. In the New Bilibid Prison, all medium       referred to as:
security prisoners are       A.    Imprisonment
      confined at the       B.    Trial
       A.    NBP Main Prison       C.    Conviction
       B.    Camp Bukang Liwayway       D.    Detention                                           
       C.    Camp Sampaguita Answer: A
       D.    Medium Security Prison                         
Answer: C 59. The Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm, a
National Penitentiary in
55. Under the prison rules, who is charged for        the Philippines under the BUCOR is located
the hearing of in ____.
      disciplinary cases in prison?       A.    Palawan
       A.    Classification Board          B.    Zamboanga
       B.    Parole Board       C.    Davao
       C.    Administrative Board       D.    Occidental Mindoro                           
       D.    Disciplinary Board                                 Answer: D
Answer: D
60. In Babylon, about 1990 BC, this is credited
56. The form of conditional release that is as the oldest
granted after a       code prescribing savage punishment but in
      prisoner has served a portion of his sentence fact ___ is nearly.
in a correctional       100 years older
       A.    Conditional pardon        A.    Hammurabic Code
       B.    Probation        B.    Sumerian Code
       C.    Parole        C.    Justinian Code
       D.    Commutation                                                  D.    Code of Draco                                   
Answer: C Answer: B

57. In jails or prisons, which of the following is a 61. The penalty imposed for offenders must be
function of certain.  This means
      the Custodial Division?       that:
       A.    Supervision of prisoners               A.    The guilty one must be the one to be
       B.    Escort of inmates or prisoners punished, no proxy.
       C.    Keeping of records        B.    No one must escape its effect
       C.    It must be equal for all persons        C.    PD 968   
       D.    The consequence must be in        D.    PD 869                                                   
accordance Answer: C
               with law.                                                
Answer: B 66. The continuing relationship between
probation officer and 
62. The following are the duties of the custodial       probationer is known as –
force in prison,         A.    Affiliation Guidance
      except:        B.    Pre-sentenced Investigation
       A.    Censor offender’s items        C.    Supervision
       B.    Escort inmates        D.    Probation Guidance                                
       C.    Inspect security devices Answer: C
       D.    Conduct disciplinary hearing                 
Answer: D 67. Those who have been once on probation
under the Probation 
63. As a rule, when a jailbreak, escape or riot is       Law:
in progress or has        A.    are qualified to apply for probation
    just been perpetuated in the jail, the officer at        B.    are disqualified to apply for probation
the control        C.    may be granted for another probation
    centers shall immediately:        D.    should be confined in prison                 
       A.    sound the alarm Answer: B
       B.    locked prisoners in their respective cells
       C.    Notify the nearest police precinct 68. This pillar/component of our criminal justice
       D.    call the warden or the director                system has been
Answer: A      regarded the weakest pillar due to its failure
to eliminate
64. In case of mass jailbreak, all members of the      recidivism and habitual offenders.
custodial force        A.    law enforcement
     shall immediately issued firearms and        B.    prosecution       
assigned to critical posts to:        C.    court
       A.    plug off the escape routes        D.    correction                                               
       B.    to shoot the escapees Answer: D
       C.    protect the other inmates
       D.    to give warning shots                        69. The traditional goal of penology is
Answer: A        A.   Retribution
       B.   Deterrence
65. Which of these is known as the Adult        C.   Incapacitation
Probation Law, which        D.  
    grants probation to prisoner sentenced to term Rehabilitation                                                
in prison of not Answer: B
    more than six (6) years?
       A.    PD 603 70. The attempt to prevent future crimes through
       B.    RA 698 fear of  
      punishment. implement a better
       A.   Retribution     system of jail management nationwide
       B.   Deterrence        A.   Bureau of Jail Management and
       C.   Incapacitation    Penology
       D.   Rehabilitation                                             B.   Department of Justice
Answer: B        C.   Bureau of    Corrections
       D.   Parole and Probation
71. The task of changing an offender’s attitude Administration                   Answer: A
so that he or she
     may not commit another crime in the future. 75. It exercise supervision and control over
