CQ Amateur Radio 08-2022

Contest Logging Programs Compared, p.
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F O R P R O D U C T D E TA I L S A N D O R D E R I N G :
w w w. s t e p p i r. c o m 425-453-1910
ham radio news
FCC Retires Old “CORES” Registration System ARDC also increased its scholarship commitments this
If you’ve been licensed for more than six years, you will prob- year to $750,000. See “News Bytes” on page 7 for details.
ably want to update your FCC CORES (COmmission
REgistration System) file to move it to the commission’s Radio Club of America Launches Mentorship
updated system. The ARRL Letter reports that use of the new Program
system is now mandatory and that the legacy system was The Radio Club of America, which includes both radio pro-
retired as of July 15th. This is the system that keeps track of fessionals and amateurs, began a new program at the end
your licensing records and issues your FRN, or FCC of June to help young professionals learn from more experi-
Registration Number, without which you can’t do business enced RCA members. The mentorship program pairs
with the FCC’s computers. The updated system may be younger members with “more seasoned” members, accord-
accessed at <https://apps.fcc.gov/cores/userLogin.do>. ing to an announcement. Participation is open to any adult
RCA member who might benefit from working with a more
Earthquake Exercise Puts Winlink to the Test experienced member. More information is available at
More than 100 radio amateurs in North and Central America <https://tinyurl.com/ycx4wuxe>.
took part in June’s “SoCal Shifting 2022” earthquake drill, a
joint exercise involving the ARRL’s Amateur Radio Milestones: N1UL Honored; W4EA, N2OML,
Emergency Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Silent Keys
EmComm Training Organization, and county / local law Dr. Ulrich L. Rohde, N1UL, was honored recently by the
enforcement. According to the ARRL Letter, the main goal Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as
of the exercise was to test the operational capability and the recipient of its 2022 Photonics Society Engineering
readiness of the Winlink radio email system. The 101 par- Achievement Award. A partner in Rohde & Schwarz, a man-
ticipating hams were asked to send a series of four mes- ufacturer of a variety of high-end communications and test /
sages, ranging from a “Did You Feel It?” message to a Field measurement products, he has been an active ham since
Station Report. The after-action report indicated that 76 of being licensed in 1956, according to the ARRL Letter. The
the stations sent all four messages, 16 sent three (most often Photonics Society award recognizes outstanding achieve-
forgetting the Winlink check-out message), and the remain- ment in the field of optoelectronic signal generation and opti-
ing nine stations sent either one or two of the four messages. cal measurement equipment.
The LA Northeast District Emergency Coordinator said the Richard “Dick” Ehrhorn, W4EA, a pioneer in magnetic res-
test was a great success, especially since participants had onance imaging technology and a major player in the ama-
been given only three days’ notice. teur radio manufacturing world of the 1960s and ’70s,
became a Silent Key in late June at age 88, the ARRL Letter
Friedrichshafen “Ham Radio” Show Returns in reported. Best known for designing RF amplifiers, Ehrhorn
Person; DCC to Follow founded Signal One and Ehrhorn Technological Operations
The annual “Ham Radio” gathering in Friedrichshafen, (ETO), and was chairman of Alpha/Power, Inc. He later
Germany, returned in person this year after a 2-year Covid applied his expertise in amplifier design at General Electric,
hiatus. Organizers report that Europe’s largest hamfest was designing an RF amplifier to work with its then-new MRI
very successful despite drawing a smaller-than-usual crowd systems.
(10,200 attendees vs. 14,300 in 2019) from 52 countries Retired CBS engineer and senior vice president Bob Ross,
around the world. N2OML, also became a Silent Key in June. Ross worked in
The ARRL/TAPR Digital Communications Conference broadcast engineering for over 45 years, according to an
(DCC) will also return to an in-person format this year. The announcement in “TV Tech,” and served as CBS’s Senior
41st DCC will be held in Charlotte, North Carolina from Vice President of East Coast Operations from 1998 to 2017.
