CQ Amateur Radio 03-2022

ANNOUNCEMENTS EDITORIAL STAFF
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor

Jason Feldman, KD2IWM, Managing Editor
MARCH Susan Moseson, Editorial Consultant
BRAZIL, INDIANA — The Wabash Valley Amateur Radio Association will hold its Spring 2022 Hamfest & Computer Expo
from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, March 12 at the Clay County 4-H Fairgrounds, 6550 North State Road 59. Email: <ham- CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
fest@w9uuu.org>. Website: <http://w9uuu.org>. Talk-in 146.685- (PL 151.4). DXCC / VUCC / WAS card checking. Kent Britain, WA5VJB, Antennas
CONCORD, NORTH CAROLINA — The Mecklenburg Amateur Radio Society will hold the Charlotte Hamfest from 3-7
Stan Broadway, N8BHL, Emergency Communications
p.m., Friday, March 11 and from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Saturday, March 12 at the Cabarrus Arena & Events Center, 4551 Old
Airport Road. Phone: (704) 948-7373. EMAIL:- <info@charlottehamfest.org>. Website: <www.charlottehamfest.org>. Talk- Gerry L. Dexter, The Listening Post
in 146.655 or 146.940 (PL 118.8). Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB, Kit-Building
PUYALLUP, WASHINGTON — The Mike & Key Amateur Radio Club will hold its 40th Annual Mike and Key Electronics Trent Fleming, N4DTF, VHF Plus
Show & Swap Meet from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, March 12 at the Washington State-Pavilion Exhibition Hall, 110 9th Tomas Hood, NW7US, Propagation
Avenue SW. Phone: (253) 631-3756. Email: <n7wa@arrl.net>. Website: <www.mikeandkey.org>. Talk-in 146.82- (PL 103.5)
VE exams.
John Langridge, KB5NJD, MF/LF Operating
TULLAHOMA, TENNESSEE — The Middle Tennessee Amateur Radio Society will hold the 2022 Tullahoma Hamfest from Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, Ham Radio Explorer
8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, March 12 at the First United Methodist Church, 208 West Lauderdale Street. Contact: Michael Irwin Math, WA2NDM, Math’s Notes
Glennon, KB4JHU, (931) 588-0302. Email: <kb4jhu@arrl.net>. Website: <www.mtars-ham.org>. Talk-in 146.700- (PL 114.8). Joe Moell, KØOV, Homing In
VE exams. Steve Molo, KI4KWR, Awards
ELRYIA, OHIO — The Northern Ohio Amateur Radio Society will hold its NOARS Winter Hamfest 2022 from 9 a.m. to 1
p.m., Sunday, March 13 at the Loraine County Community Center-John A. Spitzer Conference Center, 1005 N. Abbe Road. Eric Nichols, KL7AJ, Analog Adventures
Contact: Carl Rimmer, W8KRF, (216) 256-9624 (before 9 p.m.). Email: <winterhamfest@noars.net>. Website: Ron Ochu, KOØZ, Learning Curve
<http://noars.net>. Talk-in 146.70- (PL 110.9). Jack Purdum, W8TEE, Microcontrollers
FORT WALTON BEACH, FLORIDA — The Playground Amateur Radio Club will hold the 52nd Annual PARC Hamfest Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR, Mobile/Radio Magic
from 4-8 p.m., Friday, March 18 and from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, March 19 at the NWF Fairgrounds, 1958 Lewis Turner
Scott Rought, KA8SMA, QRP
Boulevard. Phone: (850) 359-9186. Website: <www.w4zbb.org>.
BUFFALO, MINNESOTA — The Maple Grove Radio Club will hold its 39th Annual Midwinter Madness Hobby Electronics Don Rotolo, N2IRZ, Digital
Show from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, March 19 at the Buffalo Civic Center, 1306 County Road 134. Phone: (763) 537-1722. Bob Schenck, N2OO, DX
Website: <http://k0ltc.org>. Talk-in 147.000+ (PL 114.8). VE exams, ARRL card checking. Tim Shoppa, N3QE, Contesting
KALAMAZOO TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN — The Southern Michigan Amateur Radio Society will hold the 60th Almost Annual Jason Togyer, W3MCK, Spurious Signals
Michigan Crossroads Hamfest & Radio Swap from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, March 19 at the Wings Event Center, 3600
Vanrick Drive. Phone: (269) 815-8007. Email: <smarshamfest@gmail.com>. Website: <www.w8df.com>. Talk-in 147.000+
Gordon West, WB6NOA, Short Circuits
(PL 94.8). VE exams. Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ, The Ham Notebook
LOOMIS, CALIFORNIA — The Sierra Foothills Amateur Radio Club will hold the Loomis Hamfest 2022 beginning 8 a.m.,
Saturday, March 19 at the Loomis Historic Train Depot, 5775 Horseshoe Bar Road. Website: <www.w6ek.org>. AWARD MANAGEMENT
STUART, FLORIDA — The Martin County Amateur Radio Association will hold the 47th Annual Stuart Hamfest from 8 John Bergman, KC5LK, WAZ Award
a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, March 19 at the Martin County Fairgrounds, 2616 SE Dixie Highway (A1A). Contact: Hamfest
Brian Bird, NXØX, USA-CA Custodian
Chairman (561) 309-8138. Email: <hamfest@mcaraweb.com>. Website: <www.stuarthamfest.com>. Talk-in 145.150- (PL
107.2). VE exams. Steve Bolia, N8BJQ, WPX Award
JEFFERSON, WISCONSIN — The Tri County Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest 2022 beginning 8 a.m., Sunday, Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, CQ DX Award
March 22 at the Jefferson County Fairgrounds Activity Center, 503 North Jackson Avenue. Contact: Johnny, KD9IQC, (920)
723-7439. Email: <hamfest@w9mqb.org>. Website: <http://w9mqb.org>. Talk-in 145.49 (PL 123). VE exams. CONTEST MANAGEMENT
BOONVILLE, MISSOURI — The Boonville Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, March Andy Blank, N2NT, CQ 160 Meter Contest
26 at the Cooper County Youth Fairgrounds, 16899 Dunkles Drive. Contact: Dwight (660) 621-1265 or Tom (660) 841-5287.
Email: <wa0e@arrl.net>. Website: <www.w0brc.org>. Talk-in 147.360+ (PL 127.3). John Dorr, K1AR, CQWW DX Contest
ANNANDALE, VIRGINIA — The Vienna Wireless Society will hold WINTERFEST! and the 2022 ARRL Virginia Section JK Kalenowsky, K9JK, CQ VHF Contest
Convention from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday, March 27 at the Northern Virginia Community College Annandale Campus, 8333 Ed Muns, WØYK, CQ RTTY Contests
Little River Turnpike. Contact: Mike, WA8AHZ, (703) 870-1730. Email: <tablesales2022@viennawireless.net>. Website: John Sweeney, K9EL, CQ DX Marathon
<www.viennawireless.net>. Talk-in 146.685 (PL 110.9). VE exams, WAS / DXCC / VUCC card checking.
Joseph “Bud” Trench, AA3B, CQWW WPX Contest
APRIL BUSINESS STAFF
CORINTH, MISSISSIPPI — The Alcorn County ARES will hold the April Fool Jess Ables Memorial Hamfest from 9 a.m. Richard A. Ross, K2MGA, Publisher
to 5 p.m., Saturday, April 2 and from 8 a.m. to noon, Sunday, April 3 at the Crossroads Arena, 2800 South Harper Road.
Website: <http://acares.reiselt.com>. Talk-in 146.925. VE exams Dorothy Kehwieder, Associate Publisher,
MCKEESPORT, PENNSYLVANIA — The Two Rivers Amateur Radio Club will hold its 50th Annual Amateur Radio and Advertising
Computer Show from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday, April 3 at the The McKeesport Palisades, 100 5th Avenue. Contact: Bill Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Associate Publisher,
Powers, (412) 260-5699. Email: <atsfbill2@gmail.com>. Website: <www.trarc.net>. Talk-in 146.73. VE exams. Editorial
BRANSON, MISSOURI — The Four State QRP Group will hold OZARKCON from Friday, April 8 through Saturday, April Emily Leary, Sales Coordinator
9 at the Stone Castle Hotel and Conference Center, 3050 Green Mountain Drive. Website: <http://ocon.rleepotter.com>.
CLAREMORE, OKLAHOMA — The Green Country Hamfest Inc. will hold the Green Country Hamfest 2002 from 4-9 p.m.,
Doris Watts, Accounting Department
Friday, April 8 and from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, April 9 at the Claremore Expo Center, 400 Veterans Parkway. Email:
<info@greencountryhamfest.org>. Website: <www.greencountryhamfest.org>. Talk-in 147.09+ (PL 88.5). VE exams, DXCC CIRCULATION STAFF
/ WAC / WAS / VUCC card checking. Cheryl DiLorenzo, Customer Service Manager
BARTLETT, TENNESSEE — The Mid-South Amateur Radio Association will hold the Memphis FreeFest from 9 a.m. to
3 p.m., Saturday, April 9 at the Bartlett Station Municipal Center, 5868 State Road. Contact: Art Barnett, WA4PSS, (901) PRODUCTION STAFF
619-5573. Email: <wa9pss@gmail.com>. Website: <https://tinyurl.com/mwv2n6ya>. Talk-in 147.21- (PL 107.2). VE exams.
BELLEVUE, NEBRASKA — The Bellevue Amateur Radio Club will hold the Bellevue ARC Spring Cleanup Hamfest from
Elizabeth Ryan, Art Director
9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, April 9 at the Reed Community Center, 1200 Lord Boulevard. Contact: Dennis Mitchell, KCØYKN, Dorothy Kehrwieder, Production Director
(402) 690-2587. Email: <kc0ykn@cox.net>. Website: <www.bellevuearc.org>. Talk-in 147.39+ (PL 131.8). VE exams. Emily Leary, Production Manager
CUYAHOGA FALLS, OHIO — The Cuyahoga Falls Amateur Radio Club will hold the 66th Annual Hamfest Electronics and Hal Keith, Illustrator
Computer Show from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, April 9 at the Emidio and Sons Party Center, 48 E. Bath Road. Phone: (330) Larry Mulvehill, WB2ZPI, Staff Photographer
790-1680. Email: <hamfest2022@cfarc.org>. Website: <www.cfarc.org>. Talk-in 147.270+ (PL 110.9) or 444.850+ (PL 110.9).
Free VE exams.
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA — The Raleigh Amateur Radio Society will hold the 48th Annual RARSfest and 2022 ARRL
A publication of
Roanoke Division Convention from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, April 16 at the Jim Graham Building-NC State Fairgrounds, CQ Communications
4285 Trinity Road. Contact: Jeremy Lindsley, K2HJX, (919) 523-9631. Website: <http://rarsfest.org>. Email: 45 Dolphin Lane
<ntorborg@me.com>. Talk-in 146.64 or 146.88 (PL 131.8). VE exams.
GEORGETOWN, DELAWARE — The Sussex Amateur Radio Association will hold the Georgetown Hamfest and Delmarva Northport, NY, 11768 USA.
Radio Electronics Expo and the 2022 ARRL Delaware State Convention from 7:30 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, April 23 at the
CQ Amateur Radio (ISSN 0007-893X) Volume 78, No. 3,
Cheer Community Center, 20520 Sand Hill Road. Contact: Jamie, W3UC, (410) 202-7690. Email: <hamfestdelware@
Published monthly by CQ Communications, Inc., 45 Dolphin
gmail.com>. Website: <www.radioelectronicsexpo.com>. VE exams. Lane, Northport, NY, 11768, Telephone 516-681-2922. E-mail:
MOBILE, ALABAMA — The Mobile Amateur Radio Club will hold the Mobile Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, April cq@cq-amateur-radio.com. Fax 516-681-2926. Web site:
23 at the Abba Shrine Temple, 7701 Hitt Road. Contact: David Huber, KK4JJM, <davidhuber@bellsouth.net>. Talk-in 146.94. www.cq-amateur-radio.com. Periodicals Postage Paid at
ODENTON, MARYLAND — The Maryland Mobileers Amateur Radio Club will hold the MMARC 2022 Spring Hamfest from Northport, NY 11768 and at additional mailing offices. Sub-
7:30 a.m. to noon, Saturday, April 24 at the Odenton Volunteer Fire Department, 1425 Annapolis Road (Rt. 175). Contact: scription prices (all in U.S. dollars): Domestic-one year $42.95,
Bruce (410) 456-2500. Email: <bmcpherson73@verizon.net>. Website: <https://tinyurl.com/2p935p6k>. Talk-in 146.805- (PL two years $77.95, three years $111.95; Canada/Mexico-one year
107.2). VE exams. $57.95, two years $107.95, three years $156.95: Foreign Air
CEDARBURG, WISCONSIN — The Ozaukee Radio Club will hold its 42nd Annual Spring Indoor Swapfest from 8 a.m. to Post-one year $72.95, two years $137.95, three years $201.95.
noon, Saturday, April 30 at Columbia St. Mary’s Center, W67N890 Washington Avenue. Contact: Tom Tretheway, KC9ONY, Single copy $6.99. U.S. Government Agencies: Subscriptions to
(262) 421-6351. Email: <swapfest@ozaukeeradioclub.org>. Website: <http://ozaukeeradioclub.org>. Talk-in 146.91 (PL 127.3). CQ are available to agencies of the United States government
including military services, only on a cash with order basis.
MAY Requests for quotations, bids, contracts., etc. will be refused and
will not be returned or processed. Entire contents copyrighted
SANDWICH, ILLINOIS — The Kishwaukee Amateur Radio Club will hold The Dekalb Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., 2022 by CQ Communications, Inc. CQ does not assume respon-
Sunday, May 1 at the Sandwich Fairgrounds, 1401 Suydam Road. Contact” Bob Yurs, W9ICU, (815) 757-3219. Email: sibility for unsolicited manuscripts. Allow six weeks for change of
<w9icu@arrl.net>. Website: <www.karc-club.org>. Talk-in 146.730 (PL 100). address.
XENIA, OHIO — The Dayton Amateur Radio Association will hold the Dayton Hamvention from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Friday,
May 21; 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Saturday, May 22; and from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., Sunday, March 22 at the Greene County Fairgrounds, Printed in the U.S.A.
120 Fairgrounds Road. Phone: (937) 276-6930. Email: <info@hamvention.org>. Website: <http://hamvention.org>. Talk-in POSTMASTER: Send address changes to:
146.940- (PL 123) or 146.985- (PL 123). VE exams, special event station W8BI. CQ Amateur Radio, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782
2• CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

HAM RADIO NEWS
Ham Radio in Ukraine Shut Down in Face of other related activities.” This fee would be on top of rental fees
Russian Invasion already collected. The League asked that amateur radio facili-
An emergency declaration by the government of Ukraine enact- ties be exempted on the basis of the service’s statutory non-
ed as Russian forces began their invasion in late February commercial status, the fact that amateurs maintain their own
included “a ban on the operation of amateur radio transmitters facilities and the public service provided by amateur radio dur-
for personal and collective use,” according to the ARRL Letter. ing fires, search-and-rescue operations, and other critical activ-
The initial emergency order was issued for a 30-day period on ities on Forest Service lands. The comment period extends
February 24th and could be extended as circumstances require. through March 31st.
Nonetheless, CQ has heard reports of amateurs sending out
information via Echolink and of Polish hams sending messages 3YØJ Bouvet DXpedition Shaping Up for
to relatives on behalf of Ukrainian refugees who sought shelter Next January
in Poland. The organizers of the much-anticipated 3YØJ DXpedition to
Bouvet Island have set January 6, 2023, as the date on which
DX Summit Blocking Cluster Spots From Warring they will set sail for the second-most-wanted DX entity.
European Nations / Regions According to the ARRL Letter, the trip will last 44 days, includ-
DX Summit has announced that it is blocking posts from all coun- ing 22 on Bouvet itself. The port of departure is still undecided.
tries and regions involved in the current war in Ukraine, partially The group is planning to operate up to 12 stations simultane-
at the request of the Ukrainian government and partially of its own ously, eight on CW and/or SSB, and four dedicated to FT8.
accord. The following statement was released on March 3rd: Interested DXers may keep track of progress on the expedition’s
A message from the operators of the DX Summit <www. Facebook page, and donations are being accepted via PayPal
dxsummit.fi>: on the group’s support page at <www.3y0j.no/funding>.
A state of emergency was declared in Ukraine just prior to the
Russian military invasion. Among other things, the February 24th Plans Firming Up for Solo DXpedition to Crozet
decree from President Volodymyr Zelenskyy will remain in effect Thierry Mazel, F6CUK, says he expects to arrive on Crozet Island
for at least 30 days and may be extended. The state of emer- for his one-man DXpedition around Christmas, after making stops
gency includes “a ban of amateur radio transmissions.” at other rare islands, including Tromelin. Crozet was last activat-
As per Ukrainian presidential office request, we will be removed on the ham bands in 2009. No callsign has yet been announced
ing the Ukrainian callsigns from the DX Summit. for the operation, and the ARRL Letter says it won’t be announced
DX Summit wants to avoid being an advertising medium for publicly until just prior to the operation in order to minimize poten-
war and war-related messages of any kind. As a result, we see tial problems with pirates. More information is available at
it reasonable to block out all cluster posted messages related <http://crozet2022.r-e-f.org/home.html>.
to this unfortunate event.
In addition, as of this moment, we are also blocking callsigns Milestones: Heil Sound Sold to Employees
and messages posted by hams from the invading countries and
Bob Heil, K9EID, and his wife, Sarah, have sold the company
regions such as Russia, Belarus, and Donetsk (D1).
they founded, Heil Sound, to two longtime employees, Ash Levitt
and Steve Warford. Levitt was already serving as the compa-
BBC Brings Back Shortwave for Ukraine ny’s Chief Executive Officer and Warford was Director of
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is reviving its Operations. Best-known to amateurs for manufacturing high-
European shortwave service in order to provide news and infor- quality microphones, Heil Sound also serves the performance
mation to listeners in Ukraine who may be cut off from internet music industry with a variety of microphones and other gear. An
service but have access to portable shortwave receivers. announcement from the company says that Sarah Heil is retir-
According to the New York Times, the BBC decided to rein- ing but that Bob will remain on board as CEO Emeritus and will
state its shortwave broadcasts to Europe following Russia’s continue doing product design and public outreach in the ham
attack on Kyiv’s main radio and TV transmission tower. “In a radio sector. The only change evident so far is that the compa-
conflict where disinformation and propaganda is rife,” BBC ny’s line of ham radio microphones now has its own distinct web-
Director-General Tim Davie said in a statement, “there is a clear site, <heilhamradio.com>.
need for factual and independent news people can trust.” The
BBC had ended its European shortwave service in 2008. Milestones: WB4APR and K6SSS Are Silent Keys
The Huffington Post reports that the BBC will broadcast World
Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) developer Bob
Service News in English for four hours each day on 5875 and
Bruninga, WB4APR, became a Silent Key in February at age
15735 kHz, frequencies that can be received easily in both
73. According to the ARRL Letter, Bruninga succumbed to a
Ukraine and Russia. The BBC reports that Russia has limited
combination of cancer and Covid-19. In addition to being a pio-
internet access to several international broadcasters, including
neer in packet radio, Bruninga had a long-standing interest in
the BBC, Radio Liberty, and Deutsche Welle.
alternative power sources and was a retired senior research
engineer at the U.S. Naval Academy.
ARRL Seeks Ham Exemption from New Forest CQ Contest Hall of Famer and longtime CQWW DX Contest
Service Fees recordkeeper Fred Capossela, K6SSS, passed away in late
The U.S. Forest Service is proposing a $1,400 annual “com- December. Lifelong friend and fellow DXer and contester Joe
munication facility fee” to be collected from any individual or enti- Reisert, W1JR, recalled riding his bike to Fred’s home in New
ty maintaining a communication facility on Forest Service lands. York in the 1950s, operating with him from Navassa Island in
The ARRL has filed comments requesting that amateur radio 1957 and contesting with him at one of the first contest super-
facilities be exempted from the fees, which it says are being pro- stations, K2GL in upstate New York. Fred was a professor of
posed in response to a 2018 law requiring it to collect fees for marketing and advertising at Cal Poly University in California for
issuing communications use authorizations “based on the cost 30 years before retiring in 2007, the same year in which he was
to the agency for processing the applications, maintenance, and inducted into the CQ Contest Hall of Fame. Fred was 84.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 3

CONTENTS
MARCH 2022 • VOLUME 78 NUMBER 03
8 COVER: 5Z4/HB9DSP:
A HOLIDAY STYLE
DXPEDITION TO KENYA
By Ferdy De Martin, HB9DSP
Ferdy De Martin, HB9DSP, takes a

ham radio vacation in Kenya, set- 12
ting up a minimalist station in his
hotel room and a Spiderbeam wire
antenna on the roof. Bonus: If he
gets achy from all the chair time, he
can get a massage right down-
stairs. Story on page 8. (Cover pho-
tos by Ferdy De Martin, HB9DSP)
FOCUS ON: CQ Reviews three products this month on pages 22 and 51. Our
Take it to the Field shows up early on pages 8 and 12. Plus we have the com-
plete results of our 2021 CQWW RTTY DX contest on pages 17 and 101. 51
FEATURES COLUMNS DEPARTMENTS
12 SOTA FROM THE TOP OF THE 36 MATH’S NOTES: Food For Thought 41 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS:
AMERICAS By Irwin Math, WA2NDM Radio Amateurs Assist Following
CQ Interviews: Diego Lizarraga, 38 THE LISTENING POST: All India Floods and Landslides in Brazil
LU9MZO Radio is Closing Two Sites By Martin Butera, PT2ZDX / LU9EFO
By Martin Butera, PT2ZDX / LU9EFO By Gerry Dexter 78 VHF PLUS: Key Propagation Types
46 LEARNING CURVE: Any Time is for 6 Meters
17 RESULTS OF THE 2021 CQWW
Storm Spotting Time By Trent Fleming, N4DTF
RTTY DX CONTEST
By Chris Tate, N6WM & By Ron Ochu, KOØZ 82 AWARDS: The Holyland Award
Ed Muns, WØYK 51 GORDO’S SHORT CIRCUITS: Program
Quartzfest Proving Ground Results! By Steve Molo, KI4KWR
22 CQ REVIEWS: CHAMELEON Plus: CQ Reviews LDG Z-100A 84 DX: Profile: The Southwest Ohio DX
ANTENNA CHA MPAS 2.0 SYSTEM Automatic Antenna Tuner & Heil Association
As a Chameleon Can Change its Sound Parametric Receive Audio By Bob Schenck, N2OO &
Colors, So Can the CHA MPAS 2.0 System Equalizer
Bill Salyers, AJ8B & Tom Inglun,
Antenna System to Match its Portable By Gordon West, WB6NOA
NR8Z
Operations Needs. ZS1ML Put It To 57 KIT-BUILDING: Things That Really
the Test in Field 89 CONTESTING: WPX Contest
Suck (Solder)
By Martin Lubbe, ZS1ML Strategies
By Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB
By Tim Shoppa, N3QE
29 THE BIG KNOB: AN OBITUARY 60 HAM NOTEBOOK: What’s On the 94 PROPAGATION: The Magic of
K1KP Laments the Loss of the Workbench Shortwave
Big Knob By Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ By Tomas Hood, NW7US
By Tony Brock-Fisher, K1KP 65 DIGITAL CONNECTION: NinoTNC
34 CQ CLASSIC: The Debut / Return of and Keyboarding in Packet ... Going
“Scratchi” Old-School on VHF and Above 2 ANNOUNCEMENTS
“Scratchi” (March 1947) By Don Rotolo, N2IRZ 3 HAM RADIO NEWS
By George Floyd, W6OJK (SK) 69 MF/LF OPERATING: Early Season
6 ZERO BIAS
Notables for 630 and 2200 Meters
101 COMPLETE LINE SCORES OF THE By John Langridge, KB5NJD 7 NEWS BYTES
2021 CQWW RTTY DX CONTEST 28 SPURIOUS SIGNALS
75 HAM RADIO EXPLORER: HF
How Did You Do? Activities for Technician Class 110 LOOKING AHEAD
By Ed Muns, WØYK Licenses
112 HAM SHOP
By Anthony Luscre, K8ZT
ZERO BIAS: A CQ Editorial
BY RICH MOSESON,* W2VU
When it Doesn’t Work …
Help Wanted – EmComm Editor gestions directly from the kit’s designer. And that’s pretty
We are still looking for a new Emergency Communications wonderful, too.
Editor. N8BHL has had to step down due to family issues. If The last and perhaps coolest option is user groups, gen-
you can write reasonably well, have first-hand EmComm erally focused either on a specific radio or a specific manu-
knowledge and experience to share, as well as good con- facturer’s radios. Sometimes these are sponsored by the
tacts in the emergency communications community and the manufacturer; other times, they are independent. They may
time to develop and write a monthly column, please drop me or may not have someone from the manufacturer tuning in
a note at <w2vu@cq-amateur-radio.com>. Thanks – W2VU and offering suggestions. Here, you will find other hams who
have built your radio and who can point you toward finding
solutions to your problem(s), because there’s a very good
M
ore and more hams are building stuff again, and that’s chance that one or more people in the group have experi-
wonderful. Many kits are easy for the less-experienced the same issue and figured out how to fix it. These
enced builder to construct, with excellent instruc- groups are also very educational, with members sharing tips
tions, pre-mounted surface-mount components and, in some and techniques as well as answering specific questions
cases, pre-wound toroids. Plus, the state of microprocessor about the project in question. You can also make new friends
technology today is such that, once completed, these are with common interests in building and in your particular radio,
extremely capable transceivers with many features previ- sometimes even within visiting distance. And yes, that’s pret-
ously found only on much more expensive, commercially built ty wonderful, too. (The only negative I’ve seen is that the
radios. And that’s wonderful. most active groups can get very busy and can quickly fill up
But here’s a problem, as any experienced builder will tell your inbox with questions and answers that don’t necessar-
you (and it’s not so wonderful): When you build something ily relate to your specific problem.)
from a kit (or from scratch), it doesn’t always work! Most often, One more possible avenue — and I’d like your input on this
it’s due to a construction error rather than a defect in a com- — would be the addition of a quarterly “Troubleshooting Tips”
ponent, so there is rarely a one-size-fits-all fix for a given column here in CQ. Obviously, it would have to be some-
problem. And if, like me, you’re better at soldering than trou- what general in nature, but many steps in the troubleshoot-
bleshooting, it can be very frustrating. Personally, I have ing process are similar regardless of the project, as well as
three fully built transceiver kits sitting in my shack waiting for useful tools and techniques for helping you along. Please let
me to figure out how to figure out why they aren’t working. me know if you’d find such a column to be helpful; and def-
Or more accurately, waiting for me to have time to figure out initely let me know if you would be interested in writing such
how to figure out why they aren’t working … because there a column in the future.
are ways, and they all revolve around our wonderful ham The bottom line is this — and I need to read it to myself when
radio community. I’m finished writing it — when you hit a wall in building a new
If you have a local ham friend who’s a talented trou- radio and getting it on the air, there is no need to have three
bleshooter, or can hook up with someone from a nearby club, fully built transceiver kits (or even one) sitting in your shack
that’s usually your best bet. Getting in-person coaching can waiting for you to figure out how to figure out why they aren’t
help you learn to track down and fix problems by yourself in working. The worldwide community of radio amateurs —
the future (and maybe even help someone else!). always willing to help, always willing to share expertise — is
It used to be that those were pretty much your only options. out there waiting for you, whether it’s in person, on the phone,
But the internet and smart phones have opened up several online, or even on the air. And that’s pretty wonderful!
new possibilities. One of these, and my favorite, is the non- Speaking of which, we’ve got another pretty wonderful
local friend. Using the camera in your phone and text, email, issue here for you. As usual, we bring you news of ham radio
or video chatting, your friend can look at your work and give adventures and activities all over the world, from a Summits
you suggestions, often in real time. It helps if your friend can on the Air operation on the highest mountain peak in the
download the instruction manual and / or schematic for your Americas and a DXpedition in Kenya to a report on hams
kit. I have a couple of friends to whom I turn fairly regularly providing emergency communications in response to floods
for help and they’re always glad to assist if they have the and landslides in Brazil. We’ve also got three CQ Reviews
time. It’s not quite as good as sitting down in the same room in this issue — the Chameleon Antennas CHA MPAS 2.0
with the person, but it comes close. You could even do this system, the LDG Z-100A automatic tuner, and the Heil Sound
the old-fashioned way … on the radio! Parametric Receive Audio System (PRAS) equalizer. And of
The next option is the manufacturer’s support page. This course, since this is March, we’ve got the results of the 2021
varies widely between manufacturers, depending on their CQ World Wide DX RTTY Contest. There’s much more,
size and budget. A big company is more likely to be able to including a look at 10-meter operating privileges for
hire one or more technical support people than a mom-and- Technician Class hams as the sunspot cycle is waking up,
pop business operating out of a garage. Still, you might be and KØNEB’s Kit-Building column, which this month looks
surprised if you reach out. In some cases, you’ll get sug- at tools for desoldering when you make a mistake on a con-
struction project. Gotta get me a few more of those!
– 73 and spring is on its way!
*Email: <w2vu@cq-amateur-radio.com> Rich, W2VU

NEWS BYTES
Having a Blast on the Sun!
A huge solar flare extending millions of
miles into space was photographed by the
NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)
Solar Orbiter spacecraft on February 15th.
According to ESA, the photo represents
the largest solar flare ever observed in a
single image together with the full disc of
the sun. A flare consists of a dense con-
centration of solar plasma that is released
into space by the breakdown of a “solar
prominence,” which ESA describes as a
large structure “made of tangled magnet-
ic field lines that keep dense concentra-
tions of solar plasma suspended above
the Sun’s surface and often take the form
of arching loops.”
If directed toward Earth, the plasma
blast can disrupt radio communica-
tions and — if strong enough — dam-
age satellites and even damage elec-
trical grids on the surface. (A flare can
also result in stronger than usual auro-
ras, a boon to weak-signal VHF enthu-
siasts.) This flare, fortunately, was
directed away from the Earth, but the
rising sunspot cycle is likely to result in This photo by the ESA / NASA Solar Orbiter spacecraft on February 15, 2022, is
more flares as solar activity “heats up” the largest solar prominence eruption ever observed in a single image together with
over the next few years. the full disc of the sun. (European Space Agency photo)

It started as a radio vacation to East Africa … and ended up with a twist to
remind us that, at its core, ham radio is a people hobby.
5Z4/HB9DSP: A Holiday Style

DXpedition to Kenya
BY FERDY DE MARTIN,* HB9DSP
Photo A. The author’s QSL card (front and back) from his “holiday-style” DXpedition to Kenya as 5Z4/HB9DSP (All pho-
tos courtesy of the author)
I
t started with an on-air friendship …
At the beginning of 2020, I got to
know Geoffrey Chege, 5Z4BU, via
the airwaves. We got on well and then
exchanged many messages via
WhatsApp. One day, a bit out of curios-
ity, I asked him if it was possible for a
Swiss operator to be active from Kenya.
Geoffrey inquired and a few days later
I received a positive response and a
PDF with the procedure to follow and
the documents to provide to the Kenyan
authorities. The steps seemed simple,
so I decided to organize a ‘‘holiday style
DXpedition’’ for the end of 2021. A first
for me!
Obtaining the License

The Communication Authority of Kenya
requests a license in the form of an
international document called HAREC
(Harmonized Amateur Radio Exami-
nation Certificate). OFCOM Switzer-
land graciously provided it to me. In
addition to the certificate, I added a pho-
tocopy of my passport, a copy of my
amateur radio ID card as well as their
Photo B. Traveling light, with an ICOM IC-7300 transceiver, Heil Pro7 Headset,
* <ferdy@toprun.ch> and a small laptop running Ham Radio Deluxe.

finally able to land in Nairobi early in the
morning on January 18, 2022. A domes-
tic flight dropped me off in Malindi at the
end of the morning, where the owner of
the hotel was waiting for me. Two hours
later, the station was installed on the
very large terrace of my bungalow,
beautifully located in a tropical garden
near the ocean (Photo C), with direct
access to the roof where I was able to
fix the Spiderbeam mast (Photo D) with
the help of John, one of the gardeners
(John climbs along the trunks of
coconut trees, more than 25 meters, or
80 feet, high, with disconcerting agility).
After a few CQs on 20 meters, I received
the first report, “5/9 from Namibia.
Thank you, V51MA.”
Africa Calling
I was able to enjoy many hours of radio
traffic, alternating with walks around
Malindi (Photo E) and a little rest on the
beach (Photo F). The propagation con-
ditions were very variable. In general,
the first hours of the morning were ded-
icated to FT8 digital traffic on 20 and 15,
with stations in Japan responding en
masse (Photo G) and, according to the
information received, had their anten-
nas turned to the ‘‘long path,’’ which is
a distance of 30,000 kilometers (18,640
miles) from Kenya! Not bad for 30 watts
into a simple loop antenna.
In the afternoon, a few rare openings
on 10 meters gave me some nice
QSOs with South Africa and Europe.
The rest of the traffic was on 15 meters,
with impressive signals from Indo-
Photo C. The loop antenna was installed on the roof of the bungalow. My room nesia, Brunei, Thailand, and even
with its large terrace is just above the massage parlor! Australia, as well as several QSOs with
California (Thanks to Dick, W6KH, for
form, duly completed and validated by Even the choice of the aviation company his patience).
a notary. Everything was sent by regis- was hypothetical. After many changes The evenings were relatively calm,
tered mail to Nairobi. Three weeks later, and cancellations, the only company that with the exception of very good contacts
I received my authorization with the call- guaranteed me the destination was with Reunion Island, the Seychelles, and
sign 5Z4/HB9DSP (Photo A). So, it was Qatar Airlines, with a Zurich-to-Doha-to- South Sudan. The most beautiful radio
time to plan my trip! Nairobi flight and the possibility of taking moments were at the end of the evening
In the ’90s, I lived and worked in Kenya two 23-kilogram (50-pound) pieces of between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m., with impres-
for the International Committee of the luggage, perfect for bringing a suitcase sive pileups on 20-meter SSB with North
Red Cross. At that time, we regularly and a Snowboard bag containing the America. I received S9 +10 and +20
went to a hotel in Malindi on the shores antenna. reports from New Caledonia, the Carib-
of the Indian Ocean. This bungalow For this first radio expedition, I chose bean and North America, while keeping
hotel, the Scorpio Villas, still exists. I to travel with a minimum of equipment in mind that my transmit power was only
contacted the owners, Italians, who (Photo B). I took my faithful ICOM IC- 100 watts on SSB.
responded positively to my request to 7300 and before leaving, I built a loop
install an antenna on the roof of a bun- antenna for 20, 15, and 10 meters, fixed An Unlikely Coincidence
galow, and the most important piece of on a telescopic fiberglass mast from
As noted at the beginning of this story,
the trip was in place. Spiderbeam.
Geoffrey, 5Z4BU, was of essential help
in the organization of this expedition. He
COVID and Travel Hakuna Matata Kenya (No lives in an isolated place and has mod-
In this period of Covid, it is difficult to find Problem in Kenya) est equipment. Without a computer, he
non-contradictory information on the My trip, originally scheduled for Decem- keeps a handwritten logbook. Shortly
health situation and to choose travel ber 2021, had to be postponed several before my departure, I bought a second-
dates with total certainty of feasibility. times for quarantine reasons. I was hand laptop to take with me to Kenya

with the intention of giving it to Geoffrey before my return to in a small restaurant and there I gave him the promised equip-
Switzerland. ment (Photo I). Geoffrey was happy, his enthusiasm was very
During my stay, I was contacted by Emre, HZ1ES, who contagious, we contacted Emre by video call and celebrat-
asked me if I would agree to leave my transmitter with a ed this friendship virtually!
Kenyan amateur radio friend named Geoffrey. The coinci- Emre and I are not rich people, from very different cultures,
dence was extraordinary. We were talking about the same but we have the same motivation and desire to help a col-
radio amateur. I contacted Emre by phone and finalized a league because we are all linked by a wonderful hobby —
deal, following which Emre contacted Geoffrey and told THE RADIO! We are very happy to have been able to make
him the news that he was going to be the owner of an ICOM
IC-7300!
Geoffrey, accompanied by his wife and two of his daugh-
ters, traveled seven hours by bus to meet me at Nairobi air-
port just before I took off for Switzerland (Photo H). We met
Photo D. The 13-meter-high (42+ feet) Spiderbeam fiber-

glass mast was mounted with one full-wave loop for 20 Photo F. On safari along the Indian Ocean, looking toward
meters, plus one for 15 and another for 10 meters. Somalia.
Photo E. Operating time alternated with visiting the town Photo G. Early morning pileup with JA stations on 20-meter
of Malindi and going to the beach. This is the Malindi fruit FT8.
market.
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Photo I. Handing over my equipment to Geoffrey, 5Z4BU. See text for the unique-
ly ham radio way in which this came about. Phone: 760-744-0700
Toll-Free: 800-737-2787
this donation and thus help a passionate radio amateur. We encourage other radio (Orders only) 800-RF PARTS
amateurs to take similar steps.
Website: www.rfparts.com
Out of Africa Fax: 760-744-1943
The economic situation in Kenya is very difficult, especially on the coast, which 888-744-1943
depends heavily on tourism. The hotels are always open but the tourists do not
come. The health crisis is taken very seriously in Kenya. The population respects Email: rfp@rfparts.com
health constraints, social distancing, wearing a mask, etc. I can only encourage
anyone who wishes to visit this country!
The Scorpio Villas hotel is a perfect place for radio activity; the management is
ready to implement everything possible to facilitate the establishment of your radio
activity. Contact me if you want more information. I will gladly advise any radio
amateur who wishes to be active from Kenya. It was a wonderful experience that
I want to repeat. – 73 and Jambo! 5Z4/HB9DSP

PT2ZDX/LU9EFO interviews ham mountaineer Diego Lizarraga, LU9MZO,
who recently became the first radio amateur to make HF, VHF, and UHF
contacts from the top of Cerro Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the
Western Hemisphere.
SOTA From the Top of the Americas

CQ Interviews: Diego Lizarraga, LU9MZO
BY MARTIN BUTERA,* PT2ZDX/LU9EFO

PHOTOS BY DIEGO LIZARRAGA, LU9MZO
T
oday, I will tell you the story of Diego Lizarraga,
LU9MZO, after his Summits on the Air (SOTA) activa-
tion of Aconcagua, a colossus rising 6,961 meters Mountaineer
(22,838 feet) above sea level and the highest peak in the Diego Lizarraga,
Western Hemisphere. It is very important for me to write this LU9MZO, hours
article as an Argentine now living in Brazil, and to get in touch before reaching
with a colleague from my country, who achieved an incred- the summit of
ible feat. the Western
Diego Lizarraga is a 38-year-old physical education Hemisphere’s
teacher, mountaineer, and radio amateur who has set the highest peak.
(Photos by
* Email: <martin_butera@yahoo.com.ar> LU9MZO)
LU9MZO beginning his dream of making SOTA contacts from the peak of Aconcagua.

SOTA world record for high-altitude transmission on HF. The
key date was January 10, 2022, when Lizarraga managed to
transmit “El Aconcagua” from the highest peak in the
Americas on 40 meters. (Aconcagua was first activated for
SOTA in 2019 by Polish amateur LU/SQ9FVE, but all of his
five contacts were made on 2-meter FM.)
El Aconcagua
Aconcagua is a mountain located in the department of Las
Heras, in the province of Mendoza, in the west of the
Argentine Republic. It is part of the Cordillera Principal, which
is a component of the Andes mountain range. At precisely
6,960.8 m.s.n.m (meters above sea level, or 22,509.19 feet),
it is the highest peak in both the Southern and Western
Hemispheres, and the highest anywhere outside the
Himalayan system in Asia. (By comparison, the highest peak
in North America, Mt. Denali in Alaska, rises “only” 20,308
feet — or 6190 meters — above sea level. –ed).
Diego had previously climbed to the summit of Aconcagua,
four years ago, but only as a mountaineer and on that occa-
sion, he could only be there for five minutes, since he suffered
from frostbite in his hands and had to go down quickly.
This time, he was able to stay long enough to set up his
ham station and make a total of 64 QSOs as LU9MZO/M, 33
Arriving at the base camp “Confluencia” at 3,400 meters on VHF, 16 on UHF, and 15 on HF. All contacts were in voice
(11,155 feet) above sea level modes, SSB on HF on 7.200 MHz; and FM on 146.520 MHz
and 432.500 MHz.
A fan of mountaineering, it was precisely thanks to the
SOTA program (Summits On The Air), that Diego found the
union of two activities: mountaineering and ham radio.
About SOTA
For those who are not familiar with the SOTA program, its
main purpose is to promote the activity of amateur radio from
summits, hills and mountains in all the DXCC countries.
You can participate in three modalities: Activator who
climbs the mountain and performs the activation, then as a
hunter, who tries to contact a summit from his QTH and final-
ly the SWL / BCL (radio-listener) can also participate, scor-
ing the contacts between the two.
The rules are very simple: The operation must be carried
out without the help of motorized vehicles; the summit may
be reached only by bicycle or on foot.
Each mountain is assigned between 1 and 10 points,
depending on its altitude or degree of difficulty. All the equip-
ment must be carried by the operator(s) and only battery oper-
ation is permitted. Contacts by terrestrial repeaters are not
valid.
To validate an activity on the mountain, a minimum of four
QSOs is required and QSOs with other companions on the
top are not valid.
There are different awards and trophies for activators,
hunters, and listeners. More complete information can be
found on the site <www.sota.org.uk>.
Previous Activations
Diego had already been breaking SOTA records before
climbing Aconcagua. With more than 50 activations prior to
this feat, he already held two important records:
On Sunday, November 7, 2021, he made 11 SSB contacts
on 40 meters with colleagues from six Argentine provinces
from the top of Cerro Lomas Amarillas at 5,116 meters
(16,785 feet) above sea level.
Arriving at the base camp “Plaza de Mulas” at 4,300 meters That mark was surpassed 14 days later, on November 21st,
(14,107 feet) above sea level. when he completed his third ascent to the summit of Cerro

Diego set up his antenna at the base camps to test his radio system as he climbed higher.
At one of the last base camps, the ground is already covered with snow as climbers hike closer to the summit.

Plata at 5,949 meters (19,517 feet) above sea level, increas- LU9MZO: It was an enormous happiness, like the first time
ing his previous record by 833 meters, or 2,733 feet. You can there is no other. (Unfortunately,) I could only be there for 5
see a nice video on Diego’s channel, with photos and videos minutes, because I began to have symptoms of frostbite in
of this activation, at <https://youtu.be/ilNz3lUN2ek>. After set- my hands and I had to go down quickly.
ting these two marks, the challenge was set to transmit from CQ: How long did it take you to make this second ascent?
1,012 meters (3,320 feet) higher, on the top of Aconcagua. LU9MZO: I entered the Aconcagua Provincial Park on
For this ascent, his HF radio backpack design was very January 2nd and reached the summit on January 10th.
important. As I mentioned earlier, Diego previously climbed CQ: What was the hardest thing you had to go through in
Aconcagua in 2018, but could only spend 5 minutes at the those climbing days?
summit due to the freezing of his hands. So during his prepa- LU9MZO: Well, I always say that the most difficult thing is
rations, he paid a lot of attention to putting together a system not to go up, but to go down, because that is where the most
that allows him to be on the air in less than 2 minutes. That accidents occur, because after reaching the summit you give
is how he developed what he calls “Mochi-Sota,” currently everything, you put your energy to the maximum and then
composed of a Xiegu G1M G-Core SDR QRP transceiver, when you go down you are already very exhausted. and any
and a delta loop antenna; for VHF and UHF contacts, he used misstep can be nothing more and nothing less than death.
a classic Baofeng brand handheld. CQ: How does it feel to be at such an altitude?
In a video in Spanish on his YouTube channel <https://
tinyurl.com/33vrx383>, you can see an explanation of his sys-
tem, in which he previously used another transmitter that was The Seven Summits
replaced by the Xiegu, due to its minimal size and weight. The highest mountains on each of the continents are known
as the Seven Summits. The first climber to reach the tops
Interview with LU9MZO of all these mountains was the American Richard Bass,
I had an opportunity to interview Diego after his return from from 1983 to 1985. Reaching the top of them all is consid-
Aconcagua. Here are some excerpts: ered one of the greatest challenges in mountaineering.
CQ: Diego, when did you start dreaming of climbing the Everest (Asia): 8,848 meters / 29,029 feet
highest mountain in America and when did this idea really Aconcagua (South America): 6,961 meters / 22,838 feet
materialize? Mount Denali (North America): 6,190 meters / 20,308 feet
LU9MZO: From a very young age I always dreamed of Kilimanjaro (Africa): 5,895 meters / 19,340.5 feet
climbing, as I define it, to the “roof of America,” and that idea Elbrus (Europe): 5,642 meters / 18,510.5 feet
began to materialize in 2016, two years before my first ascent. Mount Vinson (Antarctica): 4,897 meters / 16,066 feet
CQ: What memories do you have of that first ascent as a Mount Jaya (Oceania): 4,884 meters / 16,024 feet
mountaineer?

Diego Lizarraga, LU9MZO, at the summit of Aconcagua,
This is how Diego woke up, the day he climbed to the top of sharing the world height record in a SOTA activity and mak-
the summit, with his tent full of snow. ing the first HF contacts from that altitude.
LU9MZO: Being so high, your blood is very pasty, to which CQ: Are you looking forward to a new summit, for example
dehydration is added, because there it is very difficult to con- Everest?
sume liquid, it is difficult for the blood to circulate. Despite going LU9MZO: I think I’m more for a third summit on Aconcagua
up in the summer season, you have to try to move all the time, than trying to climb Everest. Anyway, I never lose the ability
you practically can’t stop because if you don’t (move,) you to dream, that’s why I don’t rule out that possibility either,
freeze. For this reason, there are several base camps on the although the economic conditions in that case are crucial for
ascent route where you can rest and acclimatize as you go up. an expedition. It can be between $40,000 and $50,000,
CQ: I know that you were also the protagonist of a very strong something that is very far from my budget.
emotion that you had to face. Do you want to talk about it or Perhaps something that could be interesting for me now is
is it still very traumatic? to be able to help other fellow mountaineers from the United
LU9MZO: Surely you are referring to the fact that I had to States, Europe, or Japan, for example, so that they can come
see a mountaineer who was dead just 80 meters from reach- in the summer season to Argentina and try to help them carry
ing the top. Without a doubt it was a very strong emotion and out a SOTA activity on El Aconcagua. My data is in QRZ.com,
I am sorry for all his relatives. In these circumstances there and those who are interested can contact me.
is not much (you can) do. I immediately notified the Mountain
Rescue and Assistance Patrol (UPRAM) of the Mendoza
Police via VHF radio. Great Videos
Later I found out that he was a former soldier who had decid- I share here two very exciting videos of this feat. The first
ed to climb alone, so I always recommend practicing this <https://youtu.be/gDZPUUbqidY> is a video of a group of
sport in a group. He was the first death of the year 2022 that Chilean ham radio operators who were waiting for Diego to
Aconcagua had claimed. reach the summit, and you can hear Diego’s cry, “I’m at the
Aconcagua has the highest mortality rate in South America, summit!”
approximately three deaths per year. This is due to the fact that Finally, a video edited by Diego himself on his YouTube
it is possible to achieve the ascent with relative ease, (and) channel, lasting approximately 15 minutes, with photos
people without the proper physical preparation present them- and videos that document this feat <https://youtu.be/
selves to make the attempt. Climbers and mountaineers often uiixXFm5i7k>. At 08:50 you can see Diego making his first
pass out from altitude sickness and extreme weather changes, contact on HF, tremendously excited and crying with emo-
with strong winds as a result of the mountain’s proximity to the tion. (Ed. note: I highly recommend watching these great
Pacific Ocean and often freeze to death. videos, and don’t worry if you don’t know Spanish — the
Since records began in 1926, more than 100 people have pictures are worth several thousand words in any lan-
died on Aconcagua. guage! –W2VU)

Results of the 2021
CQWW RTTY DX Contest
BY CHRIS TATE,* N6WM & ED MUNS,# WØYK
T
wo years of pandemic-related Krzysztof, SP7GIQ, took the Assisted operators have gravitated to these
cancelled efforts, restricted travel High-Power trophy as SN7Q, and Bud, competitions that put razor focus on a
rules reducing contest expedition AA3B, continued his streak of contest- single band from open to close, and
potential, and rapid-track remote solu- ing excellence with a very respectable many others taking on these cate-
tion deployment in stations around the overall score and top North American gories for fun. With both assisted and
world finally began to change the oper- spot and second overall. unassisted for each band, as well as
ating landscape in the 2021 CQ World The Low-Power, All-Band competition three power levels, there is lots of
Wide RTTY DX Contest. Some well- is a great battleground and often gets action out there! Check the line scores
known multi-operator stations were a bit of a kick with some enhanced for complete coverage.
able to safely staff up while remote oper- upper band propagation. Yuri, VE3DZ,
ations that were experimental before put his amazing antenna farm to use Multi-Operator Single
have become more robust and their as XM7T, taking the unassisted trophy. Transmitter
operators more experienced. This was In the assisted category, CR6K (Filipe, This category always has fierce com-
complemented with the first hints of CT1ILT) really cleaned house noting a petition with the top entrants producing
improving propagation due to the emer- very hot 15-meter band, something huge scores. The notable performance
gence of Solar Cycle 25, which provid- many operators echoed. TM3Z here in the High-Power category was
ed for an interesting competition that (F4DSK) was not terribly far behind. the six-operator contest group from
was transitional in nature. Note, I do an Dimitri raved about the meal trays he Slovakia, the CR3DX team who com-
overall look at some races as part of the was provided during his adventure in fortably sits on top by more than 3 mil-
story; however, please check the line the Low Power Assisted category, lion points ahead of the next highest-
scores on page X for complete results even stating it gave new meaning to scoring challenger. In the Low-Power
as there are regional triumphs and chal- the assisted category. category, the trophy was won by an
lenges that are worth the look. With that K2YG took the trophy for Unassisted extremely narrow margin by NP3DX,
said, let’s delve into the 2021 running of All-Band QRP category from New rising above some challenges with a
the CQWW RTTY DX contest. Jersey, and YU1A, a QRP contesting remote operation from Puerto Rico.
enthusiast, took the top spot in Assisted. Congrats to the team of Alfredo, WP3C;
Single-Operator, All-Band Paul, WP3TT; and Gary, W2VQ.
Categories Single-Operator Single-Band
ZF1A (op. W9KKN) once again has Categories Muti-Operator Two Transmitter
taken the trophy in the Unassisted High- Single-Operator, Single-Band cate- There was an exciting horse race on
Power category. Bill ran into some prob- gories have become serious competi- each side of the Atlantic as the five-per-
lems with amplifiers as well as some tion for many, and many well-known son Netherlands team PI4COM edged
sleep deprivation challenges during his
remote operation from the Silicon Valley
into Grand Cayman but managed to TOP SCORES IN VERY ACTIVE ZONES
stay on top of the overall competition.
Randy, K5ZD, turned in another star Zone 3 Zone 14 Zone 20
W7RN (WK6I)......2,367,780 LC3A (LB8IB) ......2,935,862 LZ5R (LZ5DB) .....1,227,954
performance and really closed the gap KU1CW ...............1,335,438 HB9TOC..............1,557,336 4Z5LY..................1,191,396
with ZF1A in the final results compared AJ6V.......................673,010 *ON5GQ .................968,436 YPØC .....................977,637
to claimed scores to take the top U.S. *AK6A.....................466,100 ON6MX...................878,576 *P3AA (RN3QO).....881,778
position. I recommend reading Bill’s W7YAQ ..................415,576 OZ9GA ...................842,710 *TA7I ......................654,081
writeup on 3830 scores, particularly his
comments about the online scoreboard Zone 4 Zone 15 Zone 25
ACØC ..................2,718,308 SO9I (SQ9ORQ) .3,102,540 *JS1OYN ................639,111
<https://tinyurl.com/3jz4ccfn>. Real- *XM3T (VE3DZ) ..2,333,760 OK2SFP ..............1,105,188 *JI1RXQ .................607,590
time score tracking is with us now AG4W..................1,421,625 IV3SKB...................878,080 JH7QXJ ..................607,476
should we choose to use it, and we are N8BJQ....................931,381 OK7W (OK1CID) ....722,102 JA1OVD .................570,713
all working on finding out ways to have VE6BBP .................851,070 *OE2E (OE2GEN) ..660,222 HL2WA ...................481,459
it benefit our operations and understand
how it can provide challenges as well. Zone 5 Zone 16 *Low Power
K5ZD ...................4,002,182 EMØI (UT2IZ)......2,808,450
K2ZW (JO1RUR).3,168,650 *UY5VA ..................905,170
W4GO .................1,836,570 *UT5EPP ................759,696
*KU2M .................1,634,232 EU4E ......................752,332
* Email: <n6wm@largeradio.org> W3LL ...................1,438,950 EW8DX...................706,256
# Email: <ed@w0yk.com>

2021 CQWW RTTY TROPHY WINNERS AND DONORS
SINGLE OPERATOR HIGH POWER
World: Sponsored by Yankee Clipper Contest Club, Winner: ZF1A (op: Bill Fehring, W9KKN)
DC12 GO-BOX SERIES New Cayman Islands Record
Europe: Sponsored by ARI – Italian Radioamateur Association in memory of Franco Fanti, I4LCF, Winner: SO9I
(op: Przemyslaw Balcerzak, SQ9ORQ)
North America: Sponsored by Dick Wilson, K6LRN & Carolyn Wilson, K6TKD, Winner: Robby Robertson, HP3SS
USA: Sponsored by Kevin Rowett, K6TD, Winner: Randy Thompson, K5ZD
USA – 7th Call Area: Sponsored by Hank Lonberg, KR7X, Winner: W7RN (op: Jeff Stai, WK6I)
South America: Sponsored by John Lockhart, WØDC, Winner: ZX2B (op: Wanderly Ferreira Gomes, PY2MNL)
Asia: Sponsored by Hajime Kato, JO1RUR, Winner: Yuri Kurinyi, RG9A
MITY GO-BOX Japan: Sponsored by Hajime Kato, JO1RUR, Winner: Koetsu Sato, JH7QXJ
9 to 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery
Powerpole Port - DVM - USB Charger SINGLE OPERATOR LOW POWER
World: Sponsored by Rich Cady, N1IXF, Winner: XM3T (op: Yuri Onipko, VE3DZ)
Europe: Sponsored by Jeff Demers, N1SNB, Winner: Bernard Backaert, ON5GQ
USA: Sponsored by Kevin Rowett, K6TD, Winner: Peter Bizlewicz, KU2M New W2 Record
SINGLE OPERATOR QRP

World: Sponsored by Kevin der Kinderen, N4TT, Winner: Dave Barr, K2YG
USA / Canada / Mexico High Score: Sponsored by Kevin der Kinderen, N4TT, Winner: W6QU
MAX GO-BOX (op: Bill Parker, W8QZA)
12 to 50 Ah Bioenno LiFePO4 Battery SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED HIGH POWER

Powerpole Port - DVM - USB Charger World: Sponsored by IGRY – Interest Group RTTY, Winner: SN7Q (op: Krzysztof Sobon, SP7GIQ)
New Poland Record
Europe: Sponsored by Dimitri Cosson, F4DSK, Winner: 9A5Y (op. Vedran Carapovic, 9A7DX)
Available with a 9 Ah to 50 Ah Bioenno
New Croatia Record
Power Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. North America: Sponsored by John Webster, NN1SS, Winner: Alan Fields, KP4/K6DTT New Puerto Rico Record
Direct solar panel input to built-in MPPT USA: Sponsored by Bud Governale, W3LL, Winner: Bud Trench, AA3B
solar charge controller, 150 or 300 watts. Asia: Sponsored by Lakshman “Lucky” Bijanki, VU2LBW, Winner: Masa Okano, JH4UYB
Powerpole and Automotive type outlet; SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED LOW POWER
USB QC3.0 fast charger and DVM. Rain World: Sponsored by Jim Barron, WB5AAA, Winner: CR6K (op: Filipe Lopes, CT1ILT) New Portugal Record
tight and ready to go for your emergency Europe: Sponsored by Pat Moyer, W3RGA, Winner: TM3Z (op: Dimitri Cosson, F4DSK) New France Record
power requirements. South America: Sponsored by Pat Moyer, W3RGA, Winner: Marco Hardmeier, PY7ZC
SINGLE OPERATOR SINGLE BAND

CHARGED - READY TO GO World 28 MHz Assisted High Power: Sponsored by Los Idóneos, Winner: Daniel Bernal, LU1DX
World 21 MHz High Power: Sponsored by Steve “Sid” Caesar, NH7C, Winner: CR6T (op: Antonio Rui Sousa
(866) 747-5277 Santos, CT1ESV) New Portugal Record
World 21 MHz Assisted High Power: Sponsored by Los Idóneos, Winner: LO5D (op: Manu Siebert, LU9ESD)
World 14 MHz High Power: Sponsored by Standa Kostal, OK7W, Winner: Victor Petcherkin, N8OO
New W5 Record
DITS and DAHS North America 14 MHz Low Power: Sponsored by Patrick W. Soileau, ND5C, Winner: Amed Santana Gonzalez,
CO2AME New NA Record
World 7 MHz High Power: Sponsored by John Webster, NN1SS, Winner: OK7W (op: Stanislav Kostal, OK1CID)
A B C 's of Morse Code Operating
The A New World Record
B C
Europe 7 MHz Low Power: Sponsored by John Webster, NN1SS, Winner: OK6T (op: Martin Bohadlo, OK1WCF)
BY ED TOBIAS, KR3E New Europe Record
OVERLAY CATEGORY
This small by solid guide
Rookie – Europe: Sponsored by Bavarian Contest Club, Winner: Jose Antonio Montero, EA4HKF
is the perfect read for
those interested in MULTI-OPERATOR, SINGLE-TRANSMITTER HIGH POWER
learning or improving World: Sponsored by PL259 Contest Club courtesy of K6TD, Winner: CR3DX (ops: CT3DZ, CT3EN, CT9ABN
CQ operating techniques! (OM3RM), CT9ABO (OM3GI), CT9ABT (OM7LW), OM2KW) New Madeira Islands Record
USA: Sponsored by Neal Campbell, K3NC, Winner: NV9L (ops: NV9L, WB9Z) New W9 Record
Within its pages you'll find Africa: Sponsored by Bavarian Contest Club, Winner: Not Awarded this year (No other Africa MS entrant
. The secret of becoming this contest)
a proficient CQ Operator
. Where and how to practice, MULTI-OPERATOR, SINGLE-TRANSMITTER LOW POWER
USA: Sponsored by 599 DX Association, Winner: WW4LL (ops: NN9DD, WW4LL)
practice, practice.
. Straight Key or Paddle? MULTI-OPERTATOR, MULTI-TWO
. Adjusting your Straight Key or Paddle World: Sponsored by Ed Muns, WØYK, Winner: PI4COM (ops: PA3BWD, PA1CC, PA1AW, PA3EWP,
PD4RD) New Netherlands Record
. Keyers, Iambic Keying and Bugs
. Contests & Events, DXing MULTI-OPERATOR, MULTI-TRANSMITTER
. Operating QSK World: Sponsored by Mike Trowbridge, KA4RRU, Winner: 9A1A (ops: 9A5W, 9A9A, 9A6A, 9A5E, 9A7R, 9A7C,
. CW Filters 9A7PP, 9A7AS, 9A6D)
North America: Sponsored by Kevin Rowett, K6TD, Winner: Not Awarded this year (No non-USA/Canada MM
. Signs, Signals and Procedures entrant this contest)
. Tips on Taking CW On the Road... USA: Sponsored by Brian Moran, N9ADG, Winner: K1SFA@K1TTT (ops: K1MK, K1NZ, K1SFA, K1TTT, K2IW,
and much, much more! W1TO, WT2P, W3MLJ)
USA – Zone 3 High Score: Sponsored by Livermore Amateur Radio Group Endeavors (K6LRG), Winner:
Order your copy today! N6WM@N6RO (ops: N6WM, N6WM, K6AW, WD6T, WX5S, NT6V, W6DMW)
6 x 9 Paperback Only $15.95 CLUB COMPETITION

Shipping and Handling US and Possesions $3, CN/MX $5, World: Sponsored by Potomac Valley Radio Club, Winner: Bavarian Contest Club
All Other Countries $10 USA: Sponsored by Northern California Contest Club, Winner: Potomac Valley Radio Club
CQ Communications (Plaque sponsors as of publication date. Additional plaques may be sponsored. NA plaques apply only to sta-
516-681-2922 tions outside the U.S. and Canada.)
http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com

out the well-established K9CT station for the top spot over- dent at Bradley University (and president of their AR club)
all by a relatively tight margin. But Craig and his team at K9CT as a guest operator. I am sure Connor learned a lot with the
enjoyed taking the top spot in the U.S. as the second-place K9CT team and now has a U.S. win to commemorate the
finishers in the World. Craig has been very supportive of get- occasion. The NJ4P team was not far behind K9CT. Looks
ting college-age operators involved in contesting. In this con- like some good competitions are in store in the future for
test, he had Connor, KD9LSV, an electrical engineering stu- these two stations.
TOP SCORES
WORLD 28 MHz IT9BLB.......................3,419,808 N3QE .........................2,414,150 14 MHz 3.5 MHz
SINGLE OPERATOR LU1DX ............................64,170 ED7B .........................3,249,180 W3FIZ ........................2,212,677 UR7GO .........................420,660 OL7R ............................236,680
HIGH POWER ALL BAND E79Q...............................25,410 DD1A .........................2,150,280 W3FV.........................1,994,388 IT9STX..........................324,896 IV3TMV.........................174,840
ZF1A (W9KKN)..........4,572,413 IT9XTP..............................6,358 CS5CRE ....................2,077,201 IK4GNI ..........................295,960 HA1TJ...........................159,669
K5ZD..........................4,002,182 21 MHz
K2ZW (JO1RUR) .......3,168,650 21 MHz MULTI-OPERATOR N7AT (K8IA) .................169,741 7 MHz ASSISTED
SO9I (SQ9ORQ)........3,102,540 LO5D (LU9ESD) ...........426,030 TWO TRANSMITTER K2PAL.............................93,888 OK7W (OK1CID) ..........722,102 LOW POWER ALL BAND
ZX2B (PY2MNL) ........3,003,495 HA1SN..........................406,203 PI4COM .....................6,491,463 WØNA/4 (W4RN)............22,776 YU7XX (YT1X)..............621,092 CR6K (CT1ILT)..........4,073,552
IK2TDM.........................354,477 K9CT..........................6,007,650 G8X (G4FJK) ................406,318 TM3Z (F4DSK) ..........3,660,079
28 MHz S5ØW ........................5,399,367 14 MHz RG5A .........................2,281,284
W5PR .............................10,200 14 MHz S51A ..........................4,181,400 WJ2D ............................398,496 3.5 MHz UW6E (UR6EA) .........1,656,449
EA8DED (OH2BP)............5,880 9A5D (9A3ID) ...............880,393 NJ4P ..........................3,962,750 W9ILY ...........................258,570 I4AVG ...........................155,511 UT4LW.......................1,487,200
K4WI .................................2,938 YT3X.............................816,525 N7BV ............................162,925 S53X .............................145,137
HG1S (HA1DAE) ..........814,905 MULTI-OPERATOR MI5K (MIØSLE) ............134,805 28 MHz
21 MHz MULTI-TRANSMITTER 7 MHz IT9RBW ............................7,791
CR6T (CT1ESV) ...........646,850 7 MHz 9A1A ........................10,038,617 NA3M............................258,648
LOW POWER ALL BAND
CV7S (CX7SS) .............551,645 IN3VVK .........................696,960 CR3W ........................8,612,476 WØGJ ...........................193,430 21 MHz
ON5GQ.........................968,436
ED7O (EA7EU).............513,450 IW1QN ..........................501,952 K1SFA .......................6,542,960 N4SVC (N2CEI)............160,660 EA1ACP........................193,129
UY5VA ..........................905,170
F6AGM .........................497,336 DP7D .........................6,458,526 UA6CE..........................127,728
UT5EPP........................759,696
14 MHz PI4CC ........................5,188,967 ASSISTED SP6OJK ........................125,268
OE2E (OE2GEN)..........660,222
N8OO............................649,412 3.5 MHz LOW POWER ALL BAND
UR1HR .........................641,564
UR7GO .........................420,660 OL7R ............................236,680 NA4DA..........................681,152 14 MHz
IT9STX..........................324,896 IV3TMV.........................174,840 UNITED STATES WØJW ..........................491,889
28 MHz
GM9A (GM4FDM).........239,478
HA1TJ...........................159,669 SINGLE OPERATOR W1ARY .........................464,548 IZ8EFD .........................216,801
9A8A .................................1,606
7 MHz HIGH POWER ALL BAND KE2D ............................444,822 SP6AXW.......................119,980
OK7W (OK1CID) ..........722,102 ASSISTED K5ZD..........................4,002,182 W3MAM ........................392,173
21 MHz
YU7XX (YT1X)..............621,092 LOW POWER ALL BAND K2ZW (JO1RUR) .......3,168,650 7 MHz
DK2WH...........................89,585
G8X (G4FJK) ................406,318 CR6K (CT1ILT)..........4,073,552 ACØC ........................2,718,308 14 MHz G1N (GØURR)..............184,860
YO8DHA .........................77,794
TM3Z (F4DSK) ..........3,660,079 W7RN (WK6I) ............2,367,780 WS7I ...............................46,417 TM7Y (F8BDQ).............170,126
UA3PI .............................66,748
3.5 MHz RG5A .........................2,281,284 W4GO........................1,836,570 NK5G ..............................28,350 Z32ID ............................152,439
I4AVG ...........................155,511 UW6E (UR6EA) .........1,656,449 WM6Y .............................27,075
14 MHz
S53X .............................145,137 UT4LW.......................1,487,200 28 MHz 3.5 MHz
S5Ø3ØXX (S5ØXX)......346,281
MI5K (MIØSLE) ............134,805 W5PR .............................10,200 7 MHz EA3CI .............................68,526
EA2VE ..........................262,416
28 MHz K4WI .................................2,938 K9OM............................167,316 IK2XDE ...........................65,554
LZ2JA ...........................232,883
LOW POWER ALL BAND IT9RBW ............................7,791 K9EL .................................9,782 ON4TTT..........................48,766
XM3T (VE3DZ) ..........2,333,760 DW3CWM.........................2,422 21 MHz
7 MHz
KU2M.........................1,634,232 VK4FJ ...............................1,380 AA8R ............................156,016 3.5 MHz SINGLE OPERATOR
OK6T (OK1WCF)..........344,733
PZ5RA .......................1,280,777 BD7KSF............................1,350 AB9YC ............................28,044 QRP ASSISTED ALL BAND
DM6DX .........................317,628
OA4AI ........................1,053,744 14 MHz WA1FCN.........................22,940 YU1A (YU1LM) .............237,978
IR9D (IW3RUA) ............231,530
CX2DK.......................1,039,711 21 MHz N8OO............................649,412 DL6ZBN ........................204,750
EA1ACP........................193,129 NB2P ............................303,955 SINGLE OPERATOR PE2K...............................97,350
3.5 MHz
28 MHz 9G5FI (DL2RMC)..........181,478 W1IE .............................135,708 QRP ASSISTED ALL BAND PC2F...............................77,322
DF1MM ...........................86,850
LT7F (LU6FOV) ..............44,156 EA8CNR .......................143,080 K8ZT .................................8,190 HA1WD...........................17,384
F5BEG ............................78,795
CX2AQ............................41,634 7 MHz
OM3ZWA ........................72,600
AY8A (LU8ADX) .............22,713 14 MHz N5ZM ............................127,332 21 MHz 21 MHz
GM9A (GM4FDM).........239,478 WA3AAN.......................115,168 KKØU................................8,550 IZ3NVR ...........................20,748
SINGLE OPERATOR
21 MHz IZ8EFD .........................216,801 AD4TJ.............................56,300 K3TW................................1,998 HA3HX............................19,389
QRP ALL BAND
PY2CX ..........................263,736 4X6FR...........................168,609 E73AA...............................5,343
RN6A ............................245,916
HC1JQ ..........................154,819 3.5 MHz 7 MHz
OK7CM .........................221,914
CB3R (XQ3SK).............136,320 7 MHz K3GP ..............................52,186 KØJP ................................3,040 14 MHz
EA1GT (EA1GT/QRP) ..151,767
G1N (GØURR)..............184,860 K4EA...............................27,492 F4GGQ .........................182,905
HG6C............................128,304
14 MHz TM7Y (F8BDQ).............170,126 NØOK .............................22,695 MULTI-OPERATOR G4ENZ............................21,672
SP4LVK ........................109,051
S5Ø3ØXX (S5ØXX)......346,281 K9OM............................167,316 SINGLE TRANSMITTER
CO2AME.......................302,321 LOW POWER ALL BAND HIGH POWER 7 MHz
21 MHz
YV4ABR........................269,376 3.5 MHz KU2M.........................1,634,232 NV9L..........................2,953,104 SP4TKR..........................55,074
UA3QJJ ..........................58,996
EA3CI .............................68,526 KM6Z ............................565,378 K9RS .........................2,774,190 IZ2QKG.............................1,992
R7RBE............................56,163
7 MHz IK2XDE ...........................65,554 W3RGA.........................478,762 AD4ES .......................2,181,270
DL2TM ............................14,219
OK6T (OK1WCF)..........344,733 ON4TTT..........................48,766 NØUR ...........................469,035 NA7TB .......................1,956,771 3.5 MHz
DM6DX .........................317,628 AK6A.............................466,100 NA5NN.......................1,938,608 F1AKK ............................42,245
14 MHz
4Z5UN ..........................255,024 SINGLE OPERATOR OK1HMP.........................15,781
YU1RH............................26,880
QRP ASSISTED ALL BAND 21 MHz MULTI-OPERATOR G5Q (G3SVL) ...................5,960
UX4CR............................15,552
3.5 MHz YU1A (YU1LM) .............237,978 KE3ZT...............................3,990 SINGLE TRANSMITTER
UX8ZA ............................14,832
DF1MM ...........................86,850 DL6ZBN ........................204,750 KJ6MBW...........................3,212 LOW POWER MULTI-OPERATOR
F5BEG ............................78,795 JA4XHF/3 .....................106,132 N5AW/Ø............................2,508 WW4LL ......................1,526,096 SINGLE TRANSMITTER
7 MHz
OM3ZWA ........................72,600 PE2K...............................97,350 W1QK ........................1,098,846 HIGH POWER
YL3FW............................49,284
PC2F...............................77,322 14 MHz K9NR ............................937,335 IQ4FC ........................6,558,232
LY5G...............................38,982
SINGLE OPERATOR W4LC............................107,848 N9SJ .............................278,300 EI7M ..........................5,416,624
SV3IBP ...........................21,373
QRP ALL BAND 21 MHz K6GHA............................93,184 KT3T .............................176,436 OK5Z .........................4,893,495
K2YG ............................302,365 5H1IP (HA3JB) ...............65,650 W6HGF...........................55,432 HG7T .........................4,555,187
3.5 MHz
RN6A ............................245,916 IZ3NVR ...........................20,748 MULTI-OPERATOR SO4M.........................4,529,616
ON3DI.............................33,176
OK7CM .........................221,914 HA3HX............................19,389 7 MHz TWO TRANSMITTER
SNØE (SO8OO) .............11,685
EA1GT ..........................151,767 WA3FAE .........................61,050 K9CT..........................6,007,650 MULTI-OPERATOR
YCØVM.........................138,502 14 MHz K9WX..............................49,878 NJ4P ..........................3,962,750 SINGLE TRANSMITTER
F4GGQ .........................182,905 KEØL ..............................36,385 WØYK........................2,432,905 ASSISTED LOW POWER
JG1LFR ..........................22,242 WB8JUI...........................36,360 WØLSD......................2,335,073 HIGH POWER ALL BAND IT9BLB.......................3,419,808
21 MHz
G4ENZ............................21,672 N3DPB.......................1,352,078 SN7Q (SP7GIQ) ........5,815,370 ED7B .........................3,249,180
UA3QJJ ..........................58,996
3.5 MHz 9A5Y (9A7DX) ...........4,986,465 DD1A .........................2,150,280
R7RBE............................56,163
7 MHz WK9U .............................30,800 MULTI-OPERATOR OM5ZW .....................4,918,980 CS5CRE ....................2,077,201
JE1CAC ..........................15,989
SP4TKR..........................55,074 W8WTS ............................2,080 MULTI-TRANSMITTER IK2YCW (IT9RGY).....4,768,126 IQ3RK ........................2,063,600
KØJP ................................3,040 K1SFA .......................6,542,960 UW1M........................4,179,211
14 MHz
HI3AA .............................32,042 IZ2QKG.............................1,992 SINGLE OPERATOR W3GH ........................3,127,210 MULTI-OPERATOR
YU1RH............................26,880 QRP ALL BAND N6WM........................3,002,230 28 MHz TWO TRANSMITTER
UX4CR............................15,552 3.5 MHz K2YG ............................302,365 E79Q...............................25,410 PI4COM .....................6,491,463
F1AKK ............................42,245 W6QU (W8QZA).............93,654 IT9XTP..............................6,358 S5ØW ........................5,399,367
7 MHz OK1HMP.........................15,781 AA8OY............................84,527 EUROPE TM5J (F5TMJ) ..................3,290 S51A ..........................4,181,400
YL3FW............................49,284 G5Q (G3SVL) ...................5,960 K9VIC .............................40,040 SINGLE OPERATOR UA4M.........................3,937,939
LY5G...............................38,982 N7RCS............................27,999 HIGH POWER ALL BAND 21 MHz UW5Y ........................3,496,764
SV3IBP ...........................21,373 MULTI-OPERATOR SO9I (SQ9ORQ)........3,102,540 HA1SN..........................406,203
SINGLE TRANSMITTER 21 MHz LC3A (LB8IB).............2,935,862 IK2TDM.........................354,477 MULTI-OPERATOR
3.5 MHz HIGH POWER WE6EZ ...........................15,264 EMØI (UT2IZ) ............2,808,450 TK5MH..........................343,070 MULTI-TRANSMITTER
ON3DI.............................33,176 CR3DX.......................9,826,882 KD9MS ...........................14,625 HB9TOC ....................1,557,336 9A1A ........................10,038,617
SNØE (SO8OO) .............11,685 IQ4FC ........................6,558,232 LZ5R (LZ5DB) ...........1,227,954 14 MHz DP7D .........................6,458,526
EI7M ..........................5,416,624 7 MHz 9A5D (9A3ID) ...............880,393 PI4CC ........................5,188,967
ASSISTED OK5Z .........................4,893,495 W1IG.................................2,812 28 MHz YT3X.............................816,525 UZ2I ...........................3,582,525
HIGH POWER ALL BAND HG7T .........................4,555,187 W2VTV .............................2,730 IZ4REF .............................1,210 HG1S (HA1DAE) ..........814,905 SP9KAO .........................28,348
SN7Q (SP7GIQ) ........5,815,370
AA3B..........................5,007,654 MULTI-OPERATOR ASSISTED 21 MHz 7 MHz
9A5Y (9A7DX) ...........4,986,465 SINGLE TRANSMITTER HIGH POWER ALL BAND CR6T (CT1ESV) ...........646,850 IN3VVK .........................696,960
OM5ZW .....................4,918,980 LOW POWER AA3B..........................5,007,654 ED7O (EA7EU).............513,450 IW1QN ..........................501,952
IK2YCW (IT9RGY).....4,768,126 NP4DX.......................3,448,858 K3MM ........................4,149,301 YU1UN..........................468,720 F6AGM .........................497,336