       A.   Retribution provincial jails.
       B.   Deterrence        A.   BJMP   
       C.   Incapacitation        B.   Bureau of  Corrections        
       D.   Rehabilitation                                                  C.   Provincial Government
Answer: D        D. Parole and Probation
Administration                     Answer: C
72. The idea that re-entry of an offender should
be in the 76. An agency under the Department of Justice
      mainstream of society rather than the usual that is charged with
abrupt re-entry     custody and rehabilitation of national
      at the end of a prison sentence. offenders, that is, those
       A.   Reintegration     sentenced to serve a term of imprisonment of
       B.   Deterrence more than three
       C.   Incapacitation     (3) years
       D.   Rehabilitation                                                 A.   BJMP   
Answer: A        B.   Bureau of  Corrections
       C.   Provincial Government 
73. They were known as Bridewells, which        D.   Parole and Probation
started in 1553 and  Administration                    Answer: B
      served as training schools for delinquent
youths, provided 77. The New Bilibid Prison, the Correctional
      housing and support for older and poorer Institution for Women
persons,      (CIW), Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm, and
      and detained vagrants. Sablayan Prison and 
        A.   House of Corrections        Penal Farm are all under this agency.    
        B.   Workhouses        A.   BJMP   
        C.   Common jails        B.   Bureau of  Corrections
        D.   Penal colonies                                                C.   Provincial Government 
Answer: B        D.   Department of Justice                        
Answer: B
74. It direct, supervise and control the
administration and operation 78. An attached agency of the Department of
    of all district,  city  and municipal jails to Justice which provides
    a less costly alternative to imprisonment of        C.   Work Release
offenders who are         D.   Halfway Houses                                     
    likely to respond to individualized community Answer: B
based treatment 
    programs. 83. An alternative to incarceration granted after a
       A.   BJMP    convicted person
       B.   Bureau of  Corrections     served a part of his sentence and is allowed to
       C.   Provincial Government  complete a
       D.   Parole and Probation     sentence at large, subject to restrictions and
Administration                    Answer: D supervision.
       A.   Probation
79. Prisoners whose sentences are more than        B.   Work release
three years to capital        C.   Parole
     punishment are considered        D.   Halfway houses                                 
       A.   municipal prisoners Answer: C
       B.   provincial prisoners
       C.   city prisoners 84.  An alternative to incarceration that allow
       D.   insular prisoners                              convicted persons
Answer: D       to remain at large and under varying degrees
of restriction
80. Prisoners whose sentences are from one day       and supervision and certain conditions
to six months are imposed by the
       A.   municipal prisoners       granting court.                             
       B.   provincial prisoners        A.   Probation
       C.   city prisoners        B.   Work release
       D.   insular prisoners                                              C.   Parole
Answer: A        D.   Halfway houses                                       
Answer: A
81. A prison model which sought penitence
(hence the term   85. A correctional institution that has the
      penitentiaries) through total individual authority to detain
isolation and silence.     persons awaiting trial or adjudication or
       A.   Pennsylvania Prison Model confine convicted
       B.   Auburn Prison Model     offenders   for a short period of time.    
       C.   Work Release        A.   Halfway houses
       D.   Halfway Houses                                         B.   Penal colonies
Answer: A        C.   Jails
       D.   All of these                                             
82. A prison model where incarcerated persons Answer: C
are allowed to work
    outside the institution that houses them. 86. A correctional institution that has the
       A.   Pennsylvania Prison Model authority to detain
       B.   Auburn Prison Model     convicted offenders for longer or extended
period of time, 90. Which of the following is an executive
    including those who are waiting their death clemency that requires
sentence.        the concurrence of congress?
       A.   Halfway house        A.   Probation   
       B.   Farm house        B.   Pardon
       C.   Jail         C.   Amnesty
       D.   Prison                                                              D.   Parole                                                 
Answer: D Answer: C

