Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

http://www.arps.org/users/hs/moriartm/cad/general/mechanical_drawin...

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DRAWINGS

MADE WITH PRECISION DRAWING

INSTRUMENTS.

1. Drawing equipment: Drawing board, T square, triangles, scales, erasers and shields, dust brushes, tape, compass, bow instruments, drawing paper, vellum SET
UP THE PAPER

1. Set up a piece of paper on the board: 1" from the left side, at least 4" from the bottom. Equally spaced top to bottom works well. 2. Hold the t square high up on the paper, against the left edge of the board. 3. Use the left hand to hold the t square against the board edge firmly, but not tight. 4. Also with the left hand, smooth the t square blade to the right, and press firmly against the paper. 5. Tape the top left corner; smooth the paper out if necessary, and tape the lower right corner. 6. Tape the remaining corners. 7. Left handers, work with the t square against the right edge of the board. SHARPEN
THE PENCIL:

Never sharpen over the drawing board, Dress the lead down to a long symmetrical cone Use the sandpaper pads Practice it now. THE ALPHABET
OF LINES

3 distinct thicknesses of lines Thick (border lines, visible lines, cutting-plane lines and short break lines)

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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Medium (hidden lines) Thin (long break lines, section lines, center lines, dimension lines, extension lines and phantom lines) All lines except construction lines should be dense black Never fuzzy, gray or unclear Construction lines should always be extremely light. Barely viewed at arm's length.
DRAWING HORIZONTAL LINES

Set the pencil at about 60 with the paper, while keeping the pencil in the vertical plane. Line will not be straight if the pencil is tilted away from this position.

Draw the line from left to right, holding the t square against the board edge, and across the blade as before. Little finger of the pencil hand guides lightly along the t square blade Simultaneously, rotate the pencil slowly pressing the thumb forward, to roll the pencil. by

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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Prevents the pencil from wearing down in one place, which would change the uniformity of the line. Do not draw lines along the lower edge of the t square. Practice it now. DRAWING
VERTICAL LINES

Use either of the two triangles Vertical side of the triangle is on the left. Left handers turn it around. Hold the head of the t square firmly against the board edge. Slide the left hand across the blade to the place where you want to draw a vertical line. Position the triangle on the blade. Set the pencil at about 60 with the paper, while keeping the pencil in the vertical plane. Rotate the pencil slowly by pressing the thumb forward, to roll the pencil. Draw the line upward. Practice it now.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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USING

THE TRIANGLES

45 triangle 30 x 60 triangle All vertical lines and most inclined lines are drawn with these
INCLINED LINES

Draw lines at 45 Position the triangle on the t square and draw the line. Use the long position for long lines Use the short position for shorter lines. This position is more rigid, stable and therefore more accurate.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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Draw lines at 30 and 60 Position the triangle on the t square and draw the line. Use the long position for long lines Again, use the short position for shorter lines. This position is more rigid, stable and therefore more accurate.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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If 2 triangles are combined, lines may be drawn at 15 or 75. The entire 360 can be divided into 24 sections of 15 with the t square and the triangles. PARALLEL
LINES

Can easily draw parallel lines at any of the standard angles by sliding the triangle along the t square and repeating lines. To draw a line parallel to any line flip the t square over, move the t square and triangle over until the hypotenuse of the triangle lines up with the given line. Then while holding t square firmly in place, slide the triangle to position and draw the line.

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PERPENDICULAR LINES

To draw a line perpendicular to any given line, move the t square and triangle until a side of the triangle lines up with the given line. Then, while holding the t square in place, slide the triangle across the given line and draw the perpendicular line.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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BLOCKING

IN THE OBJECT

Use construction lines to block in and layout the drawing Construction lines are very light, drawn with little pressure applied to the pencil. Use the scale to measure and mark off the beginning points for all vertical and horizontal lines. Draw the construction lines lightly. DARKENING LINES
OF THE

COMPLETED OBJECT

First darken in lines created with a compass It is easier to match the weight of that line than it is to try to match the weight of straight lines with the compass, if the compass lines were darkened after the straight lines. Next darken irregular curved lines. Then darken inclined lines. Finally darken vertical and horizontal lines. Start at the top of the drawing and move down as you darken lines. Always move away from lines that have just been darkened. Brush off excess graphite after each type of line has been darkened. ERASING Do not draw a line until you are sure you need it. When erasing, be careful not to spoil the drawing. Avoid making careless, dirty pencil drawings and then doing a lot of erasing before heavying-in the final lines. Use the erasing shield to protect line near the line to be erased. Brush off eraser residue with the brush rather than using your hand. Practice erasing drawing. lines and brushing off the

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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NEATNESS Essential to quality drawing Take your time to be neat from the beginning. Avoid letting pencil dust particles build up on the drawing. Brush it off periodically. Keep your pencil sharp! Keep your hands and equipment clean. Do everything you can to keep the drawing from being smeared. Beware of the oils and sweat in our hands on the drawing.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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DRAWING TO SCALE

Objects to be drawn may be relatively small or very large. Necessary to consider what size to make the drawing. Whenever possible an object should be drawn full size. If necessary it may be drawn 1/2 or 1/4 size. A building may be drawn 1/48 and a road may be drawn 1/1200 Conventional unit of measurement in the USA is the inch. Small objects such as machine parts and furniture are drawn in terms of decimal or fractional inches. This is understood so inch marks are omitted from such drawings. So, 2.75 means 2.75". Scale to which the drawing is made should be indicated on the drawing in the title box. Full size =1:1 Half size = 1:2 Standard scales for machine drawings are full size, half size, quarter size and eighth size. Full size: 12" = 1' Half size: 6" = 1' Quarter size: 3" = 1' Eighth size: 1 1/2" = 1'

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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MEASURING WITH THE SCALE

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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The habit of accuracy is important. Place the scale along the line to be measured. If no line exists, draw a construction line. With your eye directly above the correct mark on the scale, make a short dash at right angles to the scale. Double check the measurement after setting off a dimension. For horizontal measurements, place the scale on the paper so that the scale in use in on the top. For vertical measurements, place the scale so that the scale in use is on the left. If a series of measurements is to be set off end to end, do not set off the first dimension and then move the scale to start the next dimension from 0. All the measurements should be set off without moving the scale. So, it is important to study the scale and learn how to add fractions using it. SHEET
LAYOUT

After the sheet has been attached to the board, layout the sheet as described and shown in the image below. Draw a light horizontal trim line 1/4" from the bottom of the sheet. Draw a vertical trim line 1/4" from the left edge. Use a triangle to draw the vertical lines. Set off all width dimensions along the lower trim line. The full size scale should be up. Set off all height dimensions along the left trim line. The full size scale should be to the left. Draw horizontal construction lines through the marks at the left side of the sheet. Draw vertical construction lines from the bottom upward, using a triangle, through the marks at the bottom of the sheet. Retrace border and title strip to make the lines heavier.

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Mechanical Drawing Fundamentals

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS Follow the directions to linoleum design drawing. complete the inlaid

Then select one other design to draw and make another drawing on a second sheet.

HOME-CAD HOME-CAD I ASSIGNMENTS WHAT

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CAD? - PRODESKTOP TUTORIALS

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