BAND-BY-BAND BREAKDOWN—TOP ALL BAND SCORES
Number groups indicate: QSOs, Countries, Zones, US/VE on each band
WORLD USA
TOP SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND
Station 80 40 20 15 10 Station 80 40 20 15 10
ZF1A 339/13/42/47 1020/24/65/54 1020/24/63/54 1092/26/69/55 16/8/10/3 K5ZD 396/13/47/46 770/21/62/50 1161/30/85/47 838/25/77/24 14/4/5/2
K5ZD 396/13/47/46 770/21/62/50 1161/30/85/47 838/25/77/24 14/4/5/2 K2ZW 340/13/45/42 634/19/63/47 1050/24/66/46 655/24/75/27 11/3/5/0
K2ZW 340/13/45/42 634/19/63/47 1050/24/66/46 655/24/75/27 11/3/5/0 ACØC 327/11/30/47 765/25/63/51 1001/27/76/49 536/21/72/29 11/3/4/0
SO9I 380/10/47/15 785/19/59/45 975/26/75/52 479/28/59/42 23/8/13/0 W7RN 331/15/16/47 767/24/54/51 1160/28/66/54 476/20/49/35 3/2/2/2
ZX2B 26/6/5/18 319/20/50/41 581/21/51/50 854/23/70/50 285/16/52/28 W4GO 294/13/22/44 630/18/58/50 589/20/61/36 438/19/68/18 7/3/4/1
SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED ALL BAND SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED ALL BAND
SN7Q 567/15/57/27 852/27/80/47 1341/33/92/55 882/34/88/49 50/10/24/0 AA3B 517/14/53/50 927/24/81/53 1130/31/90/51 810/27/88/33 28/8/9/6
AA3B 517/14/53/50 927/24/81/53 1130/31/90/51 810/27/88/33 28/8/9/6 K3MM 340/16/53/51 791/26/83/49 945/31/89/48 741/24/83/30 29/10/12/6
9A5Y 465/14/63/22 879/30/90/46 1083/29/86/52 804/34/93/51 42/10/23/0 N3QE 331/15/50/50 634/21/73/50 639/24/74/49 444/20/74/20 9/3/4/3
OM5ZW 360/13/53/20 923/31/87/52 1108/35/91/54 708/33/87/52 50/7/23/0 W3FIZ 207/10/38/45 408/23/73/47 654/29/84/46 461/24/81/18 9/5/5/3
IK2YCW 425/15/61/25 887/29/90/50 1038/34/98/54 624/34/83/43 31/11/19/0 W3FV 219/11/39/44 395/22/66/46 515/29/80/36 451/22/77/21 26/9/9/10
MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER

CR3DX 367/18/64/43 1062/31/93/53 1408/33/98/57 1488/34/100/54 132/16/54/6 NV9L 325/16/42/50 553/28/79/51 805/29/75/44 565/26/83/27 13/6/6/2
IQ4FC 385/17/63/32 1208/32/96/54 1222/34/101/55 870/35/95/53 41/16/29/0 K9RS 239/13/48/49 507/27/82/50 707/33/86/44 612/29/83/24 16/7/9/5
EI7M 291/18/64/38 632/29/91/53 1410/33/96/56 812/32/90/53 36/11/23/1 AD4ES 153/9/20/38 577/22/59/43 867/24/69/50 595/23/68/25 17/8/9/3
OK5Z 341/15/63/30 850/33/93/50 1012/34/102/57 658/34/96/52 40/10/26/0 NA7TB 198/16/30/49 789/30/77/52 828/30/79/53 171/24/57/22 6/4/5/1
HG7T 325/13/58/16 874/29/87/45 1193/34/100/56 527/35/96/37 19/12/19/0 NA5NN 164/13/29/47 547/22/70/51 707/26/78/52 373/22/74/26 22/8/9/5
MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER

PI4COM 529/15/65/29 1047/31/95/54 1239/34/103/55 904/30/86/53 67/9/28/0 K9CT 586/19/57/52 1238/29/83/53 1453/32/96/56 862/27/91/42 36/8/8/9
K9CT 586/19/57/52 1238/29/83/53 1453/32/96/56 862/27/91/42 36/8/8/9 NJ4P 425/12/35/48 907/27/81/53 1059/31/85/54 713/27/87/38 46/9/12/6
S5ØW 502/14/60/19 1190/27/82/51 1167/32/87/57 801/33/77/48 37/9/21/0 WØYK 242/14/14/43 868/27/62/52 909/30/79/49 549/25/58/35 6/1/1/1
S51A 518/13/59/16 1133/27/86/46 989/31/88/51 501/34/85/48 14/6/10/0 WØLSD 276/14/27/47 786/29/78/52 852/28/81/54 326/20/66/25 14/5/6/1
NJ4P 425/12/35/48 907/27/81/53 1059/31/85/54 713/27/87/38 46/9/12/6 N3DPB 236/12/39/44 315/19/65/43 393/28/76/42 340/22/72/21 14/4/5/2
MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER

9A1A 950/20/73/37 1787/33/102/52 1491/35/104/57 1240/36/102/55 88/12/33/0 K1SFA 659/18/61/52 1096/25/81/55 1468/33/94/53 1005/30/92/43 97/10/14/19
CR3W 504/14/57/40 1172/28/82/48 1489/26/74/53 1456/30/90/51 69/13/34/1 W3GH 409/15/36/48 896/26/76/50 929/28/80/48 587/24/78/21 15/6/7/2
K1SFA 659/18/61/52 1096/25/81/55 1468/33/94/53 1005/30/92/43 97/10/14/19 N6WM 324/16/27/52 885/29/79/53 847/30/75/51 742/28/70/40 5/3/2/2
DP7D 606/16/64/25 1336/31/91/51 1216/35/91/55 792/32/89/52 67/10/27/0
PI4CC 560/13/59/21 1393/30/90/50 1105/32/91/51 495/29/80/44 71/8/25/0
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CLUB SCORES
UNITED STATES
EUROPE Club # Entrants Score
SINGLE OPERATOR ALL BAND POTOMAC VALLEY RADIO CLUB ..................................................85 ...............42,525,469
FRANKFORD RADIO CLUB ............................................................47 ...............38,134,928
Station 80 40 20 15 10
SOCIETY OF MIDWEST CONTESTERS ........................................59 ...............30,838,265
SO9I 380/10/47/15 785/19/59/45 975/26/75/52 479/28/59/42 23/8/13/0 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB ..................................60 ...............28,690,022
LC3A 269/9/41/10 610/26/70/38 1008/27/70/52 577/28/69/42 0/0/0/0 YANKEE CLIPPER CONTEST CLUB ..............................................31 ...............21,833,340
EMØI 179/9/44/3 645/20/67/39 1238/29/79/53 528/30/69/28 2/2/2/0 ARIZONA OUTLAWS CONTEST CLUB ..........................................27 ...............15,790,326
HB9TOC 298/10/43/15 503/18/63/39 583/19/58/47 226/19/44/33 0/0/0/0 FLORIDA CONTEST GROUP..........................................................20 .................9,657,999
LZ5R 0/0/0/0 379/22/55/24 728/25/58/46 412/27/51/38 0/0/0/0 WILLAMETTE VALLEY DX CLUB....................................................24 .................7,020,545
MINNESOTA WIRELESS ASSN ......................................................26 .................6,017,176
SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED ALL BAND DEEP DIXIE CONTEST CLUB...........................................................4 .................5,800,244
SN7Q 567/15/57/27 852/27/80/47 1341/33/92/55 882/34/88/49 50/10/24/0 KENTUCKY CONTEST GROUP......................................................12 .................5,795,494
9A5Y 465/14/63/22 879/30/90/46 1083/29/86/52 804/34/93/51 42/10/23/0 WESTERN WASHINGTON DX CLUB .............................................25 .................4,859,766
OM5ZW 360/13/53/20 923/31/87/52 1108/35/91/54 708/33/87/52 50/7/23/0 TENNESSEE CONTEST GROUP....................................................16 .................4,033,018
KANSAS CITY CONTEST CLUB .......................................................8 .................3,898,363
IK2YCW 425/15/61/25 887/29/90/50 1038/34/98/54 624/34/83/43 31/11/19/0
SWAMP FOX CONTEST GROUP ...................................................11 .................3,829,939
UW1M 334/11/52/11 932/26/81/43 1431/33/92/55 675/29/86/29 24/9/20/0 CENTRAL TEXAS DX AND CONTEST CLUB...................................6 .................3,724,445
DFW CONTEST GROUP .................................................................14 .................3,646,429
MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER GRAND MESA CONTESTERS OF COLORADO ..............................9 .................3,570,450
IQ4FC 385/17/63/32 1208/32/96/54 1222/34/101/55 870/35/95/53 41/16/29/0 ORDER OF BOILED OWLS OF NEW YORK ....................................6 .................3,438,506
EI7M 291/18/64/38 632/29/91/53 1410/33/96/56 812/32/90/53 36/11/23/1 NORTH COAST CONTESTERS ........................................................9 .................2,851,959
OK5Z 341/15/63/30 850/33/93/50 1012/34/102/57 658/34/96/52 40/10/26/0 SOUTH EAST CONTEST CLUB ........................................................9 .................2,577,594
HG7T 325/13/58/16 874/29/87/45 1193/34/100/56 527/35/96/37 19/12/19/0 NE MARYLAND AMATEUR RADIO CONTEST SOCIETY..............14 .................2,412,310
SO4M 144/15/63/21 805/33/96/50 1115/34/105/55 590/34/95/48 9/5/9/0 ALABAMA CONTEST GROUP ........................................................12 .................2,156,214
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB ..................................16 .................1,963,844
MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER NIAGARA FRONTIER RADIOSPORT ...............................................8 .................1,844,612
CAROLINA DX ASSOCIATION..........................................................9 .................1,532,687
PI4COM 529/15/65/29 1047/31/95/54 1239/34/103/55 904/30/86/53 67/9/28/0
SPOKANE DX ASSOCIATION...........................................................8 .................1,433,062
S5ØW 502/14/60/19 1190/27/82/51 1167/32/87/57 801/33/77/48 37/9/21/0
BAY AREA DXERS ............................................................................5 .................1,087,622
S51A 518/13/59/16 1133/27/86/46 989/31/88/51 501/34/85/48 14/6/10/0 HUDSON VALLEY CONTESTERS AND DXERS ..............................5 ....................731,974
UA4M 202/13/44/2 782/29/83/35 1323/35/95/49 885/29/83/30 9/7/7/0 METRO DX CLUB ..............................................................................7 ....................653,710
UW5Y 325/11/55/6 824/30/86/48 994/30/81/55 499/31/70/46 13/6/7/0 AARDVARK WIRELESS GROUP ......................................................5 ....................568,026
MAD RIVER RADIO CLUB.................................................................6 ....................217,599
MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER
9A1A 950/20/73/37 1787/33/102/52 1491/35/104/57 1240/36/102/55 88/12/33/0
DP7D 606/16/64/25 1336/31/91/51 1216/35/91/55 792/32/89/52 67/10/27/0 DX
PI4CC 560/13/59/21 1393/30/90/50 1105/32/91/51 495/29/80/44 71/8/25/0 BAVARIAN CONTEST CLUB.........................................................125 ...............95,865,947
UZ2I 361/12/56/3 868/29/87/36 1183/31/92/51 632/31/81/27 15/7/12/0 ITALIAN CONTEST CLUB ...............................................................95 ...............75,109,498
SP9KAO 0/0/0/0 77/4/25/0 127/13/26/8 0/0/0/0 0/0/0/0 UKRAINIAN CONTEST CLUB .........................................................63 ...............69,108,064
EA CONTEST CLUB ........................................................................35 ...............44,920,673
*Low Power
INTEREST GROUP RTTY ...............................................................28 ...............40,915,704
CROATIAN CONTEST CLUB ..........................................................15 ...............21,866,907
RHEIN RUHR DX ASSOCIATION....................................................42 ...............17,649,933
CONTEST CLUB ONTARIO.............................................................33 ...............17,628,801
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY RADIO CLUB ........................15 ...............16,863,668
One of the key metrics of success is the number of logs sub- LATVIAN CONTEST CLUB ................................................................7 ...............15,619,566
mitted, and that is true in this case as well. In Europe and SLOVENIA CONTEST CLUB ...........................................................11 ...............14,397,307
CONTEST CLUB SERBIA................................................................11 ...............13,644,372
overall, the Bavarian Contest Club took the trophy, with 125 CZECH CONTEST CLUB...................................................................5 ...............10,976,136
logs submitted, which was 30 more logs than the second- CONTEST CLUB FINLAND..............................................................10 .................9,287,196
5NNDXCC ........................................................................................12 .................8,961,714
place finishers at the Italian Contest Club. In the U.S., the SOUTH URAL CONTEST CLUB........................................................4 .................8,648,943
Potomac Valley Radio Club took the trophy and had the most LA CONTEST CLUB...........................................................................5 .................8,223,099
RUSSIAN CONTEST CLUB .............................................................17 .................7,465,069
logs at 85 entrants, far more than the 47 logs submitted by ORCA DX AND CONTEST CLUB ....................................................15 .................7,235,618
second place Frankford Radio Club. CONTEST GROUP DU QUEBEC ......................................................7 .................6,922,996
SP DX CLUB ....................................................................................12 .................6,668,453
ARAUCARIA DX GROUP.................................................................17 .................6,584,915
BELARUS CONTEST CLUB ..............................................................5 .................5,250,236
Notes From the CQWW RTTY Management Team KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY RADIO CLUB ...............5 .................4,486,590
CONTEST CLUB BELGIUM.............................................................17 .................3,802,320
Winning a plaque in a CQWW contest is a great achieve- KRIVBASS..........................................................................................5 .................3,355,241
ment, and often are some of the most coveted awards that CHILTERN DX CLUB .........................................................................6 .................3,180,162
CLIPPERTON DX CLUB ....................................................................8 .................3,145,060
one can hang on their shack wall. The opportunity to spon- OKAYAMA DX CLUB .........................................................................4 .................3,022,431
sor plaques is available and can be a great way to estab- RIO DX GROUP ...............................................................................10 .................2,915,052
SHARKS DX TEAM ............................................................................4 .................2,669,331
lish regional excellence or recognize a particular annual RUSSIAN CW CLUB ..........................................................................5 .................2,634,769
competition. We would like to encourage you to review the LU CONTEST GROUP.......................................................................7 .................2,346,006
RUSSIAN DIGITAL RADIO CLUB....................................................16 .................2,179,618
plaques awarded in this competition and reach out to the MEDITERRANEO DX CLUB ..............................................................5 .................2,162,592
management team if you would like to sponsor one in the HA-DX-CLUB......................................................................................4 .................2,087,658
YB LAND DX CLUB..........................................................................52 .................1,672,163
future. THRACIAN ROSE CLUB....................................................................8 .................1,527,907
We need photos of your efforts. A picture speaks a thou- VK CONTEST CLUB ..........................................................................8 .................1,263,342
POLISH RADIOVIDEOGRAPHY CLUB .............................................4 .................1,199,528
sand words, and really enhance our coverage of this major RTTY CONTESTERS OF JAPAN ......................................................8 .................1,164,205
worldwide RTTY competition. Please keep that in mind as DANISH DX GROUP ..........................................................................4 .................1,134,097
GIPANIS CONTEST GROUP.............................................................4 ....................958,172
your roll into these contests. Pictures of operators or teams SIAM DX GROUP...............................................................................6 ....................915,392
of operators are the best. Send us yours for a chance to get CATALONIA CONTEST CLUB...........................................................8 ....................714,414
GMDX GROUP...................................................................................5 ....................700,520
it published in CQ magazine! ARCK..................................................................................................5 ....................693,834
On behalf of the CQWW RTTY management team: Ed SK5AA VASTERAS RADIOKLUBB....................................................4 ....................628,070
599 CONTEST CLUB .........................................................................4 ....................605,602
WØYK; Rich, N1IXF; and Chris, N6WM, we would like to con- CABREUVADX .................................................................................11 ....................419,922
gratulate all participants. We hope you had a great time, and YB7-DX CLUB ..................................................................................12 ....................323,950
YB6_DXC .........................................................................................13 ....................172,278
look forward to the fun, camaraderie, and competition in the RADIO CLUB VENEZOLANO CARACAS..........................................4 ....................126,370
next running of the CQWW RTTY DX contest on September CDR GROUP......................................................................................5 ......................98,496
YBDXPI...............................................................................................4 ......................83,193
24-25, 2022. – Chris, N6WM ORARI LOKAL BOGOR .....................................................................6 ........................3,975
Club scores with 4 or more entries.

(Scores on page 101)

Just as a chameleon can change colors to blend in with its background,
the Chameleon CHA MPAS 2.0 antenna system can change
configurations to best meet portable operation needs no matter where
you set it up. ZS1ML gave it a field test.
CQ Reviews: Chameleon Antenna™

CHA MPAS 2.0 System
BY MARTIN LUBBE,* ZS1ML
I
ordered the Chameleon Antenna™ pounds and measures 25.6 x 13.4 x 9.8 bought separately. It is worth every
CHA MPAS 2.0 system directly from inches, features Molle straps and is penny of the $50 cost as a separate
the manufacturer in Nevada, USA.. double-layer water resistant with an item on the Chameleon website <https://
Because the package had to come via extra waterproof rain cover for extreme tinyurl.com/4882zu9n>. As of this writ-
courier to Cape Town, South Africa, I weather. Although this bag is included ing (January 2022), it was on sale for
received an invoice directly from the in the MPAS2 system, it can also be $35.
company instead of ordering on their
website. I paid the invoice by PayPal for
ease, although other options are avail-
able. If you live in the U.S., delivery is
free at the time of writing this article. I
received the order within a few days via
FedEx in a tall, sturdy box.
As I started unpacking the box, I was
immediately impressed by the fantastic
quality of the various products (Photo
A). First out of the box came the back-
pack / multi-function military bag. This
pack is constructed of very high-quali-
ty canvas material and well manufac-
tured. You will find it difficult to buy a
similar quality and more suitable bag on
the open market. This bag is of truly mil-
itary specification and will last you a life-
time and then some. It is also large
enough to gobble up all your portable
equipment for Parks on the Air (POTA)
or similar excursions, such as batteries,
a small computer or tablet and radio and
some extra wire antennas if you would
need it to. Packing only the MPAS 2.0
system and a small radio, tuner, and
battery, it will be light enough to make
it suitable for Summits on the Air
(SOTA) backpacking.
Unpacking the CHA MPAS 2.0

System
Components of the system include:
1. Military style multi-use pack (Photo
B), which is made from durable and
high-quality canvas. It can be config-
ured as either a carry bag, a shoulder
bag, or a backpack. It weighs 4-1/2
Photo A. The contents of the Chameleon antenna package include a backpack
for storage / transport, a shock-corded collapsible mast, antenna wires and feed-
* Email: <ZS1ML@outlook.com> line, a spike-mounted feedpoint / base and two winders.

passage through trees and such obsta-
cles. It can also withstand extreme tem-
peratures, ranging from -94° to 302°F (-
70° to 150°C).
4. CHA MIL 2.0 – 113-inch (2.9-
meter)-long whip — The CHA MIL 2.0
whip (Photo E) is a collapsible brass
based broadband monopole antenna
whip designed for portable or manpack
radios requiring compact but rugged
antenna systems. It can be used in a
stand-alone setup, with the CHA
Hybrid-Micro, in which the whip as an
antenna will cover 28-54 MHz by using
an external antenna tuner. It is advised
that, to enhance RF propagation and
antenna performance, a ground-plane
Photo B. There’s space for the antenna, feedline, a small radio and some acces- (radial wire) should be used together
sories in the included bag, which can be configured as a carry-bag, shoulder bag, with it. Although it is recommended to
or backpack. handle with care, it is very well con-
structed and hardy.
5. This design has been borrowed from
Photo C. The Hybrid-Micro similar antennas utilized by many armies
impedance transformer is the all over the world. The difference, in my
heart of the Chameleon opinion, is that the CHA MIL 2.0 whip is
antenna system. The feedline very hardy, sturdy, made entirely of
and antenna elements attach brass and portable (being collapsible).
to it and it serves as a base Unmounted and folded up, the entire
for several configurations. antenna length is less than 20 inches (51
centimeters). The seven brass sections
of 17 inches (43 centimeters) each are
held together by a piece of military shock
cord, which facilitates easy setup and
collapse of the whip.
6. CHA MIL EXT 2.0 extension —
105.5 inches (2.7 meters) long — This
collapsible antenna extension (Photo F)
needs to be used with the CHA MIL 2.0
to create an 18-foot-2-inch (5.5-meter)
long portable antenna. When combined
with the CHA Hybrid-Micro, the CHA
MIL EXT 2.0 will extend the antenna to
operate at all frequencies in the 1.8- to
54-MHz band without any adjustment
except an antenna tuner.
7. These four 28-inch (71 centimeter)
long, 3/4-inch (19-millimeter) diameter,
sections of high quality and beautifully
green anodized aluminum alloy tubing
are designed for portable HF commu-
Photo D. The Chameleon system includes two rolls of Kevlar®-coated Teflon® nication where rapid deployment and
wire, which is very flexible, even in extreme temperatures. simplicity of operation is essential, but
compactness is of primary importance.
8. The aluminum tubing walls of the
2. CHA Hybrid-Micro — The Hybrid higher power, the Hybrid Mini is also CHA MIL 2.0 are quite thick and rigid for
Micro (Photo C) is an impedance- available. With a different transformer the purpose. Also, the joint inserts and
matching unit for the various CHA and a larger enclosure, it can take up to the main tubing are made of a single
MPAS 2.0 antenna setups and addi- 500 watts SSB or 250 watts CW. piece, thus reducing the signal losses.
tionally provides a mounting base for 3. 2X antenna wires — The package 9. 1 X CHA Stainless Steel Spike —
some setups, such as the portable, includes two rolls of antenna wire The CHA spike mount (Photo G) is an
sloper, or manpack versions. This (Photo D), one 73 feet (22.25 meters) innovative product built exclusively by
seems to be the heart of the system, to long and the other 25 feet (7.62 meters) skilled machinists at Chameleon
which all other elements connect to long. The wire provided is of very high- Antenna™ factory. It is a precision-fab-
form the various antenna options. The quality copper-clad Kevlar® PTFE ricated heavy-duty stainless-steel stake
Hybrid Micro will handle up to 100 watts (Teflon®). It is flexible and very slick to with a fitting for attaching the CHA
SSB or 50 watts CW. If you need to run the touch to will be a great help with easy Hybrid HF antenna base and for fitting

Table 1. Various configurations available with the Chameleon CHA MPAS 2.0 system.
a counterpoise. It is rugged and highly portable and with its Here are the details of the different setups and antenna
conically sharped point, enables easy ground mounting of options:
the CHA Hybrid Micro. We recommend you get a plastic mal-
let (to protect the screw-in point) to pound the stake into the Portable Vertical
ground. The first and most obvious use for rapid portable and mil-
10. CHA 50-foot (15.24-meter) coax with RFI choke — itary deployment is the complete portable vertical setup
Having thought of everything, Chameleon Antenna also pro- (Figure 1). This took me about 5 to 7 minutes to setup at my
vides a high-quality length of RG58A coax with a RFI choke first try and is not complicated at all. It uses the stainless steel
inline (Photo H). The coax is rated at 300 watts. stake (spike), with the Hybrid Micro screwed into it and on
11. 2 X 3/8-24 (M10) stainless steel nuts for the Hybrid top of that the CHA MIL EXT 2.0 and then finished off with
Micro, to attach wires. the CHA Mil Whip on top. Add the included 25-foot (7.62-
12. 2X line winders. meter) counterpoise “tail wire” for improved performance.
With an external antenna tuner, you should be able to work
Different Antenna Setup Options anything in the 1.8- to 54-MHz range. Upon testing, I was
surprised by how close to ideal the SWR readings were and
Table 1 shows the multiple configuration options for the suggests that it will only need a small touch-up with an anten-
Chameleon antenna system, including vertical setups, invert- na tuner to get perfect.
ed-V, inverted-L, and NVIS (near-vertical incidence sky- Setting up the portable vertical configuration:
wave). This is a truly great system for portable operations
and if used correctly will give you great coverage and last a 1. Select a clear area where the best ground wave com-
lifetime. munication can occur. This will be optimum when the full-
Photo F. The collapsible whip extension allows operation on 1.8-54 MHz with
just an antenna tuner.
Photo E. The shock-corded CHA MIL

2.0 whip is a collapsible brass-based
broadband monopole antenna whip
designed for portable or manpack Photo G. This spike includes a connector on top for mounting the Hybrid-Micro
radios. for use in a ground-mounted antenna configuration.

length antenna is mounted as close to na extension to the Hybrid Micro by
vertical as possible. threading the extension base on the bot-
2. Attach the shorter counterpoise tom of the antenna extension into the
wire to the Hybrid Micro by placing the antenna connection on top of the Hybrid
wire connector ring over the base con- Micro until finger tight. Do this carefully
nection of the Hybrid Micro. Tighten with to avoid cross-threading the connection.
one of the nuts until snug. 6. Extend the whip antenna by unfold-
3. Connect the UHF connector plug at ing its sections, starting at the bottom.
the integrated RFI choke end of the 7. Connect the whip antenna to the
coaxial cable to the SO-239 socket on Hybrid Micro by carefully threading the
the Hybrid Micro. whip base into the antenna connection
4. Connect the Hybrid Micro and its at the top of the Hybrid Micro until fin-
connection to the stainless-steel spike. ger tight.
5. Unfold the and connect the anten- 8. Now, with the complete antenna
together, screw it into the stainless-
steel spike and push into the ground. If
Figure 1. The simple configuration of the the ground is not soft enough. You may
portable vertical makes use of the stain- have to hammer in the stake first with a
less-steel spike, the Hybrid-MICRO, the plastic or wooden mallet and the care-
collapsible whips, and the 25-foot wire fully screw the whole assembly into it.
as a counterpoise. (Configuration draw- 9. Finally, extend the counterpoise
ings courtesy Chameleon Antennas wire along the ground in any convenient
website; used by permission) direction.
Figure 2. NanoVNA SWR sweep of the portable vertical configuration between 3.5 and 50 MHz. Your results may vary,
depending on location. As you will notice, this antenna is close to resonance on all bands (except 80 and 60 meters), but
easily within the ability of most antenna tuners to touch up the VSWR. Sweeps for other configurations are similar.

Figure 4. In the Chameleon system, the inverted-V configuration is end-fed.
Photo H. The kit even includes a length
of coax with a built-in RFI choke.
Figure 3. The manpack configuration is

ideal for QRP or emergency communi-
cations work.
Figure 2 shows a sample NanoVNA

sweep of the antenna’s SWR on all
amateur bands between 3.5 and 50
MHz. It is either below 3:1 or within easy
tweaking range of a portable antenna
tuner on all bands. This applies to all of
the other configurations as well
Vertical Manpack
A quick and shorter-range setup for
military and emergency communica-
tions on the move, usually by foot, will
be the vertical manpack option. The
deployment is designed to be rapid and
takes about 4 to 5 minutes at most. In
my estimation, this is well suited to QRP
and up to 20 watts where 100-watt oper-
ation is not available. Paired with a
portable radio like the Xiegu G90, this Photo I. The CHA MPAS 2.0 system set up in the manpack configuration.

Figure 6. The sloper is a diagonal dipole with one end going
Figure 5. The inverted-L configuration. up at an angle and the other stretched out on the ground.
will be very efficient. On SOTA it will be

spectacular. You will probably have a
battery with a lightweight radio, along
with an internal or external tuner in the
bag. Fix the coax to the stake, with the
Hybrid Micro screwed into it and on top
of that the CHA Mil Whip.
Performance is limited below 3.5
MHz, but very good above 24 MHz. The
included 25-foot (7.62-meter) counter-
poise “tail wire” provides a good com-
promise between portability and perfor-
mance. A counterpoise is simply a long,
insulated wire that attaches to the
ground connection on your antenna
tuner. The counterpoise acts as the
other “terminal” of your antenna system, Figure 7. The near-vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) configuration is good for
effectively balancing it from an electri- short-to-medium range daytime contacts on the lower HF bands.
cal standpoint.
Setting up the vertical manpack con-
figuration:
1. Select a clear area where the best

ground wave communication can
occur. This will be optimum when the
whip antenna is mounted as close to
vertical as possible.
2. Attach the shorter counterpoise
wire to the Hybrid Micro by placing the
wire connector ring over the base con-
nection of the Hybrid Micro. Hand-tight-
en with one of the nuts until snug.
3. Connect the UHF connector plug
(PL-259) at the integrated RFI choke
end of the coaxial cable to the UHF con-
nector (SO-239) socket on the Hybrid
Micro.
4. Connect the Hybrid Micro and its
connection to the side of the backpack.
5. Extend the whip antenna by unfold- Figure 8. For a more permanent installation, the CHA MPAS 2.0 system may be
ing the sections of the whip, starting with set up as a loop, either vertically or horizontally. Each arrangement has its own
the section at the bottom. advantages.

6. Connect the whip antenna to the Hybrid Micro by care- Setup for this configuration is self-evident but if you need
fully threading the whip base into the antenna connection at guidance, for detailed setup instructions please see the offi-
the top of the hybrid micro until finger tight. cial user guide at <https://bit.ly/3q1BSR2>.
7. Finally, extend the counterpoise wire along the ground
in any convenient direction. Inverted-L End-Fed
The CHA MPAS inverted-L configuration (Figure 5) is a
End-Fed Inverted-V broadband short-to-medium-range HF antenna. This config-
An inverted-V is a type of antenna similar to a horizontal uration tends to be unidirectional, favoring the end of the hor-
dipole, but with the two sides bent down towards the ground, izontal part of the antenna. It also provides effective ground-
typically creating a 120° or 90° angle between the dipole legs wave communication during the daytime on frequencies
(Figure 4). It is typically used in areas of limited space as it between 1.8-4.0 MHz without using skywave propagation.
can significantly reduce the ground footprint of the antenna The inverted-L requires two supports and should be mount-
without significantly impacting performance. Viewed from the ed at a height of 25 feet (7.5 meters) for best performance,
side, it looks like the letter “V” turned upside down, hence the although it will still provide good performance at a lower
name. Inverted-V antennas are commonly used by amateur height.
radio stations, and aboard sailing vessels requiring better HF As with the inverted-V, setup for this configuration is self-
performance than available with a short whip antenna. evident but if you need guidance, detailed setup instructions
Inverted-V antennas are horizontally polarized and have a are in the official user guide (see link above).
similar pattern compared to a traditional horizontal dipole.
The CHA MPAS inverted-vee configuration is a broadband End Fed Sloper
medium-to-long-range HF antenna. This configuration tends The sloper antenna (Figure 6) is a slanted dipole. While
to be bidirectional, favoring broadside to the two sides of the horizontal dipoles require two large support masts, this anten-
antenna. This configuration will provide effective ground and na type only needs one. It is therefore widely used by radio
skywave propagation. This classic configuration with the cen- amateurs with limited space. In particular for low frequencies,
tral point raised in a tree or a telescoping fiberglass pole at this antenna form is interesting. The angle of the slope is usu-
roughly 7-8 meters (23-26 feet) is very effective and will give ally between 45° to 60° and the lower end of the wire is at
you wide coverage and good service with even reasonable least 1/6 wavelength above the electrical ground.
propagation. The CHA MPAS 2.0 sloping wire configuration is a broad-
band short-to-medium range HF antenna. It is a good gen-
eral-purpose antenna, which provides acceptable ground-
wave and skywave propagation, and can be hastily deployed.
This configuration is predominately omnidirectional, becom-
ing slightly unidirectional towards the end of the antenna wire
as the frequency increases. The sloper requires one support
and should be mounted at a height of 25 to 40 feet (7.5-12
meters) for best performance. Again, the user guide provides
detailed setup instructions if you need them.
NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave)

The CHA MPAS 2.0 horizontal NVIS configuration (Figure
7) is designed to provide good medium-range propagation
on lower HF frequencies. It is virtually omnidirectional and is
best on frequencies below 10 MHz. This setup requires two
supports of between 10 and 12 feet (3-4 meters) that will
enable the ends of the antenna to be raised apart. Once
again, detailed setup instructions are in the user guide.
Loop Configurations
A loop antenna (Figure 8) would be a possible permanent
setup with this system. Configured vertically, the loop has a
low angle of radiation and low noise, making it superior to
dipoles and verticals for long-distance communication. A hor-
izontal loop will outperform a dipole at a lower height, mak-
ing it good for lower frequencies. As with the other configu-
rations, the user manual provides detailed setup information.
The CHA MPAS 2 retails in the $600 range and is avail-
able from most major ham dealers. Customers outside the
U.S. should contact: <orders@chameleonantenna.com>.
More information about this antenna is available on
Chameleon’s website at <https://tinyurl.com/bd9punny>.
See <www.chameleonantenna.com> for the company’s full
line of products.
[First published in a special review edition of CQ Boland for the Boland

Amateur Radio Klub in South Africa <www.bark.org.za>; republished by
permission]

This article has no illustrations. When you finish reading it, you’ll know why...
The Big Knob: An Obituary

BY TONY BROCK-FISHER,* K1KP
I “Close your eyes. Feel it. The light…it’s

n the beginning, there was no Big Knob. You turned on
your “apparatus” for receiving spark signals, and if there
were any, you heard a “click-buzz-tap” as the Morse char-
always been there. It will guide you.”
acters were received by the coherer. If by some chance there – Maz Kanata
was more than one transmitter within range at the same time,
you heard them both, the Morse characters garbled together. The concept of tuning was patented in 1898 by Oliver Lodge.
With the great invention and infant birth of radio, signals could The radio spectrum now had an X axis.
be heard over incredible distances — more than 60 miles As an aside, if you have recently suffered from QRN caused
sometimes. The magic of radio was that it could transmit by cheap switching supplies, appliances, wallwarts, solar
sounds over long distances without wires, distances that panels, grow lights, etc., just try to imagine what would you
couldn’t be traversed by any other known means at the time. would have heard on a modern receiver back in 1898. Aside
As Einstein said, “You see, the wire telegraph is a kind of very, from lightning crashes and other naturally occurring noise,
very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is the bands would have been incredibly quiet.
meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio The early tuners would have been simple LC networks,
operates exactly the same way: you send signals here, they controlled by multiple tap switches or air-variable capacitors.
receive them there. The only difference is there is no cat.” By changing the frequency of the peak response of your
receiver, you could “select” which signals you heard loudest.
You probably still heard all the loudest ones, but you could
Making Radio Coherent
at least somewhat enhance the one you were interested in
The coherer was the first detector. It was a glass tube filled with the tuning. The concept of selectivity was born. Without
with metal filings and other ingredients. When a strong enough selectivity, it was like being in a crowded room of people all
RF signal came to it from the antenna, the filings, previously talking loudly — making it very difficult to pick out the partic-
in a non-conducting state, would move slightly, creating a con- ular person to whom you were interested in listening.
ducting path through the tube. This allowed a larger DC cur- It wasn’t long until the sensitivity of the receiver was vastly
rent to pass, which was large enough to activate a relay or a improved by replacing the coherer with a crystal detector.
Morse sounder. Once the path was created by the RF, it would Sensitivity took another leap of several orders of magnitude
remain conducting until the filings were mechanically sepa- in 1907 with the addition of the De Forest Audion, the first vac-
rated. So, there was a mechanism that would tap the glass uum tube, which provided something incredible: Gain! Those
tube and cause the filings to become nonconducting again for tiny RF signals arriving at the aerial could now be amplified
the next character. The coherer didn’t care what the frequen- by huge amounts. The result was that much weaker signals
cy of the RF was. Any RF energy strong enough to activate could now be received. Of course, this also made the issues
the filings would result in a signal being registered on the of QRM and selectivity much more critically important.
sounder. Anyone with working hearing could hear the signals
being transmitted from far away.
It is incredibly amazing that this was the apparatus used by
The Big Knob is Born
the first amateur operators (Marconi’s workers) to work the Those first tuning knobs probably didn’t even have numbers
first transcontinental DX from Poldhu, England (G) to St. on them, just a plain Big Knob that one adjusted to peak the
John’s Newfoundland (VE1). Even more amazing was the fact favored signal. The concept of resonant frequency was math-
that all the “experts” of the time swore it couldn’t be done, save ematical, and the understanding of the precise values of
one, Oliver Heaviside.1 They claimed that because of the cur- capacitors and inductors, or the particular frequencies being
vature of the earth, the radio signals, which they correctly con- used, was vague at best.
cluded traveled in a straight line, would travel off into space But as with all technology, advances were made in small-
and not be received. But Marconi, having no solid knowledge er steps once the initial leap of feasibility had been taken.
of the ionosphere and only blind faith that his invention would Understanding improved, and with it, components were
work at such large distances, invested the time and money to made more precise. With increased usage and commercial-
build the first DX stations. And of course, it worked! ization of the air waves, operating schedules were made and
It wasn’t long until QRM became an issue. The pioneers of the early understanding of favored operating conditions was
radio looked for ways to prevent one station from receiving becoming known. Operators needed a way to quickly return
signals it was not interested in, or in fact, not supposed to be to a known set of working conditions, so pointers and a dial
receiving. The issue was two-fold, between QRM and unau- were added to the Big Knob. At first, there were just arbitrary
thorized / unlicensed reception (meaning, without paying the numbers, from 1 to 10 or 1 to 100. The operator knew if a
patent royalties). Their first solution was to add frequency setting of 67 was used to pass his traffic one day, he could
selectivity to sort out the desired from the undesired signals. return to that setting the next day to make the connection.
The engineers might have had an idea what actual frequen-
cy was being used, but the operator probably didn’t. If oper-
* 15 Webster St., Andover, MA 01810 ators needed to know the actual frequency, they probably
Email: <barockteer@aol.com> referred to a logging manual that would translate the arbi-

trary number to an actual frequency with since its inception, radio offered a Knobs, and the bandspread knob still
a look-up table. Even so, there weren’t response to faraway signals that wasn’t calibrated; only the band set knob
a lot of decimal places listed. appealed to another of the human sens- would have some sort of pointer and
es: Sight, instead of only sound. As well scale with numbers to indicate — with
Frequency Matters as hearing a signal from far away, you poor but improving accuracy — the fre-
The concept of frequency is a vital one could now see its effect on the dancing quency being received.
to the development of all radio, including S-meter needle. Of course, the same problem applied
that used by hobbyists and enthusiasts. Other senses were appealed to as to transmitters as well. With superhet
Without frequency, we would all just be well. The “feel” of the Big Knob became technology, there were now two oscil-
randomly shouting in the same room. a critical selling point for high-end radios lators that could drift and had to be kept
Frequency makes it possible to divide and ham rigs as well. Why else would on the same frequency. Both had to be
the vast spectrum from long wave to light anyone name their product line the operating on the same frequency for a
into usable segments, and allow literal- National Velvet Vernier? contact to be made. With oscillators
ly millions of users to share the spectrum Now, those tuning dials began to have made from inductors, capacitors, vacu-
and operate at the same time. Isn’t it numbers that meant something. They um tubes, and resistors, the exact fre-
amazing that over the 12 decades since could be calibrated by the wavelength of quency for either would often drift wild-
radio was born, its use has exploded but the signal in meters, or the actual fre- ly as the components heated up. The
we still have not run out of room? Part of quency of the RF carrier in kilocycles or operator on the receiving end had to
the reason for that is the better control megacycles per second. Those old constantly be on the ball, using the Big
of bandwidth and selectivity that came timers among us will remember when, in Knob, following the excursions of the
with advances in radio technology. the 1960s, cycles per second were transmitter frequency to keep the con-
The superheterodyne, invented by renamed Hertz, in honor of the discov- tact going. The improved selectivity of
Armstrong in 1918, added significantly erer of radio waves, Heinrich Hertz. the superhet meant that frequency con-
to selectivity, as well as making use of Some dials had other labels on them as trol was becoming even more critical.
much higher frequencies practical. By well as frequency, naming the physical The frequency drift problem was
converting high frequencies down to locations in the radio spectrum of desired improved by the use of quartz crystals
lower ones, the selectivity available at foreign or domestic broadcast stations. as a much more accurate frequency
low frequencies could now be used to Selectivity became a critically impor- control. Now the transmitter and receiv-
sort out signals of much higher carrier tant basic performance parameter of all er could be aligned to the same fre-
frequencies. radios. While the spectrum was seem- quency, but the frequency could not be
With the superhet came another inno- ingly infinite, the early use of it was inef- changed easily without changing or
vation: AGC, or automatic gain control. ficient. Technology was not yet able to selecting different crystals. The quartz
Instead of having to carefully ride a gain make the best use of the limited amount crystal also improved selectivity of
control to prevent our ears from being of spectrum that could be accessed by receivers, when it was discovered they
blown out by signals thousands of times the radios of the day. That Big Knob actu- could be used in the IF chain to create
stronger than we expected, a circuit was ally became so critically important and a narrow, sharp passband.
added to the superhet architecture that needed such fine adjustment that for a By using crystals as components in an
adjusted the RF gain for us automati- long period of time its function was split improved architecture of receivers, as
cally. And as long as there was a circuit into two Big Knobs, confusingly named pioneered by Collins in the 75A receiv-
that tracked the strength of the signal “bandset” and “bandspread.” They were er, frequency accuracy and drift im-
received, why not add a meter to dis- actually a coarse and fine adjustment, proved considerably. Now the dials and
play the signal strength? The S-meter allowing the operator to set the basic fre- pointers had much more precision. The
was born. It was a useful addition to the quency to a particular band with one bandspread and bandset knobs were
front panel and provided an element of knob, such as 40 meters, and then tune no longer required and only continued
competition. Now signals could be com- around within that band with greater pre- to appear on less expensive receivers.
pared just by looking at the dancing nee- cision with another knob. There wasn’t The frequencies could now be repeat-
dle of the S-meter. For the first time any precise linkage between the two Big ably controlled with a single Big Knob
to the unheard-of precision of about
one kilocycle.
Incremental improvements in tuning
control continued to reduce the uncer-
tainty in operating frequency, and
improve the precision and accuracy of
transmitters and receivers during the
three decades following the 1940s. Drift
was reduced dramatically. New fre-
quency synthesis architectures were
developed which further improved the
connection between the tuning dial and
the actual RF operating frequency. But
for many decades, the “user interface”
for a receiver was some sort of pointer
and dial. And a Big Knob.
Maybe the dial was round, and tuning
the Big Knob moved the pointer like the
hand of a clock around the circle. In some

designs the pointer moved, and in oth- sense of sight. Hearing only rates 3%! minds, and copied to generations to fol-
ers the dial would move behind a fixed Radio is fundamentally a technology of low: “Oh, the humanity!” and “...a day
pointer. Others used gears and pulleys sound. For the first four decades that which will live in infamy...” For those who
and string to present the user with a was the only sense it connected to. did not hear them live, these words now
straight dial, similar to a ruler, with the Families would gather around the radio conjure up vivid images created from
frequency numbers painted in increasing to listen to news, weather, sports, and documentaries that pair film movies from
frequency from left to right. The pointer entertainment broadcasts. The sounds the actual event with the sounds of the
responded to the Big Knob by moving from the speaker worked with their words. But for those who did hear them
smoothly along the dial. Restringing minds to create images and personal- live, their images are all very different,
these complicated mechanisms became ized movies that they imagined in their more personal.
a necessary skill for radio repairmen. heads as the words, music, and other That was, until the invention of televi-
sounds emanated from the speaker of sion. RCA began experimental broad-
The Art of Dial Design the warmly glowing radio. Phrases from casts in 1939, and television changed
Dials became an art form. They had dif- the radio became indelibly etched in our everything. In one short decade, fami-
fering types of illumination, usually orig-
inating from the ubiquitous #47 pilot
lamp, which gave a soft yellow charm
to the business of finding your favorite
QRG (operating frequency). The
Collins 75A actually used light pipes
made of transparent Lucite® to illumi-
nate one ham band at a time. The point-
ers could be painted black, or red; or
they too could be illuminated in some
elegant way.
Why did the tuning dial become the
center of attention for radio designers?
Because it was the window into the
radio spectrum. It was the portal of entry
into the ether, the magical connection
that could be made between your home
and places far away. It was the map for
finding what you were looking for as you
sought pleasure, fun, excitement, and
entertainment from this wonderful thing
called radio.
The 1960s hams would walk into a
dark ham shack and turn on various
switches. A brief “whump” was heard as
the AC power transformers bore the ini-
tial load of cold filaments. The #47 pilot
lamp flashed to white brightness, then
settled down to the usual yellow glow.
In about a minute, the tube filaments
would come up to an orange-red color,
and we would peer through the ventila-
tion holes in the top of the cabinet to
check them. As the radio warmed up,
we could smell the distinct aroma of
warming Bakelite and radio dust, which
foretold of our incipient pleasant expe-
rience. Our fingers reached for the Big
Knob as the sounds of band noise start-
ed to come from the speaker. The Big
Knob might feel a bit stiff for a while,
until the grease in the mechanism
warmed up and it spun more freely.
Adding Sight to Sound

Sight is the predominant sense of all the
human senses. (They say we have five
at the Core of the Big Apple
senses but I can’t understand why the
sense of balance got short-changed — PO Box 1052, New York, NY 10002
isn’t it a sense as much as the others, to E-mail: crew@wb2jkj.org www.wb2jkj.org
know which way is up?) More than 50%
of the brain’s cortex is devoted to the Call 516-674-4072 Fax 516-674-9600

lies went from listening to the radio to capacitor or a permeability tuned oscilla-
watching television in their living rooms. tor, were no longer required. Now, an
The Shortwave TVs sold like proverbial hotcakes. It optical encoder attached to the Big Knob
Propagation wasn’t long until it seemed there were sent impulses to a synthesizer (maybe
more televisions in the world than toi- even a CPU, a computer) which pro-
Handbook lets. Watching television had become a duced a continuously changing range of
more important basic human function frequencies, accurate down to the Hertz.
4th Edition than, well, you know. Now the Big Knob could spin freely,
Byy Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA Why? Why did television take over so forever. There was no more mechani-
powerfully? Because the sense of sight cal stop at the end, and no more sen-
Theodore J. Cohen, N4XX,
George Jacobs, W3ASK, is much more powerfully integrated into sation of something happening behind
Robert B. Rose, K6GKU (SK) the human brain than the sense of hear- the front panel. We became even more
ing. But hearing something instantly detached from the inner workings of the
invokes the process of imagination. You magic of radio that connected us to our
hear a bird singing, and you imagine what friends across the pond.
the bird looks like, where it is in a tree, This was pretty much what our fre-
An Indispensa
ble what kind of bird it is, and so on. But if quency displays looked like for the next
guide to you see an image of the bird, there’s no two decades. The displays became
HF propagatio
for the new
n further work involved by the brain to cre- more sophisticated, evolving from Nixie
sunspot cycle ate the picture. All the information that tubes to 7-segment LEDs to LCDs to
! had to be imagined from the sound is TFTs. More information appeared on the
readily available just by scanning with display, with icons for special functions,
your eyes. It’s much less work to simply and more numerical displays added for
look at the image than to create it from other functions like RIT/XIT. The S-
sound. The word “imagine,” itself, means meter function was also sometimes
to create an image. Our brain works at incorporated into the display, with a mov-
the highest level with images. ing bargraph to indicate signal strength.
But let’s return to the evolution of the
tuning dial. In the late 1970s, the tech- The Beginning of the End
nology behind the dial was changing Then, in the 1990s, something really
rapidly. The effort to send man to the incredible happened. New radios were
Moon had a profound effect on elec- introduced with spectrum displays, inte-
Fully updated and expanded to tronics, leading to digital computers and grated right into the front panel. The
include the latest propagation the development of the integrated circuit. ICOM IC-781 was one of the first to have
forecasting tools, as well as our The concept of frequency synthesizers a monochrome CRT display that not
time-tested “analog” tables for made good use of these technologies. only gave the operating frequency, but
making your own customized Now, the frequency of radio operation actually displayed a large portion of the
predictions, the 4th edition of The could be controlled to much greater pre- band. Different signals could be seen;
CQ Shortwave Propagation cision than before. Instead of boasting of their frequency corresponding to the
Handbook is a must-have resource accuracy to a kilocycle, it could now be scale at the bottom, and their strength
for any DXer, contester or controlled to as little as 10 Hertz (as the indicted by the height of their peaks.
emergency communicator. cycle per second was now renamed). The IC-781 was later followed by the
This 8.5 x 11, full-color title explains But the accuracy of the old pointer- IC-756Pro, which added color! If the
the many ways in which radio and-dial could not keep up with this spectrum display was cool, it was ten
signals can travel long distances pace, and the digital display was born. times cooler in color. Just as color TV
and how to use this knowledge to Ham rigs of the late ’70s (Signal One, had taken over the TV market in the
maximize your DX success. Also, Heathkit SB-104, etc.) now proudly dis- ’60s, color spectrum displays overran
includes sections on low-frequency played their operating frequency with the ham radio market.
and VHF/UHF propagation in the use of readable numeric digits. A new era was opened, and we would
addition to its main focus on Whether those digits were accurate or never look back. (Actually, some did
shortwave (HF) propagation. not was another matter, but they cer- look back, even if only briefly. The
Finally, it’s all in plain English with a tainly conveyed the notion of knowing, Kenwood TS-990 paid homage to the
focus on practical applications, to the Hertz, what your QRG was. Gone past of four decades earlier, by dis-
making it a valuable reference for was the beautifully painted and illumi- playing on its full color TFT display the
the ham radio DXer as well as the
nated dial scale. Gone was the pointer image of the tuning knob of the TS-520,
ionospheric scientist and anyone
on the Big Knob. It was still connected a beautiful analog implementation of the
in between.
by a reduction mechanism to a compo- Big Knob.) Again, in what seemed like
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primarily of sight. Why did this happen? Because humans images of the band’s sounds. Is the noise like snowflakes,
are much more attracted to something they can see. As con- falling softly around your passband? Are there static crash-
sumers, our appetite for visual stimulation and information es invoking images of faraway lightning? When you come
drove us to buy the products that had more visual appeal. across a signal, what does it look like? Is it a perfect and
The manufacturers built it, and we gobbled it up in droves. smooth CW note, carrying letters in musical form? As you
The cliché says, “the rest is history” and it is true here. Now, tune across a phone signal, what is the audio like? Is it
most radios, other than the most basic, have spectrum dis- pleasant to listen to, or raspy and sharp, getting your atten-
plays. If they don’t have them, as the creative and clever tion, but maybe not in a good way? (That’s called “DX
hams we are, we simply add them, with optional boxes, SDR audio”). When there’s a pileup on a DX station, do you “see”
dongles, stand-alone SDRs, and PC software. Now with SDR all of the U.S. callers? If it’s a rare DX prefix, do you imag-
technology, adding a spectral display is “just software.” ine the operator on the other end, maybe sweating in a bam-
With the added power and detail of digital signal process- boo hut, operating on power from a solar panel? When the
ing, or DSP, a new dimension was added to the spectral dis- ham you’re talking to describes his shack and equipment,
play — the dimension of time. The waterfall display was born, do you see it in your mind? Do you imagine what his shack
which expanded our visualization of the rainbow of radio sig- looks like? Once you build this mental image, if you look
nals by tracking them over time in a moving vertical axis. If him up on QRZ.com and see actual pictures of his shack,
we thought we were happy to see the exquisite details of fre- you’ll probably be disappointed.
quency in ham signals, imagine our delight in now being able While progress has moved our sensory experience of ham
to watch and record the changes of those nuances over time. radio away from its origins of sound to the visual overstimula-
We can see the key click clearly occurring at the beginning tion of full color displays, it has deprived us of our talent for
and ending of long dahs; we can notice how the timing of adding our imagination to the experience. If you’ve been
some FT8 signals is off as the whole digital band alternates licensed long enough to remember it, return for a moment to
between transmitting and receiving. And if you’re perceptive the “good old days” when radios delivered fun through sound
enough, you can even see the effects of ripples in the ionos- and imagination instead of sight. If you’re licensed too recent-
phere, as nulls move slowly through broad signals. ly to have this memory, shut off the displays. You’re in for a
In the 2020s we walk into the dark ham shack, switch on real treat.
the lights and the PC, as well as the radio, which is now a
faceless box somewhere in this mess of cables. Maybe it Notes:
takes 20 seconds as multiple computers boot up, and ana- 1. Oliver Heaviside was an early 20th century British mathematician
who, in 1902, predicted the existence of what we now call the ionos-
log-to-digital converters perform their calibration. Displays phere. His work was in parallel with that of American Arthur Kennelly,
flash suddenly to life, and the band comes into view on the who made a similar prediction in 1903. For many years, the ionosphere
Big Screen display, overloading us with visual information. was also known as the Kennelly-Heaviside layer in their honor. – ed.
Instead of a Big Knob, we explore the bands with a mouse.
One click and we’re checking the DX net frequency. Another
click and we’re finding the Maritime Mobile Service Net. Is RIGblaster Plug & Play
our old friend up on 14.278 MHz? Just click (or if you’re pedan- Explore a whole
tic, type in “14278”) and you’re there. The whole band is dis- new world of
played for you on the Big Screen. You can see at a glance digital modes
where the strongest signal on the band is. If you have the like FT-8
spotting network on, signals are even annotated with call-
signs. You no longer need to tune and listen and build up an
image in your mind along the way to find out who it is on
14.278 MHz. You can see from the bottom frequency of the
band to the top, from the noise floor to the blocking limit. It is
all there for you in full color. No need to listen to sounds of
Features
radio and use imagination to build up the mental picture of 7DNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKHDX[SRUWRQ\RXUUDGLRDQGVRXQGFDUG
LQ\RXU3&WRVWDUWXVLQJGLJLWDOPRGHVOLNH)7QRZ
what’s happening on 20 meters today. The Big Knob is gone.
/RZFRVWLQWHUIDFHIRUUDGLRVZLWKFRPSDWLEOHDX[SRUW
(DV\WRVHWXSDQGEHJLQGLJLWDORSHUDWLRQ
What We’ve Lost (But Can Still Regain)
But is that such a good thing? If you’ve been licensed for Supports Popular Radios
three or four decades, maybe you can remember when you 6RPHSRSXODUUDGLRPRGHOVWKDWEHQH¿WIURPWKHXVHRI3OXJ 3OD\
came into the shack, warmed up the rig, and started tuning LQFOXGHEXWDUHQRWOLPLWHGWR<DHVX)7;LHJX*<DHVX
slowly, from the bottom of the band up, listening as you went. )7DQG,FRP,&
You heard signals, familiar and novel, and made mental notes
of where they were, who they were, how strong they were, CAT/CIV Cables Available
what they sounded like. Was there Arctic flutter on that TF3? &$7&,9FDEOHVDYDLODEOHIRUPRVW<DHVX,FRPDQGVRPH7HQWHF
What was the band noise like? Did it sound like the band was PRGHOUDGLRV$VNRXUWHFKVXSSRUWIRUUHFRPPHQGHGFDEOLQJ
open, or about to open? Were there storms around?
The point is that there’s value in going through the effort to
Sound Card Adapter
use your imagination to build up a mental picture of the band. &RPSXWHURQO\KDVDVLQJOHDXGLRMDFN"8VH
It’s an experience likely forgotten by old timers, and never WKLV86%6RXQG&DUG$GDSWHUDQGIUHHXS
experienced at all by newbies (meaning those licensed in the \RXU3&¶VDXGLRIRURWKHUGHYLFHV _
last 30 years). It’s a worthwhile exercise, to find a radio with 7HFK6XSSRUW5HDFKRXU5,*EODVWHUH[SHUWDW

a Big Knob, turn off the overpoweringly sexy visual displays,
H[W
and tune the band slowly as you listen and build up a panora- VDOHV#ZHVWPRXQWDLQUDGLRFRP
ma of the band in your mind. Use your imagination to create ZHVWPRXQWDLQUDGLRFRP&4

CQ CLASSIC: March 1947 – The Debut / Return of “Scratchi”
It wasn’t even listed in the Table of Contents, but exactly 75 years ago this month, CQ readers were introduced to a new colum-
nist: Hashafisti Scratchi. As CQ Publisher Dick Ross, K2MGA, once explained, “for many years, the name Hashafisti Scratchi has
been almost synonymous with confusion and consternation in amateur radio. It seems, too, that whenever the unusual or impos-
sible is happening, Scratchi is there helping it happen.”
Longtime hams were already familiar with Scratchi from his columns in Radio magazine, CQ’s predecessor, dating back at least
to 1940. And while the writing style (and accompanying artwork) may seem politically incorrect today, a careful reading of his bro-
ken English always demonstrated that the subjects of the author’s satire were American hams and their on-air foibles.
Who was the author? That was a closely guarded secret for many years, until his passing several years ago. Scratchi was actu-
ally George Floyd, W6OJK, a microwave pioneer (he was on one end of the first amateur contact on 2.4 GHz) who worked for
General Electric and edited its “GE Ham News” newsletter, for which he also wrote a column under the pen name “Lighthouse
Larry.” That name most likely came from the GE “lighthouse tubes” then used for microwave and radar work. Coincidentally (?),
the March 1947 issue of CQ which featured Scratchi’s first appearance in our pages also contained an article on surplus prese-
lectors for lighthouse tube circuits (written by Maurice Gutman, W2VL, not by Floyd). Scratchi’s acerbic columns appeared
periodically in CQ from 1947 to 1971. Floyd, who later held the callsign WA4DGA, became a Silent Key in 2008.
tank coil last weak Scratchi decided to avale himself of

free examanation.
Well, Hon. Ed., Scratchi are getting surprize of life when
he see all the other people taking free examanation, but
then he get reely suspicious when no pretty nurses cum
around to feel pulse. Scratchi not reel sure what happened
after that, only know that he pass examanation with flying
colors. First thing I know I have sined papers, and with
bunch of others I am on my way to place called boot camp.
Phooey, Hon. Ed., no need in boring you with horrible
detales that follow. Scratchi are snatched so quick for U.
S. Army that he not even have time to get back to shack
and turn off his Calif. kw which are left running to heet
shack. My brother Itchi rite me later that due to slite mat-
A number of years ago whenever the technicalities of radio ter of sum unpaid bills the power company turn off power
became a series of stereotyped expressions, the avid read- same day, so my five kilowhatt toobs not hurt much.
ers of one of our contemporary radio journals could pon- Scratchi are having lots of fun in army after they are
der the adventures of one Hashafisti Scratchi. This well finding out what a grate tecknickle whizzard I are. Some
embroiled Ham appeared beset upon by every imaginable of my inventions are doing grate things for Unkle Sam,
trial and tribulation. After many inquiries and many hours but accounting secrissy orders still in effect not being able
of watching those out of the band signals the Editor has at this time to disclose how Scratchi won war practikally
again located this bane ofthe FCC and asked him to explain singil-handed. Natcherly when being able to disclose my
his long absence. sooper scheme for detecting presents of enemie I will rush
Feenix, Ariz., U. S. A. same to your Hon. rag by air-male speshul delivery.
Dear Hon. Ed. Sir: Scratchi are just abouts inventing this system called radar
Are supposing you wondering what happen to Hashafisti but that is all I can disclose now. At presents time I are
Scratchi since he last rite you in 1940. This beings a long living with my brother Itchi in Feenix, Ariz. Itchi own a
story Scratchi thot he better rite you to explane his absince. big ranch here,and Scratchi figure this make a good hide-
It all started one day when I are sitting peccefully in shack, out. Even tho I have Hon. Discharge from army there are
running e.c.o. up and down band with full power on, just a few GIs who have foolish notion that Scratchi run out
to let local amchoors know Scratchi there in case any dx on them without saying 73, all on acct. of sum monies I
come on. I are just about to go to refrigiderator for a refill owe them. This ranch is a sooper place to put up anten-
when I notice the maleman. I go to door and get the male, nas. Only trouble having recently is big jack-rabbits which
being careful to avoid any envelopes with “F.C.C.” on insist on chewing on the antenna poles. This are naturally
outsides, as Scratchi are finding it easier in past few weeks bringing forth a bad case of drooping Lazy-H’s and ground-
to work dx with different calls. One long envelope espezial- ed Rhombics. Last time this happened I in middle of fb
ly interest me, so I open it and find it say “Dear Hon. Sir, qso with sum reel dx, OK2U2. Are you having new call-
Greeting from the President.” book? Itchy are handing me horsey-laugh on acct. callbook
Scratchi are sitting rite down to rite thank-you letter to I have does not list same.
Hon. Pres. when suddinly realizing are not Scratchi's Itchi just rush in and say he has located sum nice high
birthday. Carefully rereeding letter I find Hon. Pres. wor- cacticusses so guess I will go out and string up sum more
ried about health, and asking Scratchi to have a free fis- antennas.
cal examanation that afternoon. Not having feeling any Respectively yours,
to well since I draw that reel nifty arc on my Calif. kw Hashafisti Scratchi, Now Esq.

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MATH’S NOTES
BY IRWIN MATH,* WA2NDM
Food for Thought

WA2NDM is recovering from a medical procedure and was cat's whiskers, and Model T Ford spark coils of the 1900s,
unable to produce a column for this issue, so we dug back so in theory, at least, an individual should be able to devel-
a little over two decades to reprise Irwin’s January 2001 op (or “invent”) much more sophisticated devices.
column, in which he welcomed the new century by looking Remember, the human mind has not yet been replaced with
back at how far radio technology had come in its first 100 artificial intelligence, and a whole plethora of components
years and looking forward at what the 21st century might that could not even be imagined in 1900 are routinely avail-
bring. Twenty-one years in, we can already say that he was able. All of the necessary “ingredients” are there. It is up to
right on target in some respects and that other innovations us to take advantage of this. It’s fun to dream about the role
are still to be realized. But his basic message – that it’s up we might have in the future, though, so let's take a moment
to us to make innovation happen – is as valid today as it and try to identify some possible starting points.
was in 2001. – W2VU Artificial intelligence has brought us to the point where a
computerized operator answers most of our telephone direc-
tory assistance questions using both voice recognition and
synthesis techniques. You can even buy a software package
F
irst, as always, a very happy and healthy New Year to
all readers of this column and especially to those who that lets you dictate letters in many of the popular word
have been able to bear with me for more than the past processor formats, as well as have written documents read
quarter century. I sincerely thank you for your continued sup- back to you. Does this mean that with a little bit of addition-
port and hope to share the many exciting new developments al processing we will be able to have “intelligent” conversa-
(as well as my thoughts) that will most certainly occur as time tions with our machines? Will the computers of the science-
marches on. fiction movies become reality in the next few years? Watch
I find it hard to believe that we are now in the year that the out! It could, and I believe it will, happen! For the experi-
science fiction stories I read as a youngster called “the dis- menters in our midst it's really all only clever software. You
tant future.” As I indicated last month, although we cannot probably have the computing power and the microphone/
really predict where our technology will take us in the months speaker l/Os in your possession already. I don't really think
and years to come, rest assured it truly will be amazing. It is you need the equivalent of a Bell Labs to make a significant
my hope, however, that the experimenter and “inventor” por- contribution. It would be interesting to come home and ask
tion of the amateur radio fraternity can continue to make the the computer, “What's on 20 meters?” (and get an accurate
same sort of technical contributions that were made in the verbal answer to boot), wouldn’t it?
early part of the 20th century. Cellular telephone technology has shown us just how
Although today at first glance it may seem an almost reliably an 800-900 MHz line-of-sight, full-duplex HT can
impossible task to develop anything technologically signifi- operate. Can amateurs develop similar computer/RF links
cant without a high degree of expertise in solid-state physics, that can evolve into the next generation of “intelligent”
consider what was known compared to what was developed repeaters?
in the early 1900s. The analogy is really the same, since Will you someday be able to either simply speak some-
those future developments were just as “impossible” to pre- one's call or call “CQ {some country}” into a microphone and
dict at that point in time. In fact, our modern technological be connected directly to them or at least to a group within the
base is infinitely more broad than the oatmeal-box coil forms, selected country no matter where on the Earth that might be?
Also, do other frequencies, including those readily available
to amateurs, exist that can achieve similar (or even better)
*c/o CQ magazine results than in the 800 MHz area?
Fig. 1- The use of polarizers as a light modulator.