September 16-18th. More information is available at A member of the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame and
<https://tapr.org>. recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award, Bob could
often be found searching for bargains at the Dayton flea mar-
ARDC Funds Education Projects ket. He had moved to Arizona after retirement.
The Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation
(ARDC) is providing funding for amateur radio-related pro- PicSat Returns to Life After 4 Years
jects at both ends of the education spectrum. According to The French PicSat scientific satellite, which also carries an
the ARRL Letter, one grant, aimed at elementary school stu- amateur radio transponder, has come back to life after four
dents, is going to the Science is Elementary organization to years of silence. Its signals were first picked up on June 21st
fund publication of a radio-themed book in the group’s series by Vlad Chorney, EU1SAT, and subsequently by other radio
of books aimed at helping students solve problems using sci- amateurs as well. The PicSat team reported on its website
ence. Jasmine and José Build a Radio tells the story of two that it was able to send commands to the satellite and get
young people visiting a friend who’s a ham and are inspired responses. The AMSAT News Service reports that PicSat
to build their own radio. The books will be accompanied by was launched in January 2018 but fell silent just three months
field trips allowing students to build a working radio from sim- later. The team reports that it hopes to continue its astrono-
ple components. my mission and activate the satellite’s telescope, even
The second grant is going to Bradley University in Peoria, though the specific event it was launched to observe is long
Illinois, to fund ongoing work by three recent graduates on a past. At press time, there was still no indication of what might
project to encourage experimentation in the 33-centimenter have caused the satellite’s transmitter to shut down four years
(902 MHz) amateur band. ago, or why it suddenly decided to come back to life.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 1

contents AUGUST 2022 • VOLUME 78 NUMBER 08
16 COVER: RESULTS OF THE

2022 CQWW 160-METER
CONTEST
by Andy Blank, N2NT
Brian Campbell, VE3MGY, operating

SO2C – Single Operator, Two Contests
– at his station in Sparta, Ontario. One
was the 2022 CQ World Wide 160-Meter
Contest, whose results are in this issue.
(Contest results begin on page 16; more
about Brian and his station on page 102)
15 34
features
8 YOTA CAMP 2022 — AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE 39 A SIMPLE RF RADIATION DETECTOR
By Katie Campbell, KE8LQR & Grace Papay, KE8RJJ By Paul Signorelli, WØRW
12 A BOY AND HIS RADIO: A 21ST CENTURY WAR 40 800 MHZ QRP: GLOBE-SPANNING HAM RADIO
STORY QSOS FROM ANYWHERE
By Martii Laine, OH2BH By Dennis Lazar, W4DNN
15 ANOTHER BOY, ANOTHER RADIO (SAME WAR) 43 KOREAN WAR MARS OPERATIONS
By Eric Kriner, KF5KVE By Paul Signorelli, WØRW
26 ANNOUNCING: THE 2022 CQ WORLD-WIDE DX 44 A SHOCKING EXPERIENCE
CONTEST By Rich Stiebel, W6APZ
By John Dorr, K1AR
46 CQ REVIEWS: QSL:HOW I TRAVELED THE WORLD
28 CQ CLASSIC: Return to Kosovo AND NEVER LEFT HOME
Z6: Last New Country from the Heart of Europe By Bart Lee, K6VK
By Martii Laine, OH2BH (July 2013)
103 COMPLETE LINE SCORES OF THE 2022 CQWW
34 COLLECTIVE ANTENNA BUILDING: A DIFFERENT 160-METER CONTEST
KIND OF ANTENNA PARTY By Andy Blank, N2NT
By Bob Dixon, W8ERD
FOCUS ON: Youth can be gauged in many ways. There are the obvious physical signs of youth, but there are also the
young at heart and spirit who have youthful enthusiasm regardless of physical age. This month, CQ explores youth in one
very tragic way on page 12, and two very hopeful ways on pages 8 and 15. Their stories show that youth is not only skin
deep but within us when we embrace the future with optimism and action.
columns
48 MATH’S NOTES: Can You Hear Me Now? 67 LEARNING CURVE: Rediscovery
By Irwin Math, WA2NDM By Ron Ochu, KOØZ
50 THE LISTENING POST: What Did You Hear? 72 HOMING IN: National and World ARDF Contests and
By Gerry Dexter Training Opportunities
By Joe Moell, KØOV
53 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS: R U Ready?