87. The law creating the Bureau of Jail 91. The Parole and Probation Administration
Management and Penology. administers the _____
       A.   RA 8551     Correctional Program.
       B.   RA 9165        A.   Institutional
       C.   RA 6975        B.   Integrated
       D.   RA 4890                                                         C.   Community – based
Answer: C        D.   Traditional                                          
Answer: C
88. Who among the following is a provincial
prisoner? 92. A minimum and maximum amount of time to
       A.   A prisoner serving a term below six (6) be served in prison is
years     referred to as
       B.   A prisoner serving a term of six (6)        A.   a corporal punishment
years and up        B.   a determinate sentence
       C.   A prisoner serving a term of six (6)        C.   an indeterminate sentence
months and one        D. a capital punishment                                 
             (1) day to three (3) years Answer: C
       D.   A prisoner serving a term of three
(3)years and one 93. Pedro was required to provide financial
             (1) day up                                            remuneration for the
Answer: C      losses incurred by the victim. What is the type
of penalty  
89. This theory in criminology states that people      described?
are totally        A.   Bond
    responsible for their behaviors and the stress is        B.   Retribution
more on the        C.   Restitution
    effect of their felonious act than upon the        D.   Remuneration                             
criminal. Answer: C
       A.   Positivist Theory       
       B.   Psychological Theory 94. What kind of program employs prisoners in
       C.   Biological Theory various product or
       D.   Classical Theory                                          good producing tasks?
Answer: D        A.   Agricultural       
       B.   Operational
       C.   Industrial
       D.   Administrative                                          99. The ________ theory in crime causation
Answer: C focuses on the criminal
    disorders, chromosomes irregularity and
95. What crimes apparently have no complaining abnormal brain activity.
victims such as        A.   None of these
    gambling, prostitution and drunkenness?        B.   Age Reform       
       A.   Complex Crime        C.   Age of Discernment
       B.   Compound Crime        D.   Age of Reason                                         
       C.   Blue Collar crimes Answer: A
       D.   Victimless crimes                                   
Answer: D 100. What correctional institution houses
accused persons awaiting 
96. Which agency performs the evaluation of         trial?
prisoner’s fitness and        A.   Rehabilitation center   
    qualifications for the grant of pardon or        B.   Jail
parole?        C.   Halfway house
       A.   Punishment, confinement retribution,        D.   Prison                                                     
treatment Answer: B
       B.   Retribution, Deterrence, incapacitation,
rehabilitation 101. Articles 1706 - 1727 of the revised
       C.   Deterrence, retribution, punishment Administrative Code as
treatment         amended is known as
       D.   None of the above                                   A.    Correction Law
Answer: D        B.    Jail Management Law
       C.    Prison Law
97. Which of the following should a probationer        D.    Parole and Probation Law                   
avoid? Answer: C
       A.   Make periodic report
       B.   Go and play in the gambling den 102. The mechanical device or contrivance, tools
       C.   Work regularly to support family or implement used
       D.   Stay away from bad associates.                       to hold back, keep in check or under control
Answer: B is the
       A.    Instrument of Restraint
98. The Supreme Court automatically reviews        B.    Iron leg Lock
the cases of criminals        C.    Handcuffs
    convicted and meted out the penalty of        D.    Metallic chains                                     
       A.   12 years 6 months and one day    Answer: A
       B.   Death
       C.   Life imprisonment 103. Who is tasked with the gathering and
       D.   6 years one month and one day               collecting of information
Answer: B        and other data of every prisoner into a case
study to determine
       the work assignment, the type supervision        B.    social degradation
and degree of        C.    banishment
       custody and restriction under which an        D.    public trial                                            
offender must live in jail? Answer: B
       A.    Classification Board
       B .   Board of Custody 108. During the 16th up to the 18th century, a
       C.    Diagnostic Board criminal may be sent
       D.    Treatment Board                                         away from a place carried out by prohibition
Answer: A to coming against a
       specified territory. This is an ancient form of
104. The imprisonment a convicted offender punishment called:
may serve, at the rate        A.    Exile
       of PhP8.00 a day subject to certain rules, for        B.    Transportation
failure to pay a        C.    Banishment
       fine and if ordered to do so by the judgment        D.    Public trial                                            
is referred to as  Answer: C
       A.    Subsidiary imprisonment
       B.    Secondary imprisonment 109. One of the following represents the earliest
       C.    Preventive imprisonment codification of the
       D.    None of the above                                       Roman law, which was incorporated into
Answer: A the Justinian Code.
       A.    Twelve Tables
105. The meaning of the word oblivion is        B.    Burgundian Code
       A.    forgetting completely        C.    Code of Draco
       B.    class of persons        D.    Hammurabic code                                
       C.    abolish Answer: A
       D.    community based treatment               
Answer: A 110. In the history of correction, thinkers during
the reformatory
106. The process of determining the needs  and         movement were the major influences of
requirements of today’s correctional
        prisoners for assigning them to programs          system. Alexander Macanochie was the one
according to their who introduced the __
        existing resources is called:         of correction
       A.    classification        A.    Solitary system
       B.    quarantine        B.    Irish System
       C.    diversification        C.    Marked System
       D.    quality control                                             D.    Congregate system                            
Answer: C Answer: C