Less than 100 years ago anything You should notice that all of the above and that was using a spark coil plus some
above 1-2 MHz was considered a does not really require any large-scale well-machined mechanical compo-
wasteland. Today the spectrum from expenditure in exotic equipment. It nents! There were no synthesizers,
100 GHz to light (and then beyond) is does, however, require a significant MOSFETs, diplexers, or for that matter
virtually unknown, so there is plenty of investment in brain power. anything at that time that even looked
virgin territory for experimentation. How If you are fortunate enough to have a like an RF component at any frequency.
does one operate at 250, 500, or 1000 modest budget, the possibilities extend Remember when we spoke about gen-
GHz? The amateurs of the past even further. By way of example, erating microwave signals with a door-
didn't ask how to push the technology Thomas Edison was able to manufac- bell buzzer and a surplus cavity in a col-
into the “short waves”; they just exper- ture light bulbs with the type of vacuum umn last year? Very elementary it is true,
imented and eventually figured out how pump that could be found in any high but it worked. Could you generate and
to do it. Sometimes the fact that they did school physics lab today and could eas- detect crude “futuristic signals” by some
not have an extensive technical educa- ily have made simple vacuum tubes well similar technique? I'll bet you can!
tion (that “proved” that something such before Lee De Forrest if he only real- I have a lot of faith in human ingenu-
as short waves were useless) was actu- ized what they would be capable of. ity. I also believe that the basis of most,
ally a blessing. While you might have a hard time mak- if not all, future technology exists today
Try something. You might be sur- ing transistors or integrated circuits in and that it is well within the capabilities
prised! And don't be afraid of the your shack, galena crystals, which were of the technically-inclined individual to
ultralow frequencies either. The military our first elementary semiconductors, play a significant role in the development
has been communicating with sub- made pretty good detectors of lowfre- of some of that technology. It is really
marines under the ocean, on the oppo- quency RF at the dawn of radio. Do sim- only your state of mind. To paraphrase
site side of the Earth, at frequencies well ilar devices exist today to detect “what- an old Chinese proverb, “If you want to
below 200 kHz for years. ever”? I’ll bet that in the year 2100 there develop something badly enough, be
In the same light (forgive the pun), will be many who will look back and say, careful. You may find that you can!”
how about optical communications? “Gee, why didn’t I think of that?” If you want the entire amateur radio
Consider the advantages of very nar- If you read about the work of Heinrich experience to continue into the 21st
row beamwidths (less than a fraction of Hertz in turn-of-the-century scientific century, you might find that you have to
a degree). You could make an optical journals, you will see that he actually convince the FCC and the powers that
beam antenna with a front-to-back ratio generated and demonstrated many of be that there is a valid reason why it
of better than 100 dB using mirrors, or the characteristics of 150 MHz VHF RF should.
reflections, or who knows what! Sure, before the word radio was even coined, 73, Irwin, WA2NDM
the laser diodes that might be used for
optical transmitters today can only put
out milliwatts, but why limit yourself to a
laser when you can get a 1000 watt pro-
jector lamp, connect your newly de-
signed external optical modulator that
works directly on the beam from the
lamp (well, you have to do something
clever), connect your lens- or mirror-
basedoptical “antenna,” and come up
with an optical kilowatt? Why not?
Perhaps you can start a new chapter in
what amateur radio (or should we
rename it “Amateur Wireless”) commu-
nications will become.
Then there is the whole world of mod-
ulation techniques. We now know of
and routinely use AM, FM, SSB, spread
spectrum, and a wide range of digital-
pulse rate/width/position encoding
methods of all kinds. What else is lurk-
ing around the corner? At a recent trade
show we saw a start-up company trans-
mitting signals by some sort of pulse
method using modulated harmonics of
a single frequency. They claimed long
range with high peak power but very lit-
tle average power. Their pulse method
also assured a high degree of immuni-
ty to interference. Possibly you may find
the next mode. Remember, when AM
was king, E. H. Armstrong (in a lab that
was a joke compared to what exists
today in even a modest experimenter's
shack) developed FM! The list goes on.

THE LISTENING POST
BY GERRY DEXTER
All India Radio is Closing Two Sites
FLASH! BBC revives European shortwave service for The World Radio TV
Ukraine. See News on page 3. Handbook is now out. But
this 2022 edition will,
sadly, be the last, an
~ Once again, I have to wonder, “what’s going on at All announcement causing
India Radio?” One month I bemoan the pending loss of two much breast-beating and
or more of their outlets, the next I hear that everything’s just teeth-gnashing amongst
hunky dory. This month, it’s back into the doom-and-gloom SWBC DXers.
mode as reliable sources have said that Aizwal and Gangtok
(Sikkim on the NASWA country list) are closing. C’mon folks,
let’s get it right, once and for all.
~ ... And what’s with China Radio International these days?
Now I’m told that the English service is announcing itself as
“CGTN Radio” (China Global Television Network) instead of
the usual China Radio International. Perhaps they’re taking
a hint from us when we moved VOA, RFA, etc. to “USA Global
Media?”
~ Radio Zanzibar is being heard again on 6015 kHz from
BRAZIL—Radio Cancao Nova via Cachoeria on 6105 at 0629
0330 UTC sign on. I was surprised to note there is no listing
with a woman singing a ballad and a man with short religious
for Zanzibar in the new World Radio TV Handbook (WRTH)
messages. (Taylor, WI)
edition ... though it’s mentioned briefly under Tanzania, still CANADA—CFVP via Calgary on 6030 at 1636 with a come-
including 11735 kHz which does not seem to be active. dy routine and station ID. (Sellers, BC)
~ A Spanish DXer notes the Voice of the Broad Masses of CFRX via Toronto on 6070 at 0039 with ads and an interview.
(Sellers, BC)
Eritrea from Asmara, Eritrea, again on 7140 kHz signing on
Bible Voice on 11790 via Nauen with man speaking in Amharic,
at 0330 UTC after having been silent for months. later some interesting vocals. (Barton, AZ)
CHINA—China Radio International on 5965 via Beijing still
Listener Logs hanging in there with woman in Russian at 1530. (Barton, AZ)
Your shortwave broadcast station logs are always welcome. On 7290 via Xi’an at 2225 with talk in Korean; on 11640 via
But please be sure to double or triple space between the Madagascar at 1821 with a long talk in Arabic. (D’Angelo, PA)
items, list each logging according to the station’s home coun- On 11790 via Xianyang in English at 2352 interviewing a German
try and include your last name and state abbreviation after professor, suddenly off at 2357 when the frequency closed, then
each. Also needed are spare QSLs, station schedules, back via Xi’an at 0000; on 11885 via Xianyang at 2359 with pro-
brochures, pennants, station photos, and anything else you mos, news and “The World Today” program; on 13630 via
think would be of interest. The same holds true for you ama- Madagascar with news in English at 2102. (Sellers, BC)
teur radio operators who also listen to shortwave broadcasts. PBS-Xizang via Lhasa (Tibet) at 0052 with talk in Chinese, but
poor; on 4850 at 0102 in Kazakh with man and woman talking;
I know you’re out there! You, too, are also most welcome to
on 4905 in Tibetan at 0054, was not //to 4820, //s 4920, 6110,
contribute.
and 7385 were all very poor to barely audible. (Sellers, BC)
Here are this month’s logs. All times are in UTC. If no lan- PBS Xinjiang via Urumqi on 5060 at 0102 very poor in Chinese
guage is mentioned, English is assumed. with orchestra. (Sellers, BC)
PBS Schuan 2 on 7225 via Chengdu (in Chinese –GLD) at
ASCENSION ISLAND—BBC North Atlantic Relay on 7285 at 2243 with a woman at length. (Taylor, WI)
0527 with news features in English. (D’Angelo, PA) On 12095 Yunnan Radio on 6035 via Lantao in Vietnamese at 1406 with
at 2112 about Peru, //11810. (Sellers, BC) man and woman talking at length. (Taylor, WI)
AUSTRIA—Radio Austria International on 6155 via CUBA—Radio Havana Cuba on 11880 via Bauta at 2209 with
Moosbrunn at 0603 with man and woman reading the news in news, including items on Covid; on 15140 at 2039 with the “Cuba
German. (D’Angelo, PA) Today” program and station ID. (Sellers, BC)
Adventist World Radio on 7300 at 0020 in Urdu with the AWR EGYPT—Radio Cairo on 9900 via Abis in English at 2140 with
theme and English station ID at 0228, then into Punjabi. (Taylor, Arabic music, good signal but severely distorted. (Sellers, BC)
WI) On 15360 via Moosbrunn with a man giving a religious lec- ENGLAND—BBC on 5845 via Philippines in Korean at 1530.
ture in Hausa at 1900, off suddenly at 1928. (Barton, AZ) (Barton, AZ) On 5930 via Austria in Dari at 0155 male and female
BOTSWANA—Voice of America Relay on 11850 at 1600 in announcers. (Taylor, WI) On 6195 via Oman relay with woman
Kirundi but lost when they switched to the UAE Relay. (Barton, hosting on several topics; on 7445 via Madagascar with
AZ) On 15460 in Hausa at 1557 and off just after 1600; on 17895 Christmas carols, organ, and choir; on 17780 via Woofferton at
at 1711 on the troop withdrawal from Afghanistan. (Sellers, BC) 1708 on the Gambia. (Sellers, BC)
ESWANTINI (Swaziland)—Trans World Radio on 9585 at
*c/o CQ magazine 1504 in French with a man giving a rapid-fire sermon. On 15105

at 2200 with apparent news magazine; on 11910 in Japanese
with seeming newscast; on 13730 via Talata, Madagascar at
1730 with woman speaking in Swahili. (Barton, AZ)
Radio Nikkei One on 6055 via Nagara in Japanese at 0800
with man and woman hosting pop music show. (Barton, AZ)
LIBERIA—ELWA via Monrovia on 6050 at 0619 with mellow
hymns, some English words and phrases. (Taylor, WI)
MADAGASCAR—World Christian Radio on 13670 via
Mahajanga at 1805 with “Ask the Doctor” program, /WCB airing
Radio Feda on 13670 at 1930 with Middle Eastern music, then
woman with closedown. (Barton, AZ)
African Pathways Radio on 13670 at 1815 with man and
woman with a religious lecture and a male chorus. (Barton, AZ)
MALAYSIA—RTM airing Sarawak FM on 9835 via Kujang in
Malay at 2301 with man with talk and slow ballads. (Taylor, WI)
The Committee for the Democratization of North Korea is MALI—RTV du Mali via Bamako on 5995 in French with man
one of the several broadcasters aimed at the North, and and woman and short items. (Taylor, WI)
mentioned this month under opposition voices. NEW ZEALAND—RNZI on 7390 via Rangataiki with pop
vocals and female presenter, station ID at 1515. (Barton, AZ) At
1605 with news, sports, RNZ-Pacific station ID at 1609. (Sellers,
BC)
NIGERIA—Voice of Nigeria on 11770 via Abuja at 1838 with
woman giving station ID, then a magazine-type program in
English. (D’Angelo, PA)
OPPOSITION—Dimtse Woyane Tigray (via France to Eritrea)
on 15160 at *1500-1536, O/C, brief announcements by man,
woman reading the news in Tigrina, slight jamming noted around
1520. (D’Angelo, PA)
Dimtse Radio Erena (via Bulgaria to Eritrea) on 9720 at 1726-
1800* with man in Tigrinya and some short music segments, off
with an instrumental. (D’Angelo, PA)
Maezer Samay (via Madagascar to Eritrea) on 11705 in Tigray
at 1525, opening with male announcer, theme, station ID, and
apparent contact information, off in mid-sentence at 1530.
(Taylor, WI)
Voice of Freedom (South Korea to North) on 5920 at 1045 with
female vocals and a rapid beep jammer. (Barton, AZ)
Echo of Hope (South Korea to North) on 3985 in Korean at
A QSL from the pirate Wolverine Radio. Sometimes I wish
1215. (Barton, AZ) On 9095 at 1458, theme-like number and a
they’d follow the young lady’s sign!
possible station ID at 1500. (Taylor, WI)
Furusato No Kaze (Taiwan to North Korea) on 6155 at 1727
via Mangela Ranch in Lingala at 1935 with the TWR theme, a with choir, woman speaking in Japanese, off suddenly at 1728.
proclamation-like statement and apparent Bible teaching. (Sellers, BC) On 7295 at 1333 in Japanese with mellow music
(Taylor, WI) and man speaking at length. (Taylor, WI)
FRANCE—RFI on 13740 via Issoudun fair at 1730 with an Committee For the Democratization of North Korea (via
apparent magazine program, then off at 1757, then back on at Uzbekistan to NK) with woman, piano, theme at 1359 and off at
1800. (Barton, AZ) 1400. (An hour earlier than formerly noted.) (Taylor, WI)
GERMANY—Channel 292 on 9670 via Rohbach opening the Echo of Reunification (North Korea to South) at 1256 with
“Overcomer” program at 1533. (Sellers BC) woman speaking in Korean. (Taylor, WI)
Norddeutchr Rundfunk airing Gruss An Bord on 15770 via Radio Dabanga (via Vatican to Sudan) on 7315 at 0455 in
Okeechobee with annual Christmas program and a German Arabic. (Taylor, WI)
church service, program closed at 2200 but the German feed Denge Welat (via Moldova to Turkey) on 11530 and the Turkish
continued for a bit with news in German; on //9820-Nauen. jammer Recep Erdogan both noted at 1250, the former on top
(D’Angelo, PA) with man and woman alternating talking, the jammer with a
GUAM—Adventist World Radio on 11955 in Ngaju with choir lengthy speech.
and religious talk; on 12040 via Agat at 2202 with music and a PHILIPPINES—Far East Broadcasting airing Radio Liangyou
woman giving a Christian message at 2205. (Sellers, BC) At opening in Chinese at 2300. (Barton, AZ)
2220 with Middle Eastern music, O/C at bottom of the hour end- Radio Liangyou-1 on 9275 via Iba and Radio Liangyou-2 on
ing service to Sudan, then restarting in Javanese, (Barton, AZ) 9345 via Bocaue at 1442 but suddenly switched with program 2
INDIA—All India Radio on 11560 via Benglaruru with a man with several music snippets, program 3 on 9405 via Bocaue at
speaking in Pashto, English station ID at 1544 mentioning the 2255 in Mandarin with possible low-key sermon. (Taylor, WI)
“Neighborhood One” service, and a brief IS before close. PIRATES—Two Dog Radio on 6955 upper sideband (u) at
(D’Angelo, PA) On 13795 via Bengaluru on suddenly at 2343 in 0107 with rock, pop. Genix Radio on 6950 at 2254 with inter-
Chinese with station ID, promos, and news good with a dual- mittent carrier, vague music at 2306 with station ID at a peak.
path echo. (Sellers, BC) Screaming Man Radio on 6930 at 2340 with various progres-
IRAN—VOIRI on 6110 via Sirjan at 1724 with choir / anthem, sive rock items. (Taylor, WI)
then woman with announcement and a prayer, listed in Bosnian. KPZL Puzzle Radio on 6933 at 0001 in CW, thanks to other
(Sellers, BC) posters for the station ID. Screaming Man Radio, 6930 at 2301
JAPAN—Radio Japan on 7445 Yamata in Japanese at 0830 with country stuff, rock, progressive rock. (Hassig, IL)
with soundtracks from old U.S. movies; on 11630 in Japanese REPORTED IN PREVIOUS COLUMNS: Wolverine Radio,

Ballsmacker Radio, Outhouse Radio, SRI LANKA—SLBC on 11905 via with an economics feature at 1740.
Sycko Radio, Radio Free Whatever, Trincomalee at 0031 with NA, announce- (Sellers, BC) On 11815 via Emirler in
WDDR, Captain Morgan Shortwave. ments at 0033, male and female announc- Turkish with Middle Eastern instrumental
ROMANIA—Radio Romania Intentional ers, and music. (Sellers, BC) music. (Barton, AZ)
on 6170 via Tiganesti with news in English; SWEDEN—IBRA Media airing Radio UNITED STATES—Radio Free Asia on
on 7375 via Galbeni. (Sellers, BC) Sama on 11965 via Wofferton at 1830 in 11550 via Northern Marianas at 1827-
SAO TOME—VOA Relay on 5925 via Arabic with a very choppy signal. (Barton, 1858* with man speaking in Korean,
Pinheira at 2134-2201* several talks in AZ) female vocals at 1847, and off at 1857.
Bambara, English station ID at 2201. THAILAND—Radio Thailand on 13750 (D’Angelo, PA)
(D’Angelo, PA) On 11850 at 1730 with via Ban Dung at 0010 with ads, station ID. Radio Farda on 11695 via Lampertheim
opening, station ID, and announcer intro- (Sellers, BC) with man speaking in Farsi. (Taylor, WI)
ing song. (Sellers, BC) TURKEY— Radio Turkey on 5960 via Adventist World Radio on 11985 via
SINGAPORE—BBC-Far East Relay on Emirler at 2334 with woman hosting Madagascar at 2109 in Nigerian pidgin
9580 via Kranji with a news magazine at English features with a Turkish music seg- with man preaching, announcer in English
1130. (Barton, AZ) ment. (D’Angelo, PA) On 9660 via Emirlir at 2124, contact information at 2127, clos-
ing hymn and off. (Sellers, BC) On 15355
via Talata, Madagascar in Igbo at 1938
with a prayer, AWR theme, address in
Lagos, and more hymns. (Taylor, WI)
Pan American Broadcasting on 11800
via Nauen at 1435 with an English preach-
er. (Taylor, WI)
WJHR via Milton, FL on 15555u with a
preacher at 2036. (Sellers, BC)
VATICAN—Vatican Radio on 6115 via
Philippines with some music bits, singing
station ID, contact information, and off at
0457. (Taylor, WI) in Chinese at 1616 with
a special Christmas broadcast. (Sellers,
BC) On 11620 at 1530 with Arabic lec-
tures, tones between items; on 13830 at
1600 with man speaking in Swahili.
(Barton, AZ)
VIETNAM—9840 via Sontay at 2338
with English news to 2341, station ID.
(Sellers, BC) At 1306 in Indonesian with
man, longer section by woman, then
Vietnamese music. (Taylor, WI)
As Time Goes By
Radio Taiwan International (RTI) is one station that digs pennants.
~ Radio Republik Indonesia, Kendari,
(Selawesi Province), 4000 kHz at 1158
in Indonesian with its 5-kilowatt domes-
tic service on October 17, 1990.
Just Sayin’
The coming loss of the World Radio TV
Handbook is a brutal one, indeed, prob-
ably equivalent to that of the BBC can-
celing its North American Service,
which triggered so many others to aban-
don the medium. My own collection of
WRTHs built up over decades, is yet to
be completed, but I’m still missing just
the elusive first and third editions. Thus,
here’s an appeal for those missing vol-
umes. I’d pay any reasonable amount.
Contact me with the good news at
<gdex@wi.rr.com>.
Thank You
Goes to the good guys this month: Rich
D’Angelo, Wyomissing, PA; Harold
Sellers, Vernon, BC; Mark Taylor,
Madison, WI; William Hassig, Mt.
Some of the on-air staff at ZNBC-Zambia who do programs in the Memba Pleasant, IL; and Rick Barton, El
language. Mirage, AZ.

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
Radio Amateurs Assist Following Floods and Landslides in Brazil
BY MARTIN BUTERA,* PT2ZDX/ LU9EFO
GUEST COLUMNIST
Photo A. Members of amateur radio emergency response group ROER, Rede de Operações de Emergência de
Radioamadores (Amateur Radio Emergency Operations Network). (Photo courtesy of ROER)
As we continue our search for a new

Emergency Communications Editor,
we bring you a report this month from
Brazil, where heavy rains in February
touched off floods and landslides (a
story overlooked by most U.S. media
outlets) and amateur radio’s role in the
response. We now pass the keyboard
to guest columnist Martin Butera,
PT2ZDX/LU9EFO …
As I write this report near the end of

February, deaths from landslides in
Petrópolis, Brazil, are close to 200 peo-
ple, with more than 100 more still miss-
ing and nearly a thousand homeless.
As elsewhere, radio amateurs (Photo
A) have been deeply involved in the
emergency response.
The tragedy began on February 15,
2022, and occurred in the Brazilian
imperial city of Petrópolis, located in the
State of Rio de Janeiro, 68 kilometers
(42 miles) from its capital. The city,
which is built between slopes and val-
leys, was shaken by the worst rains in
* Email: Photo B. Some of the damage caused by floods and landslides in Brazil. (Public
<martin_butera@yahoo.com.ar> domain photo)

Photo C. A house destroyed by a landslide in Brazil. (Public Photo D. Landslides carried along everything in their paths.
domain photo) (Public domain photo)
the last 90 years, producing large landslides throughout the historical average for all of February (240 millimeters/9.5 inch-
region. es), according to the MetSul meteorological agency.
Petrópolis is known as the “imperial city” for having been According to the Civil Defense of the Mayor’s Office, in 24
the favorite of Pedro II, the last emperor of Brazil, and is one hours there were 325 incidents, including 269 landslides, in
of the most popular tourist destinations in the state of Rio de addition to the collapse of dozens of homes and falling walls
Janeiro. While the imperial palace and the cathedral and trees. Videos that went viral on social networks showed
remained standing, the historic center of the city was turned shocking images of Petrópolis where large landslides
into a quagmire (Photos B-E). dragged everything with them as they passed with incredi-
Even in recent days, the search has been interrupted on ble force. This link, courtesy of Canal UOL Brasil, will give
several occasions because it continues to rain with great you an idea of the magnitude of the tragedy (Caution: the
intensity, in addition to a heavy fog that makes rescue work images are disturbing): <https://tinyurl.com/2p878ja7>.
difficult.
The rescuers (Photo F) do not lose hope of finding survivors Hams Activate to Help
under the mud and debris, and the search tasks are already Once again, the phrase “When all else fails, amateur radio”
reinforced by new crews of firefighters from other Brazilian is put to the test. Radio amateurs know that we are capable
states as well as more than 40 sniffer dogs working in the of communicating with any point on the planet by our own
area to find the missing victims. means. Perhaps that is the fundamental key that maintains
Some points in Petrópolis received up to 260 millimeters (10 the validity of amateur radio, its importance in responding to
inches) of rain in less than six hours, a volume higher than the emergencies.
Photo E. The path of destruction left behind by one landslide in Petrópolis. (Public domain photo)

Photo F. Rescue crews work in the mud and muck to help residents. (Public domain photo)
Photo G. Radio amateurs belonging to ROER (Rede de

Operações de Emergência de Radioamadores), working on
the installation of antennas for radio links. (Photo courtesy Photo H. ROER members in the station they set up in the
of ROER) 15 GB fire squad. (Photo courtesy of ROER)
The new public safety communications systems are digital between distant relatives in obtaining medicines that were
and of higher quality, but they have a drawback, which is that only found in large centers or abroad. There are accounts of
they depend on structured networks. On the other hand, radio many lives were saved thanks to the solidarity of radio ama-
amateurs do not depend on anyone, only on ourselves, an teurs in obtaining medicines that were not available locally.
antenna, a radio transmitter, a power source (battery, or a In the midst of the chaos that was generated in Rio de
generator) and in a few minutes we will be on the air. Janeiro state, a group of radio amateurs made themselves
Amateur radio has played a very important role throughout available to the authorities and went into action. They are the
its history helping in situations of solidarity, disasters, and members of the group called ROER, or Rede de Operações
public calamities around the world. Decades ago, when cities de Emergência de Radioamadores (Amateur Radio
were not interconnected by telephone networks, it was com- Emergency Operations Network), who helped and are still
mon for the local radio amateur to support communications helping residents and rescue teams in the affected area.

Photo I. Main station of ROER, the Amateur Radio Emergency Operations Network. (Photo courtesy of ROER)
These radio amateurs are doing fun- Department, Military, and Police), as high hills on foot with radio equipment
damental work so that there is commu- well as private communication systems. and batteries on their backs, thus
nication between rescue teams, fire- The group of radio amateurs quickly obtaining autonomy from the VHF sys-
fighters, authorities, etc. Since most or set up repeaters (Photo G), which work tems, which remained working with total
all of the city’s communications system with batteries and electric generators, success. They were also responsible
is out of order, the only effective means since, as I mentioned, a large part of the for linking both VHF and UHF repeater
of communication in the area is through region’s electricity supply was interrupt- systems.
amateur radio. ed by the heavy rains and landslides. This group of radio amateurs also
The ROER group was formed in 2010 These repeaters were installed by the quickly made improvements to the sta-
by a group of radio amateurs from same radio amateurs who climbed the tion in charge of general operations at
Petrópolis, whose mission is to help
public agencies and the population of
the city in case of emergency, public
calamity, or natural disaster.
In January 2011, these same radio
amateurs participated in search-and-
rescue operations during the Vale do
Cuiabá disaster, in the mountainous
region of Rio de Janeiro, to support the
communications of the Fire Depart-
ment, the Civil Defense Corps and other
public agencies present. They also set
up communication networks during
large fires that affected the same region
in 2021.
Now in this unfortunate tragedy, a
large part of the electricity supply in the
area called Morro da Bandeira was inter-
rupted, due to a strong electrical dis-
charge that caused the repeater station
of the Municipality of Petrópolis to go off
the air, in addition to the fact that access
was blocked by debris. This region is
sensitive because it concentrates all
internet links, radio, TV transmitters, Photo J. Fabio Hoelz, PY1ZV (foreground), and fellow members of ROER, ready
repeaters of public services (Fire to provide communications as needed. (Photo courtesy of ROER)

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the headquarters of Fire Squad 15 GB (Photo H). They even earthquake in Haiti in 2010, but says he has never experi-
set up a semi-portable station to assist the State Civil enced something so similar and painful so close to home.
Defense. When interviewing him for this report, I was left with the
They also divided part of the communications into two sys- phrase, “today, my dear city, unfortunately, is a scene of war.”
tems, one VHF and the other linked UHF, located in Morro I want to mention in this report some of the brave radio ama-
da Bandeira, owned and maintained by ROER, and were in teurs who, in a spirit of solidarity, gave themselves completely
charge of handling all non-emergency traffic directed to to the community, asking for forgiveness if I forget to men-
another repeater. VHF is also in the same location. tion a colleague. For me they are true heroes: Claudio
At various times, these same radio amateurs were (PY1TF), Fernando (PY1RAT), Irene (PY1PAZ), Rogerio
deployed and collaborated with the firefighters in the town (PU1RUK), Fernando (PU1EL), Edgar (PU1LOO), Sergio
of Alto da Serra. (PU1YQZ), Gilbero (PU1JEE), Borges (PU1YKZ), Rogerio
Even with the restoration of communication services for a (PU1NIF), Valerio (PY1WZ), Angelo (PY1LIF), Claudio
large part of the municipality, the radio traffic was still intense (PY1TF), Fabricio (PY1IR), Ricardo (PY1RI), Jaci
due to the logistical needs of the points supported by the (PU1ROE), Tiago (PU1TOA), Cabral (PU1NIF), and Roberto
amateur radio network. (PU1OLT).
The system set up by these radio amateurs proved to be Radio amateurs from the neighboring cities of Teresópolis,
very efficient and faster in responding to requests than those Nilópolis, and Mesquita, belonging to different groups and
made by standard means, such as Whatsapp or cell phone, entities, such as GRATE, CRAN, and REER-RJ, also joined
that generated a large flow and constantly crashed because in the collaboration.
a large part of the network was damaged.
Using the 15th GB fire squad as a base, an operator with a
portable radio was also sent to the Civil Action Command at
the Civil Defense headquarters and to the Advanced Fire
Help Wanted –
Station in the Alto da Serra region. Emergency Communications Editor
All this with the intention of improving and stabilizing com- N8BHL has had to step down as CQ’s Emergency
munications through our own systems mounted on “GO- Communications Editor due to personal reasons and we
BOX” (Photo I). need a new Contributing Editor to fill his shoes. If you’re
These radio amateurs also participated in the assembly of an experienced EmComm leader and at least a reason-
a portable station at the Alcides Carneiro Municipal Hospital. ably good writer, with time to write a monthly column, please
One of the members in charge of ROER is Fabio Hoelz, contact Editor Rich Moseson, W2VU, via email at
PY1ZV (Photo J), a soldier who worked in the Brazilian <w2vu@cq-amateur-radio.com>.
Marine Corps and was born in Petrópolis. He served in the

LEARNING CURVE
BY RON OCHU, KOØZ
Any Time is Storm Spotting Time
CQ
columnists write arti-
cles at least two months
prior to publication. As I
write this article, it’s the dead of winter
and there’s an impending snow event;
however, it’s not that great of a stretch
to think about severe weather even dur-
ing winter. It’s appealing to think about
spring’s warmer temperatures in the
cold of winter. Springtime is the season
for more outdoor activities, direct sun-
light illuminating the northern hemi-
sphere, warmer temperatures, higher
humidity, higher dew points, subse-
quent thunderstorms, and tornadoes.
Typically, we associate T-storms,
straight-line winds, derechos, torna-
does, and hurricanes with spring and
summer months. However, autumn
and winter can also spawn severe
weather. That’s why it’s a good idea for
every public service-minded amateur
radio operator to keep a watchful eye
to the sky all year long. Photo A. National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center’s December 10, 2021
severe weather outlook indicated a strong potential for tornado outbreaks.
Severe Weather Happens (Courtesy of National Weather Service)
Anytime
To illustrate the point, late Friday after-
noon on December 10, 2021, tempera-
tures rose to the mid-60s in eastern
Missouri and western Illinois, which is
unseasonably warm for December.
Moist Gulf air combined with warm tem-
peratures made for an unstable atmos-
phere. The National Weather Service
(NWS) placed the St. Louis metro area
in an enhanced severe weather risk
(Photo A). A squall line developed that
evening and an EF3 tornado touched
down, not too far from my home in St.
Charles County, Missouri (just west of
St. Louis), causing extensive damage
to homes and outbuildings near
Defiance, Missouri (Photos B, C, and D)
before crossing the Missouri River and
entering St. Louis County. This tornado
was on the ground for 25 miles, pack-
ing 165-mph winds and a maximum
width of 165 yards resulting in two
injuries and one fatality (Photo E).
This same storm complex created
another EF3 tornado touchdown near
Pontoon Beach, Illinois that crossed
Interstates 270 and 255 (Photo F), dam-
aging an Amazon warehouse and killing
Photo B. NWS radar depiction of a typical Midwest summertime thunderstorm
squall line. Except this squall line formed in December and spawned numerous
*Email: <ko0z@cq-amateur-radio.com deadly tornadoes. (Courtesy of National Weather Service)

6 employees (Photo G). Part of the
warehouse wall and roof collapsed.
This tornado was on the ground for 4.28
miles, according to the NWS. Both the
Defiance and Edwardsville tornadoes
were well within the St. Louis metro
area, and both occurred in an hour’s
timespan (7:35-8:32 p.m. local time).
Farther to the south, this storm complex
intensified, resulting in the Mayfield,
Kentucky tornado.
The point is severe, tornadic weather
can happen any time of the year. We
haven’t even touched on flooding, bliz-
zards, ice events, earthquakes, hurri-
canes, and wildfires. Furthermore,
severe weather events don’t tend to be
isolated. They move “downstream” and
can even intensify. It’s important to pass
severe weather-related information
along the line to forewarn others.
Amateur radio excels at passing traffic
(information) via nets (radio networks).
More is Better
Storm spotting becomes increasingly Photo C. Snapped trees leaning in the direction of the December 10, 2021, EF3
more effective as the number of trained tornado along with a torn roof near Defiance, Missouri. (Photo by KOØZ)
spotters increases. The operative word
in the preceding sentence is trained.
Obviously, if more trained spotters are
distributed throughout a geographical
area, the lag between the actual event
and reporting the event significantly
decreases and warnings can be issued.
Before the Covid pandemic, the NWS
offered storm spotting classes through
its regional weather forecast offices.
Hopefully as Covid positivity rates
decline, classes will resume. Check
with your local NWS forecast office to
see if classes will be offered.
In the meantime, MetED offers an
online storm spotting course at <https://
tinyurl.com/matu2z9r>. The National
Weather Service offers a free, down
loadable Storm Spotters Resource
Guide at <https://tinyurl.com/2f5ejxtk>.
YouTube is another great video re-
source for storm spotter training. The
NWS office in Amarillo, Texas offers a
nice two-part training video at <https://
tinyurl.com/32vzrh49>.
“Storm Spotting and Amateur Photo D. Destroyed outbuildings near Defiance, Missouri from the December 10,
Radio” 2021, EF3 tornado. Two injuries and one fatality were reported. (Photo by KOØZ)
A tremendous resource is the third edi-
tion of the ARRL’s “Storm Spotting and
Amateur Radio,” by Michael Corey, New SKYWARN training require- the most comprehensive texts I’ve
KI1U; Victor Morris, AH6WX; and con- ments are explained and social media seen. It is well written and easy to fol-
tributing editor Rob Macedo, KD1CY resources and apps applicable for low and very informative.
(Photo I). I highly recommend this pub- storm spotting are examined. Storm- To get a better idea of this book’s
lication. Besides severe weather mete- spotting protocol, reporting, safety, depth and breadth, let’s examine its
orology basics, this book gives expand- and equipment are fully explored. I’ve table of contents: Introduction, Safety,
ed information on digital voice modes been an active ham radio storm spot- Equipment and Resources, Training,
such as DMR, D-Star, and Fusion. ter since the 1980s and this is one of Meteorology, Hurricanes, and Storm

Spotter Activation. Its appendices are equally impressive: Training and education are a lifelong endeavor and storm
Weather Books for the Storm Spotter; Weather Websites; A spotting is no different. Honing your skills is worthwhile in any
Local SKYWARN Operations Manual; Memorandum of endeavor. Participating in SKYWARN and ARES lends con-
Understanding between the NWS and the American Radio tinued purpose to use your skills. For me, I derive a great deal
Relay League; False Statements Notice; Integrating Google of satisfaction knowing I am using my ham radio skillset, along
Earth, NWS Data, and APRS; Using KML; WX4NHC Amateur with fellow hams, to save lives by participating with SKY-
Radio station at the National Hurricane Center; and Lightning WARN. Accurate, early warnings during severe weather out-
Protection for the Amateur Radio Operator’s Home. breaks assist NWS meteorologists and local Emergency
Photo E. NWS Defiance, Missouri EF3 tornado track. This tornado stayed on the ground for 25 miles. (Courtesy of National
Weather Service)
Photo F. NWS Edwardsville, Illinois EF3 tornado track. This tornado track is 4.28 miles long and it damaged an Amazon
warehouse causing six deaths. (Photo by KOØZ)

Photo G. Note the collapsed Amazon warehouse wall. The December 10, 2021, EF3 tornado tore out half the wall, but two
weeks later the entire wall was removed. Six Amazon employees lost their lives from this storm. Two weeks later this was
as close as I could get to the damaged building. (Photo by KOØZ)
Management Agency (EMA) directors. Matuska, W9OSI, near Shipman, Illinois, it is in the southwest portion of the T-
The earlier the reports, the more lead looking east towards Litchfield, approxi- storm (Photo K). I don’t know for sure if
time communities ahead of the storm mately 20 miles away. Toward the left- it’s a tornado because I can’t verify the
have time to take shelter. hand side of the photo, we observe a funnel cloud is touching the ground. I
thunderstorm with a collapsing anvil. In can’t detect any debris from this dis-
What to Report the middle, there’s a huge, mature thun- tance and I’m not sure if I can see any
Making yourself meteorologically know- derstorm, and towards the right-hand rotation associated with the apparent
ledgeable greatly assists your situa- side, there’s a maturing thunderstorm. funnel cloud.
tional judgement as to what needs Is there a tornado in that center photo? It is definitely worth reporting my
reporting. If your QTH (location) is I can’t see one, so no need to report it observation to net control. “SKYWARN
under a rain cloud, there’s really no unless SKYWARN net control is asking net control, this is KOØZ.” I would wait
need to report to your SKYWARN net for any observers in the vicinity to report to be acknowledged by net control. After
control operator, “It’s raining at my loca- on conditions. acknowledgement, “Net control this is
tion,” unless it’s raining so hard that However, let’s take a closer look at the KOØZ, I am located near Shipman,
streets are flooding and impairing traf- right-hand side of the photo. Can you
fic, basements are flooding, creeks are see what appears to be a funnel cloud
out their banks, etc. If rain is causing extending toward the ground? The fun-
flooding, then report your exact location nel cloud is attached to a wall cloud, and
with a short, accurate description of the
event to net control. For example, “Net
control this is KOØZ, there is street
flooding impeding traffic at the inter-
section of Mexico and Mid Rivers Drive
in St. Peters, over.” Most likely, net con-
trol will read back my traffic (message)
and ask me additional questions if more
information is required.
Reporting out in the field becomes a
bit trickier. This is where NWS training
videos are so helpful. Being able to
identify cloud formations and knowing
where to observe pays big dividends.
The primary rule is report exactly what
you see. Don’t guess. If you see some-
thing concerning, but you’re not sure
what it is, then say so. Photo H. National Weather Service Photo I. This a tremendous, compre-
Let’s look at Photo J. This photo of a Logo. (Courtesy of National Weather hensive storm spotting handbook!
classic thunderstorm was taken by Dirk Service) (Photo by KOØZ)

Illinois and I am looking east. I see a thunderstorm complex the sighting will get an early warning of the impending haz-
and at the southwest section of a thunderstorm I can clearly ardous storm.
see a wall cloud with what appears to be a funnel cloud. The
horizon is blocking my view, so I am unable to see if the fun- It Can Happen Anytime
nel is touching the ground. I do not see any debris in the air Hopefully, springtime has arrived and maybe you are outside
and from this distance, approximately 20 miles, I cannot con- relaxing on the porch reading this CQ issue. Winter is rapid-
firm cloud rotation, over.” ly becoming a distant memory. As the northern hemisphere
I’ve just given an accurate storm spotter report. Do I sus- warms, we can hope that the clash between warm, moist air
pect the funnel cloud is a tornado? Sure, I do (it was), but I and cold, dry, air masses won’t be too extensive and intense
can’t verify it from my location. Net control will alert NWS this year, but I wouldn’t count on it. Severe weather knows
meteorologists of the ground-truth observation. Such reports, no season. That’s why it’s important to be as weather alert
combined with radar and satellite data at the NWS weather as possible and to be prepared to assist your community.
forecast office, will most likely result in the meteorologists When it comes to storm spotting and to borrow a phrase from
issuing a tornado warning. Cities and townships northeast of “The Three Musketeers,” “All for one and one for all!”
Photo J. This is the backside of a thunderstorm cluster. The T-storm on the right-hand side of photo produced a tornado.
(Photo by Dirk Matuska, W9OSI)
Photo K. Close up view of a wall cloud and what turned out to be a tornado. (Photo by Dirk Matuska, W9OSI)

GORDO’S SHORT CIRCUITS
BY GORDON WEST, * WB6NOA
Quartzfest Proving Ground Results!

Plus: CQ Reviews: LDG Z-100A Automatic Antenna Tuner & Heil Sound
Parametric Receive Audio System Equalizer
Photo A. Quartzfest 2022 success, way out on the Arizona desert. (WB6NOA photos, except as noted)
he 25th annual Quartzfest ARRL specialty hamfest this
T past January drew just under 1,000 licensed ham

RVers and “third party visitors” to the desert floor out-
side Quartzsite, Arizona (Photos A and B). With so much
wide-open space and lots of deployed mobile / base / portable
antenna systems, this was the perfect time and place to test
out some popular “Field Day-type” ham devices, including
an antenna tuner “shoot-out,” testing the speed with which
different tuners (Photo C) brought the test antenna system
(Photo D) into resonance. The new LDG Z-100A (Photo E)
was the overall winner.
LDG Z-100A Automatic Antenna Tuner

I have worked with LDG and this type of low-cost automatic
tuner many times before, in harsh equatorial conditions, at
Christmas Island medical stations, on foreign medical fre-
quencies, just above our 40-meter band (my call, T32GW).
The new Z-100A is a 50-ohm output impedance tuner with
switched-L antenna matching, 100 watts capable, that is
placed at the SSB HF radio operating position. Built on the
proven design of the LDG IT-100 and AT-7000 tuners, the
*CQ Contributing Editor Photo B. The DX Challenge is always a hit with both QRP
2414 College Dr., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 ops and QRO stations. See sidebar for details and this year’s
emial: <wb6noa@cq-amateur-radio.com winners.

Z-100A streamlines the tune-up pro- button, and on most of the radios, the LDG TUNE button, to start the se-
cess on certain radios by getting the relays chattered for a second, and we quence. With so many ways that man-
tuner to recognize the radio’s one-but- were all ready to operate. ufacturers work their keying circuits,
ton tune-up command, to drop power, On the Alinco SSB HF transceivers, you will need to ensure you have the
switch to a carrier mode, transmit, and we first had to push the mic PTT, then correct LDG control cable. Also, you will
then go back to receive and back to the tuner’s TUNE button, and we were need to watch your radio’s power out-
power level and mode to make con- set after the LDG relays quit clicking. put to ensure the tuner sees a carrier or
tacts. It uses latching relays (Photo F) I am told the Elecraft radios also need SSB speech on tune-up.
to lock in settings for portable use. the mic PTT pressed, followed by the For any HF radio with neither an inter-
It offers continuous auto-tuning from
1.8 MHz through 54 MHz, to a variety
of dipole-like coax-fed antennas, or
coax to verticals. With a 4:1 balun
added, it will easily match a non-reso-
nant off-center-fed Windom dipole as
well. It can tune up to a 10:1 SWR.
This tuner is NOT a random wire
tower-mounted waterproof auto tuner
that many manufacturers offer for
around $500. The $200 LDG active tun-
ing Z-100A is for antenna systems, fed
with coax, that may have an elevated
feed point impedance mismatch, or a
random-length dipole that needs to be
matched on multiple bands.
HF radios with built in antenna tuners
are large in size, so LDG is aiming for
the smaller HF rigs that have no active
antenna auto-tuner elements and
relays inside.
Since Ray Novak, N9JA, with ICOM
America, has regularly attended and
gone all out in ICOM’s support for
Quartzfest, we had plenty of IC-706, IC-
705, an older IC-718 and a classic
ICOM IC-7000 — all that have no built-
in tuners, due to their small size, for our
tests. We also tested with Yaesu,
Kenwood, Alinco, and an Elecraft.
The LDG automatic tuner now comes
with cables for ALL popular small-sized
rigs, like ICOM, Kenwood, Yaesu,
Alinco, and Elecraft HF radios (Photo Photo C. One of many activities at Quartzfest was an antenna tuner shoot-out.
G). The ICOM cable is included with the
tuner; cables for other brands need to
be ordered separately.
We first tested with the LDG-supplied
custom ICOM 4-pin Molex auto-tuner
jack cable, which simply plugs in at the
rear of the radio, and the other end plugs
into the Z-100A. This provides 12 volts
to the tuner, plus radio push-button
operation by the radio’s TUNE button.
No need to key the mic in the AM mode
— the LDG-supplied cable kit puts the
radio tune button in control at ultra-low
power output, mode switched to a con-
stant carrier, and back to receive and
normal mode and power when it finds
the tuning, in less than a second.
Other brands of small HF radios, with
no internal automatic tuner, can use one
of LDG’s manufacturer-specific control
cables for the tune routine. Instead of
pushing the radio’s tune button, we Photo D. We tested a variety of antenna tuners to a non-resonant 50-ohm dipole.
pushed the Z-100A front panel TUNE The LDG Z-100A easily handled all bands.

nal tuner nor a tune button, one of the
optional LDG cable kits will take a 12-
volt DC supply from the radio’s power
cord, and the radio operator can man-
ually tune with the tuner’s button, in a
TX AM mode, for the LDG to respond.
Just watch the LEDs to confirm a good
tune with low SWR.
Our tests involved first tuning the VFO
on our multiple test radios to the fre-
quency of desired operation. We were
tuning random-length dipoles and a ran-
dom-length semi-resonant vertical. We
would push and hold the radio’s tuner /
call button for one second, see the tun-
ing LED on the LDG tuner come on, and Photo E. The LDG Z-100A is small and meant to stay next to the radio, not remote
hear the latching relays start their click- in the open. It is not weatherproof. But it is fast.
in. The radio knows to go to low power
AM/CW in the tune cycle, and returns
to receive automatically.
The Z-100A LEDs are described in
the manual to show good tune, elevat-
ed SWR OK tune, or tune failure if no
RF is sensed, or stop tune with SWR
too high.
For our ICOM 705 mountain toppers,
the relays stay latched after successful
tune up, so you can minimize the tuner
needing 12 volts, as the latching relays
stay in position with no needed voltage,
other than 20 ma to keep the LDG tuner
awake for a new band tune cycle.
Even when hiking to a new SOTA
peak, the LDG tuner relays are latch-
ready and will not require a re-tune,
even though there is no power applied
to the unit. We had some tall summits
near our camp site at Quartzfest.
Flawless operation. But remember,
this is an inside active auto tuner that
sits right at the radio, NOT out in the
open. Depending on the model of the
transceiver, the radio’s display may also
show tune progress. Photo F. These are the LDG latching relays — “Z” meaning zero voltage needed
Best of all, the LDG Z-100A sells for once they find the tune spot.
under $199. See the entire line of LDG
tuners at <https://ldgelectronics.com>. equalization modes. A lighted level quency white noise in the background,
meter will confirm you have the correct well below 150 Hz. Magically clean up
Heil Sound Parametric volume level before you put on the a noisy signal.
headphones. And for CW and SSB, adjust the
Receive Audio System Since many of us senior hams have midrange first, then the low pot, and for
Equalizer shot high frequency hearing, we may those of us on SSB who like a natural
Bob Heil, K9EID, has worked hundreds miss a tea kettle boiling, but easily hear sounding voice, then run the high-fre-
of clubs via Zoom during the pandem- our radio’s midrange. We adjust the quency pot to 3 kHz, or all the way up
ic, and says he regularly gets great midrange filter on our connected head- to 6 kHz for added natural sparkle.
questions and comments about his phones to around 2500 Hertz for SSB, All three frequency knobs are totally
parametric receive audio system equal- and to add some sparkle to our music independent, and I added a larger white
izer (Photo H). He says those clubs with audio system, use the midrange pot dot to each knob to better see where
mostly seasoned (old) ham operators (Photo I) to enhance higher frequen- each one was set.
use this device not only on their ham cies on our stereo headphones or I have one setting for digital, one set-
rigs, but also use it on their TVs and talk- wired ear buds. There is plus or minus ting for SSB and CW, one for 2-meter /
radio receivers. 15 dB midrange setting from 400 to 440-MHz FM, and one setting for the
The PRAS EQ (for a short name!) 4,000 Hz. wired big-screen TV audio. I taped pot
enables an operator to shape an audio When working DX, watch the FT8 sig- positions on the bottom of the unit.
waveform from their receiver ... or TV ... nal on your computer screen when There is a gain pot, set to mid, and
with three, count ’em, THREE, separate adjusting and eliminating the low fre- then we would adjust volume levels on

the radio you are using. There is also
an LED that illuminates if the PRAS EQ
is overdriven.
During our Quartzfest demonstra-
tions, the PRAS EQ is intended to be
used with the Heil HPS-5 amplified
speaker for all the attendees to hear
the equalizer in action over a noisy HF
signal ... and over Quartzsite, Arizona,
wind noise ... as well as local RV gen-
erator noise. The Heil-amplified speak-
er did a fine job to a group of 50 hams
gathered around a campfire. The
PRAS EQ will not, on its own, drive a
non-amplified speaker, but I found my
set of amplified computer speakers
ideal for running this in the shack when
I got back home.
The PRAS EQ has two headphone /
earphone jacks and separate amplifiers
for two headphones, each independent
Photo G. Pre-made cables are available for many makes of radios. Be sure to with its own level control (Photo J). So
specify your brand when ordering (the ICOM cable is the default). if you are not entertaining a class or
Announcing the Winners of the 2022 Quartzfest Distance Challenge

The Distance Challenge (DC) was created in 2019 by Bob Wertz, NF7E, and Ron Gerlak, KG7OH, of the Northern
Arizona DX Association. The idea was to put all those camping Quartzfest attendees and the antennas they set up in the
Sonoran Desert to work and see who could make the longest distance contacts from Quartzfest. Participants could enter
one of four different classes, including:
A. SSB or CW using 100 watts or less
B. FT-8
C. QRP- 5 watts for less, or
D. W7Q special event trailer operations
All of the details are on the NADXA club website at <www.nadxa.com>. Here are this year’s winners:
Class Callsign Name Radio Antenna Distance
(Miles)
SSB/ CW 100 watts
Champion K6SV Jim Thielemann IC-7100 Bravo 7k 10,099.6
Runner Up KDØICP James Copeland TS440s MFJ-2982 10,099.6*
* Rules call for first to work station if a tie — James was 3 minutes later.
The winners and

runners-up of the
Northern Arizona DX
Association’s 2022
Quartzfest Distance
Challenge, L to R:
Keith Crimin, K7OTP;
Jeff Coulam,
KI5CBM; James
Copeland, KDØICP;
Jim Bassett, W1RO;
Jim Thielemann,
K6SV; Randy Hall,
K7AGE; Marco
Wikstrom, AA5ET;
and Gloria Luther,
KI7DJY. (Photo by
Julie Smith, KI7TNF,
courtesy of NADXA)

audience at Field Day, you won’t need
to bring the big amplified speaker, which
is sold separately.
There are also level adjustments for
audio output, mid-range gain, and
input gain.
I am not a studio engineer, but I found
it odd that the high-frequency pot was
on the left, mid in the center (which
makes sense), and the low pot on the
right. But my CW paddles are back-
wards, too, by choice, with dashes on
the left with the thumb.
At Quartzfest live tests, we added a
few line-in and speaker-out cables with
Palomar RFI-computer snap-over fer-
rite split filters, to keep out RFI from very
close transmitting antenna systems
(Photo K). This is a common issue with
almost ANY amplified system, and the
Quartzfest cure was immediate. I mean,
Photo H. The Heil parametric equalizer is a 12-volt system, great for Field Day how many times do we all come over
or in your shack. our home computer or Hi-Fi systems on
Class Callsign Name Radio Antenna Distance

(Miles)
FT-8
Champion K7AGE Randy Hall IC-7100 25-foot Wire/Tuner 8450.1
Runner Up KI5CBM Jeff Coulam FT-891 DIY Dipole 8360.1
QRP
Champion W1RO Jim Bassett IC-705 Yo-yo Dipole 3481.6
Runner Up K7OTP Keith Crimin Yaesu FT-817 Hamstick Dipole 2635.8
W7Q Special Event Trailer Operation

Champion AA5ET Marco Wikstrom TS-590s MFJ-1982MP EFHW 8674.0
Runner Up KI7DJY Gloria Luther TS-590s MFJ-1982MP EFHW 8290.3
73 de Bob Wertz, NF7E, and Ron Gerlak, KG7OH, Distance Challenge Co-Chairmen
Activity at the W7Q

special event trailer,
provided by the
Northern Arizona DX
Association. (KI7TNF
photo, courtesy
NADXA)

Were you first licensed
25 years ago and
licensed today?
Then you should join the Photo I. The mid-range adjustment brings noisy stations in loud and clear.
Quarter Century
Wireless Association, Inc.
To Join or Renew, Visit:
http://www.qcwa.org/join-renew.php
For more information please contact
om@qcwa.org
HamCall ™
US and International
Callsign Database
Photo J. Plenty of input and output options.
The most current and complete source for
over 2.5 million callsigns! Available on DVD
($50), USB ($54), and Download ($45). Photo K. The
HamCall.net 540-894-0907
Palomar
Engineers chokes
keep local RF out
Young Ladies’ Radio of the parametric
League, Inc. Since 1939 equalizer.
For 75 years the Young
Ladies’ Radio League,
Inc. (YLRL) has helped
women find their voice
in Amateur Radio with
members of all ages and interests.
The YLRL sponsors a number
of certificates for both YLs and OMs.
Members can earn special YL HF SSB or digital modes? Who, ME? working for Heil since he was a teenag-
Certificates.
YL-Harmonics is our bi-monthly
Must be the CBer down the street. er and is currently Director of Op-
publication highlighting what women Anyway, a fun, very useful product for erations. The announcement says that
are doing in Amateur Radio. those of us with shot hearing. About Sarah Heil is retiring from the business
YLRL gives out scholarships to YLs $275 for the PRAS EQ, and for large but that Bob will remain active as CEO
each year. audiences, the amplified speaker is Emeritus and will continue to do out-
For more information on the YLRL, the about $200. reach work and amateur radio product
current dues amounts, weekly YL Net
locations or how to join please go to our
This is a 12-volt DC device, center design. (See more in this month’s
website at www.ylrl.org or contact the pin positive. See more details at News column –ed).
Publicity Chairwoman, Cheryl Muhr, <www.heilhamradio.com>.
NØWBV at n0wbv@earthlink.net. ...Say again, repeat, huh ... I didn’t hear
All Officer information is also listed both you ... This equalizer may be the cure. On to #26 …
on the website and in each A note about some changes at Heil So, the 25th Quartzfest desert-floor
edition of the magazine and
Sound … Bob and Sarah Heil an- hamfest was a winner. All demos at
you may contact any Officer
as well. nounced in early February that they three different fire pits were successful,
With thanks to the OMs had sold the company to two longtime ICOM America was there with plenty of
who encourage and employees, Ash Levitt — who has loaner radios and lots of free give-
support us. been serving as president since 2020 aways, so everyone was a winner with
Visit us at www.ylrl.org — and Steve Warford, who has been great weather and lots of VIPs.

KIT BUILDING
BY JOE EISENBERG,* K0NEB
Things That Really Suck (Solder)
I
spend a lot of time building kits as well as repairing things ed vias that connect the top and bottom layers on a double-
and the least enjoyable part of the process is when I need sided board can also be a big problem. When dealing with
to desolder a component. There is not only the risk of dam- boards that use lead-free solder, I have found that adding a
aging the component if it needs to be removed and reused, bit of leaded solder greatly reduces the melting point and
but damage to the PC board itself is always an issue. Too allows for much easier desoldering using any of the methods
much heat can cause leads to come off the board or the plat- I am describing. It seems almost counterintuitive to add sol-
der to a connection where you want to remove it, but it can
not only aid in melting lead-free solder, but it can create more
*7133 Yosemite Drive, Lincoln, NE 68507 surface tension that allows the solder wick or other desolder-
email: <k0neb@cq-amateur-radio.com> ing tools to draw it out more thoroughly. Regular leaded sol-
Hamfest Hotline #5855 der can also be used to solder the repaired connection.
Solder Wick
When desoldering, I have used just about every tool avail-
able at one time or another to perform this task. Solder wick
is the one thing I have used most often, but it can be prone
Three different sizes of solder wick. The smallest one is

convenient for using in a portable tool kit.
This spring-loaded solder sucker tool sells for around $8 to This hollow-tipped iron uses suction from releasing the bulb
$15. This must be used with a soldering iron adjacent to it. to draw solder from the PC board and into the tool. Cost for
It does a good job of cleaning holes in PC boards. this type of tool is around $25.

A desoldering iron the solder inside is ejected from the tip.
looks a lot like a Like solder wick, this solution requires
soldering gun two hands to accomplish. There are
except that the “tip” also “solder sucker” rubber bulbs with a
is a hollow tube Teflon tip sold for this purpose. The tip
through which is removable to allow emptying of the
melted solder is solder that collects in the bulb.
pulled up by
vacuum action. Desoldering Iron
A better tool is a desoldering iron. These
tools have a hollow tip and a rubber bulb
that is squeezed before bringing the hot
tip to the hole on the PC board. The tip
is placed over the connection and the
bulb is then released, sucking the sol-
der up into the tool. I use an ashtray to
then spray the solder from the tool to
clear it for the next use. Ashtrays are
meant to handle hot substances and
work great for this purpose. The disad-
vantage of this tool is that it only has a
vacuum for a short period.
Desoldering Station
The best solution I have found for fre-
quent and/or cleaner desoldering is
using a desoldering station. This tool
looks just like a regular soldering sta-
tion in that it has a variable temperature
control, but the handpiece is shaped
more like a little pistol and the trigger
controls a vacuum pump that draws the
solder through the hollow tip into the
handpiece. Once solder accumulates in
the handpiece, it needs to be periodi-
cally emptied and cleaned to keep work-
ing at its highest efficiency. The vacu-
um keeps going as long as the trigger
is pulled on the handpiece. Some des-
oldering tools use a foot pedal to trigger
the suction. This type of desoldering
tool used to cost several hundred dol-
lars and some still do. Now, there are a
variety of them available online costing
This digital temperature-controlled vacuum desoldering station sells for around well under $200.
$145. The handpiece is connected via dual cords, one being electrical to heat the Because this tool uses a vacuum
tip and the other is a vacuum hose. pump to draw the solder into the tool,
there are two levels of filtering to pre-
to lifting leads off the board if a lot of heat holding the iron and the other holding vent solder from getting into the pump.
is used for too long. Solder wick is sim- the wick. Solder wick comes in a vari- There is a filter inside the handpiece as
ply a fine wire braid that has flux embed- ety of thicknesses and widths. Try to use well as a spring that catches it and
ded with it and laying it over the con- a wick that matches the size of your con- where the vacuum tube enters the des-
nection to be absorbed and placing the nection. Solder wick can cost as little as oldering station case, there is another
hot tip on it causes the solder to go up $2 for a small roll up to $30 or $40 filter to be sure no solder or other par-
the wick. Normally you need to heat your depending on the length of the wick. ticulates gets into the pump. A big
iron to near maximum to compensate for advantage to a vacuum desoldering
the heat that the wick itself absorbs in Solder Suckers station is that only one hand is needed
order to be able to use its capillary action There is also a tool which consists of a to perform the task. When selecting a
to absorb the solder. When the wick has spring-loaded piston that when re- desoldering station, look to be sure you
absorbed solder, the filled portion needs leased, suddenly draws air into it. These can order extra tips and filters and parts
to be trimmed to allow better heat trans- tools usually have a Teflon® tip and rely to go with it. Unless you keep it well
fer. But solder wick sometimes has diffi- on a hot iron being adjacent to it or on maintained, a desoldering station will
culty clearing holes in the PC board, the opposite side of the PC board to rapidly clog up. Be sure to set the tem-
especially smaller ones. heat the connection and allow the tool perature to the level that you find works
Another disadvantage of solder wick to draw the solder out. To clear the sol- best by using old PC boards for prac-
is that it takes two hands to do it, one der, the plunger is pressed down and tice. I have found lots of boxes at flea

Solder is blocking the right hole where another crystal The right hole for the crystal X2 is cleared with no traces of
should be mounted. excess flux or overheating.
markets full of old boards of various sizes and types marked Travel Plans
“free.” These are a great thing for practicing desoldering as With in-person hamfests starting to ramp up again, I look for-
well as soldering and learning how to remove a part cleanly ward to seeing everyone in person at the upcoming Four
and replace it without damaging the circuit board. State QRP Group Ozarkcon in Branson in April and the
Removing and replacing surface-mount components Lincoln Hamfest as well as the “Big Reunion” at the Dayton
requires a few different tools and I hope to cover those meth- Hamvention in May.
ods in the future. – Until next time, 73 de KØNEB
THE HAM NOTEBOOK
TEXT AND PHOTOS BY WAYNE YOSHIDA*, KH6WZ
What’s On the Workbench
W
eather over the last several weeks has been very tures other accessories and ideas for single operator, multi-
cold and wet for Southern California, prompting me band contesting operations and other techniques.
to hunker down and avoid the outdoors. This can To make a triband beam split its feedpoint into three sep-
be very boring, so I warmed up the soldering iron and start- arate coax lines, four modules are needed: A triplexer, to
ed working on various projects cluttering up my workbench take the incoming, single coax line and split the signals into
and storage area. their three individual frequency bands and individual band-
One of these projects is a triplexer and bandpass filter kit pass filters to further clean up the individual signals. The kit
so I can convert my small triband beam to work on the 10-, consists of a high-quality circuit board, high-voltage capaci-
15-, and 20-meter bands using three separate feedlines. This tors, and toroidal coils.
will be very useful for Field Day as well as other portable or I opted to buy the kit but did not purchase the case and
away-from-home operating events. There are several triplex- connectors since I have a local supplier nearby. I started with
er manufacturers (check the ads or contact your favorite deal- the triplexer unit, see Photo A.
er for examples), but the item I selected is a kit, so I could
have fun building my own. No Measuring Means No Measuring Mistakes
Information on the VA6AM low-power triplexer I selected
is mentioned in the References section. Pavel’s website fea- I used my “no measuring” technique to lay out and drill the
chassis box. Although my machinist friends always cringe or
make funny faces at me whenever I talk about this, I am
email: <kh6wz@cq-amateur-radio.com> happy to say that I do not make any measurement errors
Linkedin: www.linkedin.com/in/wayneTyoshida because I never measure anything. My results are more
Photo A. Construction begins on the VA6AM triplexer kit.

accurate and save time. It is accurate
because I use the parts to be mounted
as templates to locate and drill holes
and cut-outs.
Photo B shows the four circuit boards
placed on top of their chassis boxes.
Using the boards as templates ensures
each chassis hole matches the circuit
board.
Next, I use a machinist’s square as a
straight edge to lay out a place for each
SO-239 connector. I mark and center-
punch only the connector center.
Placement of the connectors is criti-
cal, since I wanted to use double-male
PL-259 adapters to connect each band-
pass filter to the triplexer output, rather
than using coax jumpers.
I use step-drills to — feel — how a hole
matches an object to be mounted onto
a chassis panel, see Photo C. Masking
tape marks the proper hole size, once I
make the first successful hole as shown
Photo B. Circuit boards are used as drilling templates in my “No Measuring” lay- in Photo D. Note that I do not mark or
out technique. lay out the mounting screw holes.
Photo C. I use a step-drill to make large holes. Masking tape Photo E. Conquering the challenge of drilling holes to match
is used to indicate when to stop drilling. and align with multiple chassis boxes.
Photo F. The 10-meter and 20-meter bandpass filter con-

Photo D. Drilling by feel rather than measurement improves nectors must be able to accommodate either-end mounting
accuracy when I drill things. to the triplexer box.

Instead, I use the connector as a template to drill the SO-239 age capacitors into their respective value groups. The laser
screw holes. I use a machinist’s square and a clamp to hold printing on the caps is small so I use a capacitance meter to
the connector in place as I drill the holes. verify the values. I then tape the sorted capacitors onto a
As I started the procedure for the bandpass filter boxes, I sheet of paper. See Photo J.
ran into an additional challenge: Not only did the triplexer’s The B&K cap meter is a good alternative to my old and
SO-239s have to mate with their associated bandpass filter trusty, but now unavailable Almost All Digital Electronics
connectors, I had to allow the possibility of each filter being capacitance meter. I still have and use my AADE meter, since
turned 180° to make its connection to the triplexer. This is it also measures inductance. Some of my component testers
because the filters are electrically asymmetrical and may are shown in Photo K.
have different performance depending on which port
becomes the input versus the output. Other Distractions on the Workbench
As I did a “dry fit,” I realized I should have bought a larger Meanwhile, my triplexer project work is interrupted with
chassis box for the triplexer unit. Although the box fit the another quickie project. Modifying an LED flashlight. I need-
triplexer assembly just fine, the rear panel did not allow room ed a red-light flashlight for astronomy, so I decided I can make
for the bandpass filters to connect in each center. The off- one, rather than buy one, by hacking a free promotional white
sets can be seen in Photo E. LED flashlight (Photo L). It was a good excuse to use my new
This also meant that I had to be careful to make a mirror Hakko desoldering gun.
image of the bandpass filter ends. Photo F shows the off- The light was easy to disassemble, and I made a no-cost
sets and how the bandpass filters will connect to the triplex-
er output.
After the metalwork, I prepared the chassis boxes for paint.
My favorite finish these days is white Appliance Epoxy. It
does not require a primer, dries quickly and produces a
durable finish. I have a slightly different painting technique
for my projects, and it produces great results.
I de-burr all holes, using one of several options, depending
on the hole size and material … a larger twist bit, a utility
knife, a countersink bit, or a deburring tool. Then I use my
random-orbit sander and very course grit paper (number 50
or 60, see Photo G). I do not sand with progressively finer
grits like all paint prep advice says. Sanding surfaces very
roughly helps improve paint adhesion and produces a slight-
ly textured effect on the paint when dry.
I took advantage of a sunny day to paint. Since chassis
grounding is very important for this project, I hand-assem-
bled the chassis boxes, sprayed them with three coats of
paint, and hung them on a line to dry (Photo H). Painting the
assembled boxes eliminated the need to mask off the chas-
sis box mating surfaces.
The completed triplexer assembly is shown in Photo I. The Photo H. Painted chassis boxes air-drying in the Sun.
triplexer still needs tuning for proper operation. This will be
done after the bandpass filters are completed.
The bandpass filters are under construction as I write this
article. One thing that helps is to pre-sort the tiny high volt-
Photo G. I roughen all surfaces with a 50- or 60-grit sanding

disc prior to painting. This helps paint adhesion and gives Photo I. The completed VA6AM triplexer unit. It will be tuned
the paint a slightly textured look. later.

and useful accessory for preserving used to supply 3 volts to the transmit- tem. I retuned the frequency by opening
night vision. See Photos M, N, and O. ter, while the RF amp and op-amp run up the coil that determines frequency.
off 12 volts from the ICOM. “It’s now on a frequency slightly below
From the Mailbag “I can now listen to my HF rig all over the FM BCB. I listen to it on my HT
Here’s something interesting from one the house! The transmitter’s output is (Kenwood THF6A).
of my readers: Jim Kocsis, WA9PYH, about 50 mW. The antenna is a 4-foot “Cost: free. Time: a few hours.
sent this story and photo recently. It is length of very fine wire (invisible) taped Enjoyment: High!
a great example of pre-cycling and re- to a nearby bookshelf. “Okay, it’s ugly construction taken to
purposing something. See Photo P. “In its former life the enclosure held a a new low but it works just fine. 73. Jim,
Jim says: distribution amplifier for an MATV sys- WA9PYH.”
“I thought I would send you a picture
of a project I homebrewed from junk
parts I had laying around. I recall that
you recycle parts to make new projects.
We’re all at home much more than we’d
like due to the pandemic. I figured what
better way to spend the extra time than
making something useful.
“Here’s mine — a small FM transmit-
ter to broadcast the audio from my main
receiver. Often, I listen to MIDCARS
(7258 kHz) and would like to hear it
while I’m in other parts of the house.
“It all began when I found an old small
FM BCB transmitter intended to trans-
mit audio from any device (CD player,
etc) to your car radio.
“I found that my rig, an ICOM IC-7300,
didn’t have enough audio output at the
accessory connector to drive the trans-
mitter. So, I added a small amplifier that
uses an LM324 op-amp.
“Then I discovered the RF output
wasn’t high enough to reach the farthest
parts of our house.
“So, I added a MAR-6 MMIC from Photo J. The bandpass filters have several tiny high-voltage capacitors with even
another project. An LM317 regulator is tinier markings. A capacitance meter helps identify them easily.
Photo K. My component testers help me identify and sort parts while building projects. Left to right: Almost All Digital
Electronics L/C Meter IIB, B&K 830C capacitance meter, my Simple Meter Tester and the $7 component tester from eBay.

Photo L. A free LED flashlight about to be hacked.
Photo N. I desoldered the white LEDs and exchanged them
with high brightness red LEDs. Yes, I saved those white
LEDs for another project someday.
Photo M. The white LED circuit board from the flashlight. Photo O. The white-light flashlight is now a red-light flash-
light. Perfect for preserving night vision.
Thank you, Jim, for being a loyal CQ

subscriber and active homebrewer!
How about the rest of you out there?
What’s on your workbench?
References
• VA6AM Projects Ham Radio Projects for
Contesting and More :<https://va6am.com>
• Maker Tip: Measuring and Marking: How to
Eliminate Measuring Mistakes: <https:/
/tinyurl.com/yc4ectw3>
• B&K Precision Dual Display Handheld
Capacitance Meter Model 830C: <https:/
/tinyurl.com/32cf4n7n>
• Almost All Digital Electronics L/C Meter IIB
<www.morsex.com/aade/lcmeter.htm>
• “Simple Meter Tester,” QST, March 2000,
page 41 (My version appears on the cover of
the 16th edition of the ARRL publication Hints
and Kinks for the Radio Amateur)
• YouTube: “EEVblog #1020 - Is a $7
LCR/Component Tester Any Good?” <https://
tinyurl.com/2p8bu6r7>
• Hakko Model FR-301 Desoldering Gun: Photo P. An example of re-purposing and pre-cycling electronics for ham radio
<https://tinyurl.com/2p8cwj8p> applications. (Photo by Jim Kocsis, WA9PYH)

DIGITAL CONNECTION
BY DON ROTOLO,* N2IRZ
NinoTNC and Keyboarding in Packet

Going Old-School on VHF and Above
B
ack in the day, keyboard-to-key-
board communications were all
the rage, and the TAPR TNC-2
paved the way for an explosion of pack-
et radio activities. Today, one can use
a computer sound card to operate pack-
et, but for some the expense of a sound
card-to-radio interface is more than
they prefer to spend. (On a side note: If
you do go buy an interface, ask the sell-
er why they don’t advertise in CQ for
me, OK?). One can also buy a used
TNC for just a few dozen dollars, but
few modern computers have RS232
serial ports, so we add the expense of
a USB-to-RS232 converter. Not insur-
mountable obstacles for sure, but can
be a pain for some.
I am seeing growing interest in oper-
ating packet the old way, and after my
spectacular failures at getting a station
on the air last year, I decided to try yet
again, this time using a NinoTNC. I’ve
written about the NinoTNC before, but
as a refresher, it is a KISS TNC about
the same size as a Raspberry Pi com-
puter, which supports packet speeds of
1,200 to 9,600 baud and includes the
IL2P forward-error-correction protocol. Photo A. My NinoTNC connected to my IC-25H. Although a sound card can be
You buy the bare board and a pre-pro- used to operate packet, a hardware solution like this under-$40 TNC kit has its
grammed PIC chip from Nino’s store- advantages.
front on Etsy for about $10, then order
the rest of the parts (about $30) from have a NinoTNC, might as well press it there really isn’t a lot of useful informa-
DigiKey or your favorite parts supplier. into service. tion on how to do all this, thus the gen-
All the parts are through-hole, meaning After assembly, I also set all the esis of this month’s column.
easy soldering, and the assembly switches to select AX.25 mode at 1,200 My editor reminded me that I’ve just
instructions on the TARPN site are top baud, along with some guesses for the tossed out a bunch of acronyms, so I’ll
rate and super easy to follow. There are Signals switches. I also build a TNC-to- pause for a moment to explain. TAPR
some who sell them assembled and Radio cable for my ICOM IC-25H which is Tucson Amateur Packet Radio
tested for a small premium. For about is what I plan to use for operating pack- <tapr.org>, whose members were an
the price of dinner for two, you have a et (Photo A). Old radios like this are important driving force in the develop-
versatile yet compact TNC. plentiful and inexpensive. ment of the AX.25 packet radio com-
Other than APRS and WinLink, there My first task was getting the NinoTNC munications protocol and the TNC
is not much packet activity around. Not to work with my Windows 10 computer. (Terminal Node Controller). TAPR is
zero, but not a lot. However, as I strive I tried several pieces of software that still around at <tapr.org>. TNCs are
to get a TARPN built around here, hav- claimed to operate a KISS TNC, but used to translate data from a comput-
ing a way to verify that I am in packet many would not even run under Win10, er’s serial (RS232) port to the AX.25
range of another station is very helpful. having been written in the 1990s. Or protocol, using a modem (Modulator-
Yes, I would always start with a simplex they cost money, which is anathema to Demodulator) to send and receive
voice QSO, but eventually we need to being a ham in some cases. I will say audio to and from a radio. I can’t over-
be sure AX.25 will work too. Since I that these costware programs definite- state the TNC’s importance in all this,
ly add a lot of convenience to the oper- but understand that it was the 1980s
ation, but I wanted to see what was and microprocessors were not as pow-
*c/o CQ magazine available for free. I’ll spare you the tri- erful or inexpensive as they are today.
Email : <N2IRZ@cq-amateur-radio.com> als and tribulations, but suffice it to say, KISS stands for “Keep It Simple,

Photo B. Once AGWPE is downloaded and unzipped, only these four files are really needed. The rest are for languages
other than the default English.
Stupid.” A KISS TNC doesn’t have the

AX.25 logic built in, instead only oper-
ating as a radio controller (i.e., keying
the radio’s transmitter) and modem,
delivering a data stream to be managed
by some computer software. RS232 is
a serial communication standard dating
back to the 1960s for data transfer
between computers, much like USB ser-
ial communications work today, albeit
slower and somewhat more fiddly.
Finally, PIC is a family of microcon-
trollers sold by Microchip Technology
Inc. and IL2P is the “Improved Level 2
Protocol” that was developed and imple-
mented by Nino Carrillo, KK4HEJ (imple-
mented on the NinoTNC that he also
developed) as a way to improve the per-
formance of packet radio links using for-
ward error correction (FEC if you need
yet another acronym!) to help recover
minor data errors.
Back to the regular program: After
much research and dead ends, I settled
on using the AGWPE (AGW’s Packet
Engine) software, developed years ago
by George Rossopoulos, SV2AGW.
The Packet Engine is a driver of sorts
that handles the AX.25 packet side of
things, while other software is used for
the application (APRS, WinLink, etc.)
side of things. I downloaded the
AGWPE software from George’s site Figure 1. The Windows 10 Device Manager, found on the Control panel. If the
<sv2agw.com/downloads>. It is a sim- Properties (right-click for that menu) of your USB Serial Port shows Microchip
ple ZIP file and does not need to be Technology Inc. as the manufacturer, you’ve found your NinoTNC. Remember,
installed, only unzipped. the COM port assignment (COM5 here) can change without warning.