By John Ferguson, K3PFW 76 MOBILING: On the Road Again
By Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR
56 KIT-BUILDING: A Work in Progress
By Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB 78 MICROCONTROLLERS: Using C Pointers: Step 1
By Jack Purdum, W8TEE
60 ANALOG ADVENTURES: Partition Peering, Part Two
But First ... A Field Day Debrief 80 ANTENNAS: The All-Important Counterpoise
By Eric P. Nichols, KL7AJ By Kent Britain, WA5VJB
62 QRP: A Mini-Tuner for the QRPer ... Four State QRP
Group’s 4S-Tuner
By R. Scott Rought, KA8SMA
departments
82 VHF PLUS: A Day in the Life of a Casual Contester 91 CONTESTING: Recent Trends in Computer-Based
By Trent Fleming, N4DTF Contest Logging
By Tim Shoppa, N3QE
85 AWARDS: The Future of Amateur Radio Awards 2022
By Steve Molo, KI4KWR 96 PROPAGATION: August Propagation
86 DX: DXing Past, Present, Future By Tomas Hood, NW7US
By Bob Schenck, N2OO
miscellaneous
62
1 HAM RADIO NEWS 59 OUR READERS SAY
4 ANNOUNCEMENTS 61 SPURIOUS SIGNALS
5, 7 NEWS BYTES 94 LOOKING AHEAD
6 ZERO BIAS 102 ON THE COVER
37, 77 WHAT’S NEW 102 OOPS
54 BEHIND THE BYLINES 112 HAM SHOP
86
EDITORIAL STAFF
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Editor announcements
Jason Feldman, KD2IWM, Managing Editor
Susan Moseson, Editorial Consultant
AUGUST
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS CENTRAL CITY, IOWA — The Cedar Valley Amateur Radio Club will hold the Fifth Annual
Kent Britain, WA5VJB, Antennas Midwest Techfest and 2022 ARRL Iowa State Convention from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday,
Martin Butera, PT2ZDX / LU9EFO, At-Large
August 6 and from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Sunday, August 7 at the Linn County Fairgrounds, 201
Gerry L. Dexter, The Listening Post
Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB, Kit-Building
Central City Road. Contact: David Cripe <nm0s@arrl.net>. Website: <http://w0gq.org/
John Ferguson, K3PFW, Emergency Communications hamfest>. Talk-in 146.745- (PL 192.8). VE exams,
Trent Fleming, N4DTF, VHF Plus ELKHART, INDIANA — The 2022 Elkhart East Hamfest will be held from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.,
Tomas Hood, NW7US, Propagation Saturday, August 6 at the Northern Indiana Event Center, 21565 Executive Parkway. Email:
John Langridge, KB5NJD, MF/LF Operating <info@elkharteasthamfest.com>. Website: <www.elkharteasthamfest.com>. Talk-in 145.430
Anthony Luscre, K8ZT, Ham Radio Explorer (PL 141.3). VE exams.
Irwin Math, WA2NDM, Math’s Notes GROVE CITY, OHIO — The Aladdin Shrine Audio Unit will hold the 2022 Columbus Hamfest
Joe Moell, KØOV, Homing In from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, August 6 at the Aladdin Shrine Center, 1801 Gateway Circle.
Steve Molo, KI4KWR, Awards Website: <www.columbushamfest.com>. Talk-in 146.760 (PL 123).