107. Public humiliation or public exhibition also 111. What law renamed the Bureau of Prison to
mean: Bureau of Correction
       A.    public execution         during the Aquino administration in the
Philippines?       and abolition of fee system by which jailers
       A.    E.O 727 obtained money from
       B.    E.O 292       prisoners.
       C.    E.O 645        A.    John Howard
       D.    E.O 104                                                      B.    Robert Peel
Answer: B        C.    William Penn
       D.    Manuel Montesimos                             
112. Retaliation is the earliest remedy for a Answer: A
wrong act to any one (in
       the primitive society). The concept follows 115. Mr. Cruz was convicted of the crime of
that the victim’s murder. After 10 days
       family or tribe against the family or tribe of        from the promulgation of the sentence, he
the offender, hence escaped from his
       “blood feuds” was accepted in the early        place of confinement. He maybe
primitive societies.        A.    liable for evasion of service of sentence
       Retaliation means:        B.    considered as an escaped prisoner
       A.    Personal Vengeance        C.    not liable for evasion of service of
       B.    Tooth for a tooth sentence   
       C.    Eye for an Eye        D.    All of these                                          
       D.    All of these                                          Answer: A
Answer: A
116. Ms. Bantog was convicted for the crime of
113. In 1936, the City of Manila exchanges its infanticide. After
Muntinlupa property        serving her sentence she committed again
       with the Bureau of Prisons originally the same crime.Ms.
intended as a site for boys’        Ines Bantog maybe considered as a
       training school. Today, the old Bilibid        A.    recidivist    
Prison is now being used as        B.    quasi-recidivist
       the Manila City Jail, famous as the :        C.    habitual delinguent       
       A.    “ May Halique Estate”        D.    mentally retarded person                   
       B.    “Tandang Sora State” Answer: A
       C.    New Bilibid Jail
       D.    Muntinlupa Jail                                     117. Ramon, a basketball player, arrested Berto
Answer: A for some legal ground
        but he failed to file a complaint against the
114. The sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773 who latter with in the
devoted his life and         prescribed period of filing. What crime did
      fortune to prison reform.After his findings on Ramon committed?
English Prisons, he        A.    arbitrary detention
      recommended the following: single cells for        B.    illegal Detention
sleeping, segregation        C.    illegal arrest
      of women, segregation of youth, provision of        D.    no crime committed                             
sanitation facilities, Answer: B
118. The Camp Sampaguita of the national 122. One of the following is an admission
Bilibid Prison houses procedure which involves
       A.    Super Maximum Security Prisoners             the frisking of the prisoner.
       B.    Maximum Security Prisoners        A.    Identification
       C.    Medium Security Prisoners        B.    Searching
       D.    Minimum Security Prisoners                         C.    Briefing/Orientation
Answer: C        D.    minimum security prisoners                 
Answer: B
119. The only early Roman place of confinement
which was built 123. If the warden is taken as the hostage, for all
       under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C.    intents and
       A.    Bridewell Workhouse         purposes, he ceases to exercise authority
       B.    Wulnut Street Jail and the next in
       C.    Burgundian House         command or the __________ officer
       D.    none of these                                       present shall assume the
Answer: D         command.