Figure 2. My computer’s
system tray, at the lower
right of my screen, with
the AGWPE icon high-
lighted. You may need to
click the up arrow to see
the hidden icons, as seen
here. Right-click the icon
to open the AGWPE
menu.
The zip file is under a megabyte, and much of what is in Disconnect the NinoTNC, then run “AGW Packet
there are language files for languages other than English (the Engine.exe”. Accept the license agreement and, after the
default). To use AGWPE, you only need four files totaling splash screen disappears, AGWPE is running but not visi-
about 2 MB. A few small files are created after the program ble. Look in the System Tray (lower right of the screen on
is first run to hold the configuration data, but hard disk space most computers) for the AGWPE icon, or if necessary. click
isn’t a worry (Photo B). the up arrow to see the hidden icons (as seen in Figure 2).
To properly configure the program, first connect your Right-click it and select Properties.
NinoTNC to a USB port on your computer. Then use Windows Click the New Port button, select OK to acknowledge that
Device Manager (Control Panel > Device Manager, or just the port needs to be configured, and set the configuration as
search for it) to see which COM port the USB device has shown in Figure 3: Correct COM Port, baud rate of 56000,
been assigned. In Figure 1, you can see it is COM5 on my TNC type PACCOM. (I first tried “TAPR TNC2” for the TNC,
machine. Note that this can and will change from time to time; but all I got was the very brief blue flash from the NinoTNC,
it is just how Windows does business. If you open AGWPE its way of saying “I got some KISS data” but it would not
and it doesn’t find the TNC, check again for the COM port assert PTT). The other defaults are OK, except you should
and reconfigure. If you need to, you can verify that it is a feel free to modify the Port Description near the bottom to
NinoTNC by right-clicking the COM port and selecting read whatever you like. Click OK, exit the program (right click
Properties. On the General tab, the manufacturer will be the system tray icon and select Exit) and restart it. Your KISS
Microchip Technology, Inc. TNC port is now configured.

What we need now is a terminal pro- station now, but before you try, some APRS frequency of 144.39 MHz, but
gram that interfaces with AGWPE to housekeeping: You must first set both avoid transmitting there until you under-
actually work packet. You can get transmit level and transmit delay on the stand that you need APRS software to
SV2AGW’s shareware program Packet NinoTNC, as well as adjust the receive avoid being a nuisance. Also avoid
Engine Pro, which offers many conve- audio level. The TARPN website build- weak signal and satellite frequencies! It
nient features, or at least give it a 30-day er’s page at <https://bit.ly/3zZZlFm> has won’t make you any friends.
free trial. Buying it is only $49 but, as a some good instructions for this, which I Thousands of pages have been writ-
cheapskate, I decided to download won’t repeat here. Of course, the ten about how to operate packet. CQ
AGWTerm.zip, a very simple terminal NinoTNC needs to be connected to your magazine even has a video on the
program that is, of course, free. As with radio, so if you have not yet made up a topic, so I won’t get into great detail
AGWPE, there is a version of AGWTerm cable for that (again, there are instruc- here. The internet is a great tool for
that does not need to be installed, only tions on the TARPN builder’s page), do finding out things, and this would be a
unzipped. so before proceeding. great use of it.
With AGWPE running and configured, The last step, of course, is to actually Click the Connect button and type in
start AWGTerm (see Figure 4). On the connect to something. Check the the callsign and SSID (such as N2IRZ-
File menu, open Properties and type in MHeard list to see which stations you 3) of the station you want to connect to.
your callsign. You can peruse the other can hear. It may take some time to find In some areas where there’s no packet
settings if you like, but setting MyCall is someone, so be patient and monitor the activity, find a friend and schedule a
the only real requirement. I do suggest typical packet frequencies in your area. packet QSO. Click connect and, with
setting the Beacon interval to zero, dis- On 2 meters, 144.91-145.09 MHz are any luck, you’ll be connected. If not,
abling it. popular in most areas of the U.S., but then it is time for troubleshooting.
In theory, you can connect to another ask around about local usage. Try the I’ll mention some basic troubleshoot-
ing tips, but a quick internet search will
turn up many more. If another station
does not accept your connection, three
possibilities exist: They are not hearing
you (they don’t respond at all, but
MHeard shows their callsign), you are
not hearing them (listen to the received
audio for the braap of a packet, and
whether there’s any distortion), or they
don’t accept connections (some sta-
tions, such as network backbones,
don’t). If they are not hearing you, ver-
ify a good transmit level adjustment,
and check if you have enough power
and antenna to reach the other station.
If you don’t hear them, check your
receive level adjustments, but if your
MHeard list populates, that’s less likely
the problem. The last one simply re-
quires you to pick a different station,
possibly on another frequency.
I also want to explain how I got the
NinoTNC working through my Rasp-
berry Pi. I find it to be an excellent
battery-powered option, perhaps for
portable or EmComm operations, and
using VNC it can be operated remotely
(still on my home network, but not direct-
ly connected to my main computer). It
is robust, but it is not as simple as what
Figure 3. Call up the AGWPE Properties by right-clicking the icon in the system we went though today, so that will have
tray, then click the New Port button, bringing up this window. Set the COM port, to wait for some other time.
Baud rate and TNC Type as shown. The text at the bottom is for your own use. – Until next time, 73 de N2IRZ.
Figure 4. The
AGWTerm menu
and control buttons.
Connect and
Disconnect are
circled at left, and
MHeard is circled at
right. See the text
for how these can
be used.

MF/LF OPERATING: Life Below the AM Broadcast Band
BY JOHN LANGRIDGE, * KB5NJD
Early Season Notables For 630 And 2200 Meters

… plus continued efforts at W7IUV for an optimal 2200-meter antenna,
an intermittent 2200-meter interloper appears, transatlantic CW attempts
on 630 meters, advanced switching at NO3M, and burning antennas at
VK4YB not caused by RF!
W
ith the change in months that this column will appear KM5SW, of Jemez Springs, New Mexico, reporting WSPR and
in CQ magazine, it feels like it’s been a long time FST4W signals from Roger Crofts, VK4YB, of Brisbane. Those
since I have written to all of you. Let’s begin with a reports were supplemented by numerous decodes from West
rundown, to date, of happenings on 630 and 2200 meters for Coast stations in addition to the station of Laurence Howell,
the 2021 / 2022 season. KL7L, located outside of Anchorage, Alaska.
The season got off to a good start in North America with rea- The 2200-meter band also fared well with early-season
sonable activity on both 630 and 2200 meters and long-haul reports from Oberlungwitz, Germany, of Al Mulger, DL7NN’s,
openings reported on both transatlantic and transpacific FST4W-1800 (30-minute transmit cycle) signal at Eric
paths. In usual form, storm noise was an early-season fixture Tichansky, NO3M’s, station in Saegertown, Pennsylvania on
that was slow to diminish, but by early October, openings opening night of the new season, September 1st. Eric noted
between Europe and the east coast of North America were that Al’s signal was the best it had been since the previous
commonplace on 630-meter WSPR and FST4W. Tim Urban, winter, reporting two transmissions of the 30-minute FST4W
N4WLO, of Theodore, Alabama, was the first North American variant at -23 dB and -32 dB at 0000 and 0100 UTC, respec-
station who did not reside on the East Coast to be reported tively. As the season progressed, several JA stations were
on 630-meter WSPR in Europe on October 2nd. WSPR and being reported by North American stations while using the
FST4W openings between Australia and North America also longer FST4W variants. It seemed that a DX QSO attempt
made an appearance on this date, with Paul Johnson, on this band might be a possibility but by October, band con-
ditions were tempered a bit so perhaps later in the season a
two-way contact will become a reality. A very notable domes-
*827 Middle Run Ct. tic CW QSO took place on the morning of December 1st
Duncanville, TX 75137 between Larry Molitor, W7IUV, of Quincy, Washington and
<kb5njd@cq-amateur-radio.com> NO3M, using CW. The QSO is a presumed new world record
Photo A. Here is N2VJ’s CW signal as heard on the Kiwi SDR at EIØCF on November 27, 2021. Jamie noted that the
signal was at aural copy levels with some crashes causing disruptions. (Courtesy of EIØCF/N2VJ)

Photo C. This is the inside of W7IUV’s 2200-meter unit. Larry
uses a small amount of ferrite loading on the input to the larg-
er coil, meaning that lower voltages are present, allowing for
conventional relays to be used to switch across the very nar-
row band. Larry accomplishes matching to his feedline by a
homebrew binocular core transformer.
continent and the west, something that I have discussed in

previous articles. For part of the year, when the East Coast
Photo B. Here is the feedpoint of W7IUV’s low-band verti- is going to bed, it may be just starting to get dark on the West
cal for 160, 630, and 2200 meters. A new loading coil has Coast. Similarly, my winter 4:30 a.m. (0930 UTC) start in
recently replaced the behemoth that was presented in pre- Texas means that it’s 2:30 a.m. for those souls in California,
vious articles, offering more system stability. The smaller Oregon, or Washington and if they are not night owls who
fiberglass boxes are matching units for each of the three have not yet been to bed, they are likely not getting out of
bands served. (Photos B-D courtesy of W7IUV) bed that early for radio. Needless to say, there have been
fewer non-digital interactions between operators in the west-
ern and eastern regions of the continent, most notably dur-
on 2200 meters1 at a distance of 3,165.3 kilometers (about ing this current season. With all of this in mind, Clint Turner,
2,200 miles), beating the previous record of 2,968.6 kilome- KA7OEI, of West Jordan, Utah, noted on October 3rd the
ters (about 2,100 miles) between Russian and British sta- presence of a slow CW signal about an hour before his local
tions back in May 2003. sunrise that was originating from Stephen McGreevy,
Morning CW activity on 630 meters is a big player for that N6NKS, in Keeler, California. Clint indicated that what was
band’s activities. Beginning in early autumn, stations like — so intriguing about this beacon signal was that “At 1401
but not limited to — W3TS, N9RU, WA1JAS, N2VJ, K4BYN, [UTC], (he) heard what sounded exactly like the descending
NA4N, NO3M and I, KB5NJD, regularly complete two-way tones of a dawn chorus (whistlers) — lasting about 10 sec-
CW contacts with one another in the late evening and pre- onds.” As Clint pointed out, these types of observations are
dawn hours. While some of the contacts are firmly in the cat- rarely heard above 10 kHz (VLF) and it happened so quick-
egory of “weak-signal work” with limited information ly that he was unable to start his audio recorder in time. Also
exchanged, lending more to a hearty “good morning and 73,” curious, McGreevy indicates an interest in whistlers and
the second week of October marked a seasonal milestone spherics himself, as noted in his QRZ.com biography, which
at my station as a CW contact with Tom Costa, N9RU, of also describes his CW beacon and operational plans. The
Marion, Illinois on October 9th was armchair copy in full takeaway message here is that sometimes it pays to simply
receiver bandwidth for extended periods of time. Tom’s sig- open the filters of the receiver and just listen to the band with
nal peaked to an all-time high of 20 dB over S9 during QSOs your ears. You never know what you might observe.
in the final full week of November when openings were
remarkable around North America. Celebrate, Celebrate
CW contacts in the western portions of North America have Following the announcement of a joint centenary operation2
always been more difficult to find, often due to time differ- between the ARRL and Radio Society of Great Britain in
ences in operating schedules between the eastern half of the September 2021 to commemorate the anniversary of the first

tem progressed eastward. Noise levels were elevated and
propagation seemed down compared to the previous month
and, while signals were observed on both sides of the
Atlantic, the challenges during this weekend event were
insurmountable, as none of the stations were hearing one
another at the same time. It shows that there was wisdom in
making the original transatlantic tests a multi-night event. As
of the preparation of this article, there continue to be oppor-
tunities for lucky stations to complete the pioneering CW QSO
on 630 meters on transatlantic paths. Stay tuned!
Saga Continues to Find The Best Antenna For

2200 Meters at W7IUV
Larry Molitor, W7IUV, has always had a formidable signal on
630 meters in spite of idiosyncrasies associated with his loca-
tion with respect to the Cascade mountain range. He regu-
larly completes transcontinental and transpacific contacts
using digital modes in addition to a few attempted contacts
with Europeans on a difficult polar path. As reported in
October 2021, Larry has been in pursuit of the best 2200-
meter antenna system that he can construct and this effort
has resulted in a number of approaches that have been
attempted to maximize the 1-watt EIRP limit for the band.
Instability of the match associated with very high-Q values
of his system was the most recent culprit that sent Larry back
to the drawing board following late summer tests.
As of this writing, his current approach (Photos B and C)
uses the same 50-foot-tall irrigation pipe vertical that is
shared with his 160 meter and 630-meter systems. Top load-
ing wires complement a new base loading coil built on a fiber-
glass form and relay-switched inductance in 1 microhenry
steps allow him to control the series reactance and subse-
quently the resonance point. He also believes that this
approach gives him a 3-dB edge over a conventional vari-
ometer which is often used to load 630 meter and 2200-meter
antennas to resonance. The range of motion with the stepped
inductance is approximately 35 microhenries, which Larry
believes will be sufficient for day-to-day operation. These
Photo D. Just when things were looking up, disaster strikes! shifts are common, even on 630 meters, where high-Q sys-
A quite hot arc formed between the radiator and the metal tems and changing environmental conditions during an oper-
base, resulting in a rather long burn mark on the insulator. ating session result in unfavorable matches that result in sig-
Larry has implemented a temporary fix with the insulator but nificant decreases in antenna current and subsequently
will require a more in-depth repair if weather allows. The reduced overall performance. Matching is achieved with a
alternative will be to operate in a limited capacity until the homebrew binocular core transformer.
spring thaw. Larry noted that, “the big unknown is the take-off angle
effect. The new antenna has a much lower angle than the
old, mostly horizontal, antenna did. Prop for my TX seems
transatlantic tests in which the Atlantic Ocean had been
to open slower and peak later than the old antenna but with
bridged for RF communications, Jamie Labadia, N2VJ, of
so few data points so far, it’s hard to be certain. Time will tell.”
Windham, New York had big ideas. To date, there has never
Shortly after testing began, however, an impedance excur-
been a completed two-way CW QSO between Europe and
sion resulted from a rainstorm, resulting in an arc, damaging
North America on our 630 meters under Part 97 rules.
his base insulator (Photo D). Larry noted that he was able to
For some time, Jamie had been observing North American
implement a temporary fix but a proper repair would have to
CW signals, mostly located in the northeastern U.S., on a
wait for more consistent and better weather conditions.
Kiwi SDR receiver operated by Finbar O’Conner, EIØCF, in
Activity changes by December on 2200 meters stalled his
a fortuitous location in central Ireland (Photo A). It seemed
testing process but typically there is an increase in activity
highly likely that on a good night and with the right person-
by mid-January. This is a long-term project and more details
nel, a two-way CW QSO might be possible. Over the course
will be reported as they become available.
of a few weeks, Jamie assembled a team of operators on the
East Coast of North America and Western Europe to attempt
to span the Atlantic on 630-meter CW. The evening and Canadian Government Station Makes an
morning of December 11/12th were selected to coincide with Appearance on 2200 Meters
other activities associated with the centenary event. Interference sources on 2200 meters are common. Ranging
Unfortunately, this same weekend also coincided with terri- from switching power supplies to solar grid-tie inverters to
ble weather in portions of the U.S., some of which had dev- cell phone chargers, individuals living in electrically dirty
astated large swaths of Missouri and Kentucky as the sys- homes or in areas with high population densities can some-

times find listening at medium and low
frequencies an exercise in futility.
Sometimes the interference sources
are legitimate signals that are inten-
tionally operating in spectrum. One
example of this type of signal is gov-
ernmental and military stations that con-
tinue to have allocations within or near
the 2200-meter band and can be found
testing or on-exercise from time to time.
On September 22nd, Lloyd Berg,
N9LB, of Oregon, Wisconsin noted the
presence of a strong MSK (minimum
shift keying) signal on 137.0 kHz while
listening with a “Beverage-on-ground”
receive antenna and a Flex 6500 SDR
(Photo E). Eric Tichansky, NO3M, indi-
cated that the signal was originating from
“CFH,” located in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
adding that the signal’s presence had
been discussed recently on the “lowfer”
email reflector. Signals of this type are
relatively rare and often do not last long,
as was the case here when the signal
disappeared 24 hours later. While these
stations operate at power levels far
Photo E. An impressive signal from CFH covers a considerable amount of the above that which an amateur can
already limited 2200-meter spectrum, as reported by N9LB on the evening of achieve, it is best practice to stay away
September 22, 2021. from them when in operation. Impact to
signal-to-noise alone typically makes
reciprocal interference an impossibility.
As of mid-December, the signal returned
to air, creating S/N problems for many
operators on the band and decreasing
overall band activity. Once the signal
disappears again, expect activity to
become more prevalent.
New Receive Antenna

Switching System at NO3M
Eric Tichansky, NO3M, is largely re-
garded to be the owner of one of the
best 630- and 2200-meter receive sys-
tems in the world, operating from a
quiet, rural location in western Penn-
sylvania. Having space for Beverage
antennas, receive loops, and phased
vertical receive arrays -— including an
eight-circle array for 630 meters that
resides on 30 acres of land — requires
a complex infrastructure to ensure prop-
er operation. Operating many receivers
simultaneously results in a need for a
switching system that allows an almost
infinite number of permutations with
respect to how antennas might connect
to a receiver or multiple receivers, some-
times as a single antenna and at other
times in phased arrays of antennas in
order to achieve diversity reception.
Some years ago, Eric began devel-
Photo F. This is the muscle of NO3M’s switching system which allows eight anten- oping hardware to accomplish this type
nas to be routed to as many as four radios. Eric indicated that he has two of these of complex switching (Photo F) but as
units in the woods to switch his system. (Photos F & G, Figures 1 & 2, courtesy digital-mode software advanced, it also
of NO3M) became necessary to select antennas

Figures 1 and 2. NO3M’s system allows an almost infinite number of configurations for antennas and receivers. These
screens are on tabs that show configurations for receivers as well as antennas and can be adjusted on a schedule, if
necessary.

and receive directions based in discrete age the current iteration of his switch- is found adjacent to each receiver and
timeslots for receivers listening for spe- ing system (Figures 1 and 2). allows both graphical and manual
cific modes and priorities. As often hap- The system is quite robust, allowing selection of antenna headings in addi-
pens, needs drive innovation and Eric, the switching of up to 40 antennas to as tion to scheduling and priorities for each
an experienced programmer, devel- many as four receivers in any configu- selection. Eric notes that, “the track
oped his own robust software to man- ration. A kiosk-style interface (Photo G) mode will lock a radio’s selection to the
same bearing as whatever radio it’s set
to follow, choosing an available anten-
na based on priority, so if I am on
Beverages on both receivers in a K3
and hit track, it will bump the tracking
radio to the eight-circle array ...” Eric
has been in talks about possibly offer-
ing this system for sale in the future
through a distributor, but no formal
agreement has been reached.
Fire Down Under!

Accomplished MF and LF DXer Roger
Crofts, VK4YB, reported that an early
autumn (or spring in the Southern
Hemisphere) brush fire on an adjoining
property became out of control, result-
ing in damage to several of his transmit
antennas, in addition to all of his 630-
meter receive antennas. Roger is
known for his directional transmit arrays
covering a number of azimuths that are
optimized for maximum current in the
vertical plane some 100 feet above the
ground. These directive end-fed wires,
using unconventional feeding and load-
Photo G. This is one of the very attractive and functional kiosks located at the ing schemes, have resulted in numer-
NO3M operating position, which provides visual indications of receive antenna ous transpacific digital QSOs on 630
coverage in addition to selection. and 2200 meters in addition to attempts
on 630-meter CW with both W7IUV and
Steve McDonald, VE7SL, of Mayne
Island, British Columbia in recent years.
Roger noted that he is working to repair
the damage, but progress is slow and
the reality is that keeping these anten-
nas on the air and in the air is a full-time
Making DX Happen job. Despite the damage to his anten-

na farm, it was reported by Matt Power,
KA1R, of Norwell, Massachusetts that
Since 1983 FST4W-1800 transmissions (30 minute
transmit cycles) from DL7NN were
decoded at Roger’s station at approxi-
mately 15,763 kilometers (about
11,000 miles) on 2200 meters in late
WWW.INDEXA.ORG September. These results are a good
ϱϬϭ;ĐͿ;ϯͿŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚŽƌŐĂŶŝǌĂƟŽŶ
sign for the early new season and will
hopefully provide encouragement to
Roger as his station is returned to 100%
functionality.
That’s all for this time. If you have
observations, comments, or questions,
you can reach me at <KB5NJD@
ΛŝŶĚĞǆĂͺĚǆ gmail.com>.
/Ey
Notes:
1. 2200 meter distance records: <https://
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůyƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ tinyurl.com/37v9vck5>
ϮϯϬϵ>ŝŶĐŽůŶǀĞ͕^ĂŝŶƚůďĂŶƐ͕tsϮϱϭϳϳ͕h^ 2. ARRL / RSGB centenary event: <https://
tinyurl.com/2uwbrfdy>

HAM RADIO EXPLORER
BY ANTHONY A. LUSCRE*, K8ZT
HF Activities for Technician Class Licensees
T
he Technician Class amateur
license is often perceived as a
VHF/UHF-only license. But that
isn’t correct, as the Tech license also
grants limited operating privileges on
the HF (3-30 MHz) bands. Operating on
the high-frequency bands opens up the
possibility of long-distance amateur
radio contacts (DX) on a regular basis.
There are two options for Techs on
HF: CW (Morse code) on 80, 40, 15,
and 10 meters or CW / SSB / digital on
portions of 10 meters. We will save the
CW for a future column, and this month
I will concentrate on 10-meter opera-
tions. Of course, these operations are
available to all amateur radio licensees,
not just Techs. If you are a General,
Advanced, or Extra class licensee, you
can enjoy the entire 10-meter band, but
I also ask you to pass on this column’s Figure 1. Solar Cycle 25 Forecast Update, published: December 09, 2019.
information to Techs and newcomers (Source: noaa.gov website)
you may know.
Novice Enhancement 35th dependent on the sunspot cycle. This and FT4, have made long-distance 10-
Anniversary means that during periods of low meter QSOs possible even during mar-
For those who have been around ama- sunspots, activity on 10 is limited to pri- ginal propagation conditions.
teur radio for a few decades, you may marily local contacts. Even with these
remember March 21, 1987, and the limitations, the response was immedi- Since 10 meters and other higher fre-
dawn of Novice Enhancement (see ate, with many hams trying out HF voice quency HF bands are less susceptible
<https://p1k.arrl.org/pubs_archive/809 for the first time. Personally, as a Tech to D-layer absorption than lower HF
84>). This action provided new operat- at the time, my activity went from almost bands, they can be capable of world-
ing privileges to all licensees who exclusively CW and VHF activities to wide DX contacts. Typically, 10 is a
passed a Novice examination, includ- over 80% 10-meter SSB activity. “daytime” band with most openings dur-
ing the 5-word-per-minute (WPM) CW ing the day, especially early afternoon.
test. In addition to new VHF privileges But is 10 Meters Ever Open? Es openings are more common in late
(voice on 220 MHz & 23 centimeters), spring and summer.
As mentioned above, 10-meter propa-
expanded 10-meter privileges included
gation can vary greatly depending on
a 28.1-28.3 MHz subband with CW and Radios for 10 Meters
sunspot activity. This situation can be
data modes (later expanded to extend
very discouraging for Techs hoping After the CB boom of the 1970s and
from 28.0-28.3 MHz) and a 28.3-28.5
or DX on the band. Fortunately, there 80s, many hams purchased inexpen-
MHz subband with SSB. These en-
are three favorable developments for sive CBs and converted them to 10
hancements were very significant, but
success: meters. After the granting of new privi-
there were a few catches / gotchas:
1. Unlike sunspot-related F-layer ion- leges, a few manufacturers even start-
• The full 10-meter phone subband ization which is based on an 11-year ed producing dedicated 10-meter
was not included, only the 28.3 to 28.5 cycle, Sporadic-E (Es) or e-skip, which radios with SSB capability, targeting
segment. can support long-distance 10-meter new HF operators. Today if you do an
• Voice privileges on 10 did not include contacts, can occur at any time, inde- internet search for 10-meter radios,
AM or FM modes, only SSB. pendent of sunspots (primarily in the what you mostly find are actually radios
• Power was limited to 200 watts (not summer months, with a minor peak of targeted to CB and unlicensed illegal
really an issue for most beginners). activity in the winter –ed). “freebanders.” Although the prices
2. We just happen to be in a very favor- might sound attractive, these radios are
But probably the biggest hurdle was able spot in the 11-year cycle right now, probably not the best choice for 10-
that the 10-meter band was (and is) very with yearly increases in sunspot activi- meter amateur radio operations:
ty and 10-meter openings likely ahead
*Email: <k8zt@arrl.net>, (see Figure 1). • Many lack SSB, meaning they are
website <www.k8zt.com> 3. New digital modes, such as FT8 useless for Tech use on 10

• Even if SSB is included, most of their features are CB- • “Spreadsheet of Radio Models & Vendors” <tiny.cc/buyar-
focused and not ham-oriented, such as: ss> (see Table 1)
° Channelized tuning
° “Roger beep” Antennas for 10 Meters
° Lack of built-in antenna tuners
Because of its short wavelength, 10-meter antennas are typ-
° Lack of filtering and DSP
ically the most compact amateur HF antennas. A dipole for
° Lack of computer interfacing for CAT control or use with
10 is less than 17 feet in length versus a 40-meter dipole of
digital modes
67 feet. An old TV antenna rotator easily rotates 10-meter
gain antennas, such as Yagis. Start with a simple homebrew
I would suggest you stick with a radio designed specifical-
dipole; plenty of plans are available in books and on web-
ly for amateur radio. These will give you many other features
sites. (A dipole centered on 28.250 MHz, which would cover
and bands that you can use now or after upgrading your
the full Technician subband from 28.0-28.5 MHz, would be
license. If cost is an issue, there are many very usable multi-
just over 16-1/2 feet long, or two segments of 8 feet, 3 inch-
band, multimode HF radios available on the used market that
es each. Cut the wires a little longer to be able to fold a little
include 10 meters. If you are going the new or used route,
back around center and end insulators, and to adjust as need-
your next big question will be an HF-only radio (160-10 meter)
ed for the best match. –ed).
or one that also includes VHF and UHF bands (6, 2, and
sometimes 440). To assist you, I have put together two
resources for hams looking to buy a radio: I’m on 10 Meters Now, But Where is Everyone?
Technicians have voice privileges (with SSB) on 28.300 to
• “Buying an Amateur Radio Transceiver” slideshow 28.499 MHz, plus digital and CW privileges on 28.000 to
<tiny.cc/buyar> 28.299 MHz, but specific frequencies on which to find differ-
Table 1. Listing of new and recently discounted transceiver models from “Spreadsheet of Radio Models & Vendors”
<tiny.cc/buyar-ss>. (Screen capture by author)

Table 2. Considerate Operator Guide for 10 meters includes suggested operations by frequency. (Chart by author)
ent activities can help facilitate contacts (see Table

2). There can be days without much activity, even in
good sunspot years, so here are a few tips to
increase your odds.
• Get on when there are contests. Even if you are
not interested in the competition, the contest signif-
icantly increases activity on bands. Just make sure
you know your exchange for giving the contesters
the contacts and points they seek, and you get the
QSOs you are seeking. For information on contest
dates and exchanges for each contest, visit
WA7BNM Contest Calendar <www.contestcalen-
dar.com>. If you are interested in learning more
about contesting, I will cover it in a future Ham Radio
Explorer column, or you can get started now with my
slideshow “Intro to Amateur Radio Contesting”
<tiny.cc/ar-contest> or the CQ video, “Getting
Started in Contesting.”
• Use DX Clusters and the Reverse Beacon
Network (RBN) to see spots of activity on 10 meters.
• Give FT8 a try; it is very popular and one of the
best ways to find activity on a seemingly dead band.
For more information on the Digital Sound Card
Modes of FT8/FT4, visit <tiny.cc/ft8ft4>.
• Join Ten-Ten International (Figure 2), get your
own 10-10 number, and participate in their 10-meter
nets and activities <www.ten-ten.org>.
• Finally, remember to call CQ periodically because
if everyone is just listening, no one will ever be heard.
That’s it for this month. If you are interested in some

of my recent ham radio presentations to radio clubs
via Zoom, visit <tiny.cc/k8zt-p>. Remember, I am Figure 2. Ten-Ten International was founded in 1962 to promote
always looking for information on your new activi- activity and good operating practices on the 10-meter amateur band.
ties, ideas for future columns, and feedback from this Members exchange 10-10 numbers on-air. For more details, visit
column, so please email me at <k8zt@arrl.net>. <www.ten-ten.org>. (Logo from 10-10 website)

VHF PLUS
BY TRENT FLEMING,* N4DTF
Key Propagation Types for 6 Meters
F
ollowing up on last month’s column regarding the
upcoming 6-meter Spordic-E (Es) season, I wanted to
briefly expound on some of the band’s common modes
of propagation. A survey if you will. No space here for detailed
or technical treatments, but I wanted to give you an idea of
what to expect, and when.
Most of the discussion below applies to weak-signal work
on the band. Key frequencies to remember are 50.125 MHz
USB for phone, below 50.1 MHz for CW, and 50.313 MHz
for FT8. You will also find meteor scatter around 50.265 MHz,
and the AM calling frequency is 50.4 MHz. During periods of
heavy activity, operators will spread out across the band.
Remember also that the quality of propagation will determine
whether digital, CW, or phone is possible at any given time.
(Yes, I know CW is technically digital, but humor me, as I
believe it is an important mode and deserves to be recog-
nized separately).
FM — No Static at All?
Well, maybe a little. FM simplex on 6 meters is centered
around 52.525 MHz. In some areas of the country, there are
heavy concentrations on FM, either for repeaters or simplex.
In either case, the typical FM frequencies are 1-2 MHz above
the weak-signal segment, and thus require the MUF (maxi-
mum usable frequency) to be higher than for weak-signal
work. Still, if you have access to 6-meter FM, it is worth giv-
ing it a listen, especially during the spring / summer Es sea-
son. I’d love to hear of your FM activity, whether simplex or
repeater wise, so that I can share information about this activ-
ity with our readers. Photo A. The 222-MHz antenna array of Joel
Harrison,W5ZN, one of three recent recipients of the
Worked All States award for the band … the first new
Selected Propagation Types awards issued for 222 in nearly 35 years! (Photo cour-
Sporadic-E: Six meters is often called the Magic Band. This tesy of W5ZN)
stems largely from Es, a method of propagation that we are
beginning to understand, but one that is hardly predictable.
Openings pop up, sometimes for a few minutes, sometimes but basically it is an afternoon and evening phenomenon,
for several hours, and just as suddenly are gone. These local time. This propagation was first noticed in the 1940s by
openings stem from concentrations of ions, often called both military and amateur operators, primarily affecting the
clouds, that form in the lower reaches of the E layer of the 6-meter band. Famously, a station in Mexico found he could
ionosphere. When these clouds form, they provide a refrac- work considerable distances into South America. Military
tion point for VHF frequencies that bends the signal back radio operators also observed much longer distance trans-
down to earth. A “single-hop” Es connection is roughly 700 missions than otherwise expected, so research and experi-
miles, and we sometimes see “double-hop” paths that will mentation began at that point. Note that TEP follows the mag-
roughly double that. The distances are reliable because of netic equator, which does not always line up with the
the curvature of the earth and the typical height of the clouds. geographic equator.
Es is also known to occur on 2 meters and higher. Basically,
when one VHF band is active, you will want to check any oth- F2: The holy grail of 6-meter propagation is when the
ers for which you have equipment, to make sure you don’t sunspot cycle increases to a point where propagation occurs
miss an opening on a higher band. as it does on the HF bands. I’ll resist stating a hard number
(like an SFI of 200), but rest assured that it will require rela-
Trans Equatorial Propagation: This propagation phenom- tively high sunspot numbers to support F2 on 6 meters. Of
enon, like Es, depends on clustering of ions in both the E and course, 10 meters will be favorably impacted as well under
F layers to support reflection of signals across the equator. those conditions. Many of us have heard (or even remem-
It is primarily focused on the region 10-15° on either side of ber) of 10 meters being open day and night during sunspot
the equator, the “tropics.” There are multiple forms of TEP, cycle peaks, and any dedicated VHF operator will likely have
had the opportunity to work some F2 propagation on 6 meters
during previous cycles. Here’s hoping we see more oppor-
* <n4dtf@cq-amateur-radio.com> tunities with the rising numbers of Cycle 25.

Tropo: While more common on high- meters as well as higher frequencies reflect radio waves in a fashion similar
er frequencies, 6 meters can some- just to make sure. Such weather-relat- to Es. Generally, these openings are
times benefit from tropospheric propa- ed phenomena are usually short lived, better worked with digital modes,
gation, resulting from temperature so if you are by the radio when they including CW, as the auroral emana-
inversions that form conduits near the occur, try to take advantage. tions can create difficult conditions for
ground. As with other propagation hearing voices accurately. Of course,
methods, it is worth checking multiple Honorable Mentions: Intense solar many amateurs participate in meteor
bands when one is open, so if there is activity can produce strong aurora over scatter, bouncing signals off the ionized
tropo on 2 meters you can check 6 the poles, creating phenomena that will trail of a meteor, and “moon bounce” or
EME operations. More detail on these
modes another time.
Mixed Modes: Adding to the magic,

and FUN, of 6-meter operation is the
mixing of modes providing additional
propagation opportunities. For exam-
ple, amateurs in the southern U.S. can
sometimes find single- or double-hop
Es openings that connect them with
TEP to allow propagation to the south-
ern hemisphere. This frequently means
South America but can also support
openings (usually in December and
January) into the South Pacific region.
Closer to home, tropospheric ducting
can combine with Es openings to cre-
ate longer paths than one normally
expects.
Photo B. A graphic representation of a very impressive 1296-MHz contact This is only a summary of the types of
between Spain and Greece. (Courtesy of DXMaps) propagation that can be expected on 50
Photo C. Late December featured some excellent tropo openings in the southeastern U.S. on 2 meters and 70 cen-
timeters. (Courtesy of DXMaps)

MHz. Each mode could more than fill a column, so I invite #12 on January 11, 2022, and Swiniarski was issued #13 on
you to google around and read some of the excellent sources January 12th.
containing much more detail, should you be interested Harrison worked Tom Worthington, NH6Y, in Hawaii, for
(including the excellent chapter on VHF propagation in the his 50th state, while Williams followed close behind, working
otherwise correctly-named CQ Shortwave Propagation James Colson, K7KQA, operating EME portable from
Handbook, 4th Edition. – ed). As far as watching for open- Oregon, for his 50th state.
ings, the Hepburn forecast is quite useful, as is the info at You can see W5ZN’s array in Photo A. Thanks to Joel for
dxmaps.com. Internet searches will help you locate other the photo and the information!
resources. Congratulations to these fine operators for their accom-
There is no substitute for monitoring and calling CQ, how- plishment!
ever. Especially during the months when Es is most common,
you will want to monitor calling frequencies and throw your 1296-MHz Propagation in Europe
call out occasionally to check for openings. Many times, a As we discussed in September, there are lots of opportu-
“dead” band is just one on which no one is (yet) trying to make nities on the gigahertz bands, and here is one example. Many
a contact! of you now have 1.2-GHz on your rigs, so here’s some
encouragement for you, thanks to EI7GL:
On the Air It was interesting to see that a contact on 1296 MHz was
New 222 WAS Awards made between EA5TT in Spain and SV8CS in Greece on
In the August 2021 issue, I featured the 1.25-meter band. the 2nd of January 2022. The distance was around 1,850
It has been some 35 years since the most recent Worked All kilometers (1,150 miles). While this is well short of the 2,714-
States (WAS) award was earned on this band. I’m pleased kilometer (1,686-mile) IARU Region 1 record between
to tell you that my friend and former ARRL President Joel Ireland and the Canary Islands set back in July 2020, it is
Harrison, W5ZN, in Arkansas; Marshall Williams, K5QE, in still an impressive distance for the 23-centimeter microwave
Texas (a veritable VHF/UHF legend in the piney woods of band. Manolo, EA5TT, reports working SV8CS on 1296.174
east Texas), and John Swiniarski, K1OR, in New Hampshire MHz on FT8 after working him on 144 MHz and 432 MHz
have now earned this award. Harrison was issued 222 MHz earlier. EA5TT was using just 10 watts with a 35-element
WAS #11 on December 27, 2021, while Williams was issue Yagi antenna (Photo B).
Free to a Good Home: Dual-Band LNA Kit of (Most) Parts
Here’s a great opportunity for a weak-signal / satellite enthu- 6. The enclosure has been machined and the copper-clad
siast: In February 2021, we published a project article by board has been cut to fit.
Jim Kocsis, WA9PYH, titled “Build a Dual-Band Low-Noise 7.This project is intended to be used with the analog
Amplifier for 2 Meters and 70 Centimeters.” It features built- satellites and perhaps terrestrial communications with
in RF sensing and switching. The author recently contact- weak signals.
ed us with the following offer for an experienced and well- 8. Pictures of everything are available.
qualified ham: If you’re interested and meet the criteria above, contact
Jim at <wa9pyh@arrl.net>.
A reader bought most of the parts (for the project), then
decided that he is not able to finish it. He sent me the parts
to pass on to some ham who can make good use of it. The
price is FREE. The only charges will be shipping from me
to the project’s new home. Can you put it up for grabs?
Here are the details:

1. You MUST have extensive experience soldering SMDs
(and know that SMD is an abbreviation for surface-mount
device! – ed.). Both LNAs use some very small parts. One
slip and it’s toast. (I did and had to buy another LNA kit).
2. You must be able to figure out the wiring and placement
of the parts. This is NOT a Heathkit.
3. Access to a spectrum analyzer and RF generator is
HIGHLY recommended (calibrated output levels, NOT a
simple Eico, Heath, etc., generator). They must be HP,
Fluke, Tektronix quality.
4. You will pay the shipping charges, I estimate $25.
5. It turns out the relays I used as shown in the article were
a special run and are no longer available. I’m including dif-
ferent relays that will work after adding some PNP transis-
tors (10 cents each). I have tested the updated circuitry. I
have two of the new type relays but you will have to buy two The WA9PYH dual-band low-noise amplifier, as featured
more ($30 each on eBay; there are several dealers selling in the February 2021 issue of CQ. The 2-meter circuit is
the new part). built on one side, the 70-centimeter portion on the other.

Tropo Propagation Across the Gulf
South
Our friend David Their, WA3GWK,
reports from LA (lower Alabama)
regarding a spate of tropo openings
around Christmas.
“I made several dozen contacts on 2-
meter FT8 and SSB between 12/24 and
12/27. Most were to the west into Texas
and Mexico as far north as Dallas-Fort
Worth. This was primarily an east-west
opening across the north gulf coast. At
times, I was too far north here on the
coast of Alabama and the strong path
was across the Gulf of Mexico from
Texas to Florida. I worked Mexico DL98
on FT8 and SSB, 787 miles on 2 meters.
I worked EL09, 656 miles on 432.1 SSB
with 75 watts; the other station was run-
ning 50 watts. Conditions here since
have been quiet with only some occa-
sional [Es] on 6 meters.” Photo C shows
an example of the tropo forecast during
this period.
January VHF Contest Photo D. Your columnist’s 6-meter station … During the ARRL January VHF
As I write this, the January ARRL VHF Contest it had to be hooked up to his HF vertical instead of his 6-meter beam,
Contest has just come to a close. I was which was having behavioral issues! (N4DTF photo)
prepared to work 6 meters (Photo D), 2
meters, and 70 centimeters, but in some
testing on Friday, I learned that my 6-
meter beam was not behaving. Cold
weather, rain, and then snow was com-
ing in, so I abandoned that project and
decided I would use my 43-foot HF ver-
tical for 6 meters. Late Saturday after-
noon I was rewarded with a brief open-
ing into Florida, yielding 3 grids on 6
meters. Of course, the vertical is not
ideal, but as I say over and over, when
the band is open, almost any antenna
will do!
I worked a handful of local stations on
2 meters and 70 centimeters, both in
my grid and in two adjoining grids.
Nothing really magical this time. As with W5SWL Electronics
recent contests, most of the activity
seemed concentrated on FT8, based
on propagation reports from DXMaps
Premium Quality
and elsewhere. RF Connectors
Unless changes are made to the rules,
these contests seemed destined to Order Direct!
become mainly digital. As I’ve said
before, I’m fine with digital modes, but Wide Selection of Connectors
would like to preserve phone activity as • UHF & N • MC MCX & MMCX • Reverse Polarity
well. To me, it seems wise to expand
• BNC & SMA • QMA SMB & SMC • RF Adapters
categories to assign points to multi-
mode transmissions on each band. I • Mini-UHF & FME • DIN & Low PIM • Bulkheads
fear that holding separate contests • TNC & C
would further dilute VHF and above
activity. Please let me know your And Much More!
thoughts, and reach out to contest • Dave’s Hobby Shop by W5SWL • RF & Technical Parts
sponsors as well, to offer your ideas. • Ham Radio Gadgets • New & Surplus Materials
That’s it for this month. Please send
me your thoughts, comments, and Order at www.W5SWL.com
reports of operating activity, and remem-
ber to get on the air and have fun! Ships Fast From The Arkansas River Valley
73, N4DTF, EM55

AWARDS
BY STEVE MOLO,* KI4KWR
The Holyland Award Program

The Holyland Award program is spon-
sored by the Israel Amateur Radio Club
to encourage amateurs and shortwave
listeners around the world to contact sta-
tions in various parts of Israel. The pro-
gram also offers special recognition to
hams — including DX visitors with appro-
priate licensing — who activate different
areas of the country and offer contacts
to the “hunters.” The following informa-
tion is taken from the IARC Holyland
Award website at <https://tinyurl.com/
yc2b8h9n>. – KI4KWR
T
he Holyland Award is a special
plaque issued by the Israel
Amateur Radio Club (IARC) to
both licensed radio amateurs and SWLs.
The plaque is made of gold-anodized
aluminum sheet and is silk epoxy print-
ed in two colors. The print shows an old
panorama of Jerusalem as seen from the
Mount of Olives. The plaque is awarded
for achieving the basic requirements
from contacts made after January 1, 1992. Stickers, repre- 2. Tables of all Regions, the Squares within each region,
senting different sites, will be attached to the basic award and the settlements within the squares
after improving the achievements. Ten stickers are available. 3. Summary of the participant’s achievements
QSL cards are not required, only log entries. Each award is 4. Claim sheet and Operator’s declaration
personally printed for its winner. 5. Rules of the Holyland International DX Contest
Basis Of the Award In addition to the book, Country Roads maps with a scale
of 1:250,000 are available. Price of the book is $10, maps
The idea of national classic basis for an award scheme was
$8, and mailing $2. An equivalent of major European cur-
introduced by the late John Morris, G3ABG, in 1969 and was
rency is acceptable.
adopted for the UK national awards program. The IARC finds
The book and the maps are available from the IARC, you
this idea suits its requirements and decided to use it for the
can mail your request to: M. Webman, 4X4JU, P.O. Box 8181,
Holyland Award program. The award scheme is based on the
Petach Tikva 49651, Israel.
following geographical and administrative divisions of Israel.
The Square: The country is divided geographically by the
Survey of Israel department into a grid system resulting in Award Requirements
squares of 10 X 10 kilometers. A letter and two numbers, Awards and Stickers: The award is given for working or
which are the relevant horizontal and vertical coordinates, hearing stations in the Holy-Land “Areas”. There are three
define these squares. i.e. E-14, H-08, etc. categories:
The Region: The country is divided for administrative pur-
poses into 23 regions. The boundaries of these regions are 1. Amateurs operating within the Holy Land. (Category A)
drawn arbitrarily. 2. Amateurs operating from IARU Region I. (Category B)
The Area: An “Area” is made up from the combination of 3. Amateurs operating from IARU Regions II & III.
the Square and the Region. For example; E-14-TA (Tel Aviv), (Category C)
G-18-JS (Jerusalem), etc. The “Area” is the basis for the
Holyland Award scheme. Requirements: Radio operators / SWL needs to work / hear:
Claim and Record Book 1. In the (B) category; 100/150 “Areas” from 13 regions are
required for the basic award. An additional 12 “Areas” plus
To help with the logging and for claiming purposes, a spe-
one extra region are required per sticker.
cial record book has been produced and is required for award
2. In the (C) category; 50/100 “Areas” from 13 regions are
submissions. The book includes:
required for the basic award. An additional six “Areas” plus
1. Aims, Definitions and Requirements for the Holyland one extra region, are required per sticker.
Award scheme
Expedition & Mobile Awards: The Holyland Award for acti-
*Email: <KI4KWR@cq-amateur-radio.com> vating areas and its stickers is issued for operating HF from

We hope you will find interest
in expanding your geographical
knowledge of the Holy Land
and create friendship with radio
amateurs operating here.
areas in the Holy Land. A special

engraved trophy will be awarded for
activating 300 and 400 different “Areas”
— available to all radio amateurs work-
ing HF while operating mobile or
portable in the Holy Land.
Operating Frequencies: To concen-
trate the efforts, specific net frequencies
are recommended for the Holyland
Award. Mobile and portable stations will
use the following frequencies plus /
minus QRM: 28.655, 21.320, 14.265,
and 7.060 MHz, mostly on weekend
afternoons — Holy Land time (UTC +2
hours).
Holyland Contest: A contest is held
annually in the third weekend of April.
Details about the contest and the award
are available on request from the IARC
contest manager, who can be reached
via mail: IARC Contest Manager, P.O.
Box 17600, Tel Aviv 61176, Israel.
(SASE required — Self-Addressed
Stamped Envelope).
Invitation
The IARC invites you, along with all Last Year, our members worked thousands of hours for
other radio amateurs in the world, to
NO PAY
participate in the Holyland Award pro-
gram. We hope you will find interest in
expanding your geographical knowl-
edge of the Holy Land and create
friendship with radio amateurs operat- And this year are well on their way to doing
EVEN MORE!
ing here. The beautiful award will be
the right completion for your participa-
tion and we hope, will give you much
satisfaction.
We, here, are making all efforts to
increase the activity of radio amateurs WHY?
in the Holy Land, and encourage
mobile and portable operation. If you Because they are giving back to their communities! They are
have a plan to visit the Holy Land in the
near future and wish to operate your helping with civic events, motorist assistance AND MORE,
radio station here, mobile or fixed, you yes even emergencies and disasters, if needed!
can take part in the “Holyland Ex-
pedition & Mobile” plan and win the
award and trophies described above. CONTACT
The IARC, with great pleasure, will
assist all radio amateurs who wish to REACT INTERNATIONAL
operate in the Holy Land. 301-316-2900
We hope to see you among the other
radio amateurs taking part in the Or write to
Holyland Award program. REACT INTERNATIONAL
P.O. Box 21064, Dept CQ100
More detailed information on areas, Glendale, CA 91221
regions, and squares is available on the
IARC Holyland Award website at RI.HQ@REACT Intl.org
<https://tinyurl.com/yc2b8h9n> –KI4KWR

DX
BY BOB SCHENCK,* N2OO
Profile: The Southwest Ohio DX Association (SWODXA)

WITH BILL SALYERS, AJ8B, AND TOM INGLIN, NR8Z
T
his month we will be highlighting another great DX In 1984, the group decided to start promoting outstanding
organization, The Southwest Ohio DX Association DX achievements with the DXpedition of the Year® and the
(SWODXA). I have known many of the members of DXpeditioner of the Year awards. The goal is to recognize
SWODXA for years, especially since they have been spon- those individuals and groups who went above and beyond to
soring the Dayton DX Dinner every year. I have had the honor put a new or rare entity on the air in an exemplary way. This
of presenting the annual CQ DX Hall of Fame awards at this has turned into a highly coveted award into which the club
dinner several times. I thought it would be great to have them invests considerable research and deliberation. The first was
share a little bit of their history, and what they do. Perhaps awarded to CEØAA, San Felix Island, in 1984. The most
sharing more of these DX organization “overviews” will give recent winner was VP8PJ, South Orkney Island, in 2021. The
us all some fresh ideas for our own DX clubs. entire list can be found at <https://tinyurl.com/2p8amc8n>.
The Southwest Ohio DX Association (SWODXA) is one of Around 1986, W8OK and the club decided to expand on
the country’s premier amateur radio DX clubs. Informally cre- the Hamvention hospitality suite that was occurring every
ated in mid-1977 by Dayton amateurs including Frank year. SWODXA began sponsoring the DX Dinner® in
Schwab, W8OK (SK); Steve Bolia, N8BJQ; Ron Morefield, Dayton. It was moved to the Crowne Plaza and then to its
W8ILC (SK); and Scott Lehman, N9AG (SK), the club had current home at the Marriott Hotel to provide a venue for
its first formal organizational meeting in August 1981 with additional fellowship and activities of interest to the DXers
W8OK being elected our first president. The initial purpose attending the Hamvention. It’s an opportunity for newcom-
of the SWODXA was to provide a core of knowledgeable ers and veteran DXers alike to rub elbows with the opera-
DXers to present the DX Forum at the Dayton Hamvention®. tors from the other side of the QSO. The DX Dinner aver-
Today, the purpose of the SWODXA has expanded to ages 406 attendees, which is quite a turnout!
increasing DXing proficiency, promoting outstanding DX
achievements and supporting DXpeditions to rare entities.
The DX Forum at Hamvention has been “standing room
only” for all of its 40-plus years. Jay Slough, K4ZLE, has
been the forum moderator for at least 25 years. The DX
Forum continues to bring global DXers together to expand
the knowledge and skills of new and old timers alike.
Photo A. Ralph Fedor, KØIR, presents Bob Schenck, N2OO,

with his CQ DX Hall of Fame plaque at the SWODXA DX
Dinner in 2008. Bob now makes those presentations to new
inductees in his hat as CQ DX Editor. (Photos courtesy of
SWODXA)
Photo B. Several SWODXA club members at the site of the

*email: <n2oo@comcast.net> 4O6DX inaugural operation in Montenegro.

A D V AN C E D SP E C I A LT I E S I NC .
Orders/Quotes 1-80 0-926-9HAM
www.advancedspecialties.net
BIG ONLINE CATALOG
VX-6R
Triband
Submersible
Hand Held
FTM-300DR
Dual-Band Digital
UR RADIO EQU
AMATEU UIPMEN
NT &
ESSO
ACCE ORIES • SCANNERS
ANLI • COMET • UNIDEN • YAESU
(201)-VHF-2067
114 Essex Street, Lodi, NJ 07644
Closed S unday & Monday
Photo C. Founding members of SWODXA and Dayton Amateur Radio Association

members used the DARA Emcomm van to operate from Zone 2 in Canada as
W8BI/VE2 (W8BI is the DARA club call).
The dinner program has grown to Many of the members have operated
include the DXpedition of the Year from rare and semi-rare entities includ-
award, a keynote speaker, CQ DX Hall ing 3YØX, PJ2T, TI5N, C6DX, CEØX,
of Fame inductions (Photo A), the Island K4M, KP1, new PJ6A, 4O6 (Photo B),
Radio Expedition Foundation (IREF) CYØ, VP9, J37, KH8, T2T, 3D2R,
IOTA Expeditioner of the Year Award, NH8S, and STØR. The first DXpedition
and major door prizes. This year, the undertaken by SWODXA was to Zone
keynote speaker will be KØMD, Scott 2 for a CQWW contest (Photos C and
Wright (see <www.swodxaevents.org> D). The call used was W8BI/VE2. For
for more information). several years, club members regularly
A large percentage of the club’s mem- went to Grenada, Antigua, and St. Lucia
bership is on the DXCC Honor Roll. (J6DX) for CQWW DX contests.
CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll

The CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll recognizes those DXers who have submitted proof of confirmation with
175 or more grid fields. Honor Roll lisiting is automatic upon approval of an application for 175 or more grid
fields. To remain on the CQ DX Field Award Honor Roll, annual updates are required. Updates must be http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
accompanied by an SASE if confirmation is desired. The fee for endorsement stickers is $1.00 each plus
SASE. Please make all checks payable to the Award Manager, Keith Gilbertson. Mail all updates to Keith
Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604.
Mixed
K2TQC......................288 N8PR ........................229 OK1AOV ...................208 HA1ZH ......................190
W1CU .......................267 HA5AGS ...................228 F6HMJ ......................206 BA4DW .....................188
VE7IG .......................254 9A5CY ......................227 KF8UN ......................205 K2AU ........................187
HAØDU.....................253 K9YC ........................227 OM2VL......................205 K8YTO ......................186
OM3JW.....................253 VE3ZZ.......................226 VE7SMP ...................204 WO7R .......................185
W6OAT .....................252 KØDEQ.....................221 RW4NH.....................203 N3RC ........................184
HA5WA .....................250 WI8A .........................219 K1NU ........................201 K2SHZ ......................182
IK1GPG ....................245 HA1AG......................218 HB9AAA....................200 KJ6P .........................180
OK1ADM...................245 JN3SAC ....................214 N5KE ........................200 W6XK........................180
K8SIX........................240 HA9PP ......................213 W3LL ........................199 W5ODD ....................177
HA1RW.....................239 WA5VGI....................213 NIØC.........................196 NØFW.......................176
VE3XN ......................239 IV3GOW ...................211 ON4CAS ...................194 WA9PIE ....................176
I6T.............................230 W4UM.......................210 HB9DDZ ...................193 HB9BOS ...................175
K8OOK .....................229 N4MM .......................208 N4NX ........................192 NKØS........................175
SSB
W1CU........................249 KØDEQ .....................198 N4MM........................189 NØFW .......................176
W4ABW.....................202 W4UM .......................198 WA5VGI ....................189 DL3DXX ....................175
VE7SMP....................201 JN3SAC ....................191 W3LL .........................187
CW
W1CU .......................253 DL3DXX....................210 NIØC.........................196 N7WO .......................175
HA5WA .....................234 DL2DXA....................209 HB9DZZ....................189
DL6KVA ....................233 W4UM.......................201 N4MM .......................186
KØDEQ.....................214 OK1AOV ...................198 OK2PO .....................184
JN3SAC ....................211 WA5VGI....................197 N4NX ........................177
Digital
W1CU .......................195 HA5WA .....................177 KØDEQ.....................175

In addition to the calls listed here, SWODXA has had a num- Alpha Delta. Another, Jack, N8DX, is the bureau manager
ber of prominent DXers and contesters as members. The for the 8th call area incoming QSL bureau. Another seven
SWODXA club call, W8EX, originally belonged to William H. club members are card sorters.
“Doc” Hildebrand (SK). Doc was one of the founding mem- Each year, SWODXA presents the Frank Schwab W8OK
bers, a real gentleman, and a Top of the Honor Roll DXer. Award to a member who most exemplifies the “Elmering
Don Tyrrell, W8AD, also a founding member, went on to start Spirit” of W8OK. Frank was a co-founder of the Dayton
Hamvention® and the founder of Dayton Skywarn. He was
The WPX Program a well-known top-flight contester and CW operator. He soon
CW 4388......................W2SUB 1692 ........................W9NB rose to the top of the DXCC ranks and eventual membership
4389 .......................AE5FY 1693 ...................KA5WMF
4045.......................VE3UZ
4046 ......................N1CEO 4390 .....................JL1UXH 1694 ...................CT1BWU
in the CQ DX Hall of Fame. Frank said and lived the state-
4047 .........................K1OJ 4391.....................JJ1MBU 1695....................KDØFYF ment “CW is an art … be an artist!”
4048....................OK2CSU 4392....................KE8OTO 1696 ......................N2YCH
4049 ........................N7MB 4393 ........................NQ7G 1697......................W2SUB
4050.........................K5QR 4394 ....................JE1WBA 1698 .......................AE5FY
4051 ......................DC1YY 4395......................W4RFA 1699 .....................JL1UXH CQ DX Awards Program
4396 .........................K1OJ 1700.....................JJ1MBU
SSB 4397.......................N9BSA 1701 ........................NQ7G No Update
4410 .....................N5UWY 4398 ....................EA2EXS 1702......................W4RFA
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non-subscribers, it is $12. In order to qual-
4411.......................VE3UZ 4399 ........................N7MB 1703 ...................OE3SMA
ify for the reduced subscriber rate, please enclose your latest CQ mailing label with your appli-
4412......................IU4LEC 4400.....................WP4JLZ 1704....................KD2RUY
cation. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each plus SASE. Updates not involving the issuance
4413 ........................WQ9F 4401.....................JQ2MPJ 1705 ....................W4MRW
of a sticker are free. All updates and correspondence must include an SASE. Rules and appli-
4414 ....................IZØFYW 4402......................W1BUB 1706.......................N9BSA
cation forms for the CQ DX Awards may be found on the <www.cq-amateur-radio.com> web-
4415 ........................N7MB 4403 .......................UT7EF 1707....................KDØFYF
site, or may be obtained by sending a business-size, self-addressed, stamped envelope to CQ
4416.........................K5QR 4404.......................W9CHI 1708 ....................JR8SUM
DX Awards Manager, Please make checks payable to the Award Manager, Keith Gilbertson.
4417 .......................4X6HX 4405 ......................R0LHQ 1709................DU1/NFØO
Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-
4418.......................W9CHI 4406.........................W9HJ 1710.........................K5QR
9604 USA. We recognize 341 active countries. Please make all checks payable to the award
4407 .......................K3LSU 1711.....................KE8LFC
manager. Photocopies of documentation issued by recognized national Amateur Radio asso-
Mixed 1712......................W1BUB
ciations that sponsor international awards may be acceptable for CQ DX award credit in lieu of
4382 .....................N5UWY Digital 1713...........................G1III
having QSL cards checked. Documentation must list (itemize) countries that have been cred-
4383 .....................W1DNP 1687 .....................N5UWY 1714.....................JHØEJF
ited to an applicant. Screen printouts from eQSL.cc that list countries confirmed through their
4384.......................VE3UZ 1688 .....................W1DNP 1715 .....................JG1JPE
system are also acceptable. Screen printouts listing countries credited to an applicant through
4385.........................NN3Y 1689.........................NN3Y 1716.........................W9HJ
an electronic logging system offered by a national Amateur Radio organization also may be
4386.......................ZR2BK 1690.......................ZR2BK 1717......................WA4TG
acceptable. Contact the CQ DX Award Manager for specific details.
4387 ......................N2YCH 1691 .....................GØOFD 1718 .......................K3LSU
CW: 650: N7MB, OK1UU. 900: VE3UZ. 1000: N6PEQ, OK2CSU. 1500: K5QR. 1750:
JA7FFN. 2500: W3LL. 5150: W8IQ. The WAZ Program
SSB: 350: PU4MMZ, K1OJ, K5QR. 400: IU4LEC, IZ7AUE. 500: N5UWY. 550: GØOFD. SINGLE BAND WAZ 160 Meter Updates
600: N7MB. 650: VE3UZ, AI1W. 750: IZ4DPV. 850: OK1UU. 950: K6VXI. DK6MP. 1200: 171.............................SV8CKM, 40 Zones
4X6HX. 579 ............................SV8GFW, 40 Zones
6 Meter
183...............................W4DXX, 26 Zones 626.............................HB9FMN, 35 Zones
Mixed: 450: JJ1MBU, AB5WX, UT7EF. 500: NN3Y, IW7DVM, IZ7AUE, W1BUB, N9BSA.
550: N2YCH. 600: W1DNP, N8OCJ, K3LSU. 750: GØOFD, NQ7G, W4RFA, N3AML. 800: 184...............................UT8MM, 25 Zones
JE1WBA. 850: KF8QL, WQ9F. 900: N1CEO, AJ6X. 1000: IZØFYW, K6VXI, N7MB. 1050: 185 ................................NØFW, 25 Zones ALL BAND WAZ
N5UWY, KM4VI. 1100: IZ4DPV, JL1UXH, DK6MP. 1150: AIWW. 1200: W4DWS, HB9ECS.
1250: HB9HIT. 1350: KC1ERO, W9HJ. 1450: PU4MMZ, NU6S. 1750: VE3UZ. 2000: 15 Meter RTTY CW
OK1UU. 2100: K5QR. 2300: JR3UIC. 2550: K4HB. 4200: W3LL. 17 ................................................JA1WSK 1171.............................................JA6DRP
1172.............................................JA5SUD
Digital: 350: KD2RUY, KE8LFC, G1III. 400: ZR2BK, W2SUB, AE5FY, JJ1MBU, AB5WX, 15 Meter SSB 1173 ............................................JA1WSK
W1BUB. 450: IZ4DPV, NN3Y. 500: N5UWY, N9BSA, N8OCJ. 550: N2YCH, W3LMC, 689 ..............................................SP6TRX 1174 .................................................K1DT
OK1ZHV, JR8SUM, JG1JPE. 600: W1DNP, N3AML, K3LSU. 700: NQ7G, IZØFYW. 750: 1175...............................................HA9PP
AI1W, W4RFA, WQ9F. 800: KF8QL, CT1BWU, N1CEO. 850: KC1ERO. 900: K5QR, AJ6X. 17 Meter CW
1000: JL1UXH, WW5XX, KM4VI. 1050: W4DWS. HB9ECS. 1250: HB9HIT. 1350: 135 ...............................................RW3RN
PU4MMZ, W9HJ. 1450: OK1UU. 1950: JF3UIC. 3050 W3LL.
Digital
319 .................................................Z31TU
17 Meter Digital 320................................................DM2HK
160 Meters: W4DWS, VE3UZ, AI1W, N7MB, W9HJ
80 Meters: KF8QL, GØOFD, HB9ECS, N7MB, K5QR, NU6S, W9HJ 15................................................JH2WDT 321 ...................................................R3BV
60 Meters: W9HJ 322................................................JJ2NWI
40 Meters: W1DNP, HB9HIT, GØOFD, AI1W, W4RFA, N7MB, G1III, OK1UU, W9HJ, 17 Meter RTTY 323................................................JA1EPJ
K3LSU 3.....................................................N4BAA 324.................................................HA9PP
30 Meters: HB9HIT, HB9ECS, N6PEQ, W9HJ
20 Meters: N5UWY, VE3UZ, KF8QL, NN3Y, AI1W, AE5FY, NQ7G, JE1WBA, W4RFA, 20 Meter CW Mixed
OK2CSU, W3LMC, N3AML, N7MB, K5QR, DK6MP, UT7EF, W9CHI, JHØEJF, W9HJ, 679..............................................JH2WDT 10132.............................................SP3BP
N8OCJ 10133 ............................................YO7NE
17 Meters: HB9ECS, OK1UU, W9HJ 30 Meter Digital 10134 ...............................................NS4X
15 Meters: W4DWS, HB9HIT, VE3UZV, HB9ECS, LA7EIA, N7MB, K5QR 14 ................................................VK3BDX 10135...............................................OP4K
12 Meters: OK1UU 10136.............................................AA4SS
10 Meters: IZ4DPV, PU4MMZ, KE8OTO, LA7EIA, KC1ERO, 4X6HX, WP4JLZ, OK1UU 40 Meter CW 10137 ...............................................K1DT
6 Meters: IZ4DPV 336 ...............................................RW3RN 10138.............................................LA7NO
337 ..............................................SP6TRX 10139 .............................................. R3BV
Africa: K5QR
Asia: VE3UZ, CT1BWU, IW7DVM, JL1UXH, JJ1MBU, JE1WBA, OK2CSU, N7MB, 10140 .......................................MMØTWX
40 Meter Digital 10141 ..............................................I2DMI
KC1ERO, JR8SUM, DU1/NFØO, K5QR, 4X6HX, DK6MP, UT7EF, RØLHQ, JG1JPE
21 .....................................................K3EA 10142.............................................DL6HH
Europe: N5UWY, VE3UZ, ZR2BK, GØOFD, IU4LEC, CT1BWU, N2YCH, AI1W, JL1UXH,
JE1WBA, W4RFA, OK2CSU, OE3SMA, IZØFYW, EA2EXS, N7MB, JR8SUM, K5QR,
4X6HX, DC1YY, DK6MP, G1III, UT7EF, W9HJ, N8OCJ 80 Meter CW RTTY
Oceania: JL1UXH, JJ1MBU, JE1WBA, LA7EIA, K5QR, OK1UU, JG1JPE 112 ..................................................WF4U 311 ................................................VA7KO
North America: N5UWY, W1DNP, VE3UZ, NN3Y, CT1BWU, KA5WMF, N2YCH, N1CEO, 312...............................................JA6CRP
PU4MMZ, W2SUB, AI1W, AE5FY, JL1UXH, KE7OTO, NQ7G, W4RFA, K1OJ, OK2CSU, 160 Meter
KD2RUY, WQ9F, IZØFYW, W4MRW, N9BSA, N7MB, K5QR, 4X6HX, WP4JLZ, KE8LFC, 686 ..............................JA4LKB, 40 Zones SSB
W1BUB, W9CHI, W9HJ, WA4TG, K3LSU 687 ................................VK3HJ, 35 Zones 5529.............................................JA5SUD
South America: HB9HIT, VE3UZ, HB9ECS, AI1W, N6PEQ, K5QR, OK1UU, W9HJ 688................................US4EX. 40 Zones
689 ..................................K1DT, 33 Zones
30M Bar: N6PEQ 690....................................HI3T, 30 Zones
17M Bar: KØDEQ 691 .............................SP6TRX, 36 Zones
6M Bar: KØDEQ
Complete rules and application forms may be obtained by sending a business-size, self- Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained by sending a large SAE with
addressed, stamped envelope (foreign stations send extra postage for airmail) to "CQ WPX two units of postage or an address label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, John Bergman,
Awards," P.O. Box 355, New Carlisle, OH 45344 USA. Note: WPX will now accept prefix- KC5LK, 125 Deer Trail, Brandon, MS 39042-9409. The processing fee for all CQ awards
es/calls which have been confirmed by eQSL.cc. and the ARRL Logbook of The World (LoTW). is $6.00 for subscribers (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy) and
$12.00 for nonsubscribers. Please make all checks payable to John Bergman. Applicants
*Please Note: The price of the 160, 30, 17, 12, 6, and Digital bars for the Award of Excellence sending QSL cards to a CQ checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return postage.
are $6.50 each. KC5LK may also be reached via e-mail: <kc5lk@cq-amateur-radio.com>.

