Lab 7 (1903069)

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
SESSIONAL
Course No. EE 2210

Experiment No. 07
Name of the Experiment: Study and Demonstration of an Active Filter
using Op- Amp.
Remarks
Name : Thasin Mohammad zaman
Date of Performance: 3.11.2022 Roll No : 1903069
Date of Submission : 10.11.2022 Group : B1-2
Year : 2nd
Semester : 2nd
Objectives:
i) To be able to measure the frequency response of an IC op amp low pass active filter
and to plot a response curve.
ii) To learn how to demonstrate the effect of a change in reactive component on the
frequency response of a low pass active filter.
iii) To study how to measure the frequency response of an IC op amp high pass active filter
and plot a response curve.
Introduction:
An active filter is one that uses an electrically active circuit along with passive components to
provide desired signal voltage gain and undesired signal rejection at the same time. There op - amp
makes an ideal choice for the active element in an active filter because it is small and inexpensive
. It also has a high input Impedance and a low output impedance which means that impedance
matching is less trouble. Low pass, high pass, band pass and band rejects are the possible circuits
here. In low pass circuit capacitor CF is in parallel with feedback Resistor RF and presents a high
reactance at low frequency. The parallel capacitor of CF and RF is high compared to the value of
input resistor Ri. The gain at amplifier is maximum and input signals receive maximum
amplification. If the frequency of Input signal is increased sufficiently, a frequency is reached
where the reactance of CF is reduced and becomes equal to the value of RF. This causes the
corresponding reduction in amplifier gain such that the output is reduction to 0.70 thus and this is
1
3dB voltage point when reactance of CF ≈ resistance of RF . f cutoff = In high pass circuit,
2𝜋𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐹
capacitor is in series with input resistor Ri and presents a high resistance at low frequencies. The
series impedance of R1 and C1 is high compared to the value of RF. In this case the gain of the
amplifier is minimum and amplification. The cut off frequency can be calculated using the formula,
1
f cutoff = .
2𝜋𝑅1𝐶1
Fig -7(a): Different types of ideal filter responses

Apparatus Required:
Table 7.1: Table for required apparatus
Serial No. Name of Apparatus Rating Quantity
1 Power Source 0.40vDC , 50mA 1
2 AF Generator (50-60)Hz,600Ω,(1- 1
1000)Hz,220/440 V
3 Oscilloscope 1MΩ,15pF,300V 1
4 OP-Amp IC LM741 1
5 Multimeter (0-1000)Vdc; (0-250)mAdc; (0- 1
750)Vac; (1-1M)Ω
6 Resistor 10KΩ, 1W; 1KΩ, 1W 2
7 Capacitor 10nF 1
8 Breadboard — 1
9 Connecting Wires — As Required
Experimental Setup:
Fig -7(b): Low pass filter Fig -7(c): High pass filter
Experimental Data:
For low pass filter:
Input voltage: 176mV
Frequency (Hz) Output (volt pk-pk)
20 1.50
100 1.44
500 1.40
1K 1.28
1.2K 1.20
1.4K 1.12
1.5K 1.04
1.6K 1.04
1.7K 1.04
2K 1.00
3.5K 0.78
10K 0.33
50K 0.20
100K 0.18
200K 0.16
For high pass filter:

Input voltage: 200mV
Frequency Output (volt pk-pk)
20 0.10
1K 0.18
5K 0.58
8K 0.68
10K 0.72
15K 0.88
20K 1.22
50K 1.15
100K 1.10
200K 0.68
Graph Representation:
Frequency response of low pass

active filter
1.6
1.4
1.2
Output( V - PP )
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20 200 2000 20000 200000
Frequency (Hz)
Fig -7(d): Frequency response curve for low pass filter
Frequency Responses of High Pass Active

Filter
1.4
Output Voltage (Volts)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Frequency (Hz)
Fig- 7(e): Frequency response curve for high pass filter
Calculation:
RF = 10kΩ
CF = 10nF
Cutoff (Low pass) = 1
= 1591.55 Hz
2𝜋𝑅𝐹𝐶𝐹
Cutoff (High pass) = 1
= 15915.5 Hz
2𝜋𝑅1𝐶1
From graph:
Corresponding to 70.70% of maximum value of output voltage,
In low pass,
Cut off frequency = 1495Hz , error = 6.07%
In High pass,
Cut off frequency = 14350Hz , error = 9.84%
Result and Discussion:

This experiment has examined some of the characteristics of IC op amp low and high pass active
filters. The frequency response of a low pass filter was first determined. The cutoff frequency, output
voltage, and 3dB voltage points have then been established. As can be observed, the function of the op
amp low pass active filter is quite similar to that of an op amp with the difference that a frequency
selective capacitor is placed after the gain so that the amplifier passes low frequency and rejects high
frequency slightly beyond the cutoff frequency. As a result, the capacitance value of the feedback
route has since decreased. This, as can be observed, improved the cutoff frequency responsiveness of
a high pass active filter. Last but not least, the response curve graphic has been made. Again, the
highest output voltage, measured cutoff frequency, and 3dB spots are located. The input circuit's
frequency selective capacitor led the op amp to reject low frequencies while allowing high frequencies
since the amplifier's gain characteristics were exactly the reverse of those of a low pass filter.
Therefore, a reduction in the capacitance of the input circuit would lead to an increase in the cutoff
frequency. The cutoff frequencies for high pass and low pass filters are respectively 1.593 kHz and
15915.5 Hz. The cut-off frequency value is almost same in both mathematical and real-world
scenarios. The low and high pass filters' respective acceptable error rates are 6.07% and 9.84%. As a
result, we may say that the experiment was successful.
Conclusion:
In order to remove high frequency noise and distortion and to provide low frequency bass impulses
to bigger bass speakers, active low pass filters are employed in speaker systems, equalizers, and
audio amplifiers. In communication systems, active filters are primarily used to reduce noise and
isolate a communication signal from various channels in order to maximize the unique message
signal from a modulated signal. Active filters have a comprehensive administration system, but they
are expensive. A lot of power is too much for it to handle. For functioning, a DC power supply is
required. This filter's frequency range is restricted.

Lab 7 (1903069)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 7 (1903069)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lab 7 (1903069)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course No. EE 2210

Name : Thasin Mohammad zaman

Date of Performance: 3.11.2022 Roll No : 1903069

Date of Submission : 10.11.2022 Group : B1-2

Fig -7(a): Different types of ideal filter responses

For high pass filter:

Frequency response of low pass

Fig -7(d): Frequency response curve for low pass filter

Frequency Responses of High Pass Active

Fig- 7(e): Frequency response curve for high pass filter

Result and Discussion:

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.