        A.    Veteran
120. The punishment should be provided by the         B.    Assistant
state whose sanction         C.    Most senior
       is violated, to afford the society or         D.    Custodian                                           
individual the opportunity of Answer: C
       imposing upon the offender suitable
punishment as might be 124. Upon receipt of the probation officer
       enforced. Offenders should be punished investigation report, the
because they deserve         court shall resolve the application for
       it.This is one justification of punishment probation not later than-
called:         A.    60 days
       A.    Atonement         B.    5 days
       B.    Incapacitation         C.    15 days
       C.    Deterrence         D.    45 days                                              
       D.    Retribution                                           Answer: B
Answer: D
125. Who is the Father of Philippine Probation?
121. The purpose of commutation of sentence is         A.    Jose Lacson
to:         B.    Juan Ponce Enrile
       A. do away with the miscarriage of justice           C.    Antonio Torres
        D.    None of these                                    
       B. break the rigidity of the law Answer: D
       C. restore the political and civil rights of the
accused     126. What is the country, whose early schemes
       D. all of the above                                       for humanizing the
Answer: D         criminal justice under it’s common law,
originated probation.        A.    Montesquieu
        A.    England          B.    Pope Clement XI
        B.    United States              C.    Samuel Romily
        C.    Greece        D.    John Howard                                       
        D.    France                                                Answer: B
Answer: A
131. The advocate of ultimate prison known as
127. Which of the following does not belong to “the Panopticon” was
the common law        A.    Jeremy Bentham
        practices to which the emergence of        B.    Samuel Romily
probation is attributed?        C.    Walter Crofton
       A.    Recognizance                        D.    John Howard                                       
       B.    Reprieve   Answer: A
       C.    Benefit of the Clergy       
       D.    Penance                                               132. The founder of the Classical School of
Answer: D Criminology and published
       a short treaties “ On Crimes and
128. Benefit of clergy, judicial reprieve, Punishments” which contains
sanctuary, and abjuration        his reformatory ideas was
        offered offenders a degree of protection        A.    Jeremy Bentham
from the enactment of        B.    Cesare Lombroso
       A.    harsh sentences        C.    Cesare Beccaria
       B.    soft sentences        D.    Enrico Ferri                                          
       C.    criminal liabilities Answer: C
       D.    code of Hammurabi                              
Answer: A 133. Diversification means
       A.    Proper integration of prisoners
129. In the United States, particularly in        B.    Proper classification of prisoners
Massachusetts, different        C.    Proper segregation of prisoners
       practices were being developed. "Security        D.    Welfare of prisoners                            
for good behavior," Answer: C
       also known as good aberrance, was much
like modern bail. 134. Filipino female  national prisoners  are
       A.    Penalizing confined at the
       B.    Good aberrance        A.    Mental hospital
       C.    Paying in cash        B.    CIW
       D.    Collateral                                                    C.    Manila City Jail
Answer: B        D.    Iwahig Penal Colony                            
Answer: B
130. Who among the following was the builder
hospice of San 135. An offender who surrenders  from escaping
       Michelle, a reformatory for delinquent boys  because  of calamity
        immediately  48 hours  after the
pronouncement of  the        C. 60 days
        passing  away  of calamity  shall be        D. 90 days                                                  
granted   Answer: C
       A.    1/5 reduction of sentence
       B.    ½ reduction of sentence 140. Parole in the Philippine is governed by the
       C.    2/5 reduction of sentence         A. determinate sentence law
       D.    2/6 reduction of sentence                           B. Indeterminate sentence law
Answer: B         C. Board of pardon and parole
        D. Parole and probation administration     
136. What is the name of the prison institution Answer: B
situated in
       Zamboanga, named after Capt. Blanco of the 141. A detention jail in Philadelphia but it was
Spanish Royal converted into state
       Army?         prison and became the first American
       A.    Old Bilibid Prison penitentiary.
       B.    Sablayan Prsions and Penal Farm        A. Auburn Prison
       C.    San Ramon Prison & Penal Farm        B. Walnut Street Jail
       D.    Iwahig Penal                                                C. Pennsylvania Prison
Answer: C        D. Bride Well                                               
Answer: B
137. A branch or division of law which defines
crimes, treat of their 142. The system of prison  were  the
        nature and provides for their punishment confinement of the prisoners  in
       A. Remedial law        single cells at night  and congregate work  in
       B. Criminal law stop during the
       C. Civil law        day.
       D.Political law                                                      A. Pennsylvania prison
Answer: B        B. Auburn prison
       C. Elmira reformatory
138. One who investigates  for the  court a        D. Alcatraz prison                                       
referral  for probation or Answer: B                         
        supervises a probationer or both 143. Under the rules, the chairman of the
       A. police officer classification  board and
       B. probationer officer        disciplinary  board for jails should be
       C. intelligence officer        A. Warden
       D. law enforcer                                                  B. Assistant warden
Answer: B        C.Custodial officer
       D. Security officer                                      
139. Post sentence investigation report must  be Answer: B
submitted by the
        probation officer to the court within 144. A special group of prisoners composed of
       A. 20 days incorrigible, intractable
       B. 30 days        and dangerous persons who are so difficult
to manage inside         measures imposable  to inmate offender
       prisons. except
       A.Medium Security prisoners        A.    Reprimand
       B. Maximum security prisoners        B.    Cancellation of visiting privilege
       C. Super maximum security prisoners        C.    Cancellation of food allowance
       D. Minimum Security Prisoners                           D.    Extra fatigue duty                               
Answer: B Answer: D

145. One of the following is considered as the 149. The principle of an “eye for an eye” “tooth
corner stone  in for a tooth” doctrine
       reformation n which  includes all the life        is common among ancient laws, specifically
experiences  which t
       shape a persons attitudes and behaviors.        A.    Code of Draco
       A.    Recreational program        B.    Hammurabic Code
       B.    Religious program        C.    Summerian Code
       C.    Educational program        D.    Code of Solomon                                 
       D.    Work program                                      Answer: B
Answer: C
150. “Lex Tallionis” means
146. It involves supervision of prisoners to        A.    Punishment
insure punctual and        B.    Law of retaliation
       orderly movement  from the dormitories,        C.    Retribution
place of work, hospital        D.    Suffering                                             
       and churches  in accordance with the daily Answer: B
schedules.