SWODXA actively promotes DXing AJ8B. Topics include interviews with that a DX gathering in summer would fill
and routinely sponsors qualifying DX- global DXers, projects and “how-to” arti- the void between Hamvention weekend,
peditions to rare entities. Membership cles as well as reports on DXpeditions. W4DXCC (SEDCO), and the W9DXCC
dues, raffle proceeds, and revenue gen- In addition to providing information to convention. The inaugural W8DXCC
erated by the DX Dinner all go to sup- our members, it has served as a bit of convention was held in conjunction with
port DXpeditions. The club also sup- glue during these COVID times. the Milford Amateur Radio Association
ports the Dave Kalter Youth DX To further our goal of bringing DXers Regional Hamfest (now called the
Adventure to promote DX and ham together and increasing DXing profi- Cincinnati Hamfest). The hamfest is in
radio among young operators. ciency, a subgroup of the club decided the morning and the DX convention in
The club has been publishing a bi-
monthly DX newsletter for 5 years under
the expert leadership of Bill Salyers,
The CQ DX Field Award Program

Endorsements — CW
W4UM...........................................................................201
Endorsements — Mixed
K8OOK .........................................................................229
OK1ADM ......................................................................245
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non-

subscribers, it is $12. In order to qualify for the reduced sub-
scriber rate, please enclose your latest CQ mailing label with
your application. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each plus
SASE. Updates not involving the issuance of a sticker are
free. All updates and correspondence must include an
SASE. Rules and application forms for the CQ DX Awards
may be found on the <www.cq-amateur-radio. com> web-
site, or may be obtained by sending a business-size, self-
addressed, stamped envelope to CQ DX Awards Manager,
Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach Lane,
Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA. Please make all checks
payable to the award manager. Photo D. Another DXpedition to Zone 2 as club members operated as W8OK/VE2.
5 Band WAZ
As of January 15, 2022 Callsign Zones Zones The following have qualified for the basic 5 Band WAZ
2351 stations have attained at least the 150 Zone level, and Needed Award:
1095 stations have attained the 200 Zone level. VO1FB 199 19
W1FJ 199 24 Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
As of January 15, 2022 W1FZ 199 26 VE3UZ 2345 2021-12-17 176
The top contenders for 5 Band WAZ (Zones needed on 80 W3LL 199 18 on 10M DM2HK 2346 2021-12-18 170
or other if indicated): W3NO 199 26 YO7NE 2347 2021-12-19 200
CHANGES shown in BOLD W4LI 199 26 W4DKS 2348 2021-12-19 200
W6DN 199 17 UT5IP 2349 2021-12-24 185
Callsign Zones Zones W6RKC 199 21 VK3BDX 2350 2022-01-04 190
Needed W6TMD 199 34 I2DMI 2351 2022-01-11 194
AK8A 199 17 W9OO 199 18 on 10M
DM5EE 199 1 W9XY 199 22 Updates to the 5BWAZ list of stations:
EA5RM 199 1 9A5I 198 1, 16
EA5BCX 198 27, 39 Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
EA7GF 199 1
F5NBU 198 19, 31 N6PF 1877 2021-12-15 199
H44MS 199 34
F6DAY 198 2 on 10M & 15M K3EA 2194 2021-12-19 187
HAØHW 199 1
HA5AGS 199 1 G3KDG 198 1, 12 VK3HJ 2227 2021-12-23 197
G3KMQ 198 1, 27 VK3GA 2047 2021-12-26 199
I5REA 199 31
HB9FMN 198 1 on 80M & 10M EA3BS 2165 2019-11-15 200
IKØXBX 199 19 on 10M
I1EIS 198 1 & 19 on 10M SV8CKM 1251 2021-12-30 193
IK1AOD 199 1
JA1DM 198 2, 40 VK3GA 2047 2021-12-30 200
IK8BQE 199 31
JA3GN 198 2 on 80M & 40M AA5JF 2212 2022-01-06 188
IZ3ZNR 199 1
JA7MSQ 198 2 on 80M & 10M
JA1CMD 199 2 JH1EEB 198 2, 33
JA5IU 199 2 New recipients of 5 Band WAZ with all 200 Zones con-
KØDEQ 198 22, 26 firmed:
JA7XBG 199 2 K1BD 198 23, 26
JH7CFX 199 2 K2EP 198 23, 24
JI4POR 199 2 5BWAZ # Callsign Date All 200 #
K2TK 198 23, 24 2347 YO7NE 2021-12-18 1092
JK1AJX 199 2 on 10M K3JGJ 198 24, 26
JK1BSM 199 2 2348 W4DKS 2021-12-19 1093
K3LR 198 22, 23 2165 EA3BS 2021-12-30 1094
JK1EXO 199 2 K3WA 198 23,26
K1LI 199 24 2047 VK3GA 2021-12-30 1095
K4JLD 198 18, 24
K4HB 199 26 K9MM 198 22, 26
K5TR 199 22 Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained
KI1G 198 24, 23 on 10M
K7UR 199 34 KZ2I 198 24, 26 by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
K9KU 199 22 on 15M LA3MHA 198 31 &32 on 10M label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, John Bergman,
KZ4V 199 26 N4GG 198 18, 24 KC5LK, 125 Deer Trail, Brandon, MS 39042-9409. The pro-
N3UN 199 18 NXØI 198 18, 23 cessing fee for the 5BWAZ award is $10.00 for subscribers
N4NX 199 26 ON4CAS 198 1,19 (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy)
N4WW 199 26 OZ4VW 198 1, 2 and $15.00 for nonsubscribers. An endorsement fee of $2.00
N4XR 199 27 RL3FA 198 2 on 80 & 10M for subscribers and $5.00 for nonsubscribers is charged for
N6PF 199 23 on 10M UA4LY 198 6 & 2 on 10M each additional 10 zones confirmed. Please make all checks
N8AA 199 23 UN5J 198 2, 7 payable to John Bergman. Applicants sending QSL cards to a
N8DX 199 23 US7MM 198 2, 6 CQ checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return
N8TR 199 23 on 10M W5CWQ 198 17, 18 postage. KC5LK may also be reaced via email: <kc5lk@cq-
RA6AX 199 6 on 10M W6RW 198 2 & 22 on 10M amateur-radio.com>.
RU3DX 199 6 W9RN 198 26, 19 on 40M
RWØLT 199 2 on 40M WC5N 198 22, 26 *Please note: Cost of the 5 Band WAZ Plaque is $100 shipped
RX4HZ 199 13 WL7E 198 34, 37 within the U.S.; $120 all foreign (sent airmail).
RZ3EC 199 1 on 40M Z31RQ 198 1, & 2 on 10M
S58Q 199 31 ZL2AL 198 36, 37
SM7BIP 199 31
SP9JZU 199 19 on 10M
USØSY 199 1 on 15M

the afternoon. Last August, the program included presenta- current officers are President – Tom Inglin, NR8Z; Vice
tions from Bernie McClenney, W3UR – Top 25 Status; Carl President – Richard Pestinger, KC8RP; Treasurer – Mike
Luetzelschwab, K9LA – Cycle 25; Joe Pater, W8GEX – Swains Suhar, W8RKO, and Secretary – Mindi Jones, KC8CKW.
Island; as well as Hal Turley, W8HC and Gregg Marco, W6IZT More information can be found at <www.swodxa.org>.
– Radio in a Box. A DX roundtable with all the DXers answer- Thanks to the following SWODXA club members for their
ing questions and waxing philosophical about DX was also a input and assistance in helping to put this story together:
favorite event. Look for the 2022 W8DXCC this August. NR8Z – Tom; K4ZLE – Jay; W8GEX – Joe; K8BA – John;
The club meets monthly between September and June at N8BJQ – Steve; AC8G – Harry; W9VNE – Jim; KB8KE – Ken;
a spot about halfway between Dayton and Cincinnati. The K8ST – Stu; K8CMO – Dave; W8NJR – Terry; and AJ8B – Bill.
The WPX Honor Roll

The WPX Honor Roll is based on the current confirmed prefixes which are submitted by separate application in strict conformance with the CQ
Master Prefix list. Scores are based on the current prefix total, regardless of an operator’s all-time count. Honor Roll must be updated annually
by addition to, or confirmation of, present total. If no up-date, files will be made inactive.
MIXED
9459.........9A2AA 4757.........I2MQP 3099...........N6FX 2400 ..........N7ZO 1870 ........N5KAE 1480 .........K4JKB 1217 ........AB1QB 1032......DG5LAC 757............WB3D
8188...........K2VV 4681 ......JH8BOE 3077 ...........K1PL 2394...........AE5B 1828 ...........K7LV 1462 ........AC7JM 1204 .........VA2IG 1023.......N4WQH 736 ........JA3MAT
8143 .........W1CU 4673 ..........NN1N 3059 ...........NXØI 2391 .........WO7R 1824 ..........WF7T 1462 .......DL4CW 1201 ..........K9BO 1016..........W9QL 711.............AG1T
7922.........9A2NA 4574 ......JN3SAC 3028 .......IK2DZN 2391......IZØFUW 1821.........PY5FB 1447...........K3XA 1167 ......WA9PIE 1012 .......NØVVV 695 .......W8WDW
7059..........EA2IA 4517 .........IK2ILH 2987 .........AG4W 2356 ............NE6I 1746........K6UXO 1437 ........KC1UX 1153 ........N3CAL 1010 ........VE3RZ 682 ..............AI8P
6577...........KF2O 4462...........K1BV 2968........AB1OC 2322 ..........N6PM 1741........N6PEQ 1422 ........I2VGW 1148 ......SP8HKT 1007 ........AA4QE 675 ............AB1Q
6040 .......KØDEQ 4342 ....WB2YQH 2963 ..........N3RC 2225 ......JH1APK 1711 ...........NS3L 1408...........NH6T 1141 .........4F3BZ 1006 ......NØRQV 674...........N5JED
5715 ........S53EO 4298 ........VE3XN 2712..........W2YR 2203 ............KI1U 1707..........K4WY 1398 ......ES4RLH 1137......YO5BRZ 1000 ......WB6IZG 661 .............AL4Y
5677 .....ON4CAS 4251 ..........N1RR 2697 ..........AK7O 2176 .........V51YJ 1667...........AD3Y 1361.........VA3VF 1136 ..........KO9V 999.............N3DF 633..........TI5LUA
5602 .....ON4APU 4249.....WD9DZV 2651..........HK3W 2159......VA7CRZ 1643 .......SV1DPI 1333 ...........AF4T 1116 .......YU7FW 995........PU2GTA 621 .........K4HDW
5539 ..........N4NO 4241..........N6QQ 2642...........AA8R 2133..........KØKG 1639 ..........N7QU 1322 ........AA4FU 1112 .........N6MM 966 ...........W6WF 616 .........AC6BW
5509 ........N8BJQ 4215...........W3LL 2616 ........9A2GA 2113........W2FKF 1616 ...........TA1L 1301 ....KB9OWD 1107........PY2MC 953 ........JP1KHY 605 .........IW2FLB
5482 ........VE1YX 4201........YO9HP 2591 .......IK2RPE 2077......JH1QKG 1612 .......W1FNB 1301...........K1DX 1100 ....WA3GOS 919 ........ON7MIC
5453 ........YU1AB 3818........K9UQN 2589 .......DG7RO 2056..........NKØS 1590.......JF1LMB 1301 .........KM5VI 1109 ......KE8FMJ 889 ...........WU1U
5396 ...........N6JV 3793 ...........AB1J 2583......PA2TMS 2046 .....YO8CRU 1570 ........PY5VC 1299.......JA6JYM 1088 ...........NJ4Z 866 .............K2KJ
5387 .........W9OP 3538 ..........9A4W 2550 ..........K6ND 2016..........N2WK 1568 .........N3AIU 1295 ...........NIØC 1084 ......KG4JSZ 857.............R1AV
5215..........I5RFD 3459............W9IL 2457 ..........K5UR 1995 .......JR3UIC 1524 ....NH6T/W4 1280..........WF1H 1069........IZ4MJP 835 ..........K6RAH
4970 ......WA5VGI 3130......SV1EDY 2538...........K4HB 1972 .......K3CWF 1540 .........WU9D 1260 ......UR6LEY 1058 ........N6DBF 801 ............N2YU
4934 .........W9OO 3109..........W6XK 2420.....WA6KHK 1955 ...........NIØC 1484........FG4NO 1219 ........K6HRT 1036........DL5KW 758 ...........N4JJS
SSB
7045 ........OZ5EV 3172........YO9HP 2515............W9IL 2093.........W2WC 1587...........N3XX 1146 ..........SQ7B 1004 .......WA5UA 758........IV3GOW 637..........K5WAF
6334.........9A2NA 3141 ......DL8AAV 2483 .........AG4W 2084 ..........K5UR 1550 .......IK2RPE 1136 .......K3CWF 978 ..........EA7HY 724............WF1H 630............W6US
6145...........K2VV 3127 ........N8BJQ 2451......EA3GHZ 2082.....WD9DZV 1442 .......DG7RO 1112...........NH6T 957............W9QL 724 ............W3TZ 624 ..........K6KZM
5404 ........VE1YX 3108..........I4CSP 2443 ......JN3SAC 2076 ...........K2XF 1393 ........N5KAE 1098 ..........K4CN 934 ..........PY5VC 717 .........KØDAN 606 ..........KJ4BIX
5149...........KF2O 3101 ......WA5VGI 2335 ..........KG1E 2048......W4QNW 1389..........NKØS 1096 ......JA7HYS 931 ..........YB1AR 717 ..........N3JON 604 .........GØBPK
4916..........EA2IA 3090 ..........N1RR 2327 ...........K1PL 1955 ........EA3NP 1386..........HK3W 1093 .........N6MM 929 .............NS3L 714.........YB2TJV 600 ...........WU1U
4410.........I2MQP 3067..........N6QQ 2326 ........CX6BZ 1935......SV1EOS 1386 .......IK4HPU 1089 ........IZ8FFA 919........KA5EYH 713 ........JH1APK 600.......WA3PZO
4165 .......KØDEQ 2990 ........KF7RU 2209.......IK2QPR 1884.....WA6KHK 1371.........VE6BF 1089 .......IT9ABN 893.........W9RPM 710 ........WA9PIE
3681 ..........N4NO 2984 .........KI7AO 2201 ..........NQ3A 1879..........K3IXD 1338 ............NE6I 1063..........W6XK 889 ...........N3AIU 700 ..........N4FNB
3622 ...........I8KCI 2946 .........PT7ZT 2200...........N6FX 1848...........AB5C 1334......EA3EQT 1042 ......IZØBNR 875..........K7SAM 700 .........JA1PLL
3585 .....SV3AQR 2903 ........IN3QCI 2198........AB1OC 1825 ..........KQ8D 1264........N6PEQ 1032......DG5LAC 854 ..........K6HRT 694 .......KG4HUF
3505 ..........NN1N 2857.........4X6DK 2155........K9UQN 1812 ..........K6ND 1262 ...........K7LV 1031 ..........K4CN 833 .......DK8MCT 690............W6PN
3456 .........W9OO 2650 .......IK2DZN 2131 ..........N3RC 1646 .....VE7SMP 1258 ..........N1KC 1031 .......IK8OZP 808 ........UR6LEY 684 ............KO9V
3416...........W3LL 2595.........EA1JG 2122...........AE5B 1641 ........AE9DX 1222 ........YF1AR 1022 .........NW3H 802 ............N6OU 675 ..........F1MQJ
3348......CT1AHU 2582......PA2TMS 2113........W2FKF 1624..........W2YR 1187 ........IZ1JLG 1012 ........KU4BP 801.............K3XA 655...........VA3VF
3274 .....YU7BCD 2576 ........AA1VX 2106 ...........NXØI 1622...........K5CX 1183 ............KI1U 1006 ...........NJ4Z 766 ..........I2VGW 647 ..........YB8NT
3174 ..........I3ZSX 2568.....SM6DHU 2094...........I8LEL 1611 .........W2ME 1150 .....VE6BMX 1004...........K4HB 763 ...........K4JKB 640 ..........UA9YF
CW
7543.....WA2HZR 4162 ......WA5VGI 3031 .....EA7AAW 2357 .........W9HR 1708 ...........NIØC 1421 .....KN1CBR 992 ...........F5PBL 807 ..........N5KAE 620..........AF5DM
7200...........K2VV 4076..........I7PXV 2948.......IK3GER 2291...........N3XX 1691 ............KI1U 1389........IT9ELD 968 .........K3CWF 783 ..........YB1AR 615........JH6JMM
6024.........9A2NA 3974 ......JN3SAC 2943..........N6QQ 2212...........AC5K 1620 .......DG7RO 1342 .....VE6BMX 962 .............K7LV 752 ..........K6HRT 608.........W9RPM
5392..........EA2IA 3804 .........W9OO 2915 ...........KA7T 2160 ...........NXØI 1595.........PY5FB 1235 ......JH1APK 944..........AB1OC 743 ........JA5NSR 600 ............NY4G
5261...........KF2O 3675 ..........NN1N 2811........OZ5UR 2022 ........AF5CC 1572..........W2YR 1220 ........AA4FU 908.............NH6T 738 ......NH6T/W4 600 .........IK2SGV
5160 ..........N4NO 3555 ..........N1RR 2679............W9IL 1998 ..........K5UR 1555 ...........K1PL 1210 .......DL4CW 897............HK3W 732 ............SQ7B
5282 ...........N6JV 3504 .....YU7BCD 2548 .......EA2CIN 1973 ..........N3RC 1508..........W6XK 1196 .........N3AIU 891 .......DK8MCT 727.........JF1LMB
4946...........W8IQ 3462........K9UQN 2531.........I2MQP 1905.....WA6KHK 1505 ............R3IS 1098........LU5OM 890 .............NS3L 722 ........WA9PIE
4916........IZ3ETU 3279.........IØNNY 2497...........W3LL 1832...........N4YB 1483 ........VE1YX 1062...........K3XA 889 ...........N3AIU 720 ............K4CN
4886 ...........I3FIY 3214.....SM6DHU 2490...........N6FX 1762 ..........K6ND 1480..........WO3Z 1036........DL5KW 864........YO5BRZ 652 .........IK2DZN
4874 .......KØDEQ 3159.....WD9DZV 2477.........VE6BF 1744 ............NE6I 1458 .........AG4W 1027...........AE5B 848 ..........PY5VC 636............NKØS
4773 ........N8BJQ 3041........YO9HP 2424.........W2WC 1727........K6UXO 1443.....WA2VQV 997..........N6PEQ 821........HB9DAX 629........IV3GOW
DIGITAL
3187 .......KØDEQ 2139 ......WA5VGI 1704 .......IK2DZN 1309 .........WU9D 1093 ............KI1U 992.............N3DF 862 ........JP1KHY 750 ......NH6T/W4 611 ............KO9V
2996...........W3LL 2217........YO9HP 1643 ..........N3RC 1308..........NKØS 1091.........VA3VF 992..........K9UQN 855.............R1AV 681 ..........PY5VC 600 ..........ADØFL
2948 ........N8BJQ 2103 ........K2YYY 1501W2/JR1AQN 1227 ......ES4RLH 1089 ........AC7JM 983........PU2GTA 812 ........UR6LEY 680 .............K2KJ
2827.....WD9DZV 2004 ..........N6PM 1500 ......JH1APK 1218 .......W1FNB 1060 ...........AF4T 966 .............NS3L 811............WF1H 672 ..........K9AAN
2690...........KF2O 1836 .........AG4W 1426........AB1OC 1189.......JF1LMB 1051 ......KH6SAT 947 ..........I2VGW 810 ..........N3CAL 670........IV3GOW
2628..........W6XK 1818 .........W1EQ 1378 .......K3CWF 1150 ..........N1RR 1047 ......RW4WZ 917 .............K7LV 800 ......WA3GOS 668........KA5EYH
2558...........NT2A 1790 ......JN3SAC 1353 ...........K1PL 1149............W9IL 1021 ..........NN1N 881 ..............NE6I 783 ..........YB1AR 654 ........JA3MAT
2251..........EA2IA 1759 ..........N7ZO 1345 ........KC1UX 1112 ........AB1QB 1009 ....GUØSUP 870 ........WB6IZG 758 ...........N4JJS 640 ......WA9ONY
2242..........HK3W 1710 ...........NXØI 1319..........W2YR 1108 ......KE8FMJ 1002.......NØRQV 866 ............SQ7B 750 ........ON7MIC 636.........W9RPM
REMOTE OPERATION
CW MIXED SSB DIGITAL
7277 ........K9QVB 4026 ..........N1RR 2953 ..........N1RR 671 ............N1RR
3292 ..........N1RR

CONTESTING
BY TIM SHOPPA,* N3QE
WPX Contest Strategies
A
re you looking to step up your
contest efforts in the CQ World-
Wide WPX Contests this spring?
This month, we take a deep dive into
winning strategies for these contests
resulting from the unique WPX rules
and springtime band conditions.
The WPX contests can trace their
roots back to CQ magazine’s monthly
single-sideband (SSB) column in 1956.
Bob Adams W3SW, editor of the col-
umn, promoted the on-air usage of the
new SSB mode with a new contest, the
CQ World-Wide SSB Contest, that was
held in January 1957. The rules shifted
in the next several years, and in 1959
the CQ World-Wide SSB contest began
using prefixes as multipliers to tie in to
CQ’s popular WPX award for prefixes.
By 1967, SSB was no longer unique to
this contest, and the contest name was
changed to “CQ World Wide WPX SSB
Contest”, emphasizing the WPX aspect.
The WPX contests have evolved Figure 1. Growth in WPX SSB and WPX CW log submittals, 1967-2021.
notably since 1967. A separate week-
end was added for CW in 1979. In its Many DX callsigns may include more crowded band, call CQ, and make
original form, the WPX Contest allowed than one digit in the prefix; for example, QSOs for both points and multipliers.
working domestic stations for multipliers S55 or 3B8. As the number of licensed In a contest with geographic multipli-
but not for points. In 1999, the rules were hams worldwide grows, newly assigned ers (state, section, or DXCC country),
changed to allow domestic QSOs to be callsign prefixes pop up every year. In being active from a rare multiplier is cer-
worked for 1 point. Recommended read- the U.S., newly licensed General class tainly an advantage and can generate
ing for the history of WPX rule changes hams with non-vanity sequential call- pileups. Does a contester gain an
is “History of the CQ WPX Contest” by signs, will be operating with previously advantage in WPX by operating with a
John Pescatore, K3TN, in the January vanity-only prefixes such as KO4, KN6, less-common prefix? Many U.S. con-
2011 CQ magazine. More recent rule and KK7 as part of their 2x3 callsigns. testers without unusual prefixes will
changes include a new permanent cat- Special event DX callsigns are activate for WPX using their FCC-
egory for geographically diverse multi- increasingly activated in WPX contests. issued club call with an unusual prefix.
distributed stations, and the elimination Exotic special event prefixes are plenti- Other contesters get permission to use
of a separate Assisted category. ful around the globe, where often the a friend’s call with an unusual prefix for
Figure 1 shows the growth in partici- numeric part of the prefix will have extra the duration of the contest. While oper-
pation in the WPX SSB and CW con- digits marking a year or anniversary. ating with an unusual prefix certainly
tests over time. The highly-accessible Examples of exotic prefixes that operat- promotes the spirit of the WPX contest,
format — everyone can work everyone ed in the 2021 CQ WPX SSB contest it’s not obvious to me that a special pre-
for points, without necessarily needing included OH1ØØSARL, SX2ØØJFL, fix gives a scoring advantage.
a big station — resulted in the WPX con- HF66KAO, and YU51ANO. Many of In the WPX Contest, contacts with dif-
tests seeing remarkable growth in 2020 these are announced in advance and ferent continents count for three points
as hams responded to Covid restric- are listed by Bill Feidt, NG3K, in the WPX on the high bands. If you inspect the
tions by increasing their on-the-air contest announcements section of his public logs and results from the 2020
activities. website, <www.ng3k.com/Contest>. and 2021 WPX contests, you’ll find that
The multiplier in the WPX contests is Doubling your operating time in the most of the high-band DX action hap-
the prefix. Prefixes count as multipliers WPX contests will nearly quadruple pened on the 20-meter band during
once per contest (not once per band). your score due to the unique WPX pre- daylight (or shortly after sunset). This is
The prefix of each callsign is the com- fix rule. Unlike, say, ARRL Sweep- typical at solar minimum and results in
bination of letters and numerals which stakes where there is a hard limit on the high congestion on 20 meters, espe-
form the first part of the call. Examples number of multipliers you can accumu- cially in the WPX SSB contest. Looking
of U.S. prefixes include W3 and W6. late, new multipliers are always being forward to the 2022 WPX contest, as
worked in the WPX contests. Modest sunspot numbers rise through Solar
email: <n3qe@cq-amateur-radio.com> low-power stations can go to a less- Cycle 25, I expect 15 meters to be

usable and preferred for working 3-point intercontinental European and Canadian stations may be operating below
QSOs, and congestion on 20 meters will be less severe than 7.125 MHz but will not be able to work U.S. stations who have
at solar minimum. For SO2R stations, being able to work 3- no privileges on those frequencies. U.S. and European sta-
pointers on two high bands will result in higher point totals, tions with amplifiers and good 40-meter antenna systems —
as well. a beam, or even better a stack — will CQ between 7.128 and
Intercontinental contacts on the low bands are worth six 7.200 MHz, with the goal of racking up as many 6-point inter-
points in the WPX contests. In a contest without per-band continental QSOs as they can. Intercontinental 6-point action
multipliers, this provides a strong incentive to go to 40 meters starts on 40 meters several hours before sunset and can con-
before it gets dark and take full advantage of your sunset tinue for several hours after sunrise, often with very notice-
enhancement. able sunrise / sunset path enhancement.
There is plenty of room to find a 40-meter run frequency on U.S. stations that are low power or with more typical 40-
which to call CQ in the WPX CW contest, but pay close atten- meter antennas will occasionally be able to run below 7.200
tion to the difficulties you’ll encounter in the WPX SSB con- MHz, but more realistically will be search-and-pounce on 6-
test due to varying band plans around the world. As you pointers low in the band while calling CQ above 7.200 MHz.
choose a run frequency on the 40-meter SSB subband, note Running “split” — calling CQ above 7.200 MHz while listen-
that your points per QSO will be strongly determined by where ing below 7.125 MHz — is a possibility for U.S. stations want-
on the band you are able to defend your run frequency. ing to work 6-pointers, but rarely is productive in the WPX
Calendar of Events
All year CQ DX Marathon http://bit.ly/vEKMWD
Mar. 1 AGCW YL-CW QSO Party http://bit.ly/3plBhpN
Mar. 2 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Mar. 2 UKEICC 80m Contests SSB https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php
Mar. 2-3 AWA John Rollins Memorial DX Contest http://bit.ly/2WCGT2C
Mar. 5 SARL YL Sprint http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Mar. 5-6 ARRL SSB DX Contest www.arrl.org/arrl-dx
Mar. 5-6 AWA John Rollins Memorial DX Contest http://bit.ly/2WCGT2C
Mar. 5-6 Open Ukraine RTTY Championship http://krs.ho.ua/openrtty
Mar. 5-6 Veron SLP Contest http://bit.ly/2L9eT1L
Mar. 5-13 Novice Rig Round-Up www.novicerigroundup.org
Mar. 6 SARL Hamnet 40M Simulated Emergency Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Mar. 6 UBA Spring Contest 80m CW http://bit.ly/2KKAtb9
Mar. 7 RSGB 80m Club Championship, Data https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Mar. 9 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Mar. 12 AGCW QRP Contest http://bit.ly/2KKp3rY
Mar. 12 YB DX RTTY Contest https://rtty.ybdxcontest.com
Mar. 12 QRP ARCI Spring Thaw SSB Sprint www.qrpcontest.com/qrparci_thaw
Mar. 12-13 EA PSK63 Contest http://concursos.ure.es/en/eapsk63/bases
Mar. 12-13 Idaho QSO Party www.pocatelloarc.org/idahoqsoparty
Mar. 12-13 Oklahoma QSO Party http://k5cm.com/okqp.htm
Mar. 12-13 North American RTTY Sprint http://ncjweb.com/north-american-sprint
Mar. 12-13 RSGB Commonwealth CW Contest https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Mar. 12-13 South America 10 Meter Contest www.sa10m.com.ar/index.html
Mar. 12-13 Stew Perry Topband Challenge www.kkn.net/stew
Mar. 13 FIRAC HF Contest www.firac.de/html/contest.html
Mar. 13 UBA Spring Contest 2m CW/Phone http://bit.ly/2KKAtb9
Mar. 13-14 Wisconsin QSO Party www.warac.org/wqp/wqp.htm
Mar. 16 RSGB 80m Club Championship, CW https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Mar. 19 AGCW VHF/UHF Contest https://bit.ly/3lw91PK
Mar. 19 PODXS 070 Club St. Patrick’s Day Contest http://bit.ly/38ugUiF
Mar. 19-20 Virginia QSO Party https://bit.ly/3IeqHvl
Mar. 19-20 SARL VHF/UHF Analogue Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Mar. 19-20 Russian DX Contest www.rdxc.org/asp/pages/rulesg.asp
Mar. 19-21 BARTG HF RTTY Contest http://bartg.org.uk/wp/contests
Mar. 20 UBA Spring Contest 80m SSB http://bit.ly/2KKAtb9
Mar. 24 RSGB 80m Club Championship, SSB https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Mar. 26 FOC QSO Party www.g4foc.org/qsoparty
Mar. 26-27 Veron SLP Contest http://bit.ly/2L9eT1L
Mar. 26-27 CQWW WPX SSB Contest www.cqwpx.com
Mar. 27 UBA Spring Contest 6m CW/ Phone http://bit.ly/2KKAtb9
Mar. 28 RSGB FT4 Contest Series https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Mar. 30 UKEICC 80m Contests CW https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php
Apr. 2 RSGB FT4 International Activity Day https://bit.ly/31qpcJl

Apr. 2-3 EA RTTY Contest http://concursos.ure.es/en/eartty/bases/
Apr. 2-3 Florida State Parks on the Air http://flspota.org
Apr. 2-3 Louisiana QSO Party http://laqp.org

SSB contest. In recent CQ WPX SSB contests, I did most of tions whose geography results in them making mostly inter-
my 40-meter calling above 7.200 MHz, racking up endless continental QSOs; for example, ZM4T in New Zealand at 4.3
streams of newly licensed U.S. General Class 2x3 callsigns, points per QSO, CR6T in Africa at 3.8 points per QSO, and
many of them active on HF for the very first time, for one- TC7G in Asia at 3.7 points per QSO. The best DX-capable
point each. stations in my area, AA3B and K3RA, average 2.6 points per
On nights with low QRN, working DX 6-pointers is certain- QSO. My more modest station averaged only 1.9 points per
ly possible on 80 meters. My single wire antenna is an 80- QSO. And below that are many very active stations in the
meter dipole and in the WPX SSB contest, I frequently work western U.S., who averaged anywhere between 1.2 and 1.5
more 6-pointers on 80 than I do on 40. This principle applies points per QSO.
more generally to any modest station with unequal capabili- Six-point and 3-point QSO opportunities for North American
ties across the bands: Operate the most on the bands where stations are mapped with arrows in Figure 3, showing the
your station performs the best. There’s little need to operate grey line for four high-activity hours at the end of March dur-
on bands on which your station may not be playing well. ing WPX SSB weekend.
The points-per-QSO you average depends on your station If you plan on participating full-time (operating 36 of 48
and geography. Figure 2 shows the points-per-QSO distrib- hours), pay careful attention to the off-time requirements. You
ution for stations entering the 2021 WPX SSB contest and can break your 12 hours of off-time into multiple segments,
making more than 100 QSOs. At the very high end are sta- but each period must be 60 minutes or longer. Be certain your
Apr. 2-3 Mississippi QSO Party www.arrlmiss.org

Apr. 2-3 Missouri QSO Party https://bit.ly/3rkAl87
Apr. 2-3 PODXS 070 Club 31 Flavors Contest http://bit.ly/2SESbDg
Apr. 2-3 SP DX Contest https://spdxcontest.pzk.org.pl/2020
Apr. 4 RSGB 80m Club Championship, CW https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Apr. 6 UKEICC 80m Contests SSB https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php
Apr. 6 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Apr. 7 SARL 80m QSO Party http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
April 9 QRP Spring QSO Party www.qrparci.org/contests
Apr.9-10 FT8 DX Contest 2022 https://europeanft8club.wordpress.com
Apr. 9-10 Georgia QSO Party https://gaqsoparty.com
Apr. 9-10 IG-RY World Wide RTTY Contest www.ig-ry.de/ig-ry-ww-contest
Apr. 9-10 JIDX CW Contest www.jidx.org
Apr. 9-10 New Mexico QSO Party www.newmexicoqsoparty.org/wp
Apr. 9-10 North Dakota QSO Party https://bit.ly/3n8xMob
Apr. 9-10 OK-OM DX SSB Contest http://bit.ly/3ioS3Cl
Apr. 9-10 Texas State Parks on the Air www.tspota.org
Apr. 9-10 Yuri Gagarin International DX Contest http://gc.qst.ru/en/section/32
Apr. 10 ARRL Rookie Roundup, SSB www.arrl.org/rookie-roundup
Apr. 10 Hungarian Straight Key Contest http://hskc.ha8kux.com
Apr. 10 International Vintage Contest HF www.iv3ehh.it/vintage.htm
Apr. 10 RSGB RoLo SSB Contest https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Apr. 10 WAB 3.5/7/14 MHz Data Modes http://bit.ly/31yE4kT
Apr. 11 RSGB FT4 Contest Series https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Apr. 11 144 MHz Spring Sprint https://bit.ly/3Fazrjf
Apr. 15-16 Holyland DX Contest www.iarc.org/iarc/#HolylandContest
Apr. 16 ES Open HF Championship https://esopen.eu/
Apr. 16-17 CQ Manchester Mineira DX Contest www.cqmmdx.com/rules
Apr. 16-17 Michigan QSO Party www.miqp.org/index.html
Apr. 16-17 Ontario QSO Party www.va3cco.com/oqp/rules.htm
Apr. 16-17 Worked All Provinces of China DX Contest https://bit.ly/3sDGs72
Apr. 16-17 YU DX Contest http://yudx.yu1srs.org.rs
Apr. 18 DARC Easter Contest http://bit.ly/3bOk9pd
Apr. 20 RSGB 80m Club Championship, SSB https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Apr. 23-24 10-10 Spring Digital Contest http://bit.ly/1FrFeBc
Apr. 23-24 Helvetia Contest www.uska.ch
Apr. 23-24 SP DX RTTY Contest www.pkrvg.org/strona,spdxrttyen.html
Apr. 24 Bartg Sprint75 Contest http://bartg.org.uk/wp/contests
Apr. 24 North American SSB Sprint https://ssbsprint.com/rules
Apr. 27 UKEICC 80m Contests CW https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php
Apr. 28 RSGB 80m Club Championship, Data https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Apr. 30-May 1 Florida QSO Party www.floridaqsoparty.org
Apr. 30-May 1 UK/EI DX Contest, CW www.ukeicc.com/dx-contest-rules.php
May 1 AGCW QRP/QRP Party http://bit.ly/3bwH1aZ

submitted Cabrillo log shows at least a 61-minute gap (guar-
anteeing 60 minutes of activity) for each off-time period.
Figure 4 shows in graphical form the on-time / off-time choic-
es of several single-operator stations who were on for all 36
hours. AA3B and TI7W both took two longer breaks. RM9I
split his off-time among seven breaks, each between one
hour and three hours. All the operators were on the air at the
starting gun, but several chose to take some of their off-time
at the end of the contest. When planning my operating time,
I looked at stations in my area (AA3B is typical) and see most
of their break time comes between European sunrise and
U.S. sunrise, when both domestic activity and DX possibili-
ties toward Europe are low.
Keep an eye on earth-side weather while operating in the
spring. Especially in the WPX SSB and CW contests, the pos-
sibility of local and DX thunderstorms can be a consideration
in planning your operating and off times. In the 2021 CQ WPX
SSB, many of us on the East Coast had to alter our original
plans to take some off-time late Sunday afternoon before
coming back for the final hours of the contest. Bud Trench,
AA3B, notes that, “I had to adjust my off times due to the
threat of severe thunderstorms during the last several hours
of the contest.” At my QTH a few 100 miles south of Bud, I
made a similar decision when my local weather predictions
called for the line of storms to pass through my area that
evening, too.
Real-time information about stormy conditions outside your
local area can be valuable, as well. Your ears might tell you
that the 80-meter band is quiet in your area, but you won’t
have much success running stations 3,000 miles away if there
is lightning-induced QRN on their end. Live lightning reports
around the world are available at <www.lightningmaps.org>
and <www.blitzortung.org>, thanks to volunteers around the
world (many of them hams) who connect broadband radio
receivers to computers with network communications and
precise timestamps to locate lightning strikes. Their efforts
make precision tracking of real-time lightning easily visible.
Figure 3. Suggested 6-point (solid line) and 3-point (dashed

line) WPX QSO opportunities for North American stations.
Figure 2. Distribution of points per QSO in WPX SSB 2021, The grey line is shown for late March, matching the WPX
for stations submitting logs with more than 1,000 QSOs. SSB contest.

In any spring or summer contest, lightning and near-term own a traditional “tribander” beam, it turns out that my single
weather predictions can help you choose a low-band effort wire doublet antenna counts as a tribander because it has a
or refocus your effort on the high bands to avoid the worst of single feedline used on 10, 15, and 20 meters. A clarification
the QRN that results from the lightning storms. in recent years makes it clear that receive antennas are not
Especially if you are assisted, pay close attention to the fre- allowed for entrants in this category. Check the WPX FAQ at
quency of the packet spots you are clicking on. There will be <www.cqwpx.com/rules_faq.htm> for a more detailed expla-
stations calling CQ outside your allowed frequency alloca- nation on this overlay category. In 2021 CQ WPX SSB, about
tions getting spotted. If you do log a few QSOs determined 10% of entrants entered using this overlay.
to be out of your license privileges, the logcheckers realize For operators choosing to go the “boy and his radio” route,
that it’s an easy mistake to make, and they will be removed there is the Classic overlay. If you only have one radio (are
from your total during scoring. If you do make occasional mis- not SO2R), do not use assistance, and only operate for 24
takes by operating out of band, please leave the QSO in your hours you are likely eligible for this category. (Same applies
log or mark it as an “X-QSO” so your QSO partner doesn’t to “girl and her radio” entrants! –ed). In 2021 CQ WPX SSB,
get dinged with a NIL (Not-In-Log) penalty. Calling CQ out- this was the most popular of all overlay categories, with more
side your legally allowed frequencies is a much more seri- than 13% of entrants entering as “Classic.”
ous offense and the organizers warn that it can lead to out-
right disqualification. March-April-May Contest Highlights
The WPX contests have a new Youth overlay category CQ WPX SSB is March 26-27 and CQ WPX CW is May 28-
starting in 2022. Operators 25 years old and younger are eli- 29th. Please visit <https://cqwpx.com> for full rules, operat-
gible for this overlay category. If you are older than 25 but ing tips, and FAQs.
only recently licensed, the Rookie category may be more Everyone around the world points their antennas at North
appropriate — you are eligible for the Rookie overlay if you America for ARRL DX SSB on March 5-6th this year. The
have been licensed three years or less. About 5% of entrants ARRL has announced that multioperator accommodations
in 2021 WPX SSB were Rookies. made in 2021 are continuing for 2022. Find full rules at
The Tribander / Single Element overlay is the category I <www.arrl.org/arrl-dx>.
have been entering from my home station. Although I don’t The Florida QSO Party on the weekend of April 30-May 1st
is an especially active and enjoyable state QSO party with
many rovers. Find full rules at <https://floridaqsoparty.org>.
Changes in ARRL Contests

At its January meeting, the ARRL Board of Directors adopt-
ed four significant changes to the League’s contesting land-
scape. Here’s a quick summary:
1: A new ARRL Digital Contest will be held each year on the
first weekend of June. It removes FT4 / FT8 form the ARRL
RTTY Roundup, which will permit only Baudot RTTY moving
forward (as is the case with CQ RTTY contests). It will also fea-
ture a limited form of distance scoring, in which a QSO point
is added for each 500 kilometers (310 miles) between stations.
2: ARRL Field Day rule changes: Historically, Class-D sta-
tions (home commercial power) couldn’t work other class-D
stations for points. In 2020 and 2021, special pandemic rule
changes allowed Class D to work Class D for points. The ARRL
is making this allowance permanent starting with 2022’s Field
Day. (Not everyone is happy with this change, complaining that
it will take the “field” out of Field Day). The new rules also limit
power output of all stations submitting Field Day logs to 100-
watts PEP, and stations claiming bonus points for publicity will
now need to have actually received publicity rather than sim-
ply attempting it. However, Field Day-related postings on web-
sites and/or social media will now count.
3: Self-spotting will be allowed for all assisted or multi sta-
tions in ARRL HF contests starting in June 2023. The League
already permitted skimmers for CW and RTTY, and this
announcement provides some flattening of the playing field for
assisted SSB stations. (But note that unassisted stations still
may not spot themselves). Suggestions that this change might
be coming were noticed by those closely reading the July 2021
ARRL Contest Advisory Committee report <https://tinyurl.com/
2p9ekk36>.
4: As reported in our news column in February, the low-power
cutoff for all ARRL HF contests now consistently 100 watts
Figure 4. On-time (color coded to continent) choices for sev- rather than 150, bringing ARRL contests into alignment with
eral 36-hour full-time single-op stations in WPX SSB 2021. virtually all other major HF contests.

PROPAGATION
BY TOMAS HOOD,* NW7US
The Magic of Shortwave

Quick Look at Current Cycle 25 Conditions: One Year Ago:
(Data rounded to nearest whole number) (Data rounded to nearest whole number)
Sunspots: Sunspots:
Observed Monthly, December 2021: 69 Observed Monthly, December 2020: 23
12-month smoothed, June 2021: 28 12-month smoothed, June 2020 7
10.7-cm Flux: 10.7-cm Flux:

Observed Monthly, December 2021: 87 Observed Monthly, December 2020: 87
12-month smoothed, June 2021: 103 12-month smoothed, June 2020: 73
T
he faithful reader of this column knows that the back- three oxygen atoms, O3, in this layer. This gas reaches a
bone of worldwide, regional, and area communications peak density of a few parts per million at an altitude of about
is the ionosphere. The magic of shortwave is that high- 16 miles.
frequency radio waves may be refracted by the ionosphere, At an altitude above 50 miles, the gas is so thin that free
extending the reach of these signals. The magic — the sci- electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are
ence, of course — is the variables and the physics involved. captured by a nearby positive ion. The existence of charged
Without the ionosphere, we would not have such a wealth of particles at this altitude and above marks the beginning of
opportunity to have communications worldwide, with our sta- the ionosphere, a region having the properties of gas and of
tions armed only with an antenna and a transceiver. plasma.
The next region extends beyond the ionosphere. Beginning
The Ionosphere at about 600 miles above the Earth’s surface, the magne-
Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases held to the surface tosphere, a vast region of charged particles formed by the
of the Earth by gravity. These gases vary in density and com- interaction between the solar wind and the Earth’s magnet-
position as the altitude above the surface increases. As the ic field, extends out to about 40,000 miles on the side facing
atmosphere extends outward from Earth, it becomes thinner
and blends with the particles of interplanetary space.
LAST-MINUTE FORECAST
The first 60 miles of Earth’s atmosphere consists of a homo-
Day-to-Day Conditions Expected for March 2022
geneous mixture of various gases. This region is called the
homosphere. Above the homosphere, where gases are no Expected Signal Quality
Propagation Index (4) (3) (2) (1)
longer uniformly mixed, lies the heterosphere. Relatively Above Normal: A A B C
more of the heavy gas molecules, such as molecular nitro- 8-9, 15, 17
High Normal: A B C C-D
gen and molecular oxygen (N2 and O2), are found near the 1, 7, 14, 16, 18-19,
bottom of the heterosphere, while relatively more of the 23-24, 28
Low Normal: B C-B C-D D-E
lighter gases such as hydrogen and helium are found near 2, 5, 12, 20-21, 26-27, 29
the top. Below Normal: C C-D D-E E
6, 13, 22, 25
The atmosphere is also divided into four regions accord- Disturbed: C-D D E E
ing to temperature trends: The troposphere, stratosphere, 3-4, 10-11, 30-31
mesosphere, and thermosphere. The lowest region is the Where expected signal quality is:
troposphere, and it extends from the Earth’s surface up to A--Excellent opening, exceptionally strong, steady signals greater than S9
B--Good opening, moderately strong signals varying between S6 and S9, with little fading or
about 6 miles. The gases in this region are heavier than those noise.
in higher altitudes and include O2 and N2. The highest moun- C--Fair opening, signals between moderately strong and weak, varying between S3 and S6,
with some fading and noise.
tains are within this region, as is the high-altitude jet stream. D--Poor opening, with weak signals varying between S1 and S3, with considerable fading and
noise.
Terrestrial weather is confined to this lower region, and it E--No opening expected.
contains 90% of the Earth’s atmosphere and 99% of the water
vapor. HOW TO USE THIS FORECAST
The atmosphere above the troposphere is called the 1. Using the Propagation Charts appearing in “The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook,
4th Edition,” by Carl Luetzelschwab, George Jacobs, Theodore J. Cohen, and R. B. Rose.
stratosphere, starting at about 6 miles up. Gas composition a. Find the Propagation Index associated with the particular path opening from the
changes slightly as the altitude increases and the air thins. Propagation Charts.
b. With the Propagation Index, use the above table to find the expected signal quality asso-
Incoming solar radiation at wavelengths below 240 nanome- ciated with the path opening for any given day of the month. For example, an opening shown
ters can create ozone, a molecule of oxygen consisting of in the Propagation Charts with a Propagation Index of 2 will be fair on March 1st, poor to fair
on March 2nd, and possibly not open for most paths on March 3rd to March 4th, but poor to fair
again on March 5th. Note the March 7th through 9th will be much improved, and so forth.
2. Alternatively, you may use the Last-Minute Forecast as a general guide to space weath-
* P.O. Box 110 er and geomagnetic conditions throughout the month. When conditions are Above Normal, for
example, the geomagnetic field should be quiet, and space weather should be mild. On the
Fayetteville, OH 45118 other hand, days marked as Disturbed will be riddled with geomagnetic storms. Propagation of
Email: <nw7us@nw7us.us> radio signals in the HF spectrum will be affected by these geomagnetic conditions. In general,
when conditions are High Normal to Above Normal, signals will be more reliable on a given
@NW7US (https://Twitter.com/NW7US) path, when the ionosphere supports the path that is in consideration. This chart is updated daily
@hfradiospacewx (https://Twitter.com/HFRadioSpaceWX) at <http://SunSpotWatch.com> provided by NW7US.

Figure 1. Layers of Earth’s upper atmosphere, illustrating the penetration into the atmosphere of the different solar energy
components, X-rays, extreme ultraviolet, far ultraviolet, middle ultraviolet, near ultraviolet, and visible and infrared radia-
tion. On the right, the chemistry is plotted, such that there is a decrease of molecules in the higher atmospheric altitude.
(Credit: NOAA/John Emmert, NRL, US Navy)
the Sun, and out to even greater distances on the far side of At the highest levels of the Earth’s outer atmosphere, solar
the Earth away from the Sun. radiation is very strong but there are few atoms to interact
with (the air is very thin at these high altitudes), so ionization
How is the Ionosphere Formed? is small. As the altitude decreases, more gas atoms are pre-
Much of the energy from the Sun that reaches our atmos- sent, so the ionization process increases. At the same time,
phere is absorbed. Thankfully, nearly all the hazardous ultra- however, an opposing process called recombination begins
violet radiation, gamma rays, and X-rays are blocked before to take place in which a free electron is “captured” by a pos-
they reach Earth’s surface. itive ion if they get too close to each other. As the gas den-
While most of the radiation from the Sun is absorbed, some sity increases at lower altitudes, the recombination process
of it penetrates deeply into the atmosphere. Atmospheric accelerates since the gas molecules and ions are closer
ozone in the ozone layer is the greatest absorber of ultravi- together.
olet radiation, protecting virtually all life forms on Earth. Because the composition of the atmosphere changes with
Solar radiation at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths is ion- height, the ion production rate also changes and this leads
izing since photons of energy at these frequencies can dis- to the formation of several distinct ionization regions, known
lodge an electron from a neutral gas atom or molecule dur- as the D, E, F1, F2, and F3 layers. (Yes, an outer F3 layer
ing a collision. We measure solar activity at the 10.7-cm has been discovered; see below for more). The breakdown
frequency since it is a good proxy for solar energy; the between layers is based on the density of ions and what
stronger the energy at that frequency, the more ionization is wavelength of solar radiation is absorbed in that region most
occurring. This measurement is called the Solar 10.7-cm frequently.
Radio Flux reading. Of these regions, D is the lowest in altitude, and absorbs
Atoms in the ionosphere absorb the incoming solar radia- the most energetic radiation, known as hard X-rays. The D
tion, causing these atoms to become highly excited. When region doesn’t have a definite starting and stopping point but
an atom is bombarded with enough of this energy, an elec- includes the ionization that occurs below about 56 miles. This
tron may be knocked away from its orbit, producing free elec- region absorbs high frequency (HF) waves between 3 and
trons and positively charged ions. 30 megahertz or wavelengths between 100 meters and 10

Figure 3. Coronal holes appear as dark areas of the coro-
na when viewed in ultraviolet light. This large hole area seen
here on 10 September 2002 had a direct impact on Earth.
Coronal holes are often the source of strong solar wind gusts
that carry solar particles into space. This one spewed a large
stream of charged particles out to our magnetosphere and
beyond. Solar wind streams take 2-3 days to travel from the
Sun to Earth, so it probably originated from the Sun about
Figure 2. This diagram shows the layers within Earth’s ionos- 9 September. The magnetic field lines in a coronal hole
phere, following the ion density curve in the atmosphere (red extend out into the solar wind rather than coming back down
line). The D-region is the lowest, and is mostly present dur- to the Sun’s surface as they do in other parts of the Sun.
ing daylight hours. The D-region absorbs radio waves from Although they are usually located near the poles of the Sun,
longwave to shortwave. The other regions refract shortwave coronal holes can occur other places as well. (Source:
frequencies (see text). (Credit: NASA) NASA/SOHO)
meters. It refracts very low frequencies (VLF), in the range ers are the daytime layer, F1, and the denser F2 region which
of 3 to 30 kilohertz. exists both during the day and night. A newly discovered third
The D region is mostly a daytime layer because it takes the layer, the F3 region, appears to occur during the peak solar
full direct energy of the Sun to keep the very dense layer of cycle years over the equatorial region, during the middle of
gases ionized. Once the sunlight is removed, the free elec- the day, and especially prominent when there is a very high
trons quickly recombine with the gases and molecules that level of solar activity.
are so densely packed, and the ionization nearly disappears, In the F region, gravity’s effect on particles creates differ-
though the layer may continue to exist and play some role in ent layers depending on their mass. The heavier particles
nighttime propagation at some frequencies. sink to the bottom of the F region and the lighter ones rise to
The next highest layer, the E region of the ionosphere, the top. Along the day / night meridian, electron numbers rise
extends from about 56 miles to about 65 miles. The air in this and fall. At sunset, electron numbers decrease and these
region is considerably thinner than that below it. As a result particles recombine with ions throughout the night. On the
of this thin air, there are fewer collisions of ions and elec- sunrise meridian, electron numbers increase as neutral mol-
trons, resulting in a population of molecular ions. The E region ecules and atoms are energized by the solar radiation, again
absorbs soft X-rays. This layer is highly variable from day to causing ionization.
night and takes longer to recombine than the D layer once
daylight ends. Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
The highest set of layers is the F region, which is the largest As an electromagnetic wave enters the ionosphere at the D
part of the ionosphere. It extends from about 65 miles up layer, the energy sets electrons into a vibrating motion (at the
through the end of our atmosphere. Since particle densities frequency of the radio wave). Because this layer is so dense,
decrease as you travel away from Earth, it is difficult to say there is a high probability that the energy will be absorbed in
exactly where Earth’s atmosphere ends. Therefore, it is hard a collision with nearby molecules. The electromagnetic ener-
to say where the F region ends. gy is turned into kinetic energy (heat) and, as far as radio
Because the F region is so large, and because of the way propagation is concerned, is lost — absorbed. The higher the
the region splits into distinct bands of density, it is divided frequency (the shorter the wavelength), the higher the ener-
into at least two main sections. The two most prominent lay- gy, but also the fewer collisions between free electrons and

between the air and the water. This is caused by the same
principle. Light is being refracted by the difference in densi-
ty of the mass it is traveling through.
The higher the frequency, the more energy the RF wave has,
making it more likely to pass through to the next higher region.
When an electromagnetic wave enters the F layer, the same
science takes place. The radio signal rides the free electrons
of this layer, and if the frequency of the signal is high enough,
it will pass through the layer out into space. Otherwise, it will
be gradually refracted back away from the higher and denser
layers of electrons to be sent back toward Earth.
Those frequencies that are refracted back to Earth have to
then pass again through the lower ionospheric layers. D layer
absorption will attenuate the signal some more. If there is
enough energy in the signal, the wave may “bounce” between
the ionosphere and Earth multiple times, thereby greatly
extending the distance it can travel. Other times, it might be
so greatly absorbed that the wave is attenuated, and no com-
munications are possible.
An interesting twist to the propagation of radio waves by
way of the ionosphere is when a radio wave will enter the
ionosphere, refract Earthward off the F layer, but then gets
refracted back up away from the E layer, only to be refract-
Figure 4. Coronal holes are large regions in the corona that ed once again downward by the F layer. When this occurs
are less dense and cooler than surrounding areas. The open multiple times, the radio wave rides a type of ionospheric duct
structure of their magnetic fields allows a constant flow of and may travel great distances without ever interacting with
high-density plasma to stream out of the holes. There is an the Earth, until it can punch back through the E layer and
increase in the intensity of the solar wind effects on Earth back to Earth at a distance not possible if such ducting did
when a coronal hole faces us. We expect a few of these not occur. Other twists occur, which we will explore in com-
holes to impact space weather this month. (Source: ing months.
SDO/AIA) All of this depends on the degree of the ionization of the
gases in these various regions, how dense each layer is, as
gas molecules than at lower frequencies. As a result, lower well as the strength, angle of incidence (the angle at which
frequency signals are attenuated far more than those at high- the radio wave enters the region), and energy and frequen-
er frequencies. It is possible that the lowest frequencies are cy of the radio signal. Regarding the ionization of these gases,
completely absorbed, while higher frequencies will make it this depends on the direct energy from solar radiation.
through to the E layer (somewhat attenuated). When we look at the daily measurements of the 10.7-cm
Since the E layer is less dense than the D layer, electrons Radio Flux, we find that the higher this index, the more ion-
are not so quickly recombined with neighboring atoms, so loss- ized these various layers become. When the flux is low, then
es are lower. Because these electrons are not as quickly bound the ionosphere is weaker. A strongly ionized and highly dense
with other atoms, losing energy, the electromagnetic wave is F region supports the propagation of the higher HF radio
re-radiated. Because the signal is traveling in an area where spectrum, while a weakly energized and less-dense ionos-
electron density is increasing, the farther it will go. pheric region will only support the lower shortwave frequen-
At the same time, the wave is bent away from the denser, cies. Of course, there are many variations during the day,
and higher, area of electrons. The amount of bending, or between regions in daylight and darkness, and from season
refraction, is dependent on the frequency of the wave and to season.
the density of the ionosphere through which the radio wave
is traveling. Think of how a pencil might look if you place it March Propagation
into a glass of water. When you view the pencil through the As the Spring Equinox approaches, the gray-line terminator
side of the glass, it appears to bend right at the boundary begins to run straight north and south. With the return of sun-
Figure 5. Ionospheric layers. At night, the E layer and

F layers are present. During the day, a D layer forms
and the E and F layers become much stronger. Often
during the day the F layer will differentiate into F1
and F2 layers, and, above the equator during the
peak years of a sunspot cycle, a third layer appears
above the F1 and F2 layers. This is known as the F3
layer. [Credit: By IonosphereLayers-NPS.gif: Naval
Postgraduate School derivative work: Phirosiberia
(talk) - IonosphereLayers-NPS.gif, CC BY-SA 3.0, <
https://tinyurl.com/6mhn3mdc> (Edited to add the F3
layer, by NW7US)]

Figure 6. The ability of the ionosphere to refract radio waves depends in part on the frequency of the radio wave. Higher
frequency waves are bent less than those of lower frequencies. At VHF and higher frequencies, the waves usually pass
through the ionosphere and are lost to space. So, VHF/UHF signals from stations beyond the radio horizon are rarely heard
without repeaters, while shortwave transmissions can reach around the world by way of the ionosphere. (Credit: NASA)
light to the polar north, north / south From midnight to sunrise, expect opti- the west and south. Some rather good
openings on 10 through 20 meters are mum DX conditions on 30 through 80 openings on 17 and 20 meters should
again improving now that Sunspot meters, and occasionally, 160 meters also be possible from the south and
Cycle 25 is increasing in activity, with (though this band, a medium-wave west during this time.
the higher levels of solar energy band, is prone to noise from electrical Noise levels are slowly increasing as
strengthening the ionosphere. storms more than the HF bands). we move toward the spring season, and
Ten and 15 meters may stay open on Conditions should favor openings from electrical storms increase. The impulse
some paths into the evenings. At mid-
and low-latitudes, station operators will
occasionally find the 15-meter band
open all night long into regions in the
other hemisphere. Daytime paths will
not significantly degrade until midsum-
mer. You will experience early closures
if you live closer to the North Pole, if any
openings occur at your latitude.
Twenty and 17 meters will be in excel-
lent shape. Both short- and long-path
circuits are reliable and solid. Many
nighttime paths are open during March,
though they may be short and weak
(best taken advantage of by use of
weak-signal modes). The prime eve-n
ing hours in the U.S. are the sunrise
hours across Russia, Africa, and both
the Near East and Far East. Expect
occasional short- and long-path DX
from these areas of the world.
Between sunset and midnight, expect
occasional DX openings on all bands
between 15 and 40 meters. Conditions
should favor openings from the east and
south. These bands should peak for Figure 7. An example ray-trace model of the radio wave path between a trans-
openings from Europe and Africa near mitter and the reception area, as calculated and graphed by PropLab Pro. (Credit:
midnight. Prop-Lab PRO, as used by NW7US)

noise from lightning can propagate just storms cause recombination in the activity (coronal hole mass ejections,
like radio signals from a transmitting ionosphere, disrupting the mid- and high-speed solar winds, flares, and so
station — storms in the Gulf of Mexico high-latitude ionosphere. During the on), an increase in aurora and geo-
and Atlantic regions can cause signifi- Spring Equinox, Earth’s magnetic field magnetic storms will shut down many
cant noise on MF and lower HF fre- is sufficiently perturbed by solar wind paths, while VHF openings off the auro-
quencies. particles flowing into the auroral zone ral zone may increase.
At the same time, geomagnetic (between 50° and 70° north geograph- Daytime MUFs continue their sea-
storms are increasing as the solar cycle ic latitude) to cause the ionosphere to sonal drop (due to Earth’s position in
activity increases. These geomagnetic be depleted. During days of high solar relation to the Sun) and the planetary A
index (Ap) is on the rise, so take advan-
tage of the current conditions and hunt
for those weaker signals. Look for grey-
line DX in the mornings and evenings
on lower frequencies. Transequatorial
propagation will be more likely toward
sunset during days of high solar flux and
a disturbed geomagnetic field (look for
days with an Ap greater than 15, or a
planetary K index (Kp) greater than 3).
Sporadic-E openings should be increas-
ing, for shorter-range contacts.
VHF Conditions
Check for low-VHF short-skip openings
during the daylight hours. Some short-
skip openings over distances of about
1,200 to 2,300 miles may occur. The
best times for such openings are during
the afternoon hours.
Auroral activity often occurs during
periods of radio storminess on the HF
bands. Look for days where the Ap is
climbing, when the Kp reaches 4 or
higher. These are the days on which
VHF auroral-type openings are most
likely to occur.
There are no major meteor showers
during March that could provide any
VHF meteor scatter propagation. For a
detailed list of meteor showers, check
out <https://tinyurl.com/49ntdj79> for a
complete calendar of meteor showers
in 2022.
If you use Twitter.com, you can follow
<@hfradiospacewx> for hourly updates
that include the K index numbers. You
can also check the numbers at
<https://SunSpotWatch.com>, where
this columnist provides a wealth of cur-
rent space weather details as well as
links. Please report your observations
of any notable propagation conditions,
by writing this columnist via Twitter, or
via the Space Weather and Radio
Propagation Facebook page at <https://
fb.me/spacewx.hfradio>.
Current Solar Cycle Progress

The Royal Observatory of Belgium
reports that the monthly mean observed
sunspot number for December 2021
was 69.42, significantly up from
Figure 8. We are firmly in the new Sunspot Cycle 25. Over the next six months, November’s 36.03. The 12-month run-
expect the 10.7-cm Radio Flux readings to increase, as we see increased sunspot ning smoothed sunspot number cen-
activity. (Credit: SWPC/NOAA) tered on June 2021 is 28.0. A smoothed

sunspot count of 44, give or take about 6 points, is expect- day Last-Minute Forecast at <https://SunSpotWatch.com>
ed for March 2022. on the main page.
The Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory at I welcome your thoughts, questions, and experiences
Penticton, BC, Canada, reports a 10.7-cm observed month- regarding this fascinating science of propagation. You may
ly mean solar flux of 102.94 for December 2021, a large jump email me, write me a letter, or catch me on the HF amateur
up from November’s 86.57. The 12-month smoothed 10.7- bands. If you are on Facebook, check out <https://fb.me/
cm flux centered on June 2021 is 81.30. The predicted spacewx.hfradio> and <https://fb.me/NW7US>. Speaking of
smoothed 10.7-cm solar flux for March 2022 is 90, give or Facebook — check out the CQ Amateur Radio magazine fan
take 8 points. page at <https://fb.me/CQMag>. Also, please check out the
Geomagnetic activity level this month is expected to range new alternative social networking ham radio group at
from quiet to stormy, resulting in occasional degraded prop- <https://tinyurl.com/y7cycrth> and please share this with
agation this month. Remember that you can get an up-to-the- your amateur radio friends and clubs. – 73, Tomas, NW7US
Figure 9. A screenshot of the 4-D ionosphere as modeled by NASA and Google Earth©. Colors represent electron content.
Bright red is high density; that’s where radio communications are restricted to few or no frequencies. Blue denotes low densi-
ty; no problem there; propagation will be as expected. Using the intuitive Google Earth interface, users can fly above, around
and through these regions getting a true 4-D view of the situation; the fourth dimension is time. This is a real-time system updat-
ed every 10 minutes. (Credit: Google Earth / NASA)
Figure 10. Oblique sky wave path with no

Sporadic-E (Es) present (red). When Es forms
along the path, its electron density is high
enough to refract the wave and its structure
is such that it refracts the entire signal (green).
Es has electron density high enough to refract
the wave and its structure is partially trans-
parent (both red and green). When the E- and
F-regions are strongly ionized, it may be pos-
sible for low-VHF (30-80 MHz) radio waves to
be refracted, while Es propagation is typical-
ly possible even when the solar activity is not
strong enough. Es is typical during the sum-
mer months, but some Es openings can occur
in winter (see text). [Credit: Ionospheric
Prediction Service (IPS), Australia]

