Heat Transfer Equation Sheet ©2015 J. M.

Hill

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Conduction: qx = - kA Heat Exchangers: ΔTLM = {(THo – TCo) - (THi – TCi)}/{ln[(THo – TCo)/ (THi – TCi)]} Parallel flow
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Convection: q = hA(Ts - T∞) q = UA ΔTLM ΔTLM = {(THo – TCi) - (THi – TCo)}/{ln[(THo – TCi)/ (THi – TCo)]} Counter flow

Radiation: qr = εAσT4 NTU = UA/Cmin Cr = Cmin/Cmax ε = q/qmax qmax = Cmin (THi – TCi)

Diffusion equations:
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝑞𝑞̇ 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑘𝑘
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2
+ 𝑘𝑘 = 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 uniform properties, α =
𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝

1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑇𝑇 𝑞𝑞̇ 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ) + 𝑟𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 (𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕) + 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2
+ 𝑘𝑘 = 𝛼𝛼 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Cylindrical coordinates
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝑇𝑇− 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
Ohms Law Analogy, 𝑞𝑞 = 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡
Generation: Plane wall, Ts = T∞ + 𝑞𝑞̇ L/h To = Ts + 𝑞𝑞̇ L2/(2k)
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 −𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜
= (x/L)2

𝐿𝐿 1 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜2 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜

Plane wall: 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = , 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = Cylinder, T(r) = (1 − ) + Ts T s = T∞ +
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ℎ𝐴𝐴 4𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜2 2ℎ
𝑟𝑟
ln( 2�𝑟𝑟1 ) 1 𝑇𝑇− 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟
Cylinder: 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
, 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 −𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
= 1 – ( )2
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fins of uniform cross section: θ = T - T∞ m2 = hP/kAc M = (hPkAc)½θb

Infinite fin: 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒 −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓 = 𝑀𝑀

cosh[𝑚𝑚(𝐿𝐿−𝑥𝑥)]
Adiabatic tip: 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓 = 𝑀𝑀 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
cosh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃
( 𝐿𝐿�𝜃𝜃 ) sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)+sinh[𝑚𝑚(𝐿𝐿−𝑥𝑥)] cosh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)−( 𝐿𝐿�𝜃𝜃 )
Prescribed tip: 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓 = 𝑀𝑀 𝑏𝑏
sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

(ℎ�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) sinh[𝑚𝑚(𝐿𝐿−𝑥𝑥)]+cosh[𝑚𝑚(𝐿𝐿−𝑥𝑥)] sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)+(ℎ�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)cosh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Active tip: 𝜃𝜃 = 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓 = 𝑀𝑀
(ℎ�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)+cosh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) cosh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)+(ℎ�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)sinh(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓 𝑞𝑞𝑓𝑓
All fins: Effectiveness, 𝜀𝜀𝑓𝑓 = ℎ𝐴𝐴 Efficiency, 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓 =
ℎ𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 𝜃𝜃𝑏𝑏
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇∞ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝
Lumped Capacitance: Bi = hLc/k < 0.1 Fo = αt/(Lc)2 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/𝜏𝜏𝑡𝑡 𝜏𝜏t = Q = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 (1 - 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/𝜏𝜏𝑡𝑡 )
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇∞ ℎ𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semi-infinite solid:
𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥
imposed temperature: = erf( )
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 2√𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finite difference methods:
𝑝𝑝+1 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
Explicit, 1-D unsteady: 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 = Fo(𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚+1 +𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚−1) + (1 – 2Fo) 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚 Fo = αΔt/(Δx)2 ≤ ½ for stability

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Convection, Steady flow over a flat plate: Pr = Cpμ/k = μ/(ρα) Rex = ρu∞x/μ Nux = hx/kf

Laminar: δ = 5x Rex-1/2 Cf,x = 0.664 Rex-1/2 �����

𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝐿𝐿 = 1.328 ReL
-1/2
Nux = 0.332 Rex1/2 Pr1/3 �����
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝐿𝐿 = 0.664 ReL1/2 Pr1/3

Mixed laminar and turbulent for Rex,c < Rex < 108: δ = 0.37x Rex-1/5 Cf,x = 0.0592 Rex-1/5 Nux = 0.0296 Rex4/5 Pr1/3

Mixed laminar and turbulent with Rex,c = 5x105: �����

𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓,𝐿𝐿 = 0.074 ReL-1/5 -1742/ ReL ���� = (0.037Re L4/5 – 871)Pr1/3
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
Note: If the laminar region is small, the constants 1742 and 871 in the above equations become zero.