       A.    Control 151. These were abandoned or unusable
       B.    Custody transport ships use to
       C.    Discipline        confine criminals during the early period of
       D.    Inspection                                            treating criminal
Answer: A        offenders.
       A.    Hulks
147. It is a special unit in prison  where by newly        B.    Gaols
arrived prisoners         C.    Transportation
       will be admitted for diagnostic examination,        D.    Galleys                                                
observation Answer: A
       A.    Reception  and Diagnostic Center
       B.    Medium Security Compound 152. He wrote his book “State of the Prisons”
       C.    Maximum Security Compound and he was also
       D.    Minimum Security Compound                        considered as the great prison reformer.
Answer: A        A.    John Howard
       B.    John Augustus
148. Under the jail rules, the following are        C.    William Penn
authorized disciplinary         D.    Domets of France                               
Answer: A Government
       D.    BJMP                                                   
153. The first house of correction in London Answer: B
England was the
       A.    Bridewell Workhouse 158. What is nature in hearing the violation of a
       B.    Walnut Street Jail probation?
       C.    Mamertine Prison        A.    Formal
       D.    Panopticon                                                  B.    Summary
Answer: A        C.    Due process
       D.    None of the above                              
154. ___ - known as the “Rock” build in San Answer: B
Francisco Bay
       A.    Walnut prison 159. Which is considered the forerunner of
       B.    Alcatraz prison parole?
       C.    New York prison        A.    Mark system
       D.    Red Rock penitentiary                                B.    Solitary system
Answer: B        C.    Benefits of a clergy
       D.    Congregate system                            
155. Anything that is contrary to prison  or jail Answer: A
rules and regulations
       are considered 160. The following are considered as 
       A.    Firearms discretionary conditions of
       B.    Contrabands         probation except
       C.    Greyhounds        A.    Drinking intoxicated liquor to excess
       D.    Personal belongings                                     B.    Abstain from visiting house of ill repute
Answer: B        C.    Meet his family responsibilities
       D.    Cooperate with the program of
156. It is the suffering that is inflicted by the probation    Answer: C
state for the
       transgression of a law for the purpose of 161. The first convict in the Philippines,
controlling criminals. sentenced to death by
        A.    Prevention        means of Lethal injection was
        B.    Revenge        A.    Baby Ama
        C.    Penalty        B.    Asiong Salonga
        D.    All of the above                                          C.    Leo Echagaray
Answer: C        D.    Gregorio S. Mendoza                          
Answer: C
157. Parole and Probation  Administration is
under  the direction of 162. In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid
       the ________ by claiming
       A.    Department of Finance        refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at
       B.    Department of Justice the end of which          time he has compelled to
       C.    Department of Interior and Local leave the realm by a road or path
       assigned to him.        B. Anglo-American Law
       A.    Penalty        C. Roman Law
       B.    punishment        D. Hammurabic Code                                  
       C.    trial Answer: C
       D.    conviction                                            
Answer: D 166. Hanging is for death penalty, maiming is for
       A. Social degradation    
163. Long, low, narrow, single decked ships        B. Exile
propelled by sails, usually        C. Physical torture
        rowed by criminals, a type of ship used for        D. Slavery                                                  
transportation of Answer: C
        criminals in the 16th century. This referred
to as the: 167. Who is the Director of the English Prison
       A.    Gaols who opened the Borstal
       B.    Galleys         Institution for young offenders? The Borstal
       C.    Hulks Institution is
       D.    Stocks                                                           considered as the best reform institution for
Answer: B young offenders
        today.
164. The Classical School of penology maintains        A. Evelyn Brise    
the “doctrine of        B. Manuel Montesimos
        psychological hedonism” or __________.        C. Zebulon Brockway
That the individual        D. Walter Crofton                                      
        calculates pleasures and pains in advance of Answer: C
action and
        regulates   his conduct by the result of his 168. The __________ is considered forerunner
calculations. of modern penology
       A. denied individual responsibility             because it has all the elements in a modern
       B. free will system.
       C. pleasures and avoiding pain        A.    Bridewell Workhouse
       D. natural phenomenon                                      B.    Elmira Reformatory
Answer: C        C.    Wulnut Street Jail
       D.    Borstal Institution for Boys                  
165. History has shown that there are three main Answer: B
legal systems in the
       world, which have been extended to and 169. Capital punishment refers to:
adopted by all        A.    Life imprisonment
       countries aside from those that produced        B.    Death Penalty
them. Among the        C.    Reclusion Perpetua
       three, it was   the _____ that has the most        D.    All of these                                          
lasting and most Answer:  B
       pervading influence.