Number groups after callsigns denote the fol- N8CL " 4,459 46 14 22 13 KT4O " 12,960 87 13 38 9 *K2MK " 188,100 449 39 102 87
lowing: Band, Final Score, QSOs, Zones, K2PAL 21A 93,888 364 18 65 13 KO8V " 12,250 76 14 36 20 *W4TMO " 174,525 362 38 118 39
W2JV 14A 97,092 363 17 62 45 W4CQE " 11,234 87 20 34 28 *K8ARY " 162,867 314 49 117 67
Countries, US/VE QTHs. An asterisk (*) indi- *KE2D AA 444,822 626 62 169 126 W5XB " 7,571 56 21 34 12 *WB4OMM " 160,467 270 60 128 79
cates low power. Certificate winners are list- *K2QMF " 342,333 489 48 166 65 WD4OHD " 3,432 39 18 23 11 *WA4IPU " 91,932 271 33 81 74
ed in boldface. Late logs are listed in italics. *KA2D " 299,280 426 56 154 80 K4WI 28 2,938 45 9 11 6 *N3HEE " 91,124 225 38 97 74
*K4KGG " 289,009 513 51 145 91 AA8R 21 156,016 526 24 67 21 *W3OA " 78,196 199 40 85 48
*W2RP " 282,270 468 59 144 88 W1IE 14 135,708 601 25 64 40 *N4XL " 69,452 197 44 81 54
2021 CQWW DX RTTY *W2LCQ
*K7RB
"
"
58,058
34,980
244
156
28
24
75 79
45 63
W5MX
N4UN
"
"
11,857
8,385
114
73
16 30 25
19 28 18
*W4NNF
*N8IK
"
"
53,424
47,816
210
171
26
28
59
70
59
41
RESULTS *WA2UBK
*K2YR
"
"
3,256
2,379
34
39
11
9
21
14 16
5 AD4TJ
K4EA
7
3.5
56,300
27,492
367
245
13 40 47
13 34 40
*N3MM
*AA5JF
"
"
43,956
43,540
151
124
34
32
67
86
47
22
SINGLE OPERATOR *WO2N " 1,891 24 10 19 2 *WA3LXD A 300,578 556 47 131 96 *WN8Y " 33,375 135 38 57 30
*W2YR 14A 1,323 22 11 10 6 *AC4G " 299,586 490 56 146 92 *WB2BTJ " 29,505 132 20 54 31
NORTH AMERICA *N3CKI " 275,361 558 44 120 99 *NZ6T " 24,745 131 22 44 35
United States District 3 *KS3H " 173,250 393 45 112 68 *KS4S " 24,304 125 24 42 46
District 1 W3LL A 1,438,950 1639 56 189 117 *K4FTO " 147,890 310 44 109 77 *ND4V " 22,538 85 36 67 15
K5ZD A 4,002,182 3179 93 276 169 WC3N " 551,465 919 46 135 84 *KC8GCR " 136,680 311 39 113 52 *N1KX " 20,114 92 23 64 2
K2ZW " 3,168,650 2690 83 254 162 NT2DR " 350,608 552 51 153 68 *N5SMQ " 131,906 346 39 79 84 *N4FWD " 13,700 139 21 33 46
(OP: JO1RUR) N3AM " 331,975 558 46 140 85 *W4PJW " 131,036 370 35 93 60 *KM4RK " 12,312 69 22 38 21
N1IXF " 1,162,014 1429 61 192 126 NT3U " 244,269 481 45 132 72 *NC4MI " 105,080 289 36 81 68 *KX4KU " 1,584 25 14 16 14
K1AR " 814,680 1056 62 185 118 K1BZ " 195,822 377 57 133 63 *KW4J " 92,092 261 42 95 45 *W4JUU " 360 15 7 6 11
KA1YQC " 188,790 433 35 94 81 AK3B " 116,594 303 39 95 60 *K4MIL " 81,890 244 36 82 72 *N4WHK " 280 24 6 8 14
W1GD " 80,325 190 40 97 38 N3MWQ " 79,640 222 41 87 53 *K4BX " 78,498 247 32 75 71 *K4VBM " 132 7 4 4 4
WB1AEL " 77,787 229 31 73 25 K3QIA " 57,624 180 37 71 39 *W5NZ " 62,118 199 33 68 52 *N3UA 28A 330 12 4 5 1
K3IU " 50,440 178 21 79 4 KG4USN " 57,376 169 38 84 41 *WA4EEZ " 60,188 210 35 64 65 *K4WWP 14A 3,362 48 9 20 12
W1TO " 35,568 134 26 56 35 N3RM " 39,825 144 29 67 39 *K4DR " 53,850 187 38 67 45 *WA1FCN 3.5A 22,940 283 10 15 49
W1AW 14 32,996 196 11 40 22 K3UL " 32,240 138 35 55 40 *KI5GX " 53,703 217 29 60 64
(OP: W5OV) KW3A " 19,691 83 27 64 6 *NQ4K " 48,735 194 28 51 56 District 5
K1SM " 8,904 71 10 28 15 K2EJ " 1,392 17 11 17 1 *N4QI " 46,056 201 18 54 42 AC4CA A 819,109 1137 69 153 139
*NN1D A 285,348 699 37 102 98 WA3AAN 7 115,168 560 17 54 51 *N2JF " 45,126 184 28 64 46 AD5XD " 473,796 849 57 139 125
*AE1EZ " 273,360 565 44 121 103 *W3RGA A 478,762 785 49 144 100 *WA3RWP " 44,505 171 29 64 36 NA5M " 126,792 355 45 83 88
*KA1C " 253,080 521 39 124 65 *KB3LIX " 369,516 543 57 164 111 *K4FJW " 39,336 157 36 58 55 KD5J " 91,134 270 39 73 71
*N1DID " 176,205 337 55 129 71 *K3URT " 141,918 377 38 94 86 *KA3MTT " 33,405 148 29 52 50 WA5LXS " 38,383 153 28 55 48
*W1DYJ " 162,846 361 43 107 68 *AC5XK " 111,345 317 33 89 73 *K4MI " 31,339 123 30 61 30 N5KAE " 35,616 120 27 72 7
*AF1R " 162,624 358 41 103 80 *KY3W " 85,383 242 34 77 48 *K4NWX " 29,600 127 24 55 21 K5BG " 35,032 148 31 44 41
*WA1LAD " 127,556 315 43 97 83 *N8NA " 69,125 198 44 73 58 *KS4X " 25,760 112 25 53 34 K5XH " 29,744 195 15 27 62
*KB1LRL " 92,814 253 33 91 62 *K3JZD " 62,530 177 33 88 9 *WT4R " 25,095 114 24 50 31 WV5Y " 20,566 133 22 36 33
*KX1X " 75,945 224 40 86 57 *WA4GUD " 58,384 174 35 76 53 *KO4Z " 24,168 156 21 34 51 W5PR 28 10,200 93 15 20 15
*KG1V " 62,976 211 30 72 62 *KC3JNW " 48,840 150 34 80 34 *N2QT " 24,055 107 21 55 9 N8OO 14 649,412 1701 32 91 56
*WX1X " 56,722 172 29 73 56 *K3JSJ " 38,396 198 18 45 53 *K4KZ " 23,256 111 27 45 30 N5ZM 7 127,332 549 23 58 50
*K1LHO " 31,640 161 29 63 48 *AB3GY " 36,636 151 27 54 48 *KQ3K " 19,716 96 31 54 21 K5IB 3.5 2,772 53 6 6 32
*N2HX " 28,944 157 22 41 45 *K3KN " 32,883 149 27 55 31 *KC4WQ " 19,580 99 20 44 25 *NN5T A 347,076 576 63 141 107
*W2TT " 23,712 97 32 56 26 *WA3ZSC " 21,736 168 13 32 43 *N4AU " 15,521 73 26 51 6 *WB5BHS " 209,001 552 34 85 114
*AB1J " 16,560 100 19 37 24 *K3PP " 20,085 96 21 55 27 *AI4GR " 12,462 94 25 34 34 *KG5U " 150,040 394 52 91 105
*N1QD " 4,100 58 9 16 25 *K3ORC " 12,420 72 18 39 12 *W4GDG " 9,880 95 15 20 41 *N5KWN " 105,056 339 41 74 81
*WA2TNX " 3,984 44 14 24 10 *KN3A " 9,960 69 22 31 30 *KO4ZL " 9,177 70 19 37 13 *W5VQ " 101,565 249 42 91 52
*NV1Y " 3,136 47 16 27 21 *KF3EB " 9,867 62 20 44 5 *NN4RB " 9,009 66 23 21 33 *AD5LU " 93,633 269 41 80 56
*AI3KS " 8,979 62 21 35 17 *WA8OJR " 7,260 56 13 28 19 *WA5LFD " 86,457 266 44 84 51
W1UE AA 1,095,424 1169 69 201 119 *K2PMD " 3,570 51 22 27 21 *KB4LA " 5,336 51 16 22 20 *AJ4F " 49,920 207 30 50 76
NU1T " 763,961 1120 57 169 123 *W2QFV " 2,340 36 17 25 10 *NF1T " 4,753 52 10 21 18 *N5XE " 45,820 161 36 62 60
AE1P " 641,520 963 61 156 107 *K3GW/3 " 378 14 6 8 7 *KØCIE " 4,640 48 16 26 16 *N3BUO " 40,572 176 33 58 47
KB1W " 513,216 791 50 148 90 *KE3ZT 21 3,990 38 10 27 1 *W4BCG " 3,780 45 18 25 17 *KI5OYC " 32,544 203 32 50 62
KV1J " 493,605 692 56 165 94 *K3HW " 572 20 9 11 6 *WØAG " 3,780 50 13 14 27 *W5LA " 23,400 123 18 43 43
AB1JV " 418,562 578 55 170 89 *K2LNS 14 12,805 95 15 34 16 *KJ4GNR " 3,577 38 19 30 0 *KF5BA " 23,052 109 27 45 41
K1VW " 304,700 570 50 128 97 *N3NZ " 5,236 55 8 23 13 *K4ME " 1,998 43 14 17 23 *NZ5O " 19,656 95 30 61 0
NF1O " 295,988 453 58 161 89 *W3RLO " 2,170 30 6 18 7 *KI4ESK " 1,961 28 9 20 8 *AC5AA " 19,184 111 28 35 46
NC1CC " 161,550 414 29 91 30 *WA3FAE 7 61,050 311 17 54 40 *KG4WZZ " 1,734 32 7 14 13 *W5MT " 18,513 94 28 43 28
(OP: WA1BXY) *K3YDX " 1,290 18 9 16 5 *K5URU " 7,420 66 16 24 30
NE1F " 110,322 239 54 114 59 AA3B AA 5,007,654 3412 104 321 193 *K4IMP " 24 2 2 2 0 *K5KND " 4,532 36 15 29 0
N1MGO " 56,486 212 24 71 27 K3MM " 4,149,301 2846 107 320 184 *AAØO 21 1,656 25 6 15 2 *KC2LM " 3,965 52 18 22 25
K1VOI " 18,928 93 20 58 13 N3QE " 2,414,150 2057 83 275 172 *W4LC 14 107,848 365 23 70 29 *N5AF " 21 3 3 2 2
N1MD " 2,025 25 6 21 0 W3FIZ " 2,212,677 1739 91 281 159 *W6HGF " 55,432 257 18 56 30 *K5TXM 14 44,166 292 19 46 37
*W1ARY AA 464,548 632 55 167 107 W3FV " 1,994,388 1606 93 271 157 *KSØCW " 24,640 148 13 45 12 *KJ5T 7 4,851 64 10 18 21
*N1API " 252,720 537 43 115 37 K3WW " 1,499,034 1445 76 240 142 *W4SCP " 7,920 87 9 26 20
*KA2KON " 231,540 464 37 118 49 NB3R " 940,910 1072 65 202 103 (OP: WAØLJM) NT5V AA 920,634 1160 77 198 132
*N1ERS " 50,660 174 30 73 46 N3EEN " 751,685 969 74 203 118 *N8AID " 6,342 53 7 31 4 AA5AU " 622,938 1024 55 156 71
*WA1ZYX " 50,619 195 26 64 51 K3WJV " 739,519 823 74 198 135 *W4GKM " 1,380 25 9 13 8 N5VU " 315,524 549 54 143 87
*WO1N " 18,018 92 27 39 33 K3AU " 555,408 689 60 197 91 *KEØL 7 36,385 269 12 34 49 KG5VK " 279,015 579 52 121 94
*N1EN " 4,140 47 10 19 17 (OP: K2YWE) *KK4HEG " 15,708 180 8 18 40 WBØTEV " 244,055 350 68 172 127
N3FZ " 440,154 708 54 136 96 *K3NC " 13,916 115 10 32 29 N5XJ " 151,360 352 43 105 28
District 2 K3MD " 439,470 673 49 157 79 *KK4DZP " 8,220 90 12 25 23 KD5DD " 127,908 338 42 85 77
AA2GF A 478,857 772 48 136 87 KD3TB " 410,328 532 66 189 114 (OP: NN5O)
WO2T " 233,613 370 58 165 34 WY3A " 333,408 501 54 167 81 N6AR AA 1,874,138 1590 90 273 146 N5LPT " 109,888 265 50 102 50
WS9M " 213,366 391 51 140 67 K3TEF " 305,552 657 33 108 85 W4TTY " 1,280,032 1197 83 233 126 K5CKS " 58,548 197 25 72 26
K2QB " 180,785 410 39 106 64 NF3R " 298,803 486 61 151 97 W4PK " 1,235,588 1321 73 208 131 N5TM " 44,202 225 24 45 70
WO2Y " 130,980 292 37 108 32 NS3L " 285,426 463 61 162 91 N1RM " 1,066,400 1053 77 225 128 W2GS " 43,086 161 32 71 26
AB2ZY " 60,736 210 30 73 43 W3XOX " 270,891 646 37 107 93 N4CW " 980,191 969 76 227 134 K3NT " 31,122 149 37 51 45
WA3AFS " 54,495 170 48 73 52 N3FJP " 266,454 533 40 106 80 NR4O " 891,211 1124 68 206 135 K5FNQ " 10,557 56 21 42 6
KA2AEY " 18,544 108 14 39 23 WW3S " 173,642 260 57 165 92 AA4DD " 793,178 912 71 206 124 K5UV " 4,400 39 12 32 0
K2RB " 17,834 106 16 40 18 N4ZR " 168,462 262 59 153 82 KG4W " 598,194 777 58 178 98 W5AJ 7A 76,140 292 24 65 46
WA2DE " 8,512 74 12 28 24 K2XR " 164,274 262 49 161 52 NS4X " 576,594 857 61 149 99 *K5LY AA 170,709 530 45 91 95
WA2VIU " 1,008 22 7 11 10 N3XL " 163,593 428 41 95 83 N3MN " 536,220 690 65 182 77 *WDØGTY " 24,354 128 29 40 54
NB2P 14 303,955 854 29 81 45 AA3S " 123,937 249 43 117 49 K3IE " 515,185 695 63 169 91 *K5LGX " 8,658 57 26 38 14
N2YBB " 101,790 352 23 70 37 KA3YJM " 100,492 297 36 82 76 K4RO " 496,386 742 61 153 113 *K5WW " 8,520 73 14 26 31
*KU2M A 1,634,232 1525 81 232 144 K3RMB " 100,274 306 37 88 56 K5VIP " 484,416 595 67 181 100 *N5CHA " 7,938 66 25 24 32
*AH2O " 461,168 714 60 157 79 N3DUE " 96,288 242 44 90 70 N4ZZ " 421,632 730 47 133 108 *K5YX " 7,227 71 19 22 32
*KC2WUF " 361,530 585 54 140 115 K3TN " 24,640 99 26 61 25 KE4S " 407,966 495 62 186 90 *AB5XS " 1,584 27 8 13 12
*AC2RL " 273,896 483 49 131 88 KB3Z " 17,850 98 24 39 39 N4QS " 401,100 597 55 156 89 *NK5G 14A 28,350 199 14 37 39
*K2AL " 222,000 416 46 125 79 N3FM " 15,570 84 29 38 23 K4XL " 381,205 508 64 183 72
*WA2CP " 202,730 455 31 100 63 WT3K " 7,102 59 16 29 8 KT4Q " 370,787 623 53 134 102 District 6
(OP: KC2GOW) 4U1WB " 1,764 45 8 11 17 NF4A " 342,624 579 51 126 72 AJ6V A 673,010 976 72 134 128
*NA2NY " 178,324 456 36 92 90 (OP: AJ3M) K8LF " 341,481 531 54 151 98 W1SRD " 268,644 542 58 89 97
*WB2COY " 156,750 409 33 90 86 NA3M 7A 258,648 824 24 81 51 N4CF " 323,785 522 62 155 102 N6WT " 248,508 535 49 93 94
*KS2G " 153,430 322 41 109 79 *W3MAM AA 392,173 653 53 137 99 N6DW " 305,910 498 62 158 89 W1PR " 232,547 437 54 102 83
*W2FDJ " 118,002 289 43 103 67 *W3KB " 345,744 490 57 172 114 N4YDU " 252,847 432 56 142 89 K6LRN " 106,600 309 36 73 55
*K2TWI " 106,920 285 31 93 41 *AG4Q " 139,810 361 38 99 68 K8KI " 250,980 470 52 140 75 NK6A " 85,744 255 45 73 66
*NS2N " 101,360 301 33 83 65 *W3UL " 114,185 272 41 92 72 K3DNE " 238,140 499 47 113 83 WD6DBM " 65,105 210 45 49 51
*WB2KWC " 62,046 223 31 63 68 *W3IDT " 97,595 375 29 69 51 W3SA " 223,803 436 46 121 76 NF6A " 63,882 228 35 43 39
*ND2K " 58,520 205 33 69 50 *K3NO " 70,965 220 40 83 48 AB4SF " 206,371 349 54 140 63 (OP: K6XX)
*KD2DVW " 48,816 181 31 57 56 *KC3RPO " 63,012 221 34 76 67 W4GHV " 137,361 293 48 118 45 N6GEO " 21,952 114 27 37 34
*AC2OC " 45,864 173 34 55 58 *AB3SX " 56,769 169 30 79 40 K4SO " 130,130 366 33 84 52 WA6URY " 18,421 112 30 34 45
*KA2ENE " 37,620 168 26 49 57 *K3RON " 14,910 102 12 41 17 KD4S " 107,648 253 49 103 80 N5KO " 12,877 72 22 37 20
*K3WHD " 34,450 144 27 67 12 *AJ3M " 4,293 48 11 21 21 K9GWS " 103,888 266 28 95 49 W6JBR " 6,834 56 21 22 24
*W2DXE " 22,610 124 16 44 35 KN4BIT " 101,840 288 37 84 69 K6XC " 462 10 9 9 3
*W2KYM " 10,452 75 24 30 24 District 4 W1BQ " 95,410 260 40 88 75 W6RKC 3.5 1,650 40 6 5 22
*AC2FA " 4,264 49 12 18 22 W4GO A 1,836,570 1958 73 213 149 N4TL " 85,652 227 40 90 31 *WN6K A 292,314 626 52 88 118
*KA2WIK " 4,233 38 15 27 9 AG4W " 1,421,625 1630 75 196 154 K3WR " 84,550 239 45 80 65 *KF6RY " 187,376 441 53 94 92
*WA2YYL " 2,310 35 12 21 9 AI4WW " 722,568 1048 63 173 138 AF4T " 79,524 217 42 83 63 (OP: W6ZL)
*AC2ZZ " 180 9 7 6 5 W4GE " 571,140 747 64 178 100 N3KN " 77,964 231 34 83 61 *K6HGF " 109,630 321 37 74 79
*WB2NVR 14 6,018 56 10 28 13 W4OX " 507,812 710 60 154 102 NN4NT " 73,696 196 46 84 58 *K6FA " 82,410 239 54 75 72
*N2FF " 210 10 4 10 1 WS6X " 488,592 780 63 166 119 W3GQ " 73,154 194 32 85 41 *KE6SHL " 34,968 180 30 42 69
*N2EPE 7 2,870 47 7 14 20 K4WW " 441,960 708 49 138 103 KN4PHS " 68,297 195 44 86 33 *W7XZ " 22,800 128 27 31 56
AC8Y " 347,700 621 48 134 103 W4VIC " 35,264 134 22 64 30 *K6UF " 19,504 126 22 26 58
NY6DX AA 1,580,859 1471 83 256 144 WF4W " 333,207 581 52 148 87 N3ND " 31,710 110 25 65 15 *N6FR " 19,291 122 26 28 47
NN2NN " 860,520 1076 59 177 119 AB4GG " 214,438 535 45 87 106 K2SD " 20,217 114 16 46 7 *KE6GLA " 7,000 60 15 21 20
K2RET " 788,940 902 70 208 127 ND4G " 188,404 355 52 122 94 K4YYL " 3,871 35 16 26 7 *KE6LB " 6,901 75 20 20 27
N2WK " 648,195 776 73 211 111 W4UK " 175,626 473 32 91 75 KM4HQE " 345 10 6 9 0 *WU6X " 6,216 54 24 24 26
K2NV " 426,404 690 44 131 67 K4LTE " 151,632 369 40 103 65 WØNA/4 21A 22,776 154 11 39 2 *KK6TV " 5,676 75 13 10 43
AK2S " 419,198 690 48 154 97 K4QD " 139,965 371 37 97 81 (OP: W4RN) *N6AJS " 5,644 46 26 29 13
KO8SCA " 251,781 424 46 156 65 K4SBZ " 128,772 351 45 92 82 AJ4VE " 11,970 78 16 38 3 *K6DF " 5,046 52 14 17 27
KA2K " 251,384 409 54 147 67 W4WWQ " 117,810 247 56 108 46 WJ2D 14A 398,496 991 30 86 52 *KJ6MBW 21 3,212 35 17 21 6
KC2IEB " 194,816 389 43 134 79 K7OM " 117,362 274 45 102 55 AI4WU " 17,010 103 15 37 18 *K6GHA 14 93,184 337 24 62 42
W2MKM " 130,524 335 27 88 34 W4UEF " 111,830 301 45 97 69 KB4FB " 2,450 25 9 23 3 *KW6AA " 3,666 68 10 10 27
WB2PJH " 96,672 268 26 87 46 K4YCR " 104,760 280 34 79 67 N4SVC 7A 160,660 637 23 73 49 *KN6MYI " 672 18 5 10 9
NG2P " 65,424 161 44 98 32 N4FP " 78,720 225 45 73 74 (OP: N2CEI)
KE1IH " 63,344 176 39 80 29 KB4QZH " 69,795 250 24 69 48 N6MA " 29,904 260 13 30 46 N6IE AA 1,260,030 1158 95 219 171
K4RUM " 52,824 170 37 67 38 W3IK " 65,205 221 38 69 54 *NA4DA AA 681,152 835 72 203 92 KK6P " 1,088,217 1477 82 167 144
W2TB " 49,776 136 32 90 14 KC4SAW " 53,900 241 17 50 43 *K4GM " 321,030 545 54 141 95 (OP: W7IV)
AB2E " 32,880 151 32 56 49 NF4J " 28,832 167 21 49 36 *ND4X " 242,424 416 57 149 90 N6ZFO " 778,650 1082 70 139 149
KC2LSD " 23,415 159 17 33 55 AC4MC " 27,063 112 20 55 22 *W4EE " 224,316 406 50 128 90 W6SX " 590,861 1095 74 134 171
K2XA " 7,168 51 24 23 17 W4UT " 21,712 105 32 43 43 *W4SSF " 219,604 405 46 131 76 K6OK " 524,970 701 71 146 125
N2RC " 6,966 49 15 36 3 AB4IQ " 19,240 104 30 41 33 *KG4IGC " 192,325 422 39 109 97 WE6Z " 448,720 652 75 148 132

W6DR " 444,370 598 80 162 128 *WN6W " 77,350 262 44 64 67 *KD9OIN " 6,890 73 17 23 25 *VE2OWL " 274,850 456 44 112 83
W6TK " 241,066 460 60 105 92 *KB7AK " 39,783 170 37 50 62 *K9QH " 5,810 65 16 14 40 *VE2QV " 38,232 139 23 56 39
K6TQ " 204,304 458 47 98 81 *W7WSV " 38,570 157 39 54 52 *K9MCK " 2,150 31 13 14 16 *VE2PGI " 3,549 38 11 24 4
N6QQ " 194,005 367 61 121 59 *KJ7DHY " 4,543 72 14 20 43 *KD9EFO " 644 16 10 10 8
K5OA " 158,632 376 55 97 99 *N7UJJ " 2,904 34 14 23 7 *K9OM 7A 167,316 608 21 72 53 VE2FK AA 851,312 1103 46 146 116
W1RH " 156,640 333 49 95 76 *KR2E " 2,560 28 9 21 2 *K9EL " 9,782 73 13 28 26 VE2EBK " 659,714 728 63 191 128
N6GP " 156,312 309 54 107 73 *WS7I 14A 46,417 237 24 66 43 *AB9YC 3.5A 28,044 333 10 16 50 VA2QR " 377,344 585 46 141 81
W6EU " 113,984 298 50 86 72 VE2PI " 68,120 260 18 57 56
K6MM " 111,606 260 48 89 72 District 8 District Ø VE2RYY 14A 478,890 1118 31 93 46
AF6SA " 95,232 254 41 81 64 N8BJQ A 931,381 1075 62 185 126 ACØC A 2,718,308 2640 87 245 176 *VE2HEW AA 281,124 558 37 101 90
K6MI " 81,624 231 52 76 51 K4YJ " 73,656 196 35 97 0 ABØRX " 797,132 1154 61 150 132 *VE2NMB " 271,152 521 38 104 110
W6MOB " 77,145 199 52 89 44 KI8I " 66,960 252 24 69 51 W5AP " 738,276 1088 72 153 132
K6NV " 61,320 203 41 57 70 W8KEN " 34,034 140 31 55 33 KØJJR " 572,460 826 58 160 130 District 3
NW6P " 50,304 196 26 57 48 NI8Z " 9,150 64 21 31 23 KØYR " 568,816 1078 56 112 124 VE3GYL A 399,026 622 46 137 79
W6IA " 33,176 191 20 19 65 K8ALM " 108 9 4 8 0 KØAD " 498,845 992 53 119 123 VA3MW " 153,594 318 41 95 71
K6KM " 31,672 122 38 44 25 K3GP 3.5 52,186 372 12 36 49 WØHRO " 336,938 660 47 128 112 VE3KTB " 98,525 232 37 77 61
W6XK " 7,260 49 19 36 0 *KM6Z A 565,378 1009 59 155 127 WBØN " 247,422 467 55 122 97 VA3WW " 87,516 273 25 62 69
K6ZP " 1,716 32 10 23 6 *N8CWU " 437,644 717 55 137 92 NØBUI " 182,832 540 29 76 103 VA3IK " 72,750 187 33 78 39
*N6RV AA 105,342 226 53 115 26 *W8TOM " 169,212 410 44 105 87 NØKQ " 148,295 439 41 77 105 *XM3T A 2,333,760 2096 75 222 143
*K6TLH " 18,624 140 21 24 52 *W8RTJ " 92,344 291 36 81 77 NFØN " 79,695 223 37 78 50 (OP: VE3DZ)
*WQ6X " 17,820 131 27 30 51 *NE8O " 90,013 279 32 79 56 KØTC " 71,760 303 19 55 64 *VE3TM " 427,994 636 45 143 78
*K8TR " 14,630 80 18 39 13 *WT8WV " 79,180 238 36 83 66 WØZQ " 68,400 213 33 74 64 *VE3WRL " 249,077 490 43 99 91
*W6NKR " 2,940 31 15 18 16 *W3CRZ " 77,775 231 36 77 70 N6RSH " 25,397 125 24 44 41 *VE3FH " 209,440 402 42 107 71
*WD6T " 1,672 24 14 14 10 *NX8G " 69,550 211 25 72 33 N5TU " 20,402 93 30 49 22 *VE3NFN " 165,648 341 34 103 66
*W6DMW " 238 10 4 4 9 *N8WCP " 62,271 205 32 73 48 W8LYJ " 19,240 107 26 43 35 *VA3SB " 139,594 328 31 82 56
*WM6Y 14A 27,075 194 20 32 43 *WS6K " 61,596 194 36 73 65 NØGN " 14,250 103 14 30 31 *VE3EY " 103,224 256 36 73 75
*KB8TL " 57,961 195 29 74 46 NRØT " 12,865 79 20 32 31 *VE3UTT " 63,349 206 25 57 61
District 7 *ND3N " 56,985 291 21 43 81 NØLEF " 4,836 68 12 13 27 *VE3LC " 47,816 145 33 63 43
W7RN A 2,367,780 2737 89 187 189 *W8TB " 56,908 183 35 70 59 NØXM " 2,332 39 13 15 16 *VE3ZDR " 43,952 166 26 47 61
(OP: WK6I) *K7DR " 38,628 205 22 45 49 NØOK 3.5 22,695 176 15 27 43 *VA3SK " 43,010 165 17 49 44
KU1CW " 1,335,438 1482 85 194 160 *W8JGU " 37,224 152 30 59 52 *NØUR A 469,035 804 52 148 115 *VA3EON " 42,930 165 29 49 57
W7YAQ " 415,576 669 68 130 130 *AB8SF " 36,540 141 30 61 49 *ABØLR " 326,400 681 44 110 102 *VE3HG " 39,184 135 28 50 46
W7QDM " 278,898 589 52 108 98 *AA8EN " 27,664 156 22 43 47 *AI6O " 167,526 392 47 114 66 *VE3HLS " 20,398 101 19 35 40
WO7V " 229,616 505 49 77 100 *AA8SW " 21,780 102 29 48 44 *KCØZNI " 160,460 429 43 91 92 *VA3ROC 14 12,474 78 17 37 9
N7JP " 185,461 513 34 73 84 *N8QNT " 18,025 113 23 42 38 *AAØAW " 148,676 332 42 102 74
W7FN " 153,821 394 43 71 79 *KD8YQQ " 15,648 91 26 40 30 *KØMKL " 142,425 356 39 91 81 VA3DF AA 2,099,792 1627 89 266 144
WB6JJJ " 138,402 346 55 87 91 *WA8YZB " 14,946 129 20 23 51 *WØDC " 141,911 313 40 100 69 VE3NNT " 1,551,550 1341 75 242 117
AD7XG " 127,344 303 39 88 41 *WW8RT " 10,998 80 22 40 16 *K7BG " 98,658 344 31 61 97 VE3BR " 565,263 704 64 160 123
AC7GL " 126,063 287 51 95 61 *N8TCP " 8,432 60 21 38 9 *NEØDA " 84,422 333 33 58 100 VE3DZP " 63,294 177 35 87 32
K7RL " 124,912 414 37 55 119 *NF8M " 6,732 52 19 32 17 *WØYJT " 80,688 260 37 86 41 VE3SS " 46,364 148 31 58 45
N7BT " 70,821 254 43 54 86 *KI8DP " 5,658 53 19 22 28 *WØHL " 61,104 205 32 76 44 *VE3MGY AA 691,527 983 54 161 138
WU6W " 63,342 202 37 63 62 *K8VT 14 24,624 147 14 45 13 *WØHBH " 54,210 182 27 72 40 *VA3MJR " 471,120 671 52 137 123
WG7X " 50,464 238 32 42 92 *WB8JUI 7 36,360 210 16 41 44 *KBØHP " 52,531 166 30 72 29 *VE3PJ " 186,480 377 31 102 52
K7QA " 37,840 207 15 42 31 *WB8JAY " 11,470 151 8 17 37 *KØSRL " 50,041 186 37 68 58 *VA3WB " 101,376 243 40 86 50
KB7BTO " 32,890 128 23 47 40 *W8WTS 3.5 2,080 40 8 9 23 *KVØI " 46,920 267 26 50 60 *VE3XD " 48,314 181 23 55 41
K7MY " 29,760 145 32 49 43 *W4IFI " 45,141 197 26 51 46 *VE3FZ " 28,182 110 30 50 42
W7JHR " 15,272 95 25 36 31 WA8MCD AA 823,608 1068 65 179 125 *NWØM " 42,174 200 22 42 78 *VE3WG " 16,872 97 14 37 23
KC7V " 1,066 24 8 8 10 WA8Y " 410,030 667 60 161 92 *WAØLPV " 39,825 177 28 54 53 *VE3MZD " 6,867 44 23 36 4
K7JQ 14 43,977 225 21 48 38 K8JQ " 286,776 726 40 103 109 *WØPI " 29,555 149 22 45 48 *VA3PAF " 2,360 32 9 10 21
AA7UN " 4,920 43 10 27 4 N4EL " 282,226 497 50 135 81 *WAØI " 24,045 85 35 66 4 *VA3CW 14A 9,823 84 8 29 10
K7STO 7 15,375 152 16 23 36 KA8G " 124,485 256 42 132 19 *WØZF " 17,088 118 16 34 39
*AK6A A 466,100 707 69 128 119 K8PK " 91,665 218 48 103 38 *NØBEL " 15,470 105 18 31 42 District 4
*N7IR " 267,386 484 55 126 88 K8ESQ " 85,800 177 47 121 27 *WAØEJX " 14,873 97 24 39 44 VE4VT AA 1,543,645 1544 76 200 157
*NW7D " 135,839 346 54 90 89 KI6DY " 45,540 187 31 55 52 *NØTXW " 11,220 88 20 38 27 *VA4HZ AA 91,314 237 31 64 76
*W7BOB " 98,175 338 39 59 89 WA8CLT " 32,136 113 26 74 4 *KØVH " 5,504 45 12 28 3 *VE4DL " 12,482 89 15 25 39
*N7DB " 80,910 289 35 58 81 W8JWN " 27,360 98 26 73 15 *KØEAP " 5,005 48 12 21 22
*WZ8T " 77,280 254 40 59 61 AB8RL " 24,336 110 26 53 25 *KØTLG " 3,840 41 8 20 12 District 5
*W7TMT " 69,135 282 34 46 85 *AB8OU AA 65,394 233 31 67 75 *KBØNES " 3,286 39 16 15 22 *VE5SF A 47,371 166 26 55 46
*W7PP " 50,576 200 24 55 37 *K8MU " 39,445 159 29 68 18 *N6OPE " 1,675 81 14 17 36 *VE5KS 14 106,554 330 24 68 37
*KW7WP " 42,486 178 34 45 67 *KSØM " 1,610 32 9 17 9 VE5MX AA 2,396,790 2066 98 223 174
*K7AZT " 39,566 195 32 39 75 District 9 *KEØNHQ " 1,344 29 8 12 12
*W7MTL " 27,675 151 30 31 62 WI9WI A 687,470 1110 53 133 119 *AAØK " 1,320 23 12 13 8 District 6
*K7VZ " 25,704 138 25 39 55 K9UC " 217,854 420 47 122 78 *WAØLIF " 999 22 15 12 10 VE6BBP A 851,070 1070 63 134 133
*KD6TR " 25,365 143 22 33 40 KZ9DX " 98,287 264 32 101 0 *K4RVA " 780 24 7 5 18 VE6TK " 422,940 686 45 105 116
*KE7GKI " 23,504 150 22 31 51 KG9N " 74,896 243 32 72 47 *NØUM " 195 7 5 5 3 VE6UM " 304,512 568 42 87 115
*N1JM " 21,420 141 22 26 54 KØVW " 70,308 241 33 75 54 *N5AW/Ø 21 2,508 30 12 20 1 (OP: VE6BMX)
*N7VS " 20,064 136 26 24 64 N9WG " 27,477 103 36 59 34 *KJØP " 6 1 1 1 0 *VE6SPS A 61,472 211 24 41 71
*N7AME " 19,118 118 28 33 60 KA9DOC " 144 6 4 5 3 *WØPP 14 1,200 28 8 17 0 *VA6RCN " 38,599 136 28 45 48
*WB7UOF " 18,450 121 25 31 34 *K9CW A 384,696 570 56 150 106 *WDØBGZ 7 16,960 116 16 35 29 VE6RFM AA 37,084 149 22 44 61
*KNØW " 16,262 108 23 35 36 *WU9D " 155,940 414 41 88 101 *WØSHL " 1,504 47 5 5 22 VE6WQ 14A 202,275 610 25 75 45
*N7XCZ " 14,100 101 27 30 43 *AA9L " 115,634 300 36 86 57 *NØSTP " 208 12 4 3 6
*KC7CM " 9,782 84 21 23 29 *KEØYI " 83,160 231 39 78 72 District 7
*AA4Q " 9,605 86 19 19 47 *NT9E " 72,618 199 43 99 40 KØAP AA 752,243 1031 62 176 115 VA7MAY A 115,245 253 50 76 69
*KB7ABJ " 5,041 58 23 23 25 *N9LYE " 62,530 246 35 65 69 NØAT " 494,680 777 56 145 131 *VA7ST A 199,095 480 31 44 120
*KK7A " 3,422 50 15 13 31 *W9FY " 58,656 277 28 46 82 W7II " 453,900 735 56 152 132 *VE7BGP " 9,120 52 27 28 21
*N7VPN " 2,537 53 8 7 28 *W9VTD " 58,212 222 27 63 57 WØMB " 446,775 741 67 160 118 *VE7AT " 1,872 39 11 22 15
*KI7DET " 2,365 34 12 13 18 *KB9DVC " 55,566 217 24 61 62 NØTA " 265,455 692 39 85 131 *VE7LGP 14 1,725 40 4 3 18
*AG7AB " 960 25 5 5 20 *W9VQ " 50,094 149 32 84 22 NØVT " 233,583 530 44 97 86 VA7KO AA 945,261 1128 75 157 149
*KR7X " 945 28 8 7 12 *KB9ITE " 42,164 169 24 58 45 WØBM " 149,129 340 40 91 66 VE7IO " 123,366 294 40 79 55
*K6ST " 782 26 9 6 19 *WB9HFK " 41,958 179 29 55 42 KØCN " 126,445 303 48 112 49 *VA7RY AA 97,940 231 36 80 50
*WB7QMR " 594 20 6 6 10 *KD9NHZ " 37,597 199 20 43 68 KØMD " 120,650 275 36 104 50
*NØJOY " 336 13 9 8 7 *KX3H " 36,784 213 21 47 53 KEØUI " 114,450 371 44 79 95 District 8
*KO6UW " 32 5 3 2 3 *KB9S " 34,710 143 28 49 53 KØHB " 92,460 276 34 74 93 VY1XY 14 16,058 102 16 32 14
*W4FLL " 3 1 1 1 1 *KE9UA " 28,527 106 35 68 8 WBØWIV " 77,154 200 33 95 26
*W7RCS 14 4,263 56 10 19 20 *K9MMS " 19,434 107 16 43 23 WØPR " 61,716 253 31 60 57 Cayman Islands
*WT8P " 323 12 6 6 7 *KB9TVR " 14,904 87 23 40 18 KØWA " 22,933 210 10 32 29 ZF1A A 4,572,413 3487 95 249 213
*KG7D " 323 12 6 8 5 *WB9DAR " 14,725 104 21 34 40 NRØP " 9,313 58 22 42 3 (OP: W9KKN)
*WB3JFS 7 2,278 53 8 8 18 *KB9RUG " 12,802 84 17 36 21 ACØE " 8,378 73 18 26 27
*N9UN " 10,560 83 18 34 28 WØERP " 7,392 49 19 34 13 Costa Rica
K6LL AA 1,724,460 1747 92 229 171 *KC9YL " 10,360 70 17 43 10 NØAJN " 3,350 31 17 25 8 *TI2OY A 758,176 998 58 149 137
KO7SS " 1,683,505 1457 98 250 197 *W9KG " 6,210 47 10 34 2 NOØL " 952 17 10 11 7 *TI2WMP " 34,398 121 31 57 29
KA6BIM " 1,049,477 1249 88 195 168 *WA9LKZ " 5,394 53 19 27 16 KFØIQ 21A 4,410 42 17 25 3 *TI2ØØI 14 235,045 727 26 66 53
N7QT " 1,014,040 1307 77 169 158 *N9TNT " 3,720 62 16 21 3 KØIR 14A 11,772 111 7 27 20 (OP: TI2YO)
W7GES " 567,414 1159 48 115 98 *AA9JS 14 11,748 95 17 45 4 WØGJ 7A 193,430 764 24 71 50
K2RD " 487,140 621 70 179 104 *N9OIU " 247 8 5 6 2 KSØAA " 38,610 286 19 34 46 Cuba
W7ZR " 408,408 637 74 141 142 *KB9VMO " 152 20 5 14 0 *WØJW AA 491,889 712 67 160 112 *CO2CW A 244,992 446 51 101 112
K7WP " 403,392 559 71 162 119 *K9WX 7 49,878 329 13 41 48 *NØHJZ " 319,770 800 49 105 131 *CO2VE " 76,708 247 26 65 60
NG7M " 362,838 594 65 129 124 *W9AKS " 13,179 167 9 15 45 *KØKX " 209,338 411 45 112 105 *CO2KY " 38,216 152 34 63 39
N7ZUF " 357,844 702 55 107 112 *KA9VLC " 255 15 3 3 9 *K4IU " 143,550 428 41 79 105 *CO8BYT " 14,774 92 23 37 29
KF7U " 266,733 560 55 104 108 *WK9U 3.5 30,800 310 11 23 46 *ACØW " 140,965 281 47 109 77 *CO8WN " 12,782 78 22 28 33
K7AR " 232,560 423 58 122 75 *WØRX " 104,600 230 45 99 56 *CO2WL " 8,909 119 9 19 31
N9NA " 227,232 505 59 98 106 N7US AA 1,074,140 1145 76 212 142 *KØMPH " 100,980 327 34 67 97 *CO8TDL " 3,990 47 11 31 0
N7NM " 211,410 398 60 106 104 AC9S " 507,241 711 62 157 92 *WO7U " 84,630 300 35 65 86 *CO2XK 21 54,624 253 16 42 38
N7GCO " 188,594 386 59 103 104 N2BJ " 493,116 721 56 157 114 *KØIL " 45,149 188 35 50 66 *CO2GL " 30,646 170 15 36 26
K7VIT " 185,440 409 60 87 97 N9OK " 440,892 663 61 163 107 *KØRC " 36,432 155 27 46 71 *CO2AME 14 302,321 920 25 70 54
KØIP " 180,995 346 55 117 93 ND9G " 372,405 559 60 158 87 *N5KB " 2,392 44 10 17 19 *CO8NMN 7 71,148 340 15 38 45
KB7AZ " 154,580 274 64 121 77 WB8BZK " 264,880 547 51 117 112 *ABØH " 96 24 8 5 19 *CM2IU " 63,360 430 13 29 48
WA7CPA " 133,168 345 55 92 85 WA9IVH " 236,070 483 45 122 91
WC7Q " 99,008 314 30 66 40 KC9EOQ " 214,249 413 41 116 84 Alaska Dominican Republic
K7BVT " 87,192 252 39 76 58 W9FFA " 201,477 483 40 101 98 AL7LO A 377,118 729 54 85 80 *HI3T A 701,730 984 51 139 149
W7BP " 85,456 265 42 73 81 W9YK " 194,810 429 45 117 91 NL7V " 167,228 367 45 102 47 *HI3MM " 156,240 381 37 94 86
KA7ESE " 84,875 267 44 66 65 KC9K " 133,552 240 66 132 74 N6QEK/KL7 " 84,300 239 35 60 55 *HI3K AA 204,300 474 36 85 104
KN7K " 82,335 258 41 63 61 K9ZO " 103,062 308 47 71 75 *AL6A 14 8,772 89 11 11 21 *HI3TT " 12,411 107 13 11 39
WA7DUH " 47,596 188 40 59 64 K9NW " 78,624 155 47 126 35
K7EG " 39,520 135 32 73 25 N9IO " 11,175 69 20 41 14 KL7SB AA 1,103,757 1205 81 164 136 Grenada
W7VXS " 31,812 151 28 51 53 AJ9C " 7,931 66 20 28 29 AL2F " 190,008 462 40 60 74 *J35X 28 11,016 93 13 19 22
KT7G " 17,670 101 25 42 28 K9DUR " 6,042 43 17 32 8 AL7A " 186,702 461 29 64 81
KB7PKC " 16,758 89 29 37 32 W9PDS " 4,320 61 12 14 34 Guatemala
KF7ZN " 12,284 77 22 32 20 KØTQ " 4,056 37 15 27 10 Canada *TG9ANF A 522,914 843 52 100 135
KG7QXE " 9,559 85 20 22 37 W9ILY 14A 258,570 607 31 89 49 District 1 *TG9ADQ 14 49,569 245 14 40 39
W7CO " 8,240 65 22 23 35 N9TK " 94,367 364 23 66 30 *VA1XH A 615,174 836 41 160 90
W7SLS " 6,825 61 22 21 32 *N9UA AA 294,824 541 48 125 96 *VE1RSM " 265,144 483 50 106 106 Mexico
KB7HDX " 3,750 47 14 22 14 *KBØV " 276,491 479 54 142 87 *VE9BWK 14 12,240 83 11 29 20 XE2W A 225,194 507 43 88 87
N7AT 21A 169,741 562 26 78 39 *K9PG " 108,216 212 51 126 39 XE2S " 5,535 61 11 10 20
(OP: K8IA) *N9VPV " 85,956 240 32 86 56 VO1CH AA 688,160 788 68 194 90 XE1TD 21 5,612 58 13 15 18
N7BV 14A 162,925 600 25 63 45 *KB9YOJ " 84,730 272 43 87 55 VE1ANU " 247,510 412 49 125 91 (OP: XE1H)
W6OAT " 6,751 66 16 14 13 *KYØQ " 74,088 216 34 76 79 *VO2AC AA 2,312 34 9 9 16 XE1H 7 96,656 416 19 43 50
K9DR 7A 28,365 234 17 29 47 *W9XT " 60,960 146 40 108 12 *XE2FGC A 176,054 341 47 82 97
*K7TQ AA 378,937 867 52 90 141 *W9PI " 32,375 138 26 53 46 District 2 *XE2AU " 68,949 243 30 48 63
*W7CXX " 343,375 567 68 132 135 *N9SB " 31,212 138 24 49 35 VE2GSO A 1,361,500 1535 55 160 135 *XE2OK " 61,074 169 47 60 55
*WAØWWW " 205,403 424 54 104 105 *KD9NYE " 16,560 76 28 46 16 VE2EZD " 832 17 8 10 8 *XE2KJ " 48,944 250 24 23 65
*K7GS " 179,655 396 52 95 56 *WB9VGO " 16,137 114 24 32 43 *VE2CSM A 601,818 874 45 137 112 *XE2T " 40,657 199 21 18 70
*W7OM " 151,998 379 51 87 93 *N9LQ " 11,352 63 27 43 16 *VE2BVV " 444,388 746 38 109 89 *XE1AY " 8,322 66 19 17 37

*XE2YWB " 1,536 25 10 9 13 *BH3GIY " 100,452 310 42 90 0 JK1BAB " 216 9 4 8 0 *JR7ANB " 10,502 66 19 37 3
*XE2N 28 44 9 5 6 0 (OP: BG3IAY) *JH8KYU/1 AA 740,715 828 86 182 71 *JP7OQS " 5,512 44 22 24 6
*XE1SPM 14 82,194 445 19 32 52 *BG3ILY " 29,072 147 32 60 0 *JA1UII " 120,870 268 47 90 33 *JK7BEJ " 4,494 58 17 20 5
*XE2YWH " 17,850 129 15 20 35 *BD3GNI " 19,244 119 20 46 2 *JA1MZM " 97,950 250 49 70 31 *JE7MAY " 4,386 44 22 26 3
4A5E AA 356,608 671 53 104 99 *BA4AEO " 13,542 100 27 29 5 *JG1XIO " 84,847 206 55 93 13 *JH7BMF 14 855 19 7 9 3
(OP: XE1EE) *BD7KSF 28A 1,350 39 8 10 0 *JK1TCV " 68,649 171 50 62 35 *JK7UST 7 1,403 21 8 6 9
XE1HG 3.5A 13,384 122 11 14 31 *JH1RNI " 47,268 145 35 60 22
*XE2B AA 381,888 521 61 138 113 Cyprus *JH1DWQ " 9,880 59 27 31 7 JF7PHE AA 308,028 433 77 139 50
*XE2AD " 183,183 423 34 88 61 *P3AA A 881,778 1099 44 161 76 JA7GYP " 151,984 299 54 95 35
(OP: RN3QO) District 2 JR7IWC " 4,410 39 13 25 4
Panama JA2PAC A 258,940 401 68 139 35 JG7PSJ 14A 380,472 803 31 87 48
HP3SS A 938,756 1237 64 162 138 Georgia JA2AXB " 226,791 366 58 122 43 *JO7KMB 7A 29,175 159 23 36 16
HP1ELV " 20,445 125 24 22 41 4L8A 21 128,772 540 18 56 10 JR2PMT " 161,381 319 53 103 31 *JH8CLC/7 " 4 1 1 1 0
HP1XT AA 262,528 423 59 107 127 *4L1BR A 80,976 277 25 86 1 JA2VHO " 156,370 297 52 102 36
JR2UBS " 89,268 195 54 90 28 District 8
Puerto Rico India JH2BTM " 44,110 145 33 57 20 JA8DNV A 42,159 122 48 72 21
KP4JRS 21 46,580 234 15 39 31 VU2GRM A 72,790 208 40 99 6 JF2FIU " 41,638 163 36 53 20 JA8TGD " 3,388 39 15 24 5
*NP3V A 35,640 144 26 41 53 VU2EOJ " 4,150 38 18 32 0 JE2OTM 28 1,809 29 11 16 0 JA8NRS " 700 18 7 7 0
*KP4JFR 21 45,180 218 18 45 27 *VU2CWO A 4,608 42 15 33 0 JJ2VLY 14 41,325 159 25 46 24 JA8IDS 21 48,590 211 24 52 10
KP4/K6DTT AA 1,765,170 1490 84 234 177 JR2BCF " 16,980 100 14 33 13 JH8UQJ 14 39,339 162 25 53 15
VU2DED AA 588,032 834 63 180 13 JR2ALA 7 2,754 34 12 19 3 JE8CLT " 8,000 67 14 23 13
U.S. Virgin Islands *VU2IBI AA 318,934 577 49 138 22 JF2XGF 3.5 7,866 67 13 21 12 *JM8FEI A 50,740 193 41 62 15
*KP2DX A 309,160 506 47 128 87 *VU2PTT 21A 11,591 62 17 45 5 *JA2QVP A 123,668 262 49 91 32 *JA8KGG " 5,547 48 17 24 2
(OP: KP2BH) *JA2GHP " 107,796 268 50 90 16 *JE8KKX 14 875 13 10 13 2
NP2X AA 582,624 748 68 161 128 Israel *JA2FXV " 101,440 243 53 85 22 *JA8UON 7 119 18 3 4 0
4Z5LY A 1,191,396 1384 54 191 58 *JA2ODB " 86,265 236 39 80 16 *JK8PBO 3.5 2 1 1 1 0
AFRICA *4X6FB A 510 11 6 11 0 *JH2LMH " 41,382 131 42 62 17 JA8KSF AA 675,961 776 80 187 52
Canary Islands *4Z5FI 21 133,650 484 14 49 36 *JE2BOM " 29,545 120 37 51 7
EA8DED 28 5,880 58 11 29 2 *4Z5MY " 7,714 80 9 28 1 *JO2XYK " 4,116 36 18 24 0 District 9
(OP: OH2BP) *4Z4AK 14 4,260 48 6 24 0 *JR2PAU " 2,960 33 13 21 3 JA9CWJ A 309,000 454 68 143 39
*EA8AQV A 361,243 469 53 151 67 *4Z5UN 7 255,024 740 23 71 32 *JI2IXA " 1,320 27 9 9 2 JH9CEN " 148,575 308 53 107 15
*EA8BQM " 354,560 493 46 136 74 *JH2MYN 21 62,976 242 26 58 12 JA9RRH " 32,336 125 27 40 27
*EA8LG " 324,891 482 48 143 52 *4Z1TL AA 264,330 504 38 130 30 *JF2AIJ " 1,800 27 8 14 2 JA9CCG 14 33,004 158 18 47 9
*EA8ARG 14 17,922 107 10 41 7 *4X1ST " 150,360 315 37 110 21 *JH2JNU 14 22,800 113 19 39 17 *JA9LX A 182,574 350 59 107 23
*4X6FR 14A 168,609 531 21 68 22 *JR2MIN " 4,699 63 13 17 7 *JA9EJG " 1,378 21 12 13 1
*EA8CNR 21A 143,080 502 23 70 5
Japan JA2HYD AA 201,267 361 62 111 36 District Ø
Comoros District 1 JE2LUN " 16,770 75 28 58 0 JHØMJY A 34,920 138 29 45 16
D6ØAC 21 588 14 5 9 0 JA1OVD A 570,713 695 85 152 70 *JE2CPI 28A 828 17 8 10 0 JAØBZY " 33,681 112 31 53 19
JN1BMX " 405,958 557 79 140 52 JAØGCY 21 39,680 178 24 47 9
Ghana JA1IAZ " 247,679 397 62 124 47 District 3 JHØILL 7 26,496 142 21 33 18
*9G5FI 21A 181,478 547 17 65 31 JA1AYO " 219,555 416 60 108 37 JA3HBF A 323,505 532 65 143 29 *JJØPJD A 155,990 293 56 107 27
(OP: DL2RMC) JA1XRA " 189,108 333 59 104 41 JR3NZC " 122,808 256 45 93 34 *JRØBNF " 17,708 95 31 33 12
JR1EMO " 181,650 325 62 110 38 JL3JRY " 101,520 285 36 76 29 *JHØMUC " 16,492 81 27 46 3
Madeira Islands JH1SJN " 176,490 300 65 111 46 JR3RIU " 88,830 242 46 73 22 *JRØDZH " 11,592 69 23 25 15
*CT3HY 14 149,445 436 23 65 35 7K1III " 146,877 364 56 90 27 JR3BOT " 44,974 147 34 57 22 *JHØEPI 14 49,588 198 23 47 22
JH1CTV " 116,388 278 50 95 14 JP3UBR " 9,504 60 31 37 4 *JRØGXA " 1,323 22 8 6 7
Morocco JA1FNO " 88,050 216 44 81 25 JR3UIC " 6,897 49 24 32 1 *JAØBJY " 319 10 4 7 0
JA1QOW " 78,165 203 39 67 29 JR3RIY 21 72,726 297 25 61 7
*CN8KD 14A 166,808 501 16 51 49 JA3GOJ 14 7,400 69 12 16 9
JH1NCZ " 59,280 171 44 72 14 Kazakhstan
JQ1CIV " 55,610 151 46 71 17 JH3FUK 7 96,380 308 29 65 28 UN5J A 13,616 125 29 63 0
South Africa *JA3LEB A 87,292 271 48 74 17
*ZS6HI A 9,633 61 14 43 0 7K3BKZ " 54,528 160 50 69 23 *UP7L A 738,514 1137 56 164 18
JK1HIX " 52,800 170 40 80 0 *JA3JM " 83,916 233 52 76 20 (OP: UN6LN)
*JE3EDJ " 65,760 168 43 81 13
JH1DGJ " 29,391 103 34 56 11 *UN7JX " 318,556 572 50 167 0
ASIA JS1NDM " 13,760 58 31 37 18
*JN3TSY " 35,310 124 34 66 7
UP5B AA 365,040 617 47 157 4
Asiatic Russia *JH3WKE " 34,692 134 31 46 21
JR1WCT " 8,778 63 24 33 0 *JS3EOE " 26,789 112 38 51 0 (OP: UN7ZO)
District 9 JH1LNL " 3,870 33 19 22 4 *JE3TAT " 23,808 107 35 54 7 *UN4PG 21A 101,952 408 24 71 1
RG9A A 1,995,030 1780 87 262 56 JF1UOW " 3,104 35 9 19 4 *JH3GMI " 22,590 107 33 45 12
UA9TF " 602,820 1062 46 143 15 JF1UOX " 1,026 17 11 16 0 *JJ3QJI " 15,696 105 27 31 14 Lebanon
R9OK " 254,702 603 40 119 2 JK1UVL " 513 15 7 8 4 *JR3XEX " 9,163 87 21 26 2 *OD5ZF 7 45,764 236 12 48 8
RK8I 14 164,120 576 22 58 30 JR1NHD 14 89,250 273 27 59 33 *JK3DGX 21 13,608 93 16 38 0
RA9UAD " 9,650 78 10 39 1 JG1LHB " 52,038 208 22 49 27 *JR3GPP " 8,789 65 15 27 5 Mongolia
*UC8U A 212,982 533 37 94 23 JR1DUP " 22,680 113 21 45 6 *JE3RMQ 14 43,472 196 20 48 20 *JT1PB 14 2,226 62 8 13 0
*R9AAL " 81,875 246 30 91 4 *JS1OYN A 639,111 761 84 169 68 *JF3IYW " 40,592 180 22 49 15
*RW9MZ " 33,110 173 21 49 0 *JI1RXQ " 607,590 713 83 161 70 *JH3IQL " 2,376 29 12 17 4 Qatar
*RZ9AD 21 95,285 412 21 63 1 *JK1OLT " 339,390 477 75 154 41 A71AE 21 83,628 321 16 51 25
*RA8AI 14 13,860 121 9 36 0 *7N2UQC " 285,516 490 73 118 40 JM3UGA AA 36,792 109 47 62 17 *A71MM 7 32,912 170 12 45 11
*RA9AFZ " 12,576 98 9 39 0 *JS1KKY " 222,144 389 67 113 28 JH3EQP " 26,544 113 31 43 10 (OP: A71AE)
*RK9UE " 462 11 4 10 0 *JH1BHW " 144,440 309 63 98 23 JA3VOV " 7,728 61 18 22 8
*R9HAG 7 16,536 129 15 37 0 *JF1WNT " 142,272 274 62 95 35 JF3LOP 28A 1,512 31 9 12 0 Republic of Korea
*JA1EMQ " 89,435 228 45 77 33 HL2WA A 481,459 806 69 150 34
RT9A AA 517,788 583 76 210 56 *JA1PCM " 65,608 185 45 76 18 District 4 HL2AHL " 12,740 80 24 45 1
RO9A " 191,862 445 34 95 24 *JK1JAS " 59,492 161 44 74 21 JA4CZM A 205,716 359 63 109 45 *DS5DNO A 52,272 235 36 50 13
UA9UR 21A 169,848 778 20 64 0 *JE1RRK " 55,692 165 41 67 18 JR4CTF " 73,035 221 43 77 15 *DS1TRU " 1,056 18 10 13 1
RA9AU 14A 187,153 660 22 64 15 *JJ1KZZ " 53,928 158 41 63 22 JG4AKL 14 113,526 339 27 65 34 *HL2CFY 21 2,940 50 9 11 0
*JA1RRA " 52,375 166 44 70 11 *JE4MHL A 310,554 483 71 141 31 *DS5VTG 14 198 10 4 4 1
*UA9MA AA 1,388,967 1658 70 219 32 *JH4UTP " 277,536 485 64 132 40
*UA9D " 192,510 359 43 145 19 *JA1IZ " 48,190 145 44 59 19 *HL5YI " 12 3 3 3 0
*JR1AQI " 45,900 156 33 52 17 *JI4WHS " 85,680 246 50 71 23
*R9RA " 86,480 357 21 63 8 *JH4GLG " 14,016 87 26 28 10
*JA3GZE/1 " 30,816 140 37 50 9 HL4CEL AA 42,330 236 31 48 6
*JA1ATM " 27,824 114 32 54 8 *JH4RUM " 1,590 28 15 12 3 *HL2KV AA 26,746 128 34 46 6
District Ø *JH4FUF 21 10,550 78 16 31 3
RDØA A 488,796 742 59 157 37 *JA1GFD " 25,380 110 32 48 14 *JA4RMX 14 22,578 111 17 37 17 *HL1VAU " 13,545 97 25 38 0
RWØSR " 460,119 817 50 137 32 *JA1IE " 20,657 100 34 45 12 *JH4CES " 1,950 27 8 7 10 *HL3AMO 7A 14,878 157 15 24 4
RAØACM " 198,576 407 56 112 29 *JA1ALE " 17,708 100 28 35 13
UAØZK " 171,534 517 38 66 34 *JK1HIY " 13,370 65 21 35 14 JH4UYB AA 2,218,230 1684 111 277 102 Saudi Arabia
RAØAM 14 2,162 46 5 18 0 *7K1VKU " 9,610 55 23 34 5 JR4OZR " 1,846,520 1592 95 244 85 *7Z1AL A 900 52 11 39 0
*UAØLKD A 81,991 316 39 72 8 *JE1FYV " 8,476 80 21 25 6 JH4CPC " 94,000 184 59 91 38 *7Z1OO 14 2,626 45 6 20 0
*RØJD " 78,085 315 38 71 6 *JG1SWV " 7,923 51 20 28 9 JI4WAO 21A 1,632 23 6 18 0
*UBØAZR " 51,615 185 28 83 0 *JA1GZK " 7,350 56 18 18 13 JR4VEV 7A 29,230 172 20 43 11 Taiwan
*UAØJFD " 46,100 198 36 56 8 *JH1OHZ " 6,954 50 23 25 9 BX4AG 21 5,432 85 8 20 0
*RAØAN " 45,305 210 18 54 13 *JA1OHP " 6,063 52 22 22 3 District 5 BV2LA AA 210,999 441 52 104 27
*UAØJGI " 28,684 197 28 38 5 *JF1WCK " 5,300 43 23 29 1 JA5SUD A 145,070 305 50 95 33 BV4VQ 21A 520 36 4 4 0
*RAØLQ/MM" 14,694 64 27 35 17 *JA1WBX " 5,225 42 23 26 6 JE5JHZ " 33,948 134 32 56 4
*UAØSDX " 154 17 6 16 0 *JHØDUG/1 " 4,416 50 19 22 5 *JJ5NYY A 95,034 274 43 82 16 Thailand
*RGØS 21 50,778 344 15 48 0 *JP1LRT " 3,168 38 11 10 12 *JA5OXV " 1,855 19 16 16 3 E25KAE 21 170,185 638 23 68 10
*RAØFLP " 6,768 59 16 29 2 *JE1HXZ " 2,584 26 15 13 10 *JA5CDL 14 24,282 136 21 42 8 HS18IARU 7 23,498 156 15 42 5
*RYØA " 990 22 4 11 0 *JE1ILP " 1,634 21 16 19 3 (OP: E21EIC)
*RØCW 14 42,273 306 15 44 4 *JA1JNM " 1,224 18 8 12 4 JA5NSR 3.5A 720 31 5 6 5 *E2ØPFE A 85,044 298 37 76 1
*RWØAJ " 36,720 178 16 45 11 *JQ1COB " 897 17 9 14 0 *JH5HDA AA 83,616 254 46 72 16 *HS1OLQ " 28,476 151 26 54 4
*RCØAJ " 4,224 49 10 23 0 *JP1BVR " 112 5 4 4 0 *HS5ZLD " 5,336 46 18 27 1
*JQ1PCT " 40 3 2 2 1 District 6 *HS4MLV " 940 21 8 12 0
UAØAGI AA 876,360 1006 85 212 38 *JF1OVA 28 1,474 28 9 13 0 JA6BZI A 430,700 523 81 164 50 *E2ØTWR " 779 20 9 10 0
RUØLL " 606,483 1070 67 141 29 *JG1UKW 21 32,802 164 22 45 10 JA6FFO " 15,776 90 27 33 8 *HS8KAY " 475 16 7 12 0
RØCAF " 169,371 494 45 78 30 *JI1BBN " 20,473 130 18 41 0 JR6IQI 28 954 22 8 10 0 *HS8JYX 21 19,344 153 13 34 1
RMØF " 134,994 395 40 74 37 *JA1SCE " 19,620 119 19 39 2 JR6IKD 14 5,967 65 13 26 0
RAØR " 94,677 241 37 100 14 *JA1DBG " 2,448 34 15 18 1 *JS6UGC A 5,750 61 20 21 5 *HS8NKB AA 8,798 75 17 36 0
UCØA 14A 225,597 588 28 76 35 *JF1TEU 14 53,360 211 21 44 27 *JE6PJP " 900 25 8 9 1 *E2ØXMG 21A 38,350 236 20 42 3
*JJ1ENZ " 39,330 161 23 48 19 *JA6BCV 21 15,309 89 19 39 5 *HS3NBR 14A 42,742 215 18 40 13
Asiatic Turkey *JA1QIF " 33,750 137 22 48 20 *JA6WFM " 10,918 73 19 28 6 *E24OYI " 3,720 60 12 19 0
*TA7I A 654,081 909 45 156 62 *JH1KYA " 22,050 121 19 36 15 *JR6YAA " 5,040 53 13 21 2
*TA2E " 89,232 253 30 99 3 *JA1CCH " 15,317 115 18 22 13 (OP: JR6AG) United Arab Emirates
*TA2MN " 69,147 219 24 81 12 *JA2JNC/1 " 14,896 114 14 19 16 *JA6GCE 14 257,252 663 29 74 43 A65DR AA 2,002,338 1828 80 258 49
*TA7LZB " 28,294 157 16 69 1 *JK1NSR " 11,660 82 16 20 17 *JH6WHN " 105,530 340 26 63 33 (OP: G7SLP)
*JI1DGW " 1,281 29 7 10 4 *JH6SCA " 260 8 5 5 3
TA3LHH AA 496,881 734 50 148 41 (OP: JJ2TKX) West Malaysia
TA3E 7A 954 20 4 14 0 *JF1OPO " 165 8 5 6 0 JA6MWW AA 126,636 298 53 98 32 *9W2GEE 7 6,003 86 10 15 4
*TA4RC AA 38,985 130 33 74 6 *JH1WOY " 135 6 3 4 2 *JG6JAV AA 136,160 341 54 100 31 *9W2EYR " 1,602 35 6 12 0
*TA4CS " 11,319 91 11 37 1 *JK1DRV " 105 9 3 4 0 *JH6QIL " 89,518 257 48 74 21 *9W2FHG " 1,241 35 7 9 1
*TA4AU 14A 30,380 172 13 42 7 *7N2JNN " 31 26 12 14 5 *JE6TUP " 1,170 24 11 12 3 *9M2TO AA 88,790 311 35 90 5
*JA6GMC 21A 15,847 114 17 34 2
Azerbaijan JM1XCW AA 1,010,592 1010 84 183 96
*4J3DJ A 501,956 901 37 142 18 JE1LFX " 857,850 832 97 221 81 District 7 EUROPE
JN1THL " 748,312 773 89 200 67 JH7QXJ A 607,476 807 81 136 67 Austria
China JL1CNY " 303,732 494 65 130 41 JG7AMD " 474,874 616 73 158 52 OE6MMD A 159,840 362 39 92 54
BA3AX A 16,530 181 22 31 4 JF1LMB " 289,440 438 65 138 37 JA7IC " 288,519 459 67 112 52 OE3NHW " 100,800 219 46 103 43
*BD7BW A 34,688 241 25 39 0 JH1RFM " 281,303 431 67 132 40 JA7ACM " 221,778 371 63 112 47 *OE2E A 660,222 1139 44 147 67
*BG2KAJ " 3,498 49 14 17 2 JJ1XBQ " 223,020 352 65 129 42 JA7MAD " 144,177 282 57 99 31 (OP: OE2GEN)
*BH4SCF " 2,812 32 16 21 0 JA1SJV " 197,640 335 67 106 43 JA7ZF " 46,512 141 35 61 18 *OE1CIW " 146,497 359 41 117 33
*BG8PM 21 14,749 117 14 35 0 JR1BAS " 169,286 273 68 115 38 JA7VEI " 36,725 112 34 55 24 *OE7GJ " 33,286 190 20 69 0
*BH8PHG " 9,027 68 15 36 0 JA1BWA " 128,502 275 54 94 29 JR7IWL " 33,264 118 35 47 26 *OE1TKW " 20,667 120 18 49 16
*BA3MM 14 14,800 138 12 34 4 7K4VPV " 49,813 175 34 68 7 JN7TAN " 20,350 102 31 42 1 *OE7MOP 7 31,200 206 13 50 12
*BH3TZB 3.5 8 2 1 1 0 JF1RYU 21A 96,901 319 29 66 14 JM7OLW " 7,992 82 26 28 0 *OE5FDM " 11,388 105 10 37 5
JA1WSK " 92,095 304 29 68 16 JA7LLL 14 82,953 260 27 61 29
*BH3WNL AA 102,268 290 49 89 10 JH1OAI 14A 41,220 162 18 43 29 *JA7MWC A 38,016 136 43 57 8 OE6MDF AA 1,638,910 1536 95 261 99

OE5TXF " 304,544 591 47 151 50 *OK1PMA A 360,930 630 49 149 67 G4AMT " 83,721 177 41 65 71 *UA4FX " 90,170 310 30 103 9
(OP: G3TXF) *OK2LC " 323,950 524 61 158 56 G3P " 80,196 210 38 86 40 *RA4UDC " 50,600 208 25 76 14
OE2LCM " 245,088 485 49 116 57 *OK2HFC " 220,626 525 43 136 27 (OP: G3WPH) *R4WT " 48,825 241 22 82 1
*OK1HEH " 202,781 499 41 131 27 G3XLG " 70,832 198 32 93 27 *R4WZ " 41,265 190 27 75 3
Balearic Islands *OK1PX " 169,242 385 41 115 45 G3VPW " 59,321 172 27 59 51 *RK4NB " 25,092 116 26 73 3
*EA6ZS 14 24,700 160 14 45 17 *OK1MDK " 130,248 278 49 119 33 GØORH 21A 12,524 96 14 27 21 *R4FCJ " 15,136 115 24 62 0
EC6DX AA 34,596 174 18 51 24 *OK4RQ " 105,196 259 42 113 27 MØUNI 7A 42,658 270 11 50 16 *UA4SBZ " 14,874 103 18 56 0
*OK2WMC " 75,372 286 28 97 7 *M3AWD AA 745,500 952 62 193 100 *RW4CLF " 14,175 88 22 49 4
Belarus *OK2VIR " 68,096 277 29 99 0 *2EØINN " 467,464 740 50 160 74 (OP: @UA4CPH)
EU4E A 752,332 861 77 207 104 *OK1MGA " 46,704 210 24 69 19 *GØFGI " 347,035 555 49 168 64 *UA4HBM " 12,903 88 16 51 2
EW8DX " 706,256 1165 61 180 55 *OK1BJ " 26,883 132 26 67 10 *G9F " 309,550 470 58 183 61 *RA4L 14 5,891 72 7 35 1
EU1DX " 464,968 628 78 190 54 *OK1TK " 15,375 117 15 50 10 (OP: G4BVY) *R4MA " 925 19 5 19 1
EW8Z " 240,397 674 34 119 26 *OK7SE " 8,128 55 18 33 13 *M5X " 248,966 394 50 171 60
EW8OM " 115,596 377 36 111 9 *OK6AB " 4,278 35 15 16 15 (OP: G3RLE) RK4FD AA 231,392 440 57 106 61
EU8U " 414 13 6 12 0 *OK5SWL " 1,032 24 7 17 0 *G4DBW " 157,685 275 47 121 67 RA4WE " 208,878 529 43 135 8
*EW1OW A 128,199 431 27 113 11 (OP: OK2SWD) *G4OZG " 138,950 388 37 114 24 (OP: RW4WZ)
*EW1NM " 77,556 283 30 93 15 *OK1CLD 21 35,105 151 23 30 32 *G8S " 75,348 253 34 107 20 UA4CC " 42,612 208 29 63 14
*EW1P " 62,370 177 41 92 21 *OK2CLW " 31,416 139 25 41 22 (OP: G4IDF) RD4A 14A 35,615 193 18 44 23
*EW8OO 7 17,340 186 10 41 0 *OK1MGW " 11,880 84 17 23 15 *MØVBY " 46,020 179 28 66 24 RA4PQ " 30,495 115 19 54 34
*EW6DM " 15,400 153 10 41 5 *OK2DIK 14 17,400 128 19 46 10 *2EØXRD " 45,100 196 26 63 21 *RW4W AA 204,352 398 52 176 20
*OK1FIA " 3,895 47 12 21 8 *MØIPU " 35,438 194 17 66 11 *UC4I " 67,667 217 37 113 7
EV1R AA 1,276,044 1191 90 269 103 *OK6T 7 344,733 1025 26 83 42 *G3KNU " 25,666 131 17 45 20 *RU4SS 21A 27,675 156 22 53 0
*EW7B AA 672,336 1003 64 200 58 (OP: OK1WCF) *2EØEBM " 21,600 93 25 51 24
*EW4R " 175,272 427 43 131 27 *OK7V " 58,017 330 14 51 18 *G3RTU " 15,552 115 16 55 1 District 6
*EU1ST " 10,746 102 12 42 0 (OP: OK1VRF) *G8VPE " 14,742 68 28 48 15 RX6AM A 70,350 226 40 71 23
*OK7NV " 15,300 175 7 37 1 *GØHEU " 12,312 73 20 46 15 RU6MO " 51,537 226 25 74 24
Belgium *OK1DAR " 5,214 80 6 27 0 *MØRYB " 12,210 74 20 43 11 R6DM 21 18,492 107 18 33 16
ON6MX A 878,576 1077 63 165 116 *OK2SWD " 171 10 2 7 0 *M7TCC " 112 7 2 6 0 UB7K 14 88,160 407 17 45 33
OS7ET " 17,085 80 23 38 24 *OK1FHI 3.5 4,800 78 5 27 0 *G4NXG/M 21A 6,439 50 14 20 13 RN6L " 30,498 220 13 41 15
(OP: ON7ET) *G4RRM " 4,290 49 13 15 11 *R6KX A 193,154 401 48 138 35
*ON5GQ A 968,436 1062 67 187 124 OL5ØDJ AA 148,520 343 35 104 49 *GØZ 14A 44,826 222 19 47 27 *RZ6D " 146,880 489 33 117 10
*ON4CT " 346,625 517 64 161 70 OK2RU " 28,536 106 37 80 6 (OP: G1RVD) *R6LAQ " 53,595 188 33 83 19
*OS6AT " 204,268 402 45 129 49 OK1VK " 21,896 94 20 28 44 *2E1LSI " 36,450 194 13 38 30 *R7NA " 46,068 151 39 80 13
(OP: ON6AT) OK1DOY 7A 102,396 412 19 50 37 *G7G " 4,070 41 6 15 16 *UA6HLN " 9,752 97 14 39 0
*ON5IA " 133,440 318 40 117 35 OL7R 3.5A 236,680 952 21 68 33 *MØNQN " 230 8 3 2 5 *RK7X " 8,352 75 17 45 10
*ON3UN " 73,432 271 40 79 15 *OK4GP AA 954,684 968 83 220 111 *G1N 7A 184,860 690 21 72 37 *RA6AAW " 2,860 32 14 25 5
*OS2AD " 38,100 166 22 53 25 *OK1BR " 269,426 625 42 144 28 (OP: GØURR) *R6DKQ " 1,088 33 4 12 0
(OP: ON2AD) *OK7KW " 148,400 293 52 83 65 *M5P 3.5A 18,964 238 5 39 0 *RQ7R 14 102,800 502 18 61 21
*ON3VS " 10,549 88 25 52 0 *OK1SI " 133,856 365 39 125 14 (OP: M5BIR) *RT6DI " 23,490 137 17 51 13
*ON8HW " 3,608 47 14 27 3 *OK2SG " 88,206 208 45 107 31 *R7MT " 12,144 122 10 37 1
*OQ4B 14 92,910 353 22 58 34 *OK1CT " 49,500 168 40 67 25 Estonia *R7LY 7 23,628 199 12 49 5
(OP: ON4BHQ) *OK5OK " 42,292 175 20 72 17 ES4RD 7 166,950 765 21 64 20 *RU6YK " 10,945 97 13 34 8
*ON1DX " 78,315 300 22 60 33 *OK2PF " 25,088 142 25 60 13 *ES1LL A 117,288 301 45 110 26
*ON4LY " 1,121 29 4 15 0 *OK2VV " 23,598 191 14 55 0 *ES7AAZ 14 128,196 544 21 58 29 UA6Y AA 82,792 256 41 96 21
*ON5KDX 7 35,721 297 10 46 7 *OL3R 14A 102,543 316 23 67 43 UA6AA " 42,846 160 23 61 27
(OP: OK1VWK) ES1BH AA 54,625 231 27 88 10 RA6GW 21A 117,390 373 28 74 28
OR3A AA 1,722,378 1453 90 262 131 *OK2UHP 7A 13,202 173 7 34 0 ES5RY 14A 494,440 1040 34 100 54 RU6YJ " 47,058 221 21 49 23
(OP: ON6CC) ES2MC " 45,045 205 16 41 34 RV6ASU " 5,390 48 14 19 16
ON6LEO 7A 15,000 157 10 40 0 Denmark *ES3RF AA 55,380 194 35 84 23 UC6N 14A 170,684 575 25 77 40
OQ5M " 2,240 34 8 21 3 OZ9GA A 842,710 1193 67 190 69 *ES3BH " 9,685 80 15 50 0 *R7MM AA 607,149 816 69 217 53
(OP: ON5ZO) OZ11A " 742,632 1095 66 153 72 *R7RF " 86,154 250 34 116 16
*ON4APU AA 600,084 804 62 176 78 OZ4O " 203,472 423 43 126 47 *RT6N " 70,623 243 33 89 11
*ON4PJA " 37,022 179 31 69 7 OZ/DJ8ES 14 42,328 224 17 53 18
European Russia *UA6CE 21A 127,728 366 32 82 30
*ON4TTT 3.5A 48,766 337 14 51 9 OZ8PG " 8,694 74 9 14 23
District 1
*UA1AOS A 195,908 575 37 125 10
OZ7DK 7 32,292 199 15 54 9
*R1AV " 113,540 484 29 108 3
District 9
Bosnia-Herzegovina *OZØJD A 88,395 547 17 56 10
*RA1WZ " 110,979 296 46 107 24
R9FE A 27,224 171 16 67 0
*E78T A 191,000 460 36 111 53 *OZ6AGX " 43,977 190 25 67 15 *R9FBT A 125,560 368 34 134 4
*R1LN " 33,864 233 18 62 3 *RA9XSL " 5,635 66 11 38 0
*E77EA " 52,924 276 18 80 3 *OZ1QX " 32,271 176 22 65 6
*RU1AT " 15,176 148 12 44 0 *R8XF 21 47,937 395 12 45 0
*E77D " 45,024 279 16 68 0 *OZ4NE 14 7,040 79 10 30 4 *RX1AG 14 22,320 156 17 47 8
*E78CB " 36,850 163 26 82 2
*E78AX 14 55,360 363 13 42 25 5Q2J AA 275,805 522 49 121 57 European Turkey
*E73EP 7 1,944 30 8 14 5 R1FZ 14A 110,700 572 17 53 30 *YM1KE 14 6,912 101 5 31 0
OZ4ØØHS " 157,850 329 45 107 53
*E72X 3.5 61,992 533 10 53 0 *RL1F AA 10,240 88 16 48 0 *TC1HUT " 612 25 4 8 0
(OP: 5P1KZX)
OZ1FHU " 30,067 171 26 81 0 (OP: TA4RC)
E72U AA 57,722 190 30 74 29 OZ1AXG " 2,870 32 12 24 5
District 3
*OZ1CK AA 135,575 319 38 106 43 RC5Z A 623,997 975 69 188 40 Finland
E77CFG " 9,300 68 22 28 0
E79Q 28A 25,410 164 20 50 0 *OZ/DJ5LA14A 85,580 347 18 56 36 RQ2Q " 192,126 438 43 137 33 OH2BBT A 130,680 310 45 93 42
R2ATC " 172,368 462 42 147 0 OH5VT " 113,364 278 43 124 21
*E73DAR AA 98,404 336 34 97 15 *OZ1JVX 7A 32,630 248 13 48 4
R3BB " 63,646 286 24 89 8 OG4X " 107,819 359 34 98 5
*E79D 3.5A 17,841 164 9 46 2
RT5C " 49,680 217 26 76 13 (OP: OH1MA)
England UA3UBT " 19,448 116 21 64 3 OH1XY " 25,344 99 28 53 15
Bulgaria G3T A 372,048 607 54 155 67 RV3TG " 18,407 114 17 57 5
LZ5R A 1,227,954 1519 74 164 108 OH2LIR 21 468 9 9 9 0
(OP: G3VGZ) UA3DSN " 576 15 9 14 1
(OP: LZ5DB) *OH1TP A 283,175 564 49 139 47
G2E " 369,234 607 53 147 81 R3GZ 21 49,830 201 27 66 17
LZ3ND 3.5 126,072 618 17 61 24 *OH1SIC " 245,244 557 41 151 22
M1X " 157,009 371 39 112 46 R3LC " 48,925 200 23 53 27
LZ5XQ " 43,064 403 9 44 3 (OP: SM5SIC)
(OP: GØCKP) R3TE 14 156,732 661 21 68 22
*LZ3QE A 471,435 828 55 152 58 *OH2LU " 32,656 143 23 64 17
G1SCT " 121,940 299 41 99 42 *RU5X A 197,472 486 48 144 12
*LZ2ZY " 292,400 597 46 105 64 *OH3UAH " 7,259 75 16 45 0
G4RKO " 25,585 155 17 51 17 *R5ACQ " 140,768 402 36 118 12
*LZ2HT " 90,900 308 36 96 18 G9D 21 1,702 32 9 14 0 *OH4KA " 560 18 4 12 0
*RX3Z " 127,466 387 36 122 5 *OH5C 21 2,581 34 9 15 5
*LZ1BY " 4,674 57 14 39 4 (OP: G6NHU) *RV3ZN " 123,250 349 41 120 9 (OP: OH5CW)
*LZ2JA 14 232,883 790 24 70 39 G8X 7 406,318 1236 24 76 46 *RN5AA " 122,472 369 35 121 12 *OH2HOD 14 91,056 368 21 57 34
*LZ1G " 15,642 114 11 42 13 (OP: G4FJK) *RZ3AV " 118,319 323 42 121 16 *OH8GBO " 31,050 194 13 40 22
(OP: LZ5RG) *GØHDV A 246,760 617 36 127 36 *RU3OZ " 92,856 248 38 76 45 *OF5C " 24,024 200 12 42 2
*G4EBK " 227,188 482 43 130 48 *RN3OG " 92,168 247 32 93 39
LZ2YO AA 926,624 1082 71 206 91 (OP: OH5CW)
*G3XTZ " 224,418 467 39 126 61 *RX3VF " 89,958 327 30 109 2
LZ6K " 727,184 785 75 208 93 *OH2EUU " 12,567 98 12 38 9
*MØAFZ " 165,600 446 33 123 28 *RW3WX " 86,284 292 37 96 15
(OP: LZ2PL) *OH2JLN " 11,739 139 7 36 0
*M3X " 97,240 317 31 88 24 *R2UZ " 74,698 217 45 92 32
LZ1ZJ " 181,482 393 46 119 38 *OH9GIT " 1,225 21 7 12 6
(OP: MØIHT) *UA3XO " 50,736 253 24 83 5
LZ6DX 14A 24,633 191 18 40 5 *OH5CY 7 33,550 276 12 48 1
*GØC " 49,595 220 19 42 30 *R3AI " 45,156 158 34 91 17
LZ2ZG 7A 5,671 49 12 37 4 *OH5UQ " 30,654 206 17 53 8
(OP: GØCER) *RA3V " 39,911 226 23 84 0
*LZ1JZ AA 112,992 295 40 104 32 *G4JBA " 49,560 168 26 44 48 *RK3DSW " 29,280 145 23 69 4 OH3FM AA 1,273,280 1569 81 214 73
*G7RTI " 30,624 193 19 58 10 *RA3PDG " 3,375 44 13 32 0
Corsica OF1F " 1,248,537 1538 66 184 89
*G8AFN " 18,334 99 21 49 19 *RA3E " 1,368 26 9 25 2
TK5MH 21A 343,070 778 32 84 53 (OP: OH1TM)
*2EØOBO " 17,739 106 18 47 16 *RZ3DZ " 140 7 3 7 0 OG6N " 342,845 384 79 213 67
*G8CRB " 17,384 104 22 51 9 *UA3PI 21 66,748 371 20 50 12
Crete (OP: OH6NIO)
*MØSAR " 11,607 70 16 47 10 *UA3IHJ 14 27,804 135 17 41 26
*SV9AHZ A 3,318 46 12 30 0 OH6DX " 199,139 396 57 127 39
*M7KOY " 2,040 36 9 24 1 *RV3YR " 11,664 97 11 21 22
SV9FBG AA 1,498,500 1837 63 189 118 OH2XX " 197,760 409 33 83 76
*M7FRS " 988 24 8 18 0 *RJ3F " 5,775 92 5 28 0
SV9COL 21A 116,382 395 26 55 38 *M7V 21 43,148 199 20 47 25 OF5Z " 104,204 211 62 128 28
*RW2WR 7 13,104 120 11 45 0 (OP: OH5CZ)
*SV9DJO AA 132,830 344 48 125 12 (OP: MØVAA)
*SV9MBH " 89,602 346 31 93 18 OH8WR " 81,322 267 42 90 14
*G4KIV " 24,455 158 13 27 27 RM3DA AA 1,742,790 1779 86 252 92
*SV9RNG " 52,724 277 23 68 7 OH5BM " 54,208 179 31 55 26
*G1VDP " 22,824 137 16 33 23 R3KF " 555,060 792 75 200 55 OH1XX " 50,086 120 49 79 30
*G3YZO " 1,073 26 8 15 6 RQ3M " 313,818 505 59 173 39
Croatia *G3Y 14 33,072 195 11 40 27 OH1X " 32,718 109 42 80 11
*9A7B A 132,042 380 40 117 20 R5AJ " 199,430 467 41 94 50 (OP: OH3WW)
(OP: G3YBY) R2XM " 164,566 350 51 127 36
*9A7KR " 80,758 257 32 101 16 OH6BA " 13,860 99 19 51 0
*G4HYG " 24,080 167 12 36 22 R3AQ " 58,718 156 43 123 21
*9A5CC " 6,360 71 16 35 2 OF1TM " 4,488 64 8 25 1
*G1HYD " 19,829 121 15 38 26 RK3TD " 52,216 168 25 32 50
*9A3RPT " 1,239 34 7 14 0 (OP: OH1TM)
*GØSNG " 10,416 88 13 34 9 R5DT " 29,280 119 35 46 15
*9A8A 28 1,606 32 7 15 0 OH3LQK 21A 13,992 101 20 38 8
*G4WGE " 9,844 103 8 31 7 RA3TT " 16,960 97 20 48 12
*9A4W 21 3,040 30 12 13 13 OG2P 14A 711,786 1486 35 104 55
*M1TZR " 7,740 91 9 34 0 RK3TT " 378 12 6 7 1 (OP: OH2PM)
*9A3BFP 7 3,090 61 7 23 0
*9A9TT 3.5 11,327 146 7 39 1 *G1FHB " 2,790 71 5 26 0 RG2A 21A 153,321 420 31 83 33 OG4W 7A 300,246 824 31 89 43
*G6MXL " 700 19 6 12 2 R2CA 14A 177,278 563 27 73 37
*G4N 7 176,534 698 21 69 32 (OP: OH4KZM)
9A5Y AA 4,986,465 3273 117 355 171 RG2Y 3.5A 30,682 287 10 48 0 *OH7L AA 661,380 842 73 225 67
(OP: 9A7DX) (OP: G4ZVB) *RG5A AA 2,281,284 2000 93 281 112 (OP: OH8TV)
9A4WY " 126,720 283 41 65 59 *G1P " 43,896 375 10 43 9 *RM5F " 671,309 1407 55 198 28 *OH7GGX " 527,052 930 54 174 35
9A5D 14A 880,393 1847 36 106 55 (OP: MØIEP) *RY3PAE " 268,888 535 50 173 21 *OH6FXL " 55,220 250 23 77 10
(OP: 9A3ID) *G4ZOB " 39,280 235 13 49 18 *R2AT " 138,840 357 41 128 26 *OH5CX " 27,630 157 22 67 1
9A6OY 7A 68,250 394 12 56 23 *G4SJX " 32,190 218 11 51 12 *RK2M " 89,999 292 37 119 5
9A3XV " 1,876 34 7 18 3 *M5W 3.5 29,670 210 9 48 12 *RW3DY " 69,720 196 36 112 20
(OP: MØHMJ)
France
*9A1DR AA 39,215 168 26 67 22 *R3VL " 68,926 255 31 104 8 F6EKX A 437,900 678 54 159 77
*9A3LET " 22,932 126 20 44 14 *G6N " 14,544 171 8 38 2 *RX3AFE " 18,050 98 23 48 24 F5OAM " 351,116 660 44 119 81
*9A3AAW " 17,010 77 30 46 14 (OP: GØGDU) *RX3ACO " 7,440 52 15 33 14 F1RHS " 81,180 259 29 67 36
*9A1FL 21A 56,842 215 24 41 32 *GØORY " 6,588 96 5 31 0 *RA3FD " 6,102 62 12 42 0 F6HRP 21 165,765 495 25 58 46
*9A6KZH " 3,926 58 12 14 0 *RA3Y 14A 70,596 281 22 55 34 F5LBL 14 7,614 94 10 37 0
M7T AA 1,372,290 1380 86 266 95 *UC5D " 18,031 126 17 39 17 *F4EGA A 475,860 691 59 173 76
Czech Republic (OP: G3YYD) *RX3MM " 17,680 124 15 48 5 *F6GGA " 429,930 801 52 159 44
OK2SFP A 1,105,188 1420 70 197 87 G5K " 822,900 897 77 215 98 *R5DF 7A 15 3 2 3 0 *F4FRC " 226,122 499 44 146 33
OK2EQ " 334,339 550 59 161 57 (OP: GØBNR) *F6BQG " 191,334 367 44 110 69
OK4FF " 308,655 479 63 154 68 M2J " 638,661 724 63 194 102 District 4 *F6GCI " 184,398 359 42 124 53
OK1EP " 186,400 364 45 134 54 (OP: G4NBS) RG4A A 588,669 877 67 201 49 *F4FRG " 120,582 290 43 104 42
OK1DBE " 128,148 307 37 79 61 G2U " 485,782 700 61 180 70 RC4PH " 89,740 309 36 101 3 *F5OHM " 109,292 262 37 81 60
OK1XC 21 18,072 97 16 27 29 (OP: GØUGO) R4CI " 68,005 255 32 108 5 *F4GYM " 106,200 239 37 86 54
OK7W 7 722,102 1757 31 89 53 G6T " 137,286 385 36 100 38 *RA4FUN A 300,144 620 54 144 24 *F4FCE " 80,352 232 30 84 48
(OP: OK1CID) G4LPP " 116,380 202 59 119 52 *RZ4AZ " 119,848 417 32 107 3 *F5GKW " 78,052 227 34 89 35

*F1IEH " 74,102 250 29 73 32 *DL6UAA " 2,679 24 20 24 3 *DL7VDX " 27,108 109 31 58 19 *IK4IDP " 220,558 413 48 120 53
*F4IRV " 67,635 226 29 81 25 *DM3AW " 2,312 29 9 19 6 *DG3BZ " 24,108 108 30 80 13 *I2XLF " 201,894 487 43 126 40
*F5RD " 31,302 171 18 69 7 *DL1JPF " 2,277 33 10 23 0 *DL6MHW " 22,113 117 16 59 16 *IK4QJF " 201,152 422 50 127 47
*F1IWH " 29,280 151 23 67 6 *DF6JF " 1,798 38 7 21 1 *DL5ANS " 19,836 98 26 46 15 *IK3AES " 157,488 347 44 106 43
*F5IVP " 25,146 111 26 43 30 *DD9HK " 1,530 26 14 20 0 *DL7ALM " 17,334 99 21 52 8 *IO7A " 150,586 352 44 111 51
*F4CIB " 8,601 60 15 30 16 *DL1STV " 777 20 6 15 0 *DF7CB " 12,213 76 15 37 17 *IN3BJS " 147,552 300 36 59 79
*F5TYY " 8,200 84 11 39 0 *DM3VPJ " 667 12 9 10 4 *DK6OR " 10,579 66 25 33 13 *IK7RVY " 132,765 418 31 96 40
*F6APU " 6,688 102 8 36 0 *DD3QQ " 594 13 10 12 0 *DH6KM " 7,776 70 15 24 15 *IW4EGX " 132,704 292 34 57 85
*F8CPA " 3,885 49 8 21 8 *DJ1YFK " 522 15 6 12 0 *DF1LX " 4,950 51 12 36 2 *IW2MYH " 128,832 310 39 100 44
*F4EEJ " 1,092 24 11 15 0 *DL7URB " 325 11 11 11 3 *DL4LT " 3,395 52 11 24 0 *IZ4YAB " 119,756 318 34 124 24
*F5GGL " 870 16 12 13 5 *DH8BQA " 108 5 4 4 1 *DL4VDA " 2,870 35 13 14 14 *IU4HMY " 114,009 279 42 96 45
*F5ROX 14 3,432 42 9 21 9 *DK2WH 21 89,585 295 27 58 30 *DF5EM " 1,586 30 6 19 1 *IQ3RP " 109,056 306 50 127 15
*F1DHX 7 177,366 694 17 61 45 *DLØRD " 19,698 109 15 26 26 *DO5NU 21A 17,958 91 18 29 26 *IK2SAR " 97,299 229 37 71 63
*F5PVJ " 46,248 277 14 53 15 (OP: DL3CQ) *DL6GV " 7,854 53 13 19 19 *IW3IOD " 96,730 259 41 97 32
*F1IKA " 42,880 272 11 55 14 *DO1BEN " 950 27 8 11 6 *DF4WC 14A 53,156 232 18 44 35 *IK2AUK " 89,739 247 36 101 40
*F5GFA " 1,659 43 3 17 1 *DO2VI " 616 21 10 12 0 *DJ6OI 3.5A 9,805 99 8 40 5 *IZ8XXE " 88,704 296 31 104 9
*F5BEG 3.5 78,795 465 10 52 23 *DH7SA 14 74,776 310 18 56 30 *IK2OVT " 86,344 206 39 87 46
*DL1AKL " 21,240 178 13 43 4 Greece *IK8ARF " 82,164 240 37 86 41
F6AUS AA 455,172 624 67 201 64 *DL3MB " 17,640 116 11 39 22 SV3EXU A 307,272 607 47 143 58 *IZ3DVU " 80,750 184 42 81 47
F6EQZ " 289,850 418 55 132 88 *DJ7UC " 15,732 94 14 31 24 SZ3P " 7,395 70 11 36 4 *IKØCHU " 79,864 297 24 90 20
F4HRM " 224,758 406 44 94 80 *DLØGEO " 7,661 74 11 26 10 (OP: SV3GKU) *IZ6BXQ " 63,523 211 33 69 37
F5PHW " 85,239 158 61 75 53 (OP: DL2YAK) *SV3SPC A 61,686 250 30 94 14 *IZ5IMB " 63,407 170 44 86 33
F5BMI " 68,191 365 16 70 11 *DL7TG " 5,907 100 6 27 0 *SV4RNT " 22,825 145 21 62 0 *IN3OWY " 60,996 336 16 86 0
F1ADG " 29,600 144 20 52 28 *DL5MHX " 4,756 58 9 23 9 *SV2SIF " 14,118 93 23 51 4 *IU3GJD " 58,362 215 27 95 15
F1TRE " 25,704 109 29 57 16 *DD5MA " 3,672 44 6 6 22 *SV1CEI " 11,088 60 22 29 21 *IW1CBG " 51,992 196 30 88 16
TM5J 28A 3,290 39 11 24 0 *DL3YDY " 1,152 36 4 14 0 *SV7CUD " 6,435 47 18 25 12 *IK2FTB " 50,048 204 29 68 31
(OP: F5TMJ) *DM6DX 7 317,628 943 27 85 41 *SV1SMX " 4,018 43 15 33 1 *IW6PWC " 48,363 153 33 80 28
F5NBX " 24 4 1 1 0 *DL1AIW " 95,576 491 16 59 29 *SV2CLJ 28 120 7 5 7 0 *IK3MLF " 47,740 141 37 69 34
F4DVX 14A 645,337 1468 34 99 54 *DL2LDE " 47,960 199 22 64 23 *SV2HXV 21 55,080 252 22 44 24 *I1DXD " 46,512 159 34 101 1
F1EBN " 143,338 352 27 75 47 *DL5KUD " 25,600 205 12 49 3 *SV3SKM " 32,144 165 19 35 28 *IZ1PLH " 45,650 210 20 76 14
F6AGM 7A 497,336 1253 29 83 54 *DL2KWA " 20,915 247 7 40 0 *SV3IBQ 7 32,410 278 14 53 3 *IK2REA " 43,802 170 25 75 21
F4EUG " 146,931 531 18 70 41 *DM7CW " 11,610 143 8 37 0 *SV1CDN " 16,592 117 14 42 12 *IK6OIN " 40,608 139 41 75 28
*TM3Z AA 3,660,079 2371 118 356 173 *DD6OM " 9,880 132 8 32 0 *SX2ØØAEL 3.5 8,510 113 6 31 0 *IZ8FPK " 37,835 162 27 66 22
(OP: F4DSK) *DJ6TK " 5,775 98 5 28 0 *IZ8CLM " 36,905 109 37 51 33
*F8CRS " 928,676 789 90 252 134 *DL9TU " 3,672 51 8 27 1 SV1RK AA 228,912 388 56 126 69 *IWØAEN " 35,086 149 26 58 22
*F4ERS " 449,064 775 49 133 82 *DL1YCF " 2,346 58 4 19 0 SV2BXA 21A 87,936 267 31 63 34 *I1YGQ " 34,240 172 26 71 10
*F4FHZ " 43,368 205 22 63 19 *DF1MM 3.5 86,850 525 12 59 19 SV3FUP " 79,502 280 28 60 39 *IK1DFH " 33,060 163 17 60 18
*TM7Y 7A 170,126 675 21 67 33 *DL5NAV " 31,248 284 8 42 12 SV2ESW " 60,912 227 27 49 32 *I4JEE " 32,384 136 36 84 8
(OP: F8BDQ) *DK2ZO " 912 29 3 16 0 SV1JG 14A 344,440 989 31 79 48 *IW1CQ " 30,709 142 19 70 18
*F4BKT " 4,851 45 9 31 9 SX2ØØDPJ " 123,552 605 23 56 20 *IK4XQT " 27,927 152 19 53 15
*F/DJ4MZ 3.5A 1,078 25 4 18 0 DK7A AA 1,743,700 1298 90 292 148 (OP: SV1DPJ) *IK2RLS " 25,856 115 27 56 18
(OP: DJ8VH) SV2JAO 7A 341,392 995 27 82 43 *I2BZN " 23,229 154 15 71 1
Germany DK2OY " 1,505,994 1232 88 259 136 SV2BXZ 3.5A 63,144 446 11 56 5 *IWØRLC " 22,500 106 28 54 18
DM5RC A 607,321 821 68 197 76 DM5TI " 1,203,624 1190 90 230 118 *SX2ØØJFL AA 45,990 334 15 57 1 *IZ8BFV " 19,096 106 27 54 7
DQ1P " 489,022 643 69 174 80 DAØBCC " 1,141,461 1056 95 265 117 (OP: SV1JFL) *IZ4OSH " 17,892 131 16 43 12
DF2RG " 460,200 595 71 172 82 (OP: DL6NDW) *SV2AEL 21A 64,766 268 26 49 31 *IK2EBP " 15,471 92 21 46 14
DK1FW " 221,520 493 45 118 45 DL2OE " 1,044,144 1059 90 234 108 *IZ1MHY " 9,798 62 17 35 17
DL4ZA " 207,225 404 40 113 72 DL1QW " 1,042,002 984 88 243 107 Guernsey *I4IKW " 8,442 58 19 35 9
DK2AT " 191,592 435 48 129 39 DF8QB " 896,826 988 78 216 99 *GUØSUP 21 44,954 195 18 41 32 *IU1HFK " 8,370 69 17 44 1
DF5BX " 174,482 407 41 130 35 DL5XJ " 893,217 744 89 283 109 *GUØUVH " 864 20 2 2 12 *IN3EYI " 6,795 83 11 34 0
DK6CQ " 174,097 343 52 112 45 DD1JN " 675,510 901 66 194 85 *IZ1GLX " 6,596 119 7 27 0
DL1DTL " 133,749 321 45 105 43 DJ3NG " 674,688 892 62 184 90 Hungary *IK2YSJ " 5,335 64 13 42 0
DL3LJ " 110,250 289 37 106 32 DF4XX " 666,900 760 77 212 91 HA8BQ 14 32,400 192 16 49 16 *IW2JRV " 5,074 66 9 27 7
DL4ABR " 86,112 271 35 78 31 DK2LO " 656,107 763 76 201 96 *HAØMS 14 56,056 269 20 62 16 *IZ3ALW " 2,135 32 11 19 5
DF2MC " 73,304 206 41 84 29 DQ85ØDOM" 594,638 1000 59 182 61 *HA8TKS " 1,272 27 8 15 1 *IK1ZVJ " 2,046 33 11 22 0
DK3GI " 67,940 170 42 90 40 (OP: DL3SYA) *IK3ZBM " 1,890 30 10 19 1
DL3XM " 61,608 184 38 98 15 DK9IP " 502,983 541 75 158 118 HA2VR AA 5,699 65 9 26 6 *I2XYI " 1,612 31 11 19 1
DJ2AX " 57,824 214 35 95 9 DF6QV " 494,650 659 57 183 85 HA1SN 21A 406,203 937 32 79 50 *IK2QIN " 1,392 24 6 13 5
DL1DAW " 56,434 175 33 65 41 DL1RTL " 494,125 633 74 193 68 HA5AQ " 20,336 92 28 37 17 *IW8RFH " 1,053 25 8 19 0
DJ5TT " 32,424 203 19 58 7 DL1NEO " 456,088 472 79 211 86 HG1S 14A 814,905 1611 34 107 58 *IK3TPP 28 294 12 5 9 0
DK6IM " 28,275 114 25 28 34 DJ5AN " 427,652 534 74 168 89 (OP: HA1DAE) *IZ3NXA 21 42,024 164 28 45 29
DL6NAV " 22,968 99 21 33 34 DK6WL " 403,949 537 68 157 74 HG5D " 711,591 1484 34 104 55 *IKØEIE " 38,160 135 23 50 33
DF5SI " 13,983 78 21 52 6 DL5AXX " 381,070 515 65 107 93 (OP: HA8QZ) *IZ7UMS " 25,575 153 15 35 25
DL9NDV " 11,844 68 28 50 6 DH1TST " 316,720 500 63 182 51 HAØHW " 28,628 200 18 40 10 *IK5RUN " 11,628 68 22 28 18
DF6QE " 6,148 48 18 23 17 DF8V " 263,000 406 54 130 79 HA1TJ 3.5A 159,669 705 18 66 29 *IV3AEB 14 87,360 298 22 63 35
DK3AX " 1,050 18 9 11 5 (OP: DF8VO) HA8BT " 30,800 225 11 52 7 *IW3RCK " 49,567 220 18 48 31
DL3BQA 21 254,898 646 32 77 44 DL2DCX " 237,900 455 53 152 39 *HG2DX AA 248,094 401 55 109 67 *IW2CXJ " 46,154 225 18 53 23
DH6BH 14 54,153 233 20 50 29 DL6KVA " 217,728 363 53 95 76 *HAØHV 14A 51,022 234 20 54 23 *IZ7XNB " 40,908 235 17 46 21
DL2SWW 3.5 49,368 400 10 46 12 DL9UP " 192,474 355 45 96 81 *HA1TIB 7A 38,553 265 14 48 9 *IK4MTF " 33,215 147 12 41 38
DL7LX " 450 19 2 13 0 DM5I " 191,011 309 47 127 77 *HA8WY 3.5A 13,098 110 9 44 6 *IK2UEX " 10,080 115 10 32 3
*DG6IMR A 446,907 674 66 181 64 (OP: DF3VM) *IUØFVU " 2,400 44 7 17 6
*DJ1OJ " 407,563 657 59 170 64 DHØGHU " 162,336 243 59 161 47 Iceland *IZ5ILK " 816 16 3 3 11
*DK1KC " 387,810 658 53 158 67 DJ5IW " 150,046 322 41 97 61 TF2CT A 69,849 177 41 134 24 *IW2ENA " 228 12 4 8 0
*DL8ULF " 306,969 703 43 143 35 DL5ST " 144,265 294 49 132 34 TF3IRA 14 2,244 32 7 19 8 *I3PXN 7 160,173 702 17 66 28
*DL2TR " 240,195 602 43 144 14 DC6O " 144,060 330 49 117 44 (OP: TF3DC) *IW1PNJ " 131,334 553 19 69 30
*DB2KT " 217,047 493 43 128 42 (OP: DL3DW) TF1AM 7 182,970 778 20 64 30 *IU5ICR " 115,248 606 14 58 26
*DG2BWG " 187,902 449 41 122 35 DL1STG " 126,630 282 48 110 43 *TF2MSN A 142,200 283 41 105 54 *IKØALH " 87,264 453 15 52 29
*DK3WN " 186,102 414 42 135 34 DK8ZZ " 121,068 283 35 82 60 *TF3VS " 62,830 250 25 68 29 *IKØREP " 82,618 412 16 60 25
*DL6SFR " 181,113 377 42 127 50 DJ5MW " 111,384 200 60 137 24 *TF3VE " 27,648 172 19 84 5 *IK3OCD " 2,889 62 4 23 0
*DL1EAL " 152,110 342 46 111 48 DM7XX " 103,806 256 38 56 52
*DJ2IA " 147,408 293 53 130 39 DJ9KM " 93,224 232 49 99 24 TF3AO 14A 165,206 644 19 56 38 IK2YCW AA 4,768,126 3005 123 351 172
*DL1ZBO " 146,025 427 37 114 26 DL9GCG " 83,172 208 42 96 36 *TF3PPN 14A 5,840 73 7 29 4 (OP: IT9RGY)
*DL5JS " 130,272 298 38 93 53 DJ9HX " 52,404 163 37 69 26 IZ1PKV " 1,362,030 1368 84 211 120
*DJ4WM " 129,904 344 43 114 27 DL5ASK " 44,540 139 34 71 26 Ireland IV3WMS " 809,616 806 78 214 112
*DF3IS " 129,592 310 37 112 45 DL8RDL " 34,553 154 26 68 15 EI8KF A 12,558 82 17 35 17 IK1PMR " 792,939 788 85 241 101
*DJ9KH " 117,424 302 41 107 31 DK9HN " 19,398 89 30 57 19 EI1E 21 154,697 590 21 52 40 IØWBX " 770,784 1052 61 187 88
*DD7UW " 115,150 303 38 112 25 DL7CX " 15,416 94 25 46 11 *EI3GRB A 47,264 197 27 68 17 I2DJX " 601,446 709 66 199 89
*DJ3GE " 96,822 259 37 91 35 DL8MKG " 9,664 63 17 33 14 *EI8KW " 46,800 189 25 80 12 I2SVA " 499,041 725 51 157 95
*DK9BM " 95,795 284 36 102 23 DL4JLM " 5,562 45 14 13 27 *EI3CTB " 23,460 104 21 51 30 IK2XSL " 277,986 504 47 97 70
*DK2CC " 95,669 249 38 103 32 DM3VL " 221 6 5 6 2 *EI4GAB " 5,148 57 14 30 0 IK5PWS " 259,618 440 57 153 61
*DL1EHG " 91,014 265 30 80 44 DK3RA 21A 25,120 114 25 31 24 *EI2HIB 14 196 9 5 7 2 I2WIJ " 247,940 425 52 137 64
*DK2WU " 63,075 191 36 89 20 DJ5CT 14A 75,480 386 23 59 20 *EI9ES 7 416 12 5 10 1 IKØXBX " 219,480 410 54 125 57
*DL9YED " 57,682 169 33 86 32 DL1LOD " 38,304 168 22 51 23 IZ3XEF " 191,526 344 48 129 56
*DL3BRE " 56,769 149 36 70 43 DL4ME 7A 170,240 610 28 81 31 EI2JD AA 691,542 814 77 204 92 IZ8DVD " 135,720 275 39 79 77
*DG6ME " 56,322 200 30 74 22 DP6A 3.5A 88,061 431 17 63 27 EI6JK 14A 232,601 587 28 83 52 IZ4IRO " 117,594 359 25 70 46
*DL6FCK " 52,210 221 27 82 6 (OP: DL8OH) *EI2GLB 7A 21,280 126 13 40 23 IW2NOO " 116,071 354 28 79 42
*DM6EE " 49,560 199 23 75 20 DL6JZ " 81,844 572 13 54 12 Italy IW1FRU " 109,652 304 32 89 37
*DL7UKT " 49,368 252 24 82 15 DF8AA " 16,016 163 9 43 4 IV3SKB A 878,080 1100 68 142 110 IZ4UFB " 87,066 358 26 80 20
*DB1KK " 46,492 194 30 70 18 DL6DH " 8,928 99 8 37 3 IV3AVQ " 609,840 823 65 183 82 I1NVU " 64,894 190 33 59 50
*DH7NK " 43,992 193 28 83 6 *DK8NT AA 594,813 904 65 190 66 IC8SQS " 327,598 774 55 178 0 IC8POF " 45,747 162 31 55 31
*DL9ZWG " 43,520 173 32 82 14 *DL8TG " 467,254 686 59 170 78 IK1BPL " 268,765 503 45 132 68 IZ2DLV " 42,795 130 34 61 40
*DL2LMS " 40,138 148 34 72 16 *DL2NBU " 430,496 525 79 193 80 IC8FJX " 190,376 468 44 136 32 IK2YXB " 23,896 87 31 41 31
*DF3TZ " 39,045 123 37 78 22 *DK5TX " 386,078 501 67 169 86 IV3KKW " 172,890 505 38 125 7 IK3SCB " 20,700 132 20 35 14
*DF7OA " 36,842 160 24 67 18 *DF7JC " 253,112 498 49 139 44 IK2AHB " 170,980 351 36 116 54 IX1CLD " 18,880 111 20 51 9
*DG2MB " 32,544 135 31 69 13 *DL1GME " 245,692 445 54 151 52 IK1UGX " 127,008 365 33 116 40 IZ3GOM " 15,470 112 22 38 5
*DF3EH " 28,896 136 31 52 13 *DF1LON " 236,808 435 47 164 42 IU1HHH " 47,071 233 19 67 17 IZ1ZHG " 11,600 83 13 27 18
*DL2HYH " 27,639 108 31 66 14 *DL5ARM " 225,638 461 45 138 44 IZ3QHA " 40,375 240 16 79 0 IV3VFR " 10,248 62 18 20 23
*DM2DLG " 24,684 132 24 65 13 *DL5SDN " 204,546 426 42 137 40 IZ3KUY " 37,177 172 27 76 10 IK8TEM " 5,146 62 15 39 8
*DL1HSI " 24,180 134 24 69 0 *DO4DAN " 154,870 433 33 95 42 IV3NVB " 36,540 159 31 74 21 IZ2ODM " 4,888 47 19 22 6
*DM4AB " 23,800 131 25 71 4 *DM5JBN " 150,670 340 39 107 44 IK2IKW " 29,859 115 33 68 10 IK4ZHH 28A 1,100 21 8 12 0
*DL3FBB " 22,960 138 18 52 12 *DJ4WT " 119,152 290 40 97 39 IU4CSS " 23,600 161 19 60 1 IK2TDM 21A 354,477 762 33 92 48
*DL8ZAJ " 19,800 107 24 47 17 *DL7YS " 96,560 259 36 101 33 IK4HPS " 18,792 126 19 44 9 IZ4ZZB " 111,352 348 29 53 42
*DL9GMC " 18,486 115 23 52 3 *DL9NCR " 95,877 317 37 100 22 IW2DOY " 16,296 75 23 35 26 IK1NEG " 24,569 132 19 43 17
*DK9ZE " 16,766 95 21 54 8 *DL9PN " 94,604 346 27 87 20 IKØPCJ " 6,042 41 18 23 12 IZ6TSA 14A 723,038 1534 34 103 57
*DGØKS " 16,416 110 20 52 4 *DM4EAX " 75,831 234 35 103 23 IKØYUT " 5,060 54 12 30 2 IW1CHX " 254,240 763 23 66 51
*DL5IF " 16,200 96 22 52 7 *DM5B " 75,616 273 33 86 20 IK8GYS " 1,200 21 11 16 3 IZ8BGY " 234,360 816 23 65 47
*DL2GMI " 15,372 83 23 45 16 (OP: DK2CB) IZ4REF 28 1,210 27 8 14 0 IZ2FOS " 225,610 656 28 77 49
*DL6LBT " 12,480 89 20 58 0 *DNØUKW " 71,760 259 31 77 22 I3FGX 21 95,893 291 29 70 34 IZ2DII " 73,062 265 23 65 35
*DL8ZU " 11,484 77 17 33 16 *DL4KW " 68,160 210 33 74 35 IZ4GOL " 36,125 173 20 37 28 IK2LFF " 6,435 64 11 22 12
*DK3PM " 10,703 62 20 41 16 *DL6EZ " 65,280 208 29 62 37 IK3ASM " 22,294 128 22 37 12 IQ1DF " 640 20 5 11 0
*DL6RBH " 9,636 80 17 41 8 *DL4EAX " 62,550 201 35 97 18 IK4GNI 14 295,960 845 30 75 46 (OP: IK1HJS)
*DL8SDC " 8,710 67 20 33 12 *DKØKG " 55,485 390 13 68 0 I2JIN " 94,192 353 20 63 33 IN3VVK 7A 696,960 1755 32 97 51
*DF4XF " 7,995 56 22 37 6 (OP: DK2BK) IZ1PMC " 25,988 118 18 42 29 IW1QN " 501,952 1164 32 98 54
*DG2BAR " 5,775 60 19 36 0 *DJ4MX " 53,862 168 34 71 36 IK8NBE 7 66,825 330 18 61 20 IV3ZXQ " 385,074 1061 30 87 45
*DK1LRS " 5,452 53 16 31 0 *DG6UAX " 50,184 190 32 77 14 IZ2MGN " 59,874 276 16 57 29 IU1LCU " 88,011 473 19 61 19
*DL9FB " 5,346 63 15 39 0 *DL1DWR " 44,506 154 31 61 27 IV3DMJ " 49,629 353 13 49 9 IW3SSD " 68,040 387 16 55 19
*DG1NPM " 5,300 65 13 37 0 *DC6CX " 36,424 158 28 73 15 IZ4DZD " 5,880 86 6 29 0 IZ5EME " 60,600 300 16 62 22
*DL3AS " 4,959 46 19 27 11 *DL1CW " 32,864 154 27 60 17 I4AVG 3.5 155,511 692 20 61 30 IU4AZC " 19,092 121 16 55 3
*DL4APJ " 4,214 49 15 27 1 *DJ1MM " 30,888 169 20 83 5 IK2GWH " 14,658 196 6 36 0 IZ4AKO " 2,030 35 7 19 3
*DJ4XR " 4,160 53 11 29 0 *DJ9MH " 29,975 124 32 76 1 *IK1JJM A 527,310 730 56 172 82 IV3TMV 3.5A 174,840 728 18 68 34
*DL2AK " 3,094 41 10 24 0 *DK7TY " 29,400 135 26 69 10 *IK1RGK " 514,420 779 53 136 100 I1JTQ " 87,398 518 13 58 18
*DKØBM " 2,844 52 10 26 0 *DF9XV " 28,560 109 23 43 39 *IK2BUF " 491,130 670 61 186 74 IU1JCZ " 32,370 208 11 55 17
(OP: DK7CH) *DF1HF " 27,846 111 29 89 8 *IU4JJP " 279,908 496 46 142 66 IK6VXO " 29,370 227 9 48 9

*IZ5ICH AA 724,314 981 71 203 92 PA5N " 63,468 235 27 80 22 *SP9ZHR " 2,508 33 9 19 5 YT4TT " 23,616 146 13 47 12
*IW2MXY " 577,654 790 62 185 94 PA5KT " 18,746 100 21 58 12 (OP: SP9EMI) *YT7E 7 39,932 330 10 48 9
*IK4ZIF " 296,786 431 65 150 86 PC4H " 17,400 102 16 45 14 *SQ4HKU " 980 17 6 6 8 *YT9WW " 29,049 213 13 48 8
*IW5EIJ " 224,058 456 44 124 46 PA1CA " 1,836 25 13 18 5 *SQ2OMK " 672 14 9 11 1 *YU8NU " 22,050 179 11 48 4
*IV3HAX " 172,074 314 51 140 50 PA3GVI 7A 136,974 598 19 62 30 *SP6SOZ " 646 15 5 5 9
*IZ8WDH " 162,800 385 46 143 31 PA1M " 59,878 295 16 64 18 *SP9Z 7 34,400 199 14 50 16 YU7BW 21A 2,788 30 10 15 9
*IZ4JMA " 138,749 412 39 130 0 *PA2TA AA 347,853 643 46 148 55 *SP9BCH " 25,137 268 8 40 1 YT3X 14A 816,525 1716 34 103 54
*IKØPEA " 101,911 196 58 123 42 *PE1OYB " 285,978 558 50 126 55 *SP9CTS " 10,920 138 5 33 4 YT4T 3.5A 87,438 578 11 54 13
*I4VEQ " 65,940 218 17 18 70 *PC1PM " 193,314 473 40 130 32 *SP2TQQ " 9,900 99 9 39 2 *YT2U AA 361,728 660 52 161 43
*IK3YBX " 54,849 177 35 77 29 *PA3DTR " 122,388 295 35 113 40 *SP9IVD " 4,921 66 6 31 0 *YUØW " 10,746 108 10 44 0
*IN3FHE " 48,180 149 30 64 38 *PDØME " 113,971 381 28 85 30 *SP3OL 3.5 26,158 270 9 46 3 *YT2B 7A 129,349 535 22 72 27
*IK2SAI " 42,904 165 33 70 21 *PA3DUU " 96,849 250 29 70 54 *SP6IHE " 13,770 155 8 38 5
*IK4UOA " 34,314 137 24 66 24 *PA3GDG " 72,473 247 27 83 27 *SQ8NGO " 9,760 140 5 35 0 Sicily
*IK8FIQ " 29,648 129 29 61 19 *PG5V " 59,085 297 22 68 11 *SP9KJU " 1,144 38 3 19 0 IT9SSI 21 39,732 182 17 37 30
*IK2SGF " 14,352 96 20 37 21 *PD1RP " 57,352 198 28 87 19 (OP: SP9MDY) IT9STX 14 324,896 974 24 66 52
*IZ3ZOO " 10,980 94 12 47 2 *PDØJMH " 55,440 257 20 70 15 *SP3AMO " 24 4 2 4 0 *IT9FRX A 300,288 645 49 134 73
*IK1TTD " 10,716 74 22 49 5 *PA3EVY " 42,210 193 25 61 19 *IT9ACJ " 38,418 199 28 82 4
*IZ4BOY " 2,664 27 11 11 14 *PAØGRU " 39,300 193 22 64 14 SN7Q AA 5,815,370 3692 119 341 178 *IT9CKA " 27,819 142 25 69 5
*IØ/S58Y " 1,330 20 14 17 4 (OP: PG6F) (OP: SP7GIQ) *IT9AJP 21 1,416 27 7 17 0
*IV3JCC 21A 99,218 275 31 66 36 *PE4BAS " 36,720 130 30 65 25 SP8KP " 406,980 689 60 164 61 *IT9BDM 14 107,670 499 17 59 35
*IZ8CCW " 12,272 108 16 31 5 *PE4A " 35,643 166 24 72 13 SP9KR " 369,373 584 61 142 68 *IT9NKT " 1,377 38 6 21 0
*IZ8GNR " 6,771 42 20 24 17 *PA3HGF " 30,192 150 26 66 10 SP1MWN " 329,112 634 51 152 49 *IT9JGX " 180 9 4 8 0
*IZ8EFD 14A 216,801 638 28 79 46 *PD3LPA " 23,562 146 14 43 20 SN5N " 205,508 591 30 108 28 *IR9D 7 231,530 808 24 69 44
*IV3XZG " 50,578 168 22 56 43 *PC5D " 22,185 135 19 54 14 (OP: SP5KP) (OP: IW3RUA)
*IU8DKG " 2,457 28 12 18 9 *PA2VS " 22,126 150 18 51 5 SQ8N " 25,317 99 25 39 33
*IK4RVG 7A 132,960 555 19 66 35 *PE4KH " 22,010 151 17 52 2 SP6NIN " 210 7 5 2 7 IT9VCE AA 1,127,904 1378 68 205 99
*IK2LOL " 18,972 146 11 50 7 *PD4RD " 9,519 78 11 38 8 SP7IIT 28A 99 11 4 7 0 IT9XTP 28A 6,358 74 11 23 0
*IK2XDE 3.5A 65,554 476 10 53 10 *PA2PKZ " 4,522 70 11 27 0 SN5X 21A 338,832 749 34 97 50 IT9WDC 14A 352,944 1049 27 73 52
*IK3SSJ " 40,950 272 10 53 15 *PAØRRS " 1,885 31 7 20 2 (OP: SP5GRM) *IT9ESW AA 155,488 329 52 126 48
*I1WXY " 16,965 128 9 46 10 *PE1HWO " 792 25 6 17 1 SP3A 14A 147,423 384 31 85 41 *IT9GHW " 37,000 169 24 52 24
*IV3DXW " 3,816 70 4 32 0 SP3CMX " 2,736 33 9 19 8 *IT9RBW 28A 7,791 72 14 35 0
*IZ5OQX " 162 11 2 7 0 North Macedonia *SQ6ELK AA 312,375 589 53 149 43 *IT9LKX 21A 17,150 97 20 36 14
*Z32U A 56,870 220 28 83 10 *SP3EMA " 284,886 587 51 157 30 *IT9/IZ2WFL" 6,120 55 10 19 16
Jersey *Z35Z 21 14,880 108 15 31 14 *SP6FXY " 200,860 356 48 105 67 *IT9UFP 14A 48,762 279 13 38 30
*MJØX A 244,800 603 38 139 23 *Z33YL 14 9,240 127 9 35 0 *SP5GNI " 188,573 386 45 128 44
(OP: MØRTI) *Z36N 7 71,878 435 14 56 13 *SN5WD " 80,137 313 27 96 4 Slovak Republic
*Z33F 3.5 25,016 239 7 46 0 (OP: SO5WD) OM3R A 254,736 479 47 150 47
Kaliningrad *SP5SR " 46,599 139 41 91 15 (OP: OM3CFR)
UA2CZ A 106,784 375 26 101 15 Z35T 14A 631,891 1568 32 83 54 *SP6MLX " 44,247 111 36 55 56 OM5MX " 199,332 437 48 135 43
*RN2FQ A 34,680 145 31 81 8 *Z32ID 7A 152,439 616 19 70 30 *SP2FOV " 40,470 151 33 58 23 *OM2WX A 153,750 349 46 127 32
*RU2F 21 25,740 126 21 35 22 *Z39A " 14,229 142 10 41 0 *SP6OJK 21A 125,268 355 30 76 37 *OM8MF " 93,969 262 42 93 24
*SNØR " 273 11 5 8 0 *OM7AG " 77,127 322 29 97 15
Latvia Northern Ireland (OP: SQ9IAU) *OM5AST " 30,970 147 21 56 18
YL2CI 14 166,796 811 24 73 1 MI5K 3.5 134,805 673 14 53 28 *SP6AXW 14A 119,980 351 28 73 39 *OM3RJB " 25,456 151 18 48 20
YL3CU 7 176,220 784 22 66 22 (OP: MIØSLE) *SN1T " 94,430 284 21 63 49 (OP: OM5MB)
*YL2NK A 151,905 386 48 129 18 *GI7AXB A 222,460 503 36 92 68 (OP: SP1NQN) *OM8JP 14 54,035 237 20 56 25
*YL3GAZ " 101,736 490 18 87 3 *GI1GKI " 115,634 268 38 77 64 *SOØN " 4,922 47 10 23 13 *OM7PY " 14,040 103 13 42 10
*YL2QG 3.5 29,998 294 8 44 1 *MIØH " 100,775 346 24 103 18 (OP: SQ9CNN) *OM3ZWA 3.5 72,600 498 12 54 9
(OP: MIØKOA) *SP4Z " 4,368 40 8 10 21 *OM5KM " 31,428 300 7 45 2
YL2GD AA 1,575,885 1452 97 256 112 *MIØKXX " 2,025 41 12 33 0 *HF6C 7A 116,328 522 20 69 22
YL9T " 688,344 919 77 220 47 *MIØDWE 14 23,332 129 10 30 36 (OP: SP6OPC) OM5ZW AA 4,918,980 3149 119 341 178
(OP: YL2TW) *SP2MKI " 38,000 244 12 51 13 OM7JG " 296,808 540 52 136 61
YL7X 3.5A 126,825 656 15 62 18 *MIØNUM AA 7,000 83 14 36 0 *SP2EWQ 3.5A 14,820 149 9 43 0 OM2VL 14A 806,256 1605 35 107 56
(OP: YL2LY) *SP3MT " 8,496 142 4 32 0 OM3CW " 52,416 222 21 40 35
*YL1ZF AA 1,467,860 1476 89 272 99 Norway OMØA 3.5A 33,687 297 9 46 2
*YL3ES " 19,789 135 15 57 5 LC3A A 2,935,862 2464 90 250 142 Portugal (OP: OMØAAO)
(OP: LB8IB) CR6T 21 646,850 1536 33 83 54 *OM4O AA 20,370 92 25 58 14
Liechtenstein LA7VK " 444,428 770 54 165 55 (OP: CT1ESV) (OP: OM3NI)
HBØ/DL5YM AA 739,305 993 45 161 109 LC5W " 186,366 498 34 112 32 CT7AIX 14 48,015 206 14 49 34
HBØWR " 28,667 125 28 61 20 LB2WG " 165,680 379 38 102 50 *CT1FOQ 14 48,880 235 13 51 30 Slovenia
*LA5LJA A 541,926 799 64 184 58 S54MC 14 213,598 747 23 65 45
Lithuania *LA2HFA " 98,092 268 41 119 19 CT7/PA3GCU AA 494,768 868 48 154 70 S51JQ " 113,256 413 18 56 43
LY2PAD A 192,672 423 47 130 39 *LA7SI " 84,096 274 35 97 14 *CR6K AA 4,073,552 2908 102 316 174 S53X 3.5 145,137 711 14 63 24
LY9Y " 26,904 107 38 66 10 *LA2XNA " 70,875 263 29 77 19 (OP: CT1ILT) *S57AM A 421,651 625 61 163 65
*LY5T A 419,720 716 58 174 48 *LC7D " 5,141 49 17 35 1 *CT1BXT " 33,274 116 36 68 27 *S5Ø3ØXX 14 346,281 841 32 86 51
*LY2BUU " 95,760 303 30 108 14 (OP: LA6PBA) (OP: S5ØXX)
*LA8OKA " 4,230 45 12 31 2 Romania
LY7Z AA 3,533,413 2501 118 349 144 *LA4NL 14 32,232 201 17 55 7 YPØC A 977,637 1310 70 184 83 S52WW AA 410,313 766 43 126 64
LY2SA " 533,869 601 77 220 74 *LA6OP 7 2,013 40 7 26 0 YO3LW 21 4,068 41 13 15 8 S57DX 14A 628,380 1401 31 94 55
LY1R " 520,072 817 56 117 86 *YO6HSU A 204,848 415 44 119 54 S51CK 7A 456,757 1285 30 87 44
LY3CY " 96,200 317 29 104 15 LC6C AA 592,067 956 57 166 78 *YO2LXW " 133,280 395 37 115 18 S52X 3.5A 192,774 835 18 67 29
*LY2TS AA 93,152 245 38 90 36 (OP: LA6VQ) *YO4SI " 117,120 268 45 105 42 *S563ØA AA 473,628 638 55 203 90
*LY7W " 73,030 267 27 99 8 LA3WAA " 382,690 671 52 116 77 *YO9CWY " 116,154 355 39 111 12 (OP: S56A)
(OP: LY2NZ) LC9S 14A 38,220 222 12 42 24 *YO3YV " 109,368 301 40 94 34 *S55X " 8,122 91 20 42 0
*LY4BF " 34,553 153 27 67 15 (OP: LA9GSA) *YO5FMT " 76,880 258 34 108 13
*LA9TY AA 662,900 823 73 196 81 *YO7LYM " 43,014 214 21 76 10 Spain
Luxembourg *LA3BPA " 272,916 491 49 156 47 *YO3APJ " 9,447 73 16 50 1 EA2XR A 645,794 1011 44 135 99
LX4ØDA A 140,238 497 34 113 0 *LB6VI " 87,780 325 24 88 21 *YO8DHA 21 77,794 328 20 42 35 EA1DA " 279,078 507 49 134 58
(OP: LX1DA) *LC1R " 42,480 204 22 82 16 *YO2IS " 22,725 138 18 30 27 EA2KU " 207,819 614 41 111 27
*LX1NO 21 2,408 36 10 18 0 (OP: LB5SH) *YO5AXF 14 31,248 208 15 45 12 ED7O 21 513,450 1270 31 80 52
LX7I 14A 600,903 1390 33 90 56 *LA9RY " 28,302 127 26 60 20 *YO4DFT 7 38,625 275 12 54 9 (OP: EA7EU)
(OP: DF7EE) *YO9BCM 3.5 33,345 263 9 52 4 EA2DR " 47,300 227 19 41 26
*LX1ER AA 866,712 982 84 227 81 Poland EC1RS 14 85,942 433 15 51 31
*LX1HD " 129,204 435 30 89 29 SO9I A 3,102,540 2642 91 253 154 YO9HP AA 2,561,280 1972 111 326 115 EA7PP " 11,136 82 9 29 20
(OP: SQ9ORQ) YQ6A " 1,774,444 1487 94 275 139 EA5TS " 3,185 42 8 25 2
Moldova SO4R " 654,168 1049 57 150 74 (OP: YO6BHN) EA2BFM 7 17,613 141 11 33 13
*ER1OO 3.5 16,054 181 8 37 1 SP3DIK " 209,032 399 46 136 50 YO4NF " 1,490,652 1612 79 238 106 EA2DLX 3.5 66,060 361 11 50 29
ER/UTØU AA 2,299,180 2156 92 274 115 SP9HE " 125,134 317 41 94 43 YO4FPF " 306,008 631 55 144 33 *EA3FZT A 329,372 587 54 155 59
SO5E " 41,654 168 32 79 7 YO3IJ 7A 8,730 101 8 34 3 *EA4Z " 251,680 595 41 148 31
Netherlands SP2FUD " 34,100 143 22 61 27 *YO4DG AA 296,112 555 50 160 38 *EA2BNU " 227,715 454 46 141 48
PA4JJ A 258,272 518 47 127 50 SP5DL " 25,944 127 23 56 13 *YO7CW " 120,848 354 36 115 15 *EA4HKF " 223,958 477 47 156 35
PBØACU " 217,764 429 44 98 65 SP1NY 14 123,076 428 23 57 36 *YO3JF 21A 64,064 242 27 50 27 *EA4FME " 217,440 453 56 139 45
PA4G " 184,804 448 32 116 40 SQ7BQH " 82,467 297 21 61 37 *YO6LA 14A 4,884 76 9 26 2 *EE5H " 159,456 526 34 102 15
PA4B " 136,912 297 38 72 62 SP1JQJ " 20,720 124 15 44 15 (OP: EA5HRT)
PAØCT " 110,514 314 35 104 24 SP2QCW 7 17,228 145 12 41 6 Sardinia *EA3JW " 78,255 246 30 69 42
*PD3EM A 112,725 404 23 88 24 *SP9DLY A 307,762 597 57 160 30 *ISØBRQ A 32,132 127 26 84 6 *EA2DDE " 74,292 198 35 80 49
*PA3EWG " 80,178 294 33 89 16 *3Z9W " 288,611 486 58 144 55 *IWØUWE 21 2,890 30 10 12 12 *EA3HKA " 71,070 295 26 64 25
*PAØALG " 74,640 294 24 71 25 *SP5UFK " 227,767 439 52 142 45 *EA7K " 68,544 256 22 76 28
*PA2W " 74,592 236 33 86 25 *SP8EEX " 194,688 334 51 132 51 Scotland *EA3DNC " 62,176 236 25 78 31
*PG1R " 73,984 262 26 82 28 *SP9CXN " 182,546 492 36 127 19 GM2TT A 149,295 401 40 112 33 *EE5O " 57,710 193 36 91 18
*PA4GDR " 66,125 252 24 79 22 *SP6JZP " 143,172 322 49 102 43 GM7V " 34,936 185 24 57 7 (OP: EA5ITJ)
*PDØWVB " 65,624 326 17 77 10 *SP3LGF " 119,784 302 42 116 28 (OP: GM3WOJ) *EA5KE " 56,260 198 34 92 19
*PDØMHZ " 65,142 318 18 66 15 *SP3GAX " 114,948 332 42 121 23 GM7R 21 178,233 547 22 52 47 *EC1DD " 54,528 188 32 76 20
*PA3ADG " 55,818 245 28 98 0 *SN1LH " 105,995 386 27 110 8 (OP: GMØNAI) *EA3CFV " 54,096 196 30 86 22
*PD8DX " 54,890 241 22 54 34 *SP4BPH " 105,300 339 34 98 18 GM3A 14 204,928 693 22 59 47 *EA3FAJ " 51,302 195 25 62 26
*PE1LZZ " 52,948 196 28 63 31 *SQ7LQJ " 98,103 293 36 102 21 *GM5M A 175,778 453 37 91 51 *EB1CAR " 45,760 196 21 65 24
*PA3DBS " 35,640 158 28 62 18 *SP1DOZ " 89,628 332 28 79 25 (OP: GM4ZNC) *EA5MR " 37,054 202 20 75 2
*PA4DN " 34,202 170 21 67 10 *SP1MWF " 79,373 214 45 77 39 *GM4JKZ " 137,997 353 32 91 48 *EA1AAP " 28,815 132 23 74 16
*PA3T " 30,411 164 25 65 3 *SO1RON " 56,496 193 31 76 25 *GMØKWW " 47,174 207 19 52 32 *EA7JTP " 26,214 137 23 64 15
*PAØPIW " 26,077 152 23 64 2 *SP4AAZ " 50,952 176 34 79 19 *GM5BDX " 25,454 136 19 48 22 *EA1EWY " 18,620 114 16 35 19
*PDØGTO " 21,251 139 17 51 11 *SP9GMI " 48,824 183 29 92 15 *GM7TUD 21 27,639 134 21 38 24 *EA7HAB " 11,466 87 17 37 9
*PA3EPO " 20,680 143 19 66 3 *SP5GDY " 47,190 145 40 73 30 *GM4OSS 14 8,778 109 7 33 2 *EA2EVC " 4,350 41 15 21 14
*PA3CXB " 19,200 118 19 43 13 *SP1DMD " 41,292 157 32 75 17 *MMØGOR 7 22,712 160 11 46 11 *EB5CS 21 9,408 76 12 22 15
*PE1LDS " 15,600 97 16 50 12 *SP2HHX " 36,375 210 22 75 0 *EA7VJ " 7,392 50 17 24 15
*PA7RW " 14,175 100 16 53 6 *SP9IHP " 30,414 108 36 41 34 MM9I AA 2,058,864 1848 78 251 143 *EA7FRX " 6,321 59 13 32 4
*PA3FOE " 10,556 96 12 46 0 *SP6EIY " 27,810 169 21 65 4 GMØDYU " 6,732 66 11 34 6 *EA2VE 14 262,416 917 24 68 50
*PE1CPJ " 10,428 97 17 46 3 *SQ5JUP " 19,096 117 17 48 12 MM1E 28A 120 6 4 4 0 *EC7R " 98,880 401 14 36 46
*PD75E " 9,537 102 11 38 2 *SQ8F " 15,900 95 21 45 9 (OP: MMØGOR) *EA1AY " 46,084 258 11 48 23
(OP: PD3EM) *SP3JIA " 15,484 98 18 52 9 MM2N 14A 292,875 736 33 86 46 *EB3TR " 30,320 192 15 49 16
*PA7KY " 9,027 77 12 43 4 *SQ6ILH " 14,700 83 23 55 6 (OP: MMØGPZ) *EA7CVF " 13,120 111 12 39 13
*PD5MF " 8,262 75 12 37 5 *SP9WZO " 4,242 48 13 29 0 GM3S 7A 228,138 754 22 77 42 *EA3Y 3.5 8,686 106 6 37 0
*PDØMWG " 6,298 67 12 35 0 *SP3BBS " 680 19 6 11 0 (OP: GM3SEK)
*PAØFVH 14 33,575 177 16 43 26 *SP4NKJ 21 20,672 121 22 41 13 *MM2T AA 17,302 123 19 63 0 EA4GOY AA 2,324,478 2258 71 227 144
*PDØLMZ " 9,805 101 10 31 12 *SP4DC " 4,914 52 13 19 7 *2MØSVM " 10,927 117 11 38 0 EA1AKS " 870,100 1059 65 159 126
*PF6X 7 59,860 421 11 51 11 *SP3CCT " 697 14 6 5 6 *GM9A 14A 239,478 618 31 90 46 EA7BP " 559,548 779 61 184 79
*SP9MAX 14 111,864 389 22 54 42 (OP: GM4FDM) EB5F " 398,000 618 45 116 89
PA7LV AA 1,296,805 1359 79 221 119 *SQ6KXY " 65,044 299 20 62 19 EA3AKA " 71,487 206 46 99 24
PA4O " 853,620 1124 69 193 85 *SP5TAZ " 51,119 240 15 51 31 Serbia EA7Z 21A 132,500 553 18 50 38
PA6AA " 455,940 642 60 179 67 *SP8CGU " 37,655 185 14 44 27 YU1KT A 107,578 383 31 101 17 ED4T " 33,235 165 20 51 14
(OP: PB7Z) *SP6DMI " 35,275 199 13 47 25 YU1UN 21 468,720 1038 32 85 51 (OP: EA4R)
PA4WM " 442,370 620 65 167 78 *SP5CQI " 27,722 157 16 43 24 YU1NR 14 89,044 381 21 62 30 EA5O " 28,440 126 24 42 24
PA5WT " 341,736 597 44 97 91 *SP9BGS " 16,576 123 13 34 17 YU7XX 7 621,092 1553 32 94 46 EA3OH " 15,912 90 15 32 21
PAØGJV " 302,280 588 44 111 65 *SN9AT " 7,824 73 10 30 8 (OP: YT1X) EF5U " 7,482 80 16 26 1

EA1B 14A 415,968 1113 31 85 52 *UT5UHX " 28,994 153 28 77 4 YBØCOU " 5,734 53 21 26 0 4GØT 14 30,958 253 15 27 4
ED2C 7A 49,192 252 14 47 25 *US5EEK " 27,621 137 25 67 1 YB7KE " 1,960 30 11 15 2 (OP: DU1RB)
(OP: EA2CYJ) *UT7MR " 22,750 142 17 74 0 YB3BLJ 21 57,960 239 23 56 5 DU1UGZ 7 57,608 296 21 36 19
EA5GIE " 11,685 148 8 32 1 *US5CDH " 18,009 126 21 64 2 YB1RQX " 48,280 262 20 48 3 *DU1JM A 200,616 490 48 92 16
EA2A " 9,360 100 9 32 7 *UR4MLS " 1,118 22 7 19 0 YF2UFA " 11,295 107 10 35 0 "
*DU1/N6HPX 20,868 162 30 42 2
*EA4BAS AA 656,640 861 70 194 96 *USØHZ 21 48,800 212 26 60 14 YBØECT 14 39,146 197 18 44 12 *4F1OZ " 5,400 44 13 30 2
*ED7N " 304,865 612 41 130 70 *UW5EJX/MM " 40,937 308 16 51 0 YB4FIK " 20,709 142 16 37 6 *DV6XDS " 2,210 57 12 14 0
(OP: EA7KHB) *UT5UN " 15,405 94 18 26 21 YC8MKA " 4,350 71 9 20 0 *DU1AVC 28 138 23 1 1 0
*EA3IAZ " 182,596 483 35 122 34 *UX7LL " 10,650 105 10 29 11 YB2UFM " 3,456 54 9 23 0 *DU1OC 21 17,697 144 15 36 0
*EA2ESB " 128,760 412 25 86 37 *UT1AA " 3,996 50 12 16 8 *YC1BIQ A 231,623 570 47 101 15
*EA1G " 128,238 329 32 81 61 *UT4PR " 2,944 46 12 17 3 *YD9VE " 139,776 467 38 59 31 *DW3CWM 28A 2,422 63 6 8 0
*EA2CCG " 50,283 199 21 55 35 *UT1PG 14 33,726 213 15 42 20 *YB4KAR " 101,870 361 34 80 8 *4F3BZ 21A 48,076 267 21 42 5
*EA7KE " 20,292 120 14 35 27 *UY2ZA " 19,176 136 14 43 11 *YB7MP " 97,227 339 33 83 1
*EA5ERA " 6,384 88 12 30 0 *UW5U " 9,234 94 12 39 3 *YC1MR " 83,176 214 44 91 13 Samoa
*EA7FDO " 323 12 8 11 0 (OP: UY2UA) *YCØSCZ " 82,880 200 42 98 8 *5W1SA 21A 128,304 446 21 47 31
*EA1ACP 21A 193,129 508 30 77 44 *US5LOC " 8,316 97 10 34 0 *YCØBAS " 78,336 253 42 79 7
*EB1TR 14A 112,110 491 19 61 31 *UR5XOV " 6,110 68 12 33 2 *YG9EPK " 67,320 260 34 52 13
*EA5HJO " 86,897 371 18 59 36 *US7KC 7 61,295 502 14 48 3 *YB9ELS " 62,010 266 32 72 2 SOUTH AMERICA
*EA3CI 3.5A 68,526 423 11 53 17 *UR5PG " 23,680 202 11 49 4 *YF3FBV " 57,188 211 37 69 10 Argentina
*UT3QD " 15,436 116 15 49 4 *YB1MBA " 33,759 160 32 58 9 LU5VV A 768,471 850 59 137 123
Sweden *UR5EPM " 8,976 117 6 38 0 *YB1BZV " 26,030 140 33 62 0 LU1BJW " 293,738 472 49 108 70
SM5ILE A 432,782 768 55 162 49 *UT5PY " 5,481 109 4 25 0 *YB8RW " 23,664 214 21 30 0 LU6VEK " 63,204 186 39 78 21
SM6LJU " 123,580 315 41 111 33 *UY3MW " 2,635 42 6 25 0 *YB3BGM " 23,400 132 23 50 2 L2ØX " 5,610 86 19 46 1
SM5CZQ " 62,565 230 31 95 3 *UTØMF " 108 6 3 6 0 *YB1UUN " 21,128 110 27 46 3 LU3HY 21 348,356 833 25 70 51
SD1A " 50,050 165 40 76 14 *YD1SBF " 20,288 129 20 44 0 *LU1DW A 20,792 89 26 52 14
(OP: SM1TDE) UW1M AA 4,179,211 3396 108 331 138 *YC9AOS " 17,493 173 18 28 5 *LP7D " 8,910 63 17 25 13
SM3PZG " 47,686 168 26 46 41 UR5R " 1,285,999 1472 73 237 81 *YC1GDF " 14,062 139 32 54 3 (OP: LU7EXX)
SM3LBP 21 58,410 200 28 56 26 (OP: UTØRM) *YB1DUU " 13,640 99 19 43 0 *LW6EQG " 1,276 26 13 11 5
*SKØQO A 266,560 505 56 150 39 UZ1WW " 1,262,600 1349 81 246 101 *YD7ACD " 12,150 105 22 28 4 *LW9DYQ " 532 20 8 11 0
(OP: SMØLYC) UV5U " 919,350 878 97 257 96 *YB8CMT " 10,302 106 19 28 4 *LT7F 28 44,156 190 17 41 25
*SM5FQQ " 222,372 489 45 131 37 (OP: UX1UA) *YD3YGY " 9,932 94 17 32 3 (OP: LU6FOV)
*7S5S " 212,741 410 45 140 44 EO5ØFF " 833,184 1172 75 215 62 *YB1ICC " 9,845 87 18 37 0 *AY8A " 22,713 126 17 30 20
(OP: SM5CSS) (OP: UXØFF) *YC3ATK " 8,700 72 14 35 1 (OP: LU8ADX)
*SFØA " 162,578 477 31 115 23 UX5UO " 387,552 662 57 157 50 *YCØSCL " 8,344 87 25 30 1 *LU9EOE 21 900 20 9 8 3
(OP: SMØLPO) US5QUB " 158,620 353 41 139 26 *YC1OFO " 6,466 70 19 32 2 *LU7DUE 14 1,584 25 8 16 0
*LU6UAL " 28 3 2 2 0
*SE6K " 133,035 456 35 100 12 EM73QM " 59,624 245 31 71 14 *YB3HQM " 5,760 65 16 27 2
(OP: SM6FZO) (OP: UR7QM) *YG3EMH " 5,016 54 15 27 2 LU6ETB AA 130,673 307 36 39 74
*SM5DXR " 41,182 189 30 74 14 UY1HY 7A 185,185 623 29 82 32 *YD8IKU " 3,996 63 12 25 0 LU1DX 28A 64,170 271 17 40 33
*SK6QA " 18,531 130 14 56 1 UT3N " 78,667 438 20 61 16 *YC7YDB " 3,458 65 15 22 1 LO5D 21A 426,030 941 27 88 50
(OP: SM6PVU) (OP: UT3NK) *YB2BDL " 3,403 72 15 26 0 (OP: LU9ESD)
*7S2A 14 231,530 832 25 71 34 *UW6E AA 1,656,449 1668 87 268 112 *YC9BVB " 3,060 61 13 20 3 L55D 7A 3,420 48 12 22 2
(OP: SA2SAA) (OP: UR6EA) *YD9MBM " 2,240 50 13 14 1 *L33M AA 134,596 297 34 58 69
*SM6RLH " 697 19 5 12 0 *UT4LW " 1,487,200 1889 76 249 75 *YB7HE " 2,048 32 13 19 0 (OP: LU3MAM)
*SM5MX 7 40,115 289 14 50 7 *UX1VT " 764,181 1155 70 212 59 *YC2CLH " 2,046 35 14 19 0 *LU3DX " 1,365 23 13 17 5
*SFØD " 1,008 31 3 15 0 *UT8EL " 369,954 572 65 202 39 *YDØBCG " 1,742 49 10 16 0 *LU4HK 21A 73,700 273 21 42 37
(OP: SMØDSF) *US7IY " 336,336 600 58 182 24 *YE9CZY " 1,080 42 8 9 1 *LT5V 14A 476 19 5 12 0
*UT8IM " 286,044 591 45 160 37 *YC1CAR " 423 92 19 25 3 (OP: LU8VCC)
SM2M AA 1,408,110 991 101 320 140 *UR5LAM " 235,961 609 41 154 14 *YB7WBC " 272 20 7 7 3 *LU1VYL 7A 15,015 114 16 30 19
(OP: SM2LIY) *UT2IO " 125,304 341 39 136 9 *YB7WR " 182 9 6 6 1
SM6MVE " 116,760 340 41 104 23 *UY8IF " 94,990 287 37 106 18 *YB1IM " 176 15 5 6 0 Brazil
SMØN " 4,876 47 16 22 15 *UZ5Q " 59,736 194 39 96 17 *YC7YCO " 112 11 4 4 0 ZX2B A 3,003,495 2065 86 228 187
(OP: SMØJCA) (OP: UY5QZ) *YD2NIR " 95 28 2 3 0 (OP: PY2MNL)
SM5EPO 7A 38,471 251 13 43 17 *UX8IW " 36,972 164 26 90 1 *YC1EFR " 50 12 2 3 0 PV8DX " 171,296 307 42 92 68
*SM7BHM AA 410,400 669 56 162 70 *EO3Q " 29,391 148 22 65 10 *YB2TDP " 40 16 2 3 0 PT2AW " 81,736 222 27 73 36
*SM6I " 195,082 463 43 124 39 (OP: UR3QCW) *YC2VOC 28 684 15 9 10 0 PY2KP " 54,270 146 43 61 58
(OP: SA6CMO) *UT4ULP " 22,230 136 24 84 6 *YD9WFT 21 81,940 379 21 52 12 PY2WAS " 19,856 104 21 39 8
*SE4E " 176,293 442 41 137 13 *UW3HM " 19,929 112 20 63 8 *YB1JQC " 47,838 253 19 46 2 PY2EU " 11,771 81 22 47 10
(OP: SM4DQE) *UT2SQ " 6,322 58 18 40 0 *YC2CPQ " 40,446 247 19 41 3 PY4EK 14 238,680 661 23 63 49
*SM6NET " 138,768 310 42 107 47 *US7UA " 4,050 49 12 27 6 *YD1EQX " 37,721 230 18 48 1 *PY5ZHP A 90,300 214 37 67 46
*SD6O " 62,320 195 33 100 19 *UT3WM " 1,845 30 13 24 4 *YC1PZ " 37,604 209 20 45 3 *PY7VI " 74,613 234 31 50 52
(OP: SA6DXG) *UR5IHQ 21A 250 12 3 7 0 *YB9GV " 27,550 210 16 31 3 *PU2USK " 44,040 153 28 42 50
*SB7W " 33,027 183 24 76 1 *UR4CU 7A 12,015 138 6 38 1 *YB2VYY " 24,366 153 16 45 1 *PY2OF " 19,135 96 28 54 7
*SE6N " 24,112 133 20 62 6 *UT8IK 3.5A 9,389 129 7 34 0 *YD4SIZ " 22,265 162 18 43 0 *PU9OJZ " 13,524 93 28 44 12
(OP: SA6AXR) *UZ4U " 4 1 1 1 0 *YD3BBD " 15,224 136 13 31 0 *PY4ARS " 10,800 60 23 46 6
*SM6GBM " 14,337 121 14 33 12 *YB7SKM " 13,272 109 18 37 1 *PY2XL " 10,416 65 19 33 10
*SM6M " 8,970 61 16 28 21 Vienna Intl. Center *YC8AO " 12,032 117 13 31 3 *PU2YMH " 6,993 65 21 30 12
(OP: SM6MCW) *4U1A A 638,260 874 72 188 69 *YD3TSJ " 6,683 74 12 29 0 *ZV2F " 5,856 50 21 28 12
*SK6DG 7A 14,257 143 11 41 1 (OP: HB9RB) *YC2XCD " 6,545 84 13 21 1 (OP: PY2SFA)
(OP: SM6XHM) *YD8RAG " 5,017 83 12 16 1 *PY2OSD " 4,368 33 18 17 17
Wales *YD1CHM " 3,616 48 11 21 0 *PY9MT " 3,984 36 17 28 3
Switzerland *GWØARK A 17,336 92 23 50 15 *YD2UFR " 2,706 36 12 21 0 *PY3CAD " 1,053 17 10 10 7
HB9TOC A 1,557,336 1610 66 208 134 *GW4TSG 7 1,176 28 4 17 0 *YD5AKH " 2,475 61 7 8 0 *PR7KSA " 460 17 9 13 1
HB9AWS " 680,680 921 63 176 101 *YD3ASV " 1,958 42 10 10 2 *PY2CX 21 263,736 716 23 57 52
HB9CAL " 375,624 576 55 162 79 GWØA AA 980,312 961 73 236 124 *YB6UAF " 1,890 51 8 9 1 *PU1JSV " 133,566 438 19 51 43
HB9DOS 14 9,495 82 8 15 22 (OP: GW4SKA) *YC8MJG 14 41,646 245 18 43 5 *PY2KO " 19,530 113 17 23 22
*HB9TZU A 104,876 327 28 102 27 GW4BKG 7A 27,730 233 10 37 12 *YBØNSI " 28,578 171 17 46 3 *PY3TR " 3,535 47 9 24 2
*HB9OAU " 92,637 337 28 95 18 *MW9W AA 1,029,784 1173 73 214 105 *YC1IUQ " 15,300 112 16 38 6 *PU2RTO " 3,500 42 10 19 6
*HB9MXY " 46,614 232 17 78 7 (OP: GWØKRL) *YE4IJ " 13,496 84 15 38 3 *PU2MST " 1,742 26 8 13 5
*HB9HQX " 45,217 223 22 79 2 *MWØCRI " 295,176 534 56 130 65 *YB1NIN " 435 22 6 9 0 *PY2NY 14 201,348 562 22 57 47
*HB9GFT " 15,510 128 15 51 0 *YD9AAI 7 19,234 143 18 32 9
*HB9BGF " 9,932 98 11 41 0 *YD8MUZ " 13,536 165 14 20 13 PV2K AA 1,915,458 1583 78 193 151
*HB9GKM " 1,107 19 8 16 3 *YD9BEK " 2,160 67 8 14 2 (OP: PY2KNK)
OCEANIA *YD1JEE " 988 44 8 16 2 PY2KJ " 1,293,564 1202 68 182 123
HB9DVZ AA 32,249 116 32 71 16 Australia *YB1DBU " 308 43 3 3 1 PY7XC " 181,337 405 36 97 36
*HB9EHJ 3.5A 2 1 1 1 0 VK3JA A 439,593 691 56 129 46 *YC2AUP " 121 26 5 6 0 PY2GZ " 364 24 9 14 3
VK3SWK " 403,788 650 60 118 50 *YC1CBY " 84 10 2 3 1 ZX2V 21A 121,814 400 20 51 42
Ukraine VK4ACN " 204,568 419 58 86 38 (OP: PY2XV)
EMØI A 2,808,450 2592 90 261 123 VK2RT " 54,495 201 31 56 18 YB2HAF AA 354,534 629 61 134 27 PY2MD " 2,160 31 8 10 12
(OP: UT2IZ) VK2PN " 43,860 198 29 46 10 YB1TQL " 159,896 434 48 96 14 PY2YAS " 176 10 6 4 6
UT7IS " 682,290 972 71 203 68 VK7BO " 21,141 100 31 42 14 YB7OO " 120,666 439 38 62 19 PY4AZ 7A 209 11 6 6 7
UY5ZZ " 368,232 719 56 124 49 VK4SN 21 159,537 541 24 53 30 YB1BJV " 33,269 153 32 69 2 *PY7ZC AA 1,051,280 1126 61 151 128
UT2UB " 242,514 470 55 152 36 VK3GK " 9,114 68 17 25 7 YBØRI " 14,235 75 25 41 7 *PY1FI " 463,372 646 55 116 97
UR5CN " 185,328 446 46 123 39 VK4AFU 7 8,856 69 14 26 14 YB1RUS " 11,286 147 15 16 2 *PY2KC " 290,129 471 48 107 62
UV1IX " 89,112 331 34 102 5 *VK4ZP A 42,444 154 34 53 21 YB2IQ " 9,216 63 22 42 0 *PY2QT " 191,760 426 34 67 69
UT5ECZ " 67,769 176 43 105 21 *VK3YV " 29,478 110 29 42 31 YCØSAS " 4,920 48 16 23 2 *PY1VOY " 152,779 305 37 72 78
UT3UV " 57,820 246 30 91 19 *VK2GR " 26,928 114 26 38 35 YC9XYP 21A 151,266 591 26 69 7 *PY1ZV " 144,438 295 38 49 94
UR5FBM 21 66,229 259 25 58 20 *VK4XU " 11,224 72 22 36 3 YF3FZR " 11,016 89 14 40 0 *PV8AAS " 83,720 207 38 82 41
UR7GO 14 420,660 1112 32 94 45 *VK3LF " 9,815 65 24 35 6 YB2XVT 14A 7,626 70 12 29 0 *PY4LH " 66,748 170 40 53 55
UT3RS " 169,458 641 23 71 28 *VK3TX 14 11,760 90 17 33 10 YE3WIL " 153 11 4 5 0 *PY1SAD " 64,260 196 35 82 36
UT7ZM " 5,203 54 11 29 3 YB2WA 7A 270 32 3 4 2 *PY2MIA " 53,268 152 41 70 27
(OP: USØZK) VK4QH AA 9,636 109 14 15 4 YC2GBS " 184 15 3 5 0 *PY5ZW " 40,748 132 33 53 36
UT2AU 3.5 24,786 249 8 45 1 VK4BRT 14A 67,221 259 21 54 22 *YB1BD AA 105,700 262 40 105 6 *PY2CAT " 33,488 115 29 46 29
*UY5VA A 905,170 1255 72 212 51 *VK2BNG AA 5,073 51 21 29 7 *YB1RKT " 96,380 252 43 99 16 *PY2DN " 5,544 43 19 17 20
*UT5EPP " 759,696 1283 60 187 47 *VK4FJ 28A 1,380 48 5 5 0 *YB1BML " 83,968 258 35 82 11 *PY3LX " 2,450 32 15 18 2
*UR1HR " 641,564 990 64 194 50 *VK3FN 7A 2,660 32 12 12 11 *YB1GBN " 54,390 241 31 64 3 *PP5RG " 2,040 24 10 18 2
*UX7QV " 392,150 873 51 172 30 *YF3ESW " 17,353 126 21 46 0 *PP5TI " 621 14 9 13 1
*UR5WCQ " 313,404 501 49 151 73 East Malaysia *YBØMZI " 12,985 105 20 30 3 *PU2UAF 21A 99,120 366 21 56 41
*UW2Q " 297,596 603 52 160 24 *9W6EZ 28 1,521 57 4 5 0 *YB9GWR " 3,290 52 14 21 0 *PT8DX " 41,710 188 15 42 29
(OP: UR6QS) *9M8DEN AA 55,692 231 27 62 2 *YG1AJC " 1,984 24 10 20 1 *PU8YPL " 37,048 169 16 38 34
*UR7CB " 266,785 577 51 156 22 *YC7YCP " 1,725 44 10 13 2 *PY2ATR " 798 15 6 8 5
*UT5EOX " 245,616 452 43 136 59 Fiji *YE8RAF " 1,672 53 7 8 7 *PY2UD 14A 71,722 242 20 48 41
*UT3SO " 231,608 525 50 140 31 3D2AG A 285,800 525 51 72 77 *YC8FXI " 760 33 8 9 2 *PY4XX 7A 5,880 47 9 19 21
*UR7EC " 180,068 360 55 137 44 *YE8DWC " 513 49 11 15 1
*US7UK " 179,520 397 42 135 43 Guam *YB9BHJ " 222 17 3 3 0 Chile
*UX1CL " 163,116 392 43 131 23 *KH2INC A 12,015 134 19 25 1 *YD2UWF 28A 1,235 25 9 10 0 CE6CGX A 617,015 759 64 143 98
*UT8AS " 153,468 406 44 140 5 (OP: KH2ZZ) *YB9UA 21A 23,048 181 21 42 4 XQ1KZ 21 363,432 860 26 74 52
*UR5LY " 126,400 335 33 81 46 NH2DX 28A 1,848 57 5 6 0 *YC1OHE 14A 35 5 3 4 0 3G1B " 274,620 712 23 63 52
*UY5TE " 106,421 338 38 117 6 (OP: KG6DX) *YB2ECG 7A 2,369 75 8 9 6 (OP: CE1KV)
*US3EW " 101,550 325 32 109 9 *YB8ROP " 1,496 34 6 6 5 *3G3O A 93,852 230 43 56 59
*UTØCK " 99,045 312 31 106 18 Hawaii *YC1JEL " 425 50 7 9 1 (OP: XQ3OP)
*UR8EQ " 94,705 290 40 95 20 KH6ZM A 1,646,277 1453 82 145 166 *XQ5ME " 57,204 173 29 41 56
*UR3QTN " 90,270 301 36 106 11 New Zealand *CE3GRU " 18,576 100 28 54 4
KH6TU " 960,400 972 82 130 131 *CE3KRM " 15,876 74 26 25 33
*UR5ZEP " 88,830 334 29 99 7 (OP: AD6E) ZL3IO A 1,723,080 1449 89 182 144
*UT2QQ " 87,768 281 34 118 7 ZL2AYZ " 71,906 180 47 75 35 *XR3Y 28 1,320 21 8 7 7
*KH6CJJ A 462,510 599 67 95 108 (OP: XQ7UP)
*UR5ZDZ " 85,342 290 33 98 11 *KH6AQ 14 10,944 93 14 17 26
ZL4NR AA *CB3R 21 136,320 423 21 53 46
*UT5PQ " 75,840 235 37 108 15 *KH6OO AA 1,767 24 12 10 9 18,557 88 24 37 16 (OP: XQ3SK)
*UT5UML " 73,532 310 26 98 0 ZL2RX " 9,472 60 22 37 5 *CE1PTT " 32,204 162 18 34 31
*UT7NI " 72,336 336 24 104 9 Indonesia ZL3P 14A 171,943 442 28 70 41 *XQ3SK 7 304 10 6 5 5
*UTØUY " 67,730 253 31 89 10 YB2MM A 254,553 528 49 118 16 (OP: ZL3PAH) *CE3GCA " 96 9 3 3 0
*UR4EI " 52,560 214 28 88 4 YC1AYO " 224,208 543 51 110 12 *ZL3GK AA 1,200 19 7 16 2 *XQ5HGD " 63 5 3 4 0
*US6CQ " 41,285 178 28 79 8 YB6RMT " 151,659 445 46 84 7
*UV3QF " 40,131 190 27 80 10 YB8UTI " 56,700 367 31 50 0 Philippines *CB3K AA 247 9 5 4 4
*UX6IB " 34,117 153 28 81 0 YC2KJC " 35,232 173 29 62 5 DU1IVT A 99,831 363 38 57 12 (OP: CE3MRD)