       A. Mohammedan Law     170. One of the following is not an
administrative function exercised        sound custody, security and control of
       by the executive branch of the government. inmates and their
       A.    Probation        movements and also responsible to enforce
       B.    Pardon prison or jail
       C.    Parole        discipline is the:
       D.    Amnesty                                                      A.    Security group for jails
Answer: A        B.    Escort Platoon
       C.    Control Center groups
171. Pardon granted by the Chief Executive        D.    Warden                                               
       A.    extinguishes criminal liability of Answer:  A
offender
       B.    does not extinguish civil liability of 175. A unit of the prison or a section of the RDC
offender where the prisoner is
       C.    must be given After the prosecution of        given thorough physical examination
the offense including blood test, x-rays,
       D.    all of the above                                           vaccinations and immunity is the:
Answer: D        A.    Quarantine cell
       B.    NBP
172. The enactment of Republic Act no. 6975        C.    Death row
created the BJMP. It        D.    Control Area                                        
        operates as a line bureau under the Answer: A
Department of Interior and
        Local Government (DILG). This statement 176. Imprisonment is not always advisable.
is: Placing a person to
       A.    partially true        custodial coercion is to place him in physical
       B.    partially false     jeopardy, thus
       C.    true        drastically narrowing his access to source of
       D.    false                                                      personal
Answer: C        satisfaction and reducing his self-esteem.
This principle is based
173. The Jail Bureau shall be headed by a chief        on the ____ of community based treatment
with a rank of programs.
       Director General, and assisted by Deputy        A.    Restorative aspect
Chief with the Rank of        B.    Humanitarian aspect
       Chief Superintendent. This statement is:        C.    Managerial aspect
       A.    partially true        D.    Legal aspect                                        
       B.    partially false Answer: A
       C.    true
       D.    false                                                     177. The case where the Supreme Court laid
Answer: D down the doctrine that
       the absolute pardon removes all that is left
174. The group having the responsibility of of the consequences
providing a system of        of conviction, and that it is absolute in so far
it restores the 180. Prisoners who are nearly to leave the
       pardonee to full civil and political rights. institution, awaiting
       A.    Cristobal vs. Labrador        transfer,those in disciplinary status, and
       B.    Fernandez vs. Aquino those who are
       C.    People vs. Galit        chronically ill with mental disabilities are
       D.    None of these                                       considered:
Answer: A        A.    unassignable prisoners to undergo
prison programs
178. The power of the chief Executive to grant        B.    all of these
pardon is limited to        C.    special group of offenders
       the following, except:          D.    minimum security prisoners                   
       A.    Pardon can not be extended to cases of Answer: D
impeachment.
       B.    No pardon, parole or suspension of 181. Parole is not claimed as a right but the
sentence for the Board of Parole grants it
             violation   of any election law may be        as a privilege to a qualified prisoner. This
granted without statement is:
             favorable recommendation of the        A.    partially true
Commission        B.    partially false
             of Elections.                  C.    true
       C.    Pardon is exercised only after        D.    false                                                    
conviction Answer: B
       D.    Pardon is administered by the
court         Answer: D 182. Every violation of jail/prison discipline
shall be dealt with
179. In determining the fitness of a prisoner for        accordingly. In extreme cases, where the
release on conditional violation necessitate
        pardon, the following points shall be        Immediate action, the warden or the Officer
considered as guides, of the Day may
        except:        administer the necessary restraints and
       A.    The political, organizational or reports the action
religious affiliation of the        taken to
              prisoner should be disregarded.        A.    an SOP
       B.    Due regard should be given the attitude        B.    an emergency plan
of the people in        C.    a general rule
              the community from which he was        D.    not applicable to prisoners                    
sentenced.        Answer: C
       C.    The background of the prisoner before
he was committed 183. Which of the following is a maximum
              to prison – social, economic.        security prison in Ossining,
       D.    Financial capacity of the prisoner.                  New York, USA? It is located
Answer: D approximately 30 miles (48 km)
        north of New York City on the banks of the
Hudson River which Women is a prison in
        the Auburn Prison system was applied        Bedford Hills, Westchester County, New
       A.    Alcatraz prison York, USA. It is the
       B.    Sing Sing Prison        largest women's prison in New York State
       C.    Wulnut Street Jail and has hosted many
       D.    Silver Mine Farm                                         infamous prisoners. It is the only women's
Answer: B maximum security
       prison in New York State. This statement is:
184. A ___, also called a 'block' or 'isolation        A.    True
cell', used to separate        B.    False
        unruly, dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners        C.    Partially true
from the general        D.    Partially false                                      
        population, also sometimes used as Answer: A
punishment.