*CE1WGM 28A 1,073 26 9 13 7 R7MU " 966 20 4 13 4 European Russia *K4DR 53,850 187 38 67 45
*CE3BN 14A 8,505 72 8 7 30 LY2BGP " 840 26 5 14 1 District 3 *N4QI 46,056 201 18 54 42
EA3FHP " 765 24 4 13 0 *RZ3DZ 140 7 3 7 0 *K4NWX 29,600 127 24 55 21
Colombia N1GDD " 306 18 5 3 9 *K4ME 1,998 43 14 17 23
*HK4NDF A 26,656 125 35 59 42 YB2GV " 187 9 5 6 0 European Russia *K3YDX 1,290 18 9 16 5
*HK3VHZ " 4,288 43 24 33 10 YL3FW 7 49,284 339 11 54 9 District 6 *K4IMP 24 2 2 2 0
*HK3PMC 21 62,370 319 16 47 42 LY5G " 38,982 273 14 53 6 *RZ6D 146,880 489 33 117 10 *N7RCS 27,999 149 34 66 53
*HK3JJB 14 209,188 650 22 51 51 SV3IBP " 21,373 178 14 45 8 *R6DKQ 1,088 33 4 12 0
*HJ3LAM 21A 26,860 178 13 19 36 IZ8IFL " 12,672 157 8 40 0 *R7RBE 56,163 244 22 51 24 District 5
4F3OM " 11,052 138 11 16 9 NA5M 126,792 355 45 83 88
Ecuador LZ3RR " 6,786 89 7 32 0 Germany K5IB 2,772 53 6 6 32
*HC1JQ 21 154,819 456 20 51 48 E2ØWXA " 4,012 54 12 19 3 *DO4DAN 154,870 433 33 95 42 *NN5T 347,076 576 63 141 107
HA7ME " 3,604 55 7 26 1 *DO5NU 17,958 91 18 29 26 *WB5BHS 205,739 540 34 85 114
Peru W1IG " 2,812 52 5 13 20 *DJØMA 1,380 43 3 17 0 *K5URU 7,420 66 16 24 30
*OA4AI A 1,053,744 1057 70 151 127 W2VTV " 2,730 54 5 9 25 *KJ5T 4,851 64 10 18 21
DJØMA " 1,380 43 3 17 0 Greece
Suriname UR3ABM " 1,029 27 3 18 0 *SV3SPC 61,686 250 30 94 14 District 6
*PZ5RA A 1,280,777 1264 56 160 131 HB9IQB " 798 23 3 16 0 AJ6V 673,010 976 72 134 128
YB2CTE " 741 50 7 10 2 Ireland W1PR 232,547 437 54 102 83
Trinidad & Tobago W8EH " 289 14 4 4 9 *EI8KW 46,800 189 25 80 12 W6RKC 71,610 212 39 65 61
*9Z4GS A 222,888 393 40 107 75 OH5LAQ " 240 10 4 8 0 WD6DBM 65,105 210 45 49 51
(OP: OH5CW) Italy WA6URY 18,421 112 30 34 45
Uruguay 9W2HXP " 144 9 3 5 0 *IZ1GLX 6,596 119 7 27 0 N5KO 12,877 72 22 37 20
CV7S 21 551,645 1227 26 76 53 ON3DI 3.5 33,176 329 6 43 3 K6XC 462 10 9 9 3
(OP: CX7SS) SNØE " 11,685 154 5 36 0 Netherlands *KF6RY 187,376 441 53 94 92
*CX2DK A 1,039,711 993 71 169 127 (OP: SO8OO) *PDØGTO 21,251 139 17 51 11 (OP: W6ZL)
*CX2AQ 28 41,634 179 16 38 27 OH5CW " 240 10 4 8 0
YU1A AA 237,978 531 45 139 42 Norway District 7
Venezuela (OP: YU1LM) *LB6VI 87,780 325 24 88 21 KU1CW 783,368 1070 76 155 131
*YV5KAJ 21 5,670 62 13 24 8 DL6ZBN " 204,750 322 61 141 71 W7FN 153,821 394 43 71 79
*YV4ABR 14 269,376 684 23 63 52 JA4XHF/3 " 106,132 247 54 89 26 Scotland WU6W 63,342 202 37 63 62
*YV5AEP 7 8,232 60 8 31 10 PE2K " 97,350 366 30 90 30 *2MØSVM 10,927 117 11 38 0 K7JQ 43,977 225 21 48 38
YV6BXN AA 31,968 107 28 44 39 PC2F " 77,322 247 29 94 24 K7QA 37,840 207 15 42 31
*4M1W 21A 108,752 355 19 49 44 UN8PT " 52,020 203 28 73 1 Spain KB7BTO 32,890 128 23 47 40
(OP: YV1SW) HA1WD " 17,384 99 20 49 13 *EA4HKF 223,958 477 47 156 35 K7MY 29,760 145 32 49 43
HA5OB " 14,652 96 18 45 11 *EA2ESB 128,760 412 25 86 37 KC7V 1,066 24 8 8 10
YB2NDX " 8,892 89 21 33 3 *EA2EVC 4,350 41 15 21 14 *N7IR 267,386 484 55 126 88
QRP K8ZT " 8,190 56 20 32 18 *N7VS 20,064 136 26 24 64
K2YG A 302,365 533 42 131 92 HA2ZB " 3,774 55 11 26 0 *WB7UOF 18,450 121 25 31 34
RN6A " 245,916 486 58 148 37 BG5GDP " 6 1 1 1 0 OCEANIA *KNØW 16,262 108 23 35 36
OK7CM " 221,914 375 55 124 63 JH3DMQ 28A 324 16 5 7 0 Australia *N7XCZ 14,100 101 27 30 43
EA1GT " 151,767 390 40 117 32 5H1IP 21A 65,650 240 20 53 28 VK3SWK 403,788 650 60 118 50 *KC7CM 9,782 84 21 23 29
(OP: EA1GT/QRP) (OP: HA3JB) *W7RCS 4,263 56 10 19 20
YCØVM " 138,502 374 47 127 8 IZ3NVR " 20,748 127 21 34 21 Indonesia *N7JI 754 20 8 7 14
HG6C " 128,304 349 45 125 28 HA3HX " 19,389 110 17 26 26 YF3FZR 11,016 89 14 40 0
SP4LVK " 109,051 306 37 97 33 KKØU " 8,550 65 15 37 5 *YB1RKT 96,380 252 43 99 16 District 8
SO2U " 107,880 302 34 116 24 E73AA " 5,343 56 12 16 11 *YD2UWF 74,033 274 31 67 3 *W8TOM 169,212 410 44 105 87
(OP: SP2UUU) JK8VPQ " 5,106 49 17 18 2 *YD1EQX 37,721 230 18 48 1 *WB8JAY 70,090 268 29 66 68
LZ7K " 97,862 290 35 108 24 IZ8DFO " 2,990 35 17 24 5 *YD4SIZ 22,265 162 18 43 0 *WS6K 61,596 194 36 73 65
(OP: LZ3GW) YC3GFN " 2,088 40 10 26 0 *YD9AAI 19,234 143 18 32 9 *WB8JUI 55,968 234 27 58 47
W6QU " 93,654 271 47 73 78 K3TW " 1,998 30 14 14 9 *YD3BBD 15,224 136 13 31 0 *K7DR 38,628 205 22 45 49
(OP: W8QZA) ZL3TE " 1,722 31 8 7 6 *YD8MUZ 13,536 165 14 20 13 *AA8SW 21,780 102 29 48 44
JH7UJU " 86,718 222 49 69 31 F4GGQ 14A 182,905 483 27 81 49 *YD8IKU 3,996 63 12 25 0 *KD8YQQ 15,648 91 26 40 30
AA8OY " 84,527 256 31 81 69 JG1LFR " 22,242 131 19 34 13 *YD2UFR 2,706 36 12 21 0 *WA8YZB 14,946 129 20 23 51
RT4W " 72,668 238 37 109 2 G4ENZ " 21,672 98 12 40 32 *YD5AKH 2,475 61 7 8 0 *WW8RT 10,998 80 22 40 16
UT1AM " 72,380 277 33 106 1 PS8CW " 6,624 60 10 21 17 *YD9BEK 2,160 67 8 14 2 *NF8M 6,732 52 19 32 17
EW8G " 72,078 301 24 91 8 SP4TKR 7A 55,074 442 11 56 0 *YC1CBY 84 10 2 3 1 *AA8OY 84,527 256 31 81 69
SP7SMF " 51,745 197 34 88 9 KØJP " 3,040 69 5 4 31 *YB3BAR 2 1 1 1 0
R3IBT " 46,731 210 26 82 3 IZ2QKG " 1,992 50 3 21 0
District 9
RV3DBK " 42,594 227 17 76 0 F1AKK 3.5A 42,245 296 8 48 15 Philippines WI9WI 687,470 1110 53 133 119
K9VIC " 40,040 175 23 51 56 OK1HMP " 15,781 198 5 38 0 *DW3CWM 2,784 64 7 9 0
G5Q " 5,960 80 7 31 2 K9UC 217,854 420 47 122 78
SO3O " 37,536 214 22 70 4 *DV6XDS 2,210 57 12 14 0
(OP: G3SVL) KØVW 70,308 241 33 75 54
AA5KD " 33,480 177 25 39 60
V31HQ " 132 6 4 4 4 KA9DOC 144 6 4 5 3
EA4U " 31,008 163 20 76 0
G4FPA " 29,886 130 21 56 25 *K9CW 384,696 570 56 150 106
IK3BVD " 28,980 129 25 71 9
SOUTH AMERICA *KX3H 36,784 213 21 47 53
ROOKIE Argentina *KB9S 34,710 143 28 49 53
G2B " 28,635 188 15 54 14 *LU9EOE 1,200 24 11 10 3 *K9MMS 19,434 107 16 43 23
(OP: G8VVY) United States *W9AKS 13,179 167 9 15 45
N7RCS " 27,999 149 34 66 53
4Z4DX " 26,394 123 21 62 0 Dictrict 2 *AA9JS 11,748 95 17 45 4
PAØAWH " 25,009 144 17 62 10 *N2EPE 2,870 47 7 14 20 CLASSIC
DGØAM " 23,435 112 30 65 14 United States District Ø
EE2A " 23,278 112 25 68 10 Dictrict 3 W5AP 738,276 1088 72 153 132
(OP: EA2SN) *W3MAM 392,173 653 53 137 99 District 1 WØHRO 336,938 660 47 128 112
K2ZW 1,500,996 1508 76 220 132 NØKQ 148,295 439 41 77 105
EA5EX " 20,140 158 16 60 0
N8URE " 18,090 107 20 44 26 Dictrict 4 (OP: JO1RUR) W8LYJ 19,240 107 26 43 35
KN4PHS 68,297 195 44 86 33 N1IXF 1,162,014 1429 61 192 126 NRØT 12,865 79 20 32 31
DL1FCU " 13,875 94 19 44 12
*W4SSF 219,604 405 46 131 76 KA1YQC 188,790 433 35 94 81 NØLEF 4,836 68 12 13 27
YO4AAC " 12,420 92 18 42 0
W1GD 80,325 190 40 97 38 *KØMKL 142,425 356 39 91 81
W4ER " 11,919 102 17 25 45
YB6UAK " 10,971 89 24 45 0 Dictrict 5 W1TO 35,568 134 26 56 35 *WØDC 141,911 313 40 100 69
*KI5OYC 32,544 203 32 50 62 K1SM 8,904 71 10 28 15 *WØHL 61,104 205 32 76 44
DL2BIS " 10,855 88 18 45 2
*W1DYJ 162,846 361 43 107 68 *W4IFI 45,141 197 26 51 46
YD6ROA " 10,147 100 22 51 0
LCØX " 6,095 55 12 38 3 Dictrict 6 *AF1R 162,624 358 41 103 80 *WØPI 29,555 149 22 45 48
*KN6MYI 672 18 5 10 9 *KX1X 75,945 224 40 86 57 *WDØBGZ 16,960 116 16 35 29
(OP: LB3RE)
*WX1X 56,722 172 29 73 56 *NØBEL 15,470 105 18 31 42
OK9ZAM " 5,152 60 15 28 3
EA3F " 3,402 35 11 16 15 Dictrict 9 *NV1Y 3,136 47 16 27 21 *KØVH 5,504 45 12 28 3
R5FQ " 2,720 50 8 24 0 *KD9NYE 16,560 76 28 46 16 *KØTLG 3,840 41 8 20 12
DU9GT " 1,675 42 12 11 2 District 2 *N6OPE 1,675 81 14 17 36
YC1DGG " 1,674 48 12 19 0 Panama K2QB 180,785 410 39 106 64
NP3F " 774 19 8 10 0 HP1ELV 20,445 125 24 22 41 WO2Y 130,980 292 37 108 32 Alaska
N7JI " 754 20 8 7 14 *AC2RL 273,896 483 49 131 88 AL7LO 377,118 729 54 85 80
DG7EAO " 506 22 6 16 0 AFRICA *K2AL 222,000 416 46 125 79
KIØG " 243 20 6 5 16 South Africa *NA2NY 178,324 456 36 92 90 Canada
I5/HB9FHV/P " 220 17 8 14 0 *ZS6HI 9,633 61 14 43 0 *WB2COY 156,750 409 33 90 86 District 2
(OP: I5/HB9FHV/P) *KS2G 153,430 322 41 109 79 *VE2CSM 601,818 874 45 137 112
YB3BAR " 2 1 1 1 0 *NS2N 101,360 301 33 83 65 *VE2BVV 444,388 746 38 109 89
CO6EC 28 702 21 5 8 0 ASIA *WB2NVR 6,018 56 10 28 13 *VE2OWL 274,850 456 44 112 83
YO8WW " 385 12 5 6 0 Asiatic Russia *WA2YYL 2,310 35 12 21 9
TA1BM " 180 7 4 5 0 District 3
OK1LV " 126 5 4 5 0 District Ø District 3 VE3GYL 399,026 622 46 137 79
UA3QJJ 21 58,996 286 24 64 10 *UBØAZR 51,615 185 28 83 0 W3LL 1,436,778 1637 56 189 117 VA3MW 153,594 318 41 95 71
R7RBE " 56,163 244 22 51 24 WA3AAN 115,168 560 17 54 51 VA3WW 87,516 273 25 62 69
JE1CAC " 15,989 101 18 37 4 Israel *W3RGA 478,762 785 49 144 100 *XM3T 1,023,617 1145 62 172 115
WE6EZ " 15,264 104 13 40 0 *4X6FB 510 11 6 11 0 *KB3LIX 271,791 437 55 148 96 (OP: VE3DZ)
KD9MS " 14,625 85 15 46 4 *AC5XK 111,345 317 33 89 73 *VE3WRL 249,077 490 43 99 91
DL2TM " 14,219 93 16 24 19 Japan *KY3W 85,383 242 34 77 48 *VE3NFN 165,648 341 34 103 66
JR1NKN " 12,636 99 17 27 8 District 1 *K3JZD 62,530 177 33 88 9 *VE3UTT 63,349 206 25 57 61
7N4WPY " 9,552 72 17 20 11 JK1BAB 216 9 4 8 0 *WA4GUD 58,384 174 35 76 53 *VE3ZDR 43,952 166 26 47 61
YB1WCK " 5,676 60 14 28 1 *K3PP 20,085 96 21 55 27
IT9GAK/2 " 5,232 55 15 23 10 District 6 *AI3KS 8,979 62 21 35 17 District 5
UR7TV " 3,528 50 12 16 8 *JS6UGC 5,750 61 20 21 5 *N3NZ 5,236 55 8 23 13 *VE5SF 47,371 166 26 55 46
JI3XOM " 3,264 38 12 22 0 *K3GW/3 378 14 6 8 7
PY2GTA " 3,069 41 10 14 9 Thailand *N8URE 18,090 107 20 44 26 District 6
JR2EKD " 2,002 29 12 13 1 *HS1OLQ 28,476 151 26 54 4 *VA6RCN 38,599 136 28 45 48
GMØHVS " 720 23 5 11 0 *E2ØTWR 779 20 9 10 0
District 4
SY9DOK " 493 14 5 11 1 W4GE 571,140 747 64 178 100 Costa Rica
DU4DXT " 468 13 7 11 0 W4OX 507,812 710 60 154 102 *TI2OY 616,200 888 55 133 128
YO4BEW " 207 10 2 4 3 EUROPE AA8R 484,932 763 57 127 92
SP6MQO " 189 11 5 4 0 Bosnia-Herzegovina K4WW 441,960 708 49 138 103 Cuba
MØHMJ " 24 3 1 3 0 *E73DAR 98,404 336 34 97 15 WF4W 333,207 581 52 148 87 *CO8NMN 295,948 556 47 98 96
DU7OK " 8 14 1 1 0 ND4G 188,404 355 52 122 94 *CO2XK 54,624 253 16 42 38
HI3AA 14 32,042 184 10 35 29 Crete K4QD 139,965 371 37 97 81 *CO2WL 8,909 119 9 19 31
YU1RH " 26,880 182 14 42 14 *SY9DOK 525 16 7 13 1 K4SBZ 128,772 351 45 92 82
UX4CR " 15,552 145 10 39 5 N4FP 78,720 225 45 73 74 Dominican Republic
UX8ZA " 14,832 173 9 39 0 Croatia W3IK 65,205 221 38 69 54 *HI3AA 32,042 184 10 35 29
HAØGK " 11,150 128 11 34 5 *9A3LET 22,932 126 20 44 14 W4UT 21,712 105 32 43 43
I2BPP " 6,030 69 11 30 4 *9A3AAW 17,010 77 30 46 14 N4UN 8,385 73 19 28 18 Mexico
DJ3HW " 5,428 55 10 24 12 *9A3BFP 4,797 73 10 29 0 *WA3LXD 300,578 556 47 131 96 XE1H 96,656 416 19 43 50
M4C " 5,207 78 9 29 3 *9A3RPT 1,239 34 7 14 0 *AC4G 299,586 490 56 146 92 XE1TD 5,612 58 13 15 18
(OP: GØFCT) *K4FTO 147,890 310 44 109 77 (OP: XE1H)
LZ1MC " 4,716 61 8 28 0 England *N5SMQ 131,906 346 39 79 84
UB4FFB " 2,550 46 6 28 0 *2E1LSI 36,450 194 13 38 30 *W4LC 107,848 365 23 70 29 Panama
SP9RQH " 1,827 32 8 21 0 *M7TCC 112 7 2 6 0 *NC4MI 105,080 289 36 81 68 HP3SS 938,756 1237 64 162 138

Puerto Rico Czech Republic IC8FJX 190,376 468 44 136 32 Spain
*NP3V 35,640 144 26 41 53 OK2EQ 302,165 509 59 158 54 IV3KKW 172,890 505 38 125 7 EA1DA 279,078 507 49 134 58
*OK1PMA 360,930 630 49 149 67 IK2AHB 170,980 351 36 116 54 EC1RS 214,200 606 32 88 48
U.S. Virgin Islands *OK1CLD 49,192 178 31 41 32 I3FGX 95,893 291 29 70 34 *EA2BNU 227,715 454 46 141 48
*KP2DX 309,160 506 47 128 87 *OK7NV 15,300 175 7 37 1 IZ3KUY 37,177 172 27 76 10 *EE5O 57,710 193 36 91 18
(OP: KP2BH) *OK1DAR 5,214 80 6 27 0 IV3NVB 36,540 159 31 74 21 (OP: EA5ITJ)
*OK1LV 551 10 7 8 4 IK2IKW 29,859 115 33 68 10 *EC1DD 54,528 188 32 76 20
IU4CSS 23,600 161 19 60 1 *EB3TR 30,320 192 15 49 16
AFRICA England IKØPCJ 6,042 41 18 23 12 *EA7FRX 9,734 71 18 40 4
Canary Islands G3T 372,048 607 54 155 67 IK8GYS 1,200 21 11 16 3 *EA3Y 8,686 106 6 37 0
*EA8BQM 313,989 447 45 133 71 (OP: G3VGZ) *IK2BUF 491,130 670 61 186 74 *EA4U 31,008 163 20 76 0
G9D 1,702 32 9 14 0 *IK1JJM 473,600 679 55 166 75 *EE2A 23,278 112 25 68 10
(OP: G6NHU) *IK1RGK 346,610 620 46 119 88 (OP: EA2SN)
ASIA *GØC 49,595 220 19 42 30 *IU4JJP 279,908 496 46 142 66
Asiatic Russia (OP: GØCER) *IK3AES 157,488 347 44 106 43 Sweden
District 9 *G1P 43,896 375 10 43 9 *IW4EGX 132,704 292 34 57 85 SD1A 50,050 165 40 76 14
RG9A 1,995,030 1780 87 262 56 (OP: MØIEP) *IW1PNJ 131,334 553 19 69 30 (OP: SM1TDE)
*RZ9AD 95,285 412 21 63 1 *G4ZOB 39,280 235 13 49 18 *IZ4YAB 119,756 318 34 124 24 *7S2A 231,530 832 25 71 34
*G3Y 33,072 195 11 40 27 *IU4HMY 114,009 279 42 96 45 (OP: SA2SAA)
District Ø (OP: G3YBY) *IW3IOD 96,730 259 41 97 32 *7S5S 212,741 410 45 140 44
RDØA 488,796 742 59 157 37 *M5W 29,670 210 9 48 12 *IK2OVT 86,344 206 39 87 46 (OP: SM5CSS)
*UAØJGI 28,684 197 28 38 5 (OP: MØHMJ)
*IKØREP 82,618 412 16 60 25
*RCØAJ 4,515 50 11 24 0 *G4KIV 24,455 158 13 27 27 Switzerland
*G8AFN 18,334 99 21 49 19 *IK8ARF 82,164 240 37 86 41
*IW1CBG 51,992 196 30 88 16 *HB9OAU 92,637 337 28 95 18
*G1FHB 2,790 71 5 26 0
China *G6MXL 700 19 6 12 2 *IW6PWC 48,363 153 33 80 28
*BG8PM 24,264 133 24 46 2 *I1DXD 46,512 159 34 101 1
*G2B 28,635 188 15 54 14 Ukraine
(OP: G8VVY) *IZ3NXA 42,024 164 28 45 29 UT5ECZ 67,769 176 43 105 21
Cyprus *M4C 5,207 78 9 29 3 *IZ8FPK 37,835 162 27 66 22 UR5FBM 66,229 259 25 58 20
*P3AA 881,778 1099 44 161 76 (OP: GØFCT) *IZ8CLM 36,905 109 37 51 33 UT2AU 24,786 249 8 45 1
(OP: RN3QO) *IW1CQ 30,709 142 19 70 18 *UR1HR 327,918 633 55 165 26
Estonia *I2BZN 23,229 154 15 71 1 *UR5WCQ 313,404 501 49 151 73
Japan ES4RD 166,950 765 21 64 20 *IWØRLC 22,500 106 28 54 18 *UR7CB 266,785 577 51 156 22
District 1 *IZ8BFV 19,096 106 27 54 7 *UT3SO 231,608 525 50 140 31
JA1XRA 189,108 333 59 104 41 European Russia *IK2UEX 10,080 115 10 32 3 *US3EW 101,550 325 32 109 9
JH1CTV 116,388 278 50 95 14 *IN3EYI 6,795 83 11 34 0 *US7KC 61,295 502 14 48 3
JA1QOW 78,165 203 39 67 29 District 1 *IK2YSJ 5,335 64 13 42 0 *UV3QF 40,131 190 27 80 10
JF1UOW 3,104 35 9 19 4 *UA1AOS 195,564 574 37 125 10 *UY2ZA 19,176 136 14 43 11
*IW2JRV 5,074 66 9 27 7
JK1UVL 513 15 7 8 4 *RX1AG 22,320 156 17 47 8 *UR5EPM 15,128 137 10 52 0
*IK3OCD 2,889 62 4 23 0
*JS1KKY 222,144 389 67 113 28 *IZ3ALW 2,135 32 11 19 5 *UT5PY 5,481 109 4 25 0
*JJ1KZZ 53,928 158 41 63 22 District 3 *IK3ZBM 1,890 30 10 19 1 *UTØMF 108 6 3 6 0
*JA1ATM 27,824 114 32 54 8 R2ATC 172,368 462 42 147 0 *UX8ZA 14,832 173 9 39 0
*I2XYI 1,612 31 11 19 1
*JA1IE 20,657 100 34 45 12 R3LC 48,925 200 23 53 27 *UR3ABM 1,029 27 3 18 0
*RU5X 197,472 486 48 144 12 *IW8RFH 1,053 25 8 19 0
*JG1SWV 7,923 51 20 28 9 *I5/HB9FHV/P 220 17 8 14 0
*JA1GZK 7,350 56 18 18 13 *R5ACQ 140,768 402 36 118 12
*RV3ZN 123,250 349 41 120 9 (OP: I5/HB9FHV/P) Vienna Intl Ctr
*JA1OHP 6,063 52 22 22 3
*JF1WCK 5,300 43 23 29 1 *RN5AA 122,472 369 35 121 12 *4U1A 638,260 874 72 188 69
*RX3VF 89,958 327 30 109 2 Latvia (OP: HB9RB)
*JHØDUG/1 4,416 50 19 22 5 YL2CI 166,796 811 24 73 1
*JA1JNM 1,224 18 8 12 4 *R3AI 45,156 158 34 91 17
*JQ1PCT 40 3 2 2 1 *RA3V 39,911 226 23 84 0 *YL2NK 151,905 386 48 129 18 OCEANIA
*YL3GAZ 101,736 490 18 87 3
*7N4WPY 21,225 101 25 29 21
*YL2QG 29,998 294 8 44 1
Australia
District 4 *VK2GR 26,928 114 26 38 35
District 2 *RA4FUN 300,144 620 54 144 24 *VK3TX 11,760 90 17 33 10
JR2ALA 2,754 34 12 19 3 *R4WZ 41,265 190 27 75 3 Lithuania Hawaii
*JE2BOM 29,545 120 37 51 7 *UA4SBZ 14,874 103 18 56 0 LY2PAD 192,672 423 47 130 39
*KH6CJJ 330,480 478 63 84 93
*JO2XYK 4,116 36 18 24 0 *LY5T 419,720 716 58 174 48
District 6 Indonesia
District 3 *RU6YK 21,730 126 20 54 8 Netherlands
*R7MT 12,144 122 10 37 1 *PG1R 73,984 262 26 82 28 YB2MM 254,553 528 49 118 16
JR3RIU 88,830 242 46 73 22 YB1RQX 48,280 262 20 48 3
JR3BOT 44,974 147 34 57 22 *UA6HLN 9,752 97 14 39 0 *PAØAWH 25,009 144 17 62 10
*YCØBAS 78,336 253 42 79 7
JP3UBR 9,504 60 31 37 4 *YB1JQC 64,159 278 26 55 2
*JN3TSY 35,310 124 34 66 7 District 9 North Macedonia *YC2CPQ 41,795 248 20 42 3
*JE3TAT 23,808 107 35 54 7 R9FE 27,224 171 16 67 0 *Z32U 56,870 220 28 83 10
*YC8MJG 41,646 245 18 43 5
*JR3GPP 19,096 86 29 40 8 *R9FBT 125,560 368 34 134 4 *Z33F 25,016 239 7 46 0
*YB9ELS 41,452 220 29 56 1
*Z35Z 14,880 108 15 31 14 *YC1PZ 37,604 209 20 45 3
District 4 *Z33YL 9,240 127 9 35 0 *YBØNSI 28,578 171 17 46 3
Finland
*JH4UTP 277,536 485 64 132 40 OH5VT 113,364 278 43 124 21 *YB8RW 23,664 214 21 30 0
*JH4FUF 10,550 78 16 31 3 OG4X 107,819 359 34 98 5
Northern Ireland *YB3BGM 23,400 132 23 50 2
(OP: OH1MA) MI5K 134,805 673 14 53 28 *YC1IUQ 15,300 112 16 38 6
District 6 *OH1SIC 245,244 557 41 151 22 (OP: MIØSLE) *YB1DUU 13,640 99 19 43 0
JA6BZI 430,700 523 81 164 50 (OP: SM5SIC) *GI1GKI 115,634 268 38 77 64 *YC2XCD 6,956 85 14 22 1
JR6IKD 5,967 65 13 26 0 *OH2LU 32,656 143 23 64 17 *MIØH 100,775 346 24 103 18 *YB3HQM 5,760 65 16 27 2
JR6IQI 954 22 8 10 0 *OH4KA 560 18 4 12 0 (OP: MIØKOA) *YD8RAG 5,017 83 12 16 1
*JA6BCV 15,309 89 19 39 5 *YB6UAF 1,890 51 8 9 1
*JH6SCA 260 8 5 5 3 France Norway *YC2AUP 121 26 5 6 0
F5LBL 7,614 94 10 37 0 *LA5LJA 538,020 796 64 184 57 *YD2NIR 95 28 2 3 0
District 7 *F4IRV 67,635 226 29 81 25 *LA8OKA 4,230 45 12 31 2 *YB6UAK 10,971 89 24 45 0
JG7AMD 474,874 616 73 158 52 *YB2CTE 741 50 7 10 2
JA7VEI 36,725 112 34 55 24 Germany Poland
*JA7MWC 38,016 136 43 57 8 DQ1P 489,022 643 69 174 80 SO4R 654,168 1049 57 150 74 New Zealand
DK1FW 221,520 493 45 118 45 SP1NY 123,076 428 23 57 36 ZL2AYZ 71,906 180 47 75 35
District 8 DL1DTL 133,749 321 45 105 43 SP5DL 25,944 127 23 56 13
*JM8FEI 50,740 193 41 62 15 DL4ABR 86,112 271 35 78 31 *SP9CXN 182,546 492 36 127 19 Philippines
*JE8KKX 875 13 10 13 2 DL2SWW 49,368 400 10 46 12 *SP9Z 115,908 339 25 98 33 DU1IVT 99,831 363 38 57 12
DJ5TT 32,424 203 19 58 7 *SP1DOZ 89,628 332 28 79 25 *DU1OC 17,697 144 15 36 0
District 9 *DJ1OJ 407,563 657 59 170 64 *SP2TQQ 70,751 239 30 91 18 *4F1OZ 5,400 44 13 30 2
JA9RRH 32,336 125 27 40 27 *DK1KC 387,810 658 53 158 67 *SP9GMI 48,824 183 29 92 15
*JA9EJG 1,378 21 12 13 1 *DL8ULF 301,840 694 43 142 35 *SP1DMD 41,292 157 32 75 17
*DL6SFR 181,113 377 42 127 50 *SP8CGU 37,655 185 14 44 27 SOUTH AMERICA
District Ø *DG2BWG 123,930 346 37 113 20 *SP6DMI 35,275 199 13 47 25 Argentina
*JHØMUC 16,492 81 27 46 3 *DK9BM 95,795 284 36 102 23 LU5VV 768,471 850 59 137 123
*SP3OL 26,158 270 9 46 3
*DK2WH 89,585 295 27 58 30 LU1BJW 293,738 472 49 108 70
*DK2WU 63,075 191 36 89 20 *SP4NKJ 20,672 121 22 41 13
Kazakhstan *SQ8F 15,900 95 21 45 9 LU6VEK 63,204 186 39 78 21
*DB1KK 46,492 194 30 70 18 L2ØX 5,610 86 19 46 1
*UP7L 738,514 1137 56 164 18 *DL5KUD 25,600 205 12 49 3 *SP9KJU 1,144 38 3 19 0
(OP: UN6LN) (OP: SP9MDY) *LT7F 44,156 190 17 41 25
*DM2DLG 24,684 132 24 65 13 (OP: LU6FOV)
*DL8ZAJ 19,800 107 24 47 17 *SQ4HKU 980 17 6 6 8
Lebanon *SP3AMO 24 4 2 4 0 *LW6EQG 1,276 26 13 11 5
*DLØRD 19,698 109 15 26 26
*OD5ZF 45,764 236 12 48 8 (OP: DL3CQ) *SO2U 107,880 302 34 116 24
*DL5IF 16,200 96 22 52 7 (OP: SP2UUU) Brazil
Thailand *DK1LRS 5,452 53 16 31 0 *SP7SMF 51,745 197 34 88 9 PY4EK 238,680 661 23 63 49
E25KAE 170,185 638 23 68 10 *DL3AS 4,959 46 19 27 11 *PY2CX 263,736 716 23 57 52
HS18IARU 23,498 156 15 42 5 *DL9TU 3,672 51 8 27 1 Portugal *PY2KO 19,530 113 17 23 22
(OP: E21EIC) *DL2AK 3,094 41 10 24 0 CT7AIX 48,015 206 14 49 34 *ZV2F 5,856 50 21 28 12
*DKØBM 2,844 52 10 26 0 *CT1FOQ 48,880 235 13 51 30 (OP: PY2SFA)
(OP: DK7CH) *PY2OSD 4,368 33 18 17 17
EUROPE *DM3AW 2,312 29 9 19 6
Austria Romania
*DD9HK 1,530 26 14 20 0 *YO7LYM 43,014 214 21 76 10 Chile
*OE5FDM 11,388 105 10 37 5 *DH8BQA 108 5 4 4 1 *YO5AXF 33,288 210 17 47 12 *3G3O 93,852 230 43 56 59
*DJ3HW 5,428 55 10 24 12 (OP: XQ3OP)
Belarus *XQ3SK 304 10 6 5 5
EV1R 548,262 895 59 219 19 Scotland
Greece GM7R 178,233 547 22 52 47
*EW8OO 14,895 169 6 39 0 *SV3SKM 32,144 165 19 35 28 (OP: GMØNAI) Colombia
*SV7CUD 6,435 47 18 25 12 *MMØGOR 22,712 160 11 46 11 *HK4NDF 26,656 125 35 59 42
Belgium *SV2CLJ 120 7 5 7 0
EU4E 752,332 861 77 207 104 *GMØHVS 7,905 83 13 36 2 *HK3VHZ 4,288 43 24 33 10
EU1DX 464,968 628 78 190 54 Guernsey
EW8Z 240,397 674 34 119 26 *GUØSUP 44,954 195 18 41 32 Serbia Peru
EW8OM 115,596 377 36 111 9 YU1KT 107,578 383 31 101 17 *OA4AI 1,053,744 1057 70 151 127
*EW1NM 77,556 283 30 93 15 Hungary
*EW1P 62,370 177 41 92 21 *HAØGK 11,150 128 11 34 5 Sicily
IT9SSI 59,724 227 23 52 33 Trinidad & Tobago
Bosnia-Herzegovina *IT9FRX 297,942 640 49 132 73 *9Z4GS 222,888 393 40 107 75
Ireland
*E78AX 55,360 363 13 42 25 *EI3CTB 23,460 104 21 51 30 *IT9ACJ 36,400 191 28 80 4
*IT9CKA 27,819 142 25 69 5 Uruguay
Bulgaria Italy *CX2DK 1,039,711 993 71 169 127
*LZ3QE 471,435 828 55 152 58 IV3SKB 878,080 1100 68 142 110 Slovak Republic *CX2AQ 41,634 179 16 38 27
*LZ2HT 90,900 308 36 96 18 IV3AVQ 601,880 818 65 183 80 *OM8JP 54,035 237 20 56 25
IC8SQS 291,280 731 51 169 0 Venezuela
Croatia IK1BPL 249,755 476 44 127 68 Slovenia *YV5AEP 8,232 60 8 31 10
*9A8A 1,606 32 7 15 0 IK4GNI 248,871 736 29 72 46 S54MC 213,598 747 23 65 45 *YV5KAJ 5,670 62 13 24 8

MULTI-OPERATOR Puerto Rico Finland Sicily
*NP4DX 3,448,858 2437 101 296 205 OG66X 3,278,558 2676 102 303 137 *IT9BLB 3,419,808 2140 123 373 176
SINGLE TRANSMITTER OH8F 1,646,172 1871 82 230 84
OF3AD 564,692 881 63 173 80 Slovak Republic
NORTH AMERICA AFRICA OM5M 2,632,260 1919 112 317 141
Madeira Islands France *OM3KSI 17,680 133 14 39 12
United States CR3DX 9,826,882 4457 132 409 213 TM1D 395,560 557 62 185 63
District 1 F5UTN 285,360 493 42 88 102 Slovenia
KT1I 404,746 715 52 144 118 F8KCF 234,520 424 39 83 83 *S573ØZT 315,768 673 43 143 37
*W1QK 1,098,846 1244 64 198 137
ASIA *TM6V 733,500 978 70 205 100
Asiatic Turkey Spain
District 3 *TC3N 1,093,554 1283 57 161 79 Germany ED1R 4,030,896 2736 113 349 170
K9RS 2,774,190 2081 109 308 172 DQ2C 3,584,472 2293 122 345 174 EA1AP 42,525 251 12 33 30
K3AJ 1,849,230 1710 84 249 153 DQ9Y 2,181,652 1667 103 302 149 *ED7B 3,249,180 2348 104 312 178
W3ZGD 489,700 721 53 157 85 China DLØMFL 1,222,848 1311 75 215 106 *ED3M 810,704 975 69 203 96
KØOO 92,017 274 39 74 54 *BH2RO 68,640 317 36 60 8 DP6K 507,975 771 63 196 66 *ED3D 105,570 347 33 84 36
DKØIU 13,650 87 19 43 16
District 4 Georgia *DD1A 2,150,280 1668 101 289 150 Sweden
AD4ES 2,181,270 2209 86 225 159 4LØG 1,588,138 1753 68 214 49 *DQ4W 1,056,528 1249 76 232 106 SB7A 336,279 875 34 130 33
W4MLB 1,016,500 1472 66 172 142 *DLØABT 8,375 63 19 42 6
*WW4LL 1,526,096 1654 84 236 144 Japan *DLØGMH 117 6 4 5 0 Ukraine
*KT3T 176,436 380 41 112 81 District 1 UW6U 581,445 1009 61 176 58
*K4MM 30,024 151 20 49 39 JA1ZGO 354,342 624 63 123 33 Hungary UR4PWC 20,582 144 21 55 6
*KB4C 2,695 49 16 21 18 *JS1YDX 42,594 169 34 42 17 HG7T 4,555,187 2938 123 360 154 *UW7W 953,964 1045 76 221 99
District 5 District 2 Ireland Wales

NA5NN 1,938,608 1813 91 260 181 *JK2VOC 60,500 193 41 74 6 EI7M 5,416,624 3181 123 364 201 MW2I 2,313,948 2078 87 256 146
K5RZA 1,919,644 1961 100 264 184
Mongolia Italy
District 7 JT5DX 1,507,043 1871 74 210 47 IQ6AN 4,133,660 3069 101 345 134 OCEANIA
NA7TB 1,956,771 1992 104 248 177 IQ3PN 461,340 975 44 148 41 Australia
K7BTW 1,128,701 1552 85 177 159 West Malaysia *IQ3RK 1,254,836 1458 74 272 72 VK5ARG 1,022,801 1016 87 192 98
KT7E 683,721 1046 73 149 145 9M4CPS 48,060 235 31 57 2
KZ1W 518,980 798 67 139 131 *9M2S 627 26 5 6 0 Lithuania East Malaysia
WW7E 436,500 771 62 119 119 *LY5W 632,466 746 75 214 80 *9M4CRP 1,725 34 10 13 0
AB7HP 8,568 79 16 37 10
EUROPE Netherlands Indonesia
District 9 Austria PI4RS 27,520 161 21 65 0 7C7B 18,711 170 21 35 7
NV9L 2,953,104 2261 105 285 174 OE9R 1,517,940 1575 76 196 133 *YB9DE 414,502 743 62 131 34
*PI4CG 1,065,798 1249 70 206 111
K9YY 1,470,160 1462 84 230 146 *7I1A 128,646 407 35 84 7
*K9NR 937,335 1105 73 202 120 Bulgaria Poland
*N9SJ 278,300 477 53 141 81 LZ7A 1,584,660 1606 90 264 108 SO4M 4,529,616 2663 121 368 174 Philippines
SP8R 3,647,811 2372 120 353 158 *4D3X 721,688 1128 66 142 28
District Ø Croatia SP3KRE 94,227 329 31 100 16 *DX3EVM 70,305 323 39 67 3
*AEØEE 2,065 34 9 13 13 *9A7T 1,560,244 1220 103 295 143 *DX2EVM 363 17 5 6 0
Portugal
Belize Czech Republic *CS5CRE 2,077,201 1978 76 239 154 SOUTH AMERICA
*V31MA 1,031,680 1129 68 168 167 OK5Z 4,893,495 2901 126 380 189
OK1KSL 2,086,403 1864 84 250 139 Uruguay
*OK1RPL 188,125 455 42 133 40
Romania CX5A 77,900 317 18 45 37
Canada YO3GNF 384,500 709 50 159 41
District 5 *YO4KAK 4,240 48 13 27 0
VE5RI 143,577 486 22 63 44 England MULTI-OPERATOR
G2L 336,377 515 51 124 88 Sardinia
Canada IQØID 45,982 266 16 47 20 TWO-TRANSMITTER
District 7 European Russia
VA7DX 1,413,152 1505 74 168 174 District 3 Serbia UNITED STATES
RK3DXW 455,184 822 62 178 21 K9CT 6,007,650 4175 115 335 212
VE7SAR 435,088 762 56 102 126 YU5R 4,068,240 2453 124 363 173
NJ4P 3,962,750 3150 106 300 199
WØYK 2,432,905 2574 97 214 180
WØLSD 2,335,073 2254 96 258 179
Looking Ahead In CQ: HamTestOnline™ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ

N3DPB
K5GDX
N2PA
1,352,078
946,352
914,602
1298
1237
1388
85
77
60
257
189
177
152
152
140
Here are some of the articles we’re ϱϬƟŵĞƐŵŽƌĞůŝŬĞůǇƚŽŐŝǀĞƵƐ K3CCR
K3ODX
542,370
58,380
688
181
60
34
196
90
102
16
working on for upcoming issues of CQ: W7DK 41,679 192 23 37 39
ϱƐƚĂƌƐƚŚĂŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĂƌĞĨƵŶĚ NORTH AMERICA
• SSB Results: 2021 CQ World Wide
DX Contest
ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞǇĨĂŝůĞĚĂŶĞǆĂŵ͊ VE7SZ 2,601,648 2241 92 218 194
EUROPE
• Who Really Invented Morse Code? H+DPQHWUHYLHZV PI4COM
S5ØW
6,491,463
5,399,367
3786
3697
119
115
377
327
191
175
• CAD Simulation of Choke Baluns S51A 4,181,400 3155 111 328 161
• Automatic Battery Discharge Tester ϵϯϱ UA4M
UW5Y
3,937,939
3,496,764
3201
2655
113
108
312
299
116
155
I3VRD 3,016,548 2502 102 281 144
...and of course... RXWRIVWDUV C37NL 2,081,664 2250 69 219 128
IK4DCX 1,653,700 1529 90 251 119
• Professor Heisseluft VWDU ϵϭϬ OU2PA 1,151,425 1391 79 216 100
Upcoming Special Issues VWDU ϮϬ MULTI-OPERATOR

June: Take it to the Field VWDU ϯ MULTI-TRANSMITTER
October: Emergency Comm. VWDU ϭ UNITED STATES
December: Technology K1SFA 6,542,960 4325 116 342 222
VWDU ϭ W3GH
N6WM
3,127,210
3,002,230
2836
2803
99 277 169
106 253 198
Do you have a hobby radio story to tell?
Something for one of our specials? CQ covers ĞƐƚƐƚƵĚǇŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ƐƚƵĚǇŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͕ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ AFRICA
CR3W 8,612,476 4690 111 337 193
the entire radio hobby. See our writers’ guidelines ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ĂŶĚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͊
ASIA
on the CQ website at <http://bit.ly/2qBFOdU>. www.hamtestonline.com VR2CC 899,821 1521 71 148 28
EUROPE
9A1A 10,038,617 5556 136 414 201
DP7D 6,458,526 4017 124 362 183
PI4CC 5,188,967 3624 112 345 166
UZ2I 3,582,525 3059 110 328 117
SP9KAO 28,348 204 17 51 8
OCEANIA
7E3E 1,232 22 10 17 1
CHECK LOGS
3V8SS, 6EØCC, 7L4IOU, AA6MK, AB5XM, AC4PQ,
AE4FQ, CE3NSG, CM2DAH, CO2EAP, CO2VK,
CO8RCP, CT1EGF, DB2ZJ, DG3DJ, DG7NFX,
DKØRPO, DL1DXF, DL7UGO, DM4JK, E73ELS,
E77C, EA3TB, EA5FSJ, EA5XC, EA7ELY, EA7P,
EB1ADD, ED8M, ER3DX, F4AIF, F5LMJ, F6HBR,
GM6DX, HA3OU, HK4ZZ, IKØALT, IK2SAU, IK2WAD,
IK3QAR, IK4OMU, IQ2CJ, ISØ/IK2FDV, IU2CIQ,
IV3FPX, IV3IPS, IZØKBR, JA5FNX, JE7LHT,
JF1CKO, JF6YME, JG7QQA, JM2LHB, K1DCT,
K2FD, KA2MGE, KC2GOW, KD7WNV, KE3GK,
KW1DX, LB2EG, LU1DZ, LU7DW, LZ1YF, N6HI,
N7GFB, N8HHG, OK1FAK, OK2PAD, OK4MM,
OM5NA, PA3DZM, PA3I, PF7DKW, PU2VLW,
PU4YJS, R2PA, R4AJ, RJ7M, RJ9I, S52W, SM5OSZ,
SN2M, SP1HN, SP2MKT, SP9CVY, SP9DNO,
SP9GKJ, SQ8L, SQ9ANS, SV1GRB, SV1PMQ,
SV3DCX, SZ1A, UR5XMM, UT7UX, UW7CN, W6INO,
W6SY, W6YA, W8YA, WA3FRP, WA7YAZ, WBØKGN,
XE1CL, YB1BX, YC1JBV, YC1JGE, YC5YDD,
YC7WHE, YC8MGN, YO2DFA, YO3DAC, YO4BTB,
YU7OPQ, ZD7BG

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
MARCH 2022
Advertiser Page Phone Website

100 Watts & A Wire....................................110 .............................www.100WATTSANDAWIRE.COM
Advanced Specialties Inc..........................85 201-VHF-2067......www.advancedspecialties.net
Air Boss — Innovative Tech. .......................81 252-249-0287 ......www.RODKWHFKQRORJLHV.com
Amateur Radio Roundtable ......................30 901-570-2188 ......www.W5KUB.com
Arlan Communications...............................37 805-504-3944 ......www.arlancommunications.com
Bioenno Power ............................................81 888-336-7864 ......www.bioennopower.com
Buckmaster International LLC ....................56 540-894-0907.....www.HamCall.net
Buddipole Antennas ...................................45 503-591-8001 ......www.buddipole.com
CQ Mechandise ..............................35,Cov III 516-681-2922 ......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
Communications Concepts, Inc................20 937-426-8600.......www.communication-concepts.com
Dits and Dahs...............................................18 516-681-2922 ......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
Electric Radio Magazine ............................85 720-924-0171 ......www.ermag.com
HamTestOnline ..........................................110 888-857-6164 ......www.hamtestonline.com
Icom America Inc. ................................Cov II .............................www.icomamerica.com
Impulse Electronics......................................18 866-747-5277 ......www.impulseelectronics.com
International DX Association......................74 .............................www.indexa.org
LDG Electronics ..................................1,15, 59 410-586-2177 ......www.ldgelectronics.com
PreciseRF ........................................................5 503-915-2490 ......www.preciserf.com
PreppComm...............................................85 ............................www.PreppComm.com
Shortwave Propagation Handbook..........32 516-681-2922 ......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
QCWA ..........................................................56 352-425-1097 ......www.qcwa.org
RF Parts .........................................................11 800-921-4834 ......www.rfparts.com
RT Systems .................................................7,67 800-921-4834 ......www.rtsystemsinc.com
Radio Amateur Club of JHS 22 ..................31 516-674-4072 ......www.wb2jkj.org
REACT Int’l ....................................................83 301-316-2900 ......www.REACTintl.org
W2IHY Technologies....................................20 845-889-4253 ......www.w2ihy.com
W5SWL............................................................81 .............................www.W5SWL.com
W7DXX Remote.............................................83 .............................www.w7dxx.com
West Mountain Radio...................................33 262-522-6503 ......www.westmountainradio.com/CQ322
YLRL ...............................................................56 .............................www.ylrl.org
Yaesu ....................................................Cov IV 714-827-7600 ......www.yaesu.com
Let CQ help you get the most for your advertising dollar!
Contact Dottie K, CQ’s Advertising Director
at 516-681-2922 x 106 or via email at ads@cq-amateur-radio.com
HAMSHOP
Advertising Rates: Non-commercial ads are 20 cents per word including abbreviations and addresses. Commercial and organization ads are $1.00 per word. Boldface
words are $1.50 each (specify which words). Minimum charge $2.00. No ad will be printed unless accompanied by full remittance. All ads must be typewritten
double-spaced.
Closing Date: The 10th day in the third month preceding date of publication (example: Jan. 10th for the March issue). Because the advertisers and equipment con-
tained in Ham Shop have not been investigated, the Publisher of CQ cannot vouch for the merchandise listed therein. The publisher reserves the right to reject any
advertisement. Direct all correspondence and ad copy to: CQ Ham Shop, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782 (e-mail: <hamshop@cq-amateur-radio.com>).
FLASH CARDS for all FCC Exams, Amateur and Commercial. TWO NEW NOVELS involving ham radio: Full Circle, and NEED ROPE? All kinds, types, including: antenna rope,
VIS Study Guides <www.visradio.com> 800-655-HAMS and Frozen in Time, by N4XX. Visit <http://www.theodore-cohen- hauling, gin. FREE, free consultation, Go to <http://www.
on Amazon Marketplace. novels.com/>. davisropeandcable.com/>. Veteran owned, K1PEK, 978-
369-1738.
WWW.CABLEHELP.COM 160M antennas for small spaces. QSLing SUPPLIES. e-mail: <plumdx@msn.com>.
(662) 332-8454. FUTURE TIMES: Dreams and visions of Disasters. Great
CASH FOR COLLINS, HALLICRAFTERS SX-88, & DRAKE guide book for Hams. www.xlibris.com/futuretimes.html
For Sale: HF RADIO ICOM IC-78 TRANSCEIVER. New, TR-6. Buy any Collins equipment. Leo, KJ6HI, phone/fax 310-
unused, perfect condition. Includes power supply. Make offer. 418-9269, e-mail: <radioleo73@gmail.com>. HAWAII DX VACATION: SteppIR antennas, amplifiers, private.
chuck_kaptain@wycliffe.org KH6RC, <www.leilanibedandbreakfast.com>.
MicroLog by WAØH
WANNA START A RAG-CHEW WITH THE GENERAL PUB- Easy to use logging program. HAM TRAVELERS Discount travel, tours, cruises, more.
LIC ABOUT THE VALUE OF AMATEUR RADIO? Introduce Free download . . . www.wa0h.com www.GreatExpectationTravel.com
them to Harold, a ham who is trying to keep his day job post-
Pandemic, and his wife, Sabrina, who is hoping to keep her www.oldqslcards.com www.peidxlodge.com
yarn shop alive. SIDEWALK SALE ACROSS AMERICA,
available Amazon Kindle, paperback. Peg Nichols, OVERSEAS AIRMAIL POSTAGE plus complete line of airmail NEAT STUFF! DWM Communications: <http://qth.com/dwm>
KD0VQO@arrl.net. envelopes. Order directly from our website. James E. Mackey,
proprietor. website: <www.airmailpostage. com> PROMOTIONAL VIDEO: 15-minute DVD describes amateur
FOR SALE Rare Collins KW-1, serial number 96. Only radio’s fun and public service. Details: <www.neoham.org>.
150 made and it still works! $16,000 firm. Pictures upon TOWER ACCESSORIES Gin Pole Kits – stand off brackets –
request. Contact Teressa: <Trjtwo@gmail.com> or via antenna mounts – vehicle radio mounts – for 30 years. IIX HAM RADIO GIFTS: <www.mainestore.com>
telephone 805-878-1691. Equipment Ltd., 708-337-8172, <http://www.w9iix.com/>.
WANTED: OLD QSL CARD COLLECTIONS. Collector seeks
Wanted: Original set of knobs for my Heathkit HW-8. HOMEBREW! “Recollections of a Radio Receiver” a 565 page US & DX cards. W2VRK, 5 Mohawk Trail, Branchburg, NJ
Paul, WBØMPG, 538 North Walnut, Wichita, KS 67203. book on HBR homebrew receivers. $10 delivered (eBook on 08876; e-mail: <tpllrs@comcast.net>.
(316) 351-7717. CD-ROM). Details <www.w6hht.com>
Wanted: Old slide rules for personal collection. Send TELEGRAPH KEY INFORMATION AND HISTORY MUSE-
DXPEDITION DVD VIDEOS: For full description and how to UM: <http://w1tp.com>
info to db_cunningham@hotmail.com order . . . <www.k4uee.com/dvd/>.
Morse Code on a CD. Just want A to Z and Zero to 9 in FT243 AND HC6U CRYSTALS: www.af4k.com
ARMS – Amateur Radio Missionary Net. Christian Fellowship
code only. Contact Ronald (KD7FWC) (775) 962-5437. Net, Everyone Welcome. 14.3075 Daily except Sunday OLD QSLs Available. 50’s and 60’s, DX and USA. Specify call,
1500–1700Z, –1 Hr DST. Website: www.qsl.net/arms send SASE. W5SQA@arrl.net
AMECO AC-1 DIY Kits: www.thenewameco.com
VORTEX ANTENNA SYSTEMS specialist in HF and VHF high RFI Filters <www.RFchoke.com>
Affordable Custom Antenna Design www.ant-build.com performance antennas. Yagis and Delta Loops. Linear Loaded
30 and 40m Arrays. OWA Arrays, bespoke individual design CRANK-A-WATT Power & More via KE5NYS. Visit <www.
Recognize the signature CW sounds of over 4000 words!
solutions. Antenna related hardware. We ship worldwide FactorReady.com>
Start to read whole words sent in fast Morse code!
including North America. <www.vortexantennas.co.uk/>. or by
https://www.hearcwwords.com
e-mail to <enquiries@vortexantennas.co.uk>. QRP KITS: <www.breadboardradio.com>
Yaesu FT-100D (HF-VHF-UHF). Great mobile rig with
“World of Keys – Keys III” book features highly detailed views FMTV ARTICLES: Comprehensive transmitter and receiver
manual, internal keyer and mike. $300. (281) 934-8783.
and photos of keys, bugs, and paddles like few people have deviation calibration, standards, intermodulation, power ampli-
RF CONNECTORS & GADGETS - Parts - Products ever seen ($18)!. Also still available, “Keys II” ($16) and “QRP
fier calculations. WB9OQM, http://mathison.freeshell.org
Romps!” ($18), plus “Your Guide to HF Fun” ($16). Available
and More! www.W5SWL.com
from dealers nationwide.
www.SecondHandRadio.com
Keychain QRP: Worlds Smallest HF Transmitter. Handmade
in the USA. <www.bit.ly/KeychainQRP> PACKET RADIO AND MORE! Join TAPR, connect with the
HF Mobile or Fixed Virtual X Antenna Patent: For Sale or
largest amateur radio digital group in the U.S. Creators of the
TNC-2 standard, working on Software Defined Radio technol- License. Request Free Power Point Presentation file. Shows
GET THE F.C.C. “COMMERCIAL” RADIOTELEPHONE design details, pictures, prototype tests. Design applies to a
LICENSE! Fast, inexpensive home study course. Command ogy. Benefits: newsletter, software, discounts on kits and pub-
lications. For membership prices see the TAPR website: broad frequency range for mant antenna arrays/beams/verti-
Productions. www.LicenseTraining.com. Free info: (800) 932- cals. <lgslay@sbcglobal.net>. Larry Slay, K5WUL
4268. <http://www.tapr.org>).
HONDURAS DX VACATION: K3, Alpha 86, SteppIR, Meals, FOR SALE: Samlex Power Supply Model SEC 1223, 13.8V @
NEVER have another fauly patch cable! 15-page, photo-illus- 25 amps. Not working. Includes operating manual and
trated manual details a revolutionary procedure for assembling Private Facilities. HR2J, (206) 259-9688.
schematic. Price $50 or best offer. Contact Harry, W9HRQ, at
failure-proof coaxial cable patches. $10 postpaid U.S., <harrygraziano@gmail.com> or phone 1-773-334-4492.
$15 forgeign. R.W. Parker, 1205 Sleepy Hollow Road, HY POWER ANTENNA COMPANY <http://www. freewebs.
Pennsuburg, PA 18073. com/hypower> Multiband dipoles, delta loops, half squares
and QRP antennas. ANTENNA & TOWER HARDWARE: Aluminum plates: Boom
to elements, boom to mast, GP/ Vertical antennaground plates,
CallSign Stuff www.hamQRU.com KTØMMY
NEW AMATEUR RADIO MAP with DXCC list updates. Full Rohn 25/45 to cross arms plates, Hexabeam / spiderbeam
WANTED: 500-Kc Ships Transmitter. IE: MACKAY MARINE color 22 x 34" – $10. Free shipping on club orders. Hubs, Moxon hubs, U bolts with sadles. All info at: e78WW@
http://www.hamradiomap.qth.com/ yahoo.com or at e-bay store: stores.ebay.com/yz4izØ
2017A. w8wz@aol.com
NO NONSENSE LICENSE STUDY GUIDES: kb6nu.com/cq Wanna ham in the CAYMAN ISLANDS?” Go to <www. WWW.ISOTRONANTENNAS.COM FOR HF. CHECK IT OUT!
martykaiser.com/24a.htm>. Call: 719-687-0650; <wd0eja@isotronantennas. com>
Wanted: Channel Master model 110 Quantum Antennas 1 or
more in box good condition! W.J. Gibbs, Jr. 601 Howard Street.
Columbia, NC 27925
QRP J-36: 1/2-Scale Microkey. Full-Functional “BUG” Made

in the USA by KA6IRL. <QRPJ36.com>
Premium RF Connectors, Antennas, Coax, Parts, and

Accessories. W5SWL’s Ham Store — www.DavesHobby
Shop.com
WANTED: IBM Model M, Space Saving Keyboard, Call KØKG,

(218) 850-1500 or email: <keith.gilbertson@q.com>.
AMATEUR RADIO ELECTRONICS: Home Study Software,

Apps, and eBooks $2.99. <www.eptsoft.com/HomeStudy
POLYESTER ROPE: excellent for antenna support and

guying. Go to <www.audiotronics.us>.
REAL HAMS DO CODE: Move up to CW with CW Mental Block

Buster III. Succeed with hypnosis and NLP. Includes two (2)
CDs and Manual. Only $29.95 plus $7.00 s/h US. FL add $2.14
tax. Success Easy, 568 SE Maple Terrace, Port St. Lucie, FL
34983, phone 561-302-7731, <www.success-is-easy.com>.

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ANNOUNCEMENTS EDITORIAL STAFF

Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor

2• CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 3

Ferdy De Martin, HB9DSP, takes a

When it Doesn’t Work …

6• CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 7

5Z4/HB9DSP: A Holiday Style

Obtaining the License

8• CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 9

Photo D. The 13-meter-high (42+ feet) Spiderbeam fiber-

10 • CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

More Watts per Dollar

3CPX800A7 4CX1000A 810

Se Habla Español • We Export

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 11

SOTA From the Top of the Americas

BY MARTIN BUTERA,* PT2ZDX/LU9EFO

12 • CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 13

14 • CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 15

16 • CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com March 2022 • CQ • 17

SINGLE OPERATOR QRP

12 to 50 Ah Bioenno LiFePO4 Battery SINGLE OPERATOR ASSISTED HIGH POWER

SINGLE OPERATOR SINGLE BAND

6 x 9 Paperback Only $15.95 CLUB COMPETITION

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MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR SINGLE TRANSMITTER

MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR TWO TRANSMITTER

MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER MULTI-OPERATOR MULTI-TRANSMITTER

We stock the rugged 1KW transistor

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Club scores with 4 or more entries.

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CQ Reviews: Chameleon Antenna™

Unpacking the CHA MPAS 2.0

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Photo E. The shock-corded CHA MIL

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Figure 3. The manpack configuration is

Figure 2 shows a sample NanoVNA

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will be very efficient. On SOTA it will be

1. Select a clear area where the best

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NVIS (Near Vertical Incidence Skywave)

[First published in a special review edition of CQ Boland for the Boland

28 • CQ • March 2022 Visit Our Web Site

last 30 years). It’s a worthwhile exercise, to find a radio with 7HFK6XSSRUW5HDFKRXU5,*EODVWHUH[SHUWDW

T E MRJS$FYHHMTSPIGSQ Secure online ordering at