       A.    Segregation Unit 188. The Panopticon is a type of prison building
       B.    Reception Unit designed by English
       C.    Quarantine Unit         philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The
       D.    Cell 45                                                  concept of the design
Answer: A         was derived from the word meaning of
“pan” and “opticon”.
185. What is the place in some prisons, or a         “Opticon’ means:
section in prisons where        A. to allow an observer to observe
        criminals are placed awaiting execution?        B. with out the prisoner
       A.    Execution room        C. avoid watching
       B.    Death row        D. To walk in military manner                       
       C.    Garotine Answer: A
       D.    Galley room                                         
Answer: B 189. Elmira Correctional Facility, known
otherwise as ___, is a
186. The Auburn system is a penal method of the        maximum security prison located in New
19th century in York in the USA. The
       which persons worked during the day in        prison is located in Chemung County, New
groups and were kept in York in the City of
       solitary confinement at night, with enforced        Elmira.
silence at all times.        A.    “the school”
       The Auburn system is also known as        B.    “the hill”
       A.    Albany system        C.    “the rock”
       B.    Irish system        D.    “the dungeon”                                     
       C.    New York System Answer: B
       D.    None of these                                     
Answer: C 190. Who among the following was given the
title “father of Prison
187. Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for         Reform” in the United States?
       A.    Zebulon Brockway
       B.    Robert Peel 194. Lethal injection refers to the practice of
       C.    John Howard injecting a person with
       D.    Alexander Macanochie                                a fatal dose of drugs for the explicit purpose
Answer: A of causing the
       death of the subject. The main application
191. It is the idea that the moral worth of an for this procedure is
action is solely        capital punishment. Which of the following
       determined by its contribution to overall drug is injected to
utility, that is, its        stops the heart thus causing death by cardiac
       contribution to happiness or pleasure as arrest?   
summed among all        A.    Sodium thiopental
       persons. It is thus a form of        B.    Pancuronium
consequentialism, meaning that the        C.    Potassium chloride
       moral worth of an action is determined by its        D.    Bicarbonate                                         
outcome—the ends Answer:  C
       justify the means.
       A.    Hedonism 195. Execution by electrocution (referred to as
       B.    Positivism the Electric Chair) is
       C.    Determinism        an execution method originating in the
       D.    Penology                                              United States in which
Answer: A        the person being put to death is strapped to a
specially built
192. The concept of probation, from the Latin        wooden chair and electrocuted through
word “probatio” which electrodes placed on
        means ___, has historical roots in the        the body. In the Philippines, its first use was
practice of judicial in :
        reprieve.        A.    1924
       A.    walk with faith        B.    1976
       B.    live with integrity        C.    1972
       C.    testing period        D.    1918                                                    
       D.    out of prison                                         Answer: A
Answer: C
196. Who was the British prison administrator
193. In the history of capital punishment, what and reformer, and
do they call this         founder of the Borstal system?
       frame, typically wooden, used for execution        A.    Zebulon Brockway
by hanging?        B.    Alexander Mocanochie
       A.    Galley        C.    Evelyn Ruggles Brise
       B.    Gallows        D.    Sir John Watson                                  
       C.    Hulk Answer: C
       D.    Double blade                                       
Answer: B 197. Besides religious laws such as the Torah,
important codifications        B.    Pardon
       of laws were developed in the ancient        C.    Parole
Roman Empire, with the        D    Amnesty                                               
       compilations of the Lex Duodecim Answer: A
Tabularum.This law refers to   
       A.    the Corpus Juris Civilis
       B.    the Twelve Tables
       C.    the Hammurabic code
       D.    lex taliones                                          
Answer: B

198. The first permanent system of codified laws

could be found in
       China, with the compilation of the
       A.    Tang Code
       B.    Wong Code
       C.    Ting Code
       D.    Chang Code                                        
Answer: A

199. Opponents of capital punishment claim that

a prisoner's isolation
       and uncertainty over their fate constitute a
form of mental
       cruelty and those especially long-time death
row inmates are
       liable to become mentally ill, if they are not
already. This is
       referred to as   
       A.    death row phenomenon
       B.    Cruelty syndrome
       C.    Execution syndrome
       D.    None of these                                     
Answer: A

200. After individuals are found guilty of an

offense and sentenced to
       execution, they will remain on death row
while following an
       appeals   procedure, if they so choose, and
then until there is a
       convenient time for __.
       A.    Execution