Eric Nichols, KL7AJ, Analog Adventures ROANOKE, VIRGINIA — The Roanoke Valley Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest
Ron Ochu, KOØZ, Learning Curve
from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, August 6 at the Colonia Avenue Baptist Church, 4165 Colonial
Jack Purdum, W8TEE, Microcontrollers
Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR, Mobile/Radio Magic Avenue. Contact: John, W4AZT, <darrell@ki4lla.us> or Darrell, KI4LLA <johnbougeois_19
Scott Rought, KA8SMA, QRP @yahoo.com>. Website: <https://roanolehamfest.info>. Talk-in 146.985- (PL 107.2). VE exams.
Don Rotolo, N2IRZ, Digital TRUMANSBURG, NEW YORK — The Tompkins County Amateur Radio Association will
Bob Schenck, N2OO, DX hold the Ithaca Hamfest from 7 a.m. to noon, Saturday, August 6 at the Trumansburg
Tim Shoppa, N3QE, Contesting Fairgrounds on NYS 96. Email: <ne2t@arrl.net>. Website: <http://tcara-ny.org/hamfest>.
Jason Togyer, W3MCK, Spurious Signals BERRYVILLE, VIRGINIA — The Shenendoah Valley Amateur Radio Club will hold the 71st
Gordon West, WB6NOA, Short Circuits Annual Berryville Hamfest beginning 8 a.m., Sunday, August 7 at the Clarke County Ruritan
Wayne Yoshida, KH6WZ, The Ham Notebook Fairgrounds, 890 W. Main Street. Contact: Mick W8BE, <vendor-coordinator@berryville-
AWARD MANAGEMENT hamfest.com>. Website: <www.berryvillehamfest.com>. VE exams.
Brian Bird, NXØX, USA-CA Custodian PEOTONE, ILLINOIS — The Hamfesters Radio Club will hold its 87th Annual Hamfest begin-
Steve Bolia, N8BJQ, WPX Award ning 8 a.m., Sunday, August 7 at the Will County Fairgrounds, 710 S. West Street. Contact:
Jose Castillo, N4BAA, WAZ Award Don Pointer, KC9EQQ, (773) 426-1936. Email: <dpointer65@aol.com>. Website: <http://ham-
Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, CQ DX Award festers.org>. Talk-in 442.450+ (PL 114.8). VE exams.
EVANSVILLE, INDIANA — The Tri-State Amateur Radio Society will air special station
CONTEST MANAGEMENT
W9OG/75 from 1400 UTC, Friday, August 12 through 2359 UTC, Sunday, August 14 to honor
Andy Blank, N2NT, CQ 160 Meter Contest
John Dorr, K1AR, CQWW DX Contest its 75th Anniversary. Frequencies include 7.262, 7.045, 14,250 MHz and the FT8 band on the
JK Kalenowsky, K9JK, CQ VHF Contest 20- and 40-meter band. QSL a SASE to WA2USA, 5577 Victoria Court, Newburgh, IN 47630.
Ed Muns, WØYK, CQ RTTY Contests Contact: Dennis Martin, WA2USA, (812) 598-8333. Email: <wa2usa.ham@gmail.com>.
John Sweeney, K9EL, CQ DX Marathon CARLINVILLE, ILLINOIS — The West Central Illinois Hamfest will be held from 7 a.m. to
Joseph “Bud” Trench, AA3B, CQWW WPX Contest noon, Saturday, August 13 at the Macoupin County Fairgrounds, 21149 IL Route 4. Contact:
Jim Pitchford, N9LQF, (217) 670-5777. Email: <information@wcilhamfest.com> or
BUSINESS STAFF <n9lqf@arrl.net>. Website: <http://wcilhamfest.com>. Talk-in 444.250 (PL 103.5). VE exams,
Richard A. Ross, K2MGA, Publisher
card checking.
Dorothy Kehwieder, Associate Publisher,
Advertising FAYETTEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA — The Cape Fear Amateur Radio Society will hold
Richard S. Moseson, W2VU, Associate Publisher, its 23rd Annual Ole Fashioned SwapFest from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, August 13 at the
Editorial Cumberland County Shrine Club, 7040 Ramsey Street. Contact: David, KI4W, (910) 624-
Emily Leary, Sales Coordinator 1394. Email: <kr4oe@nc.rr.com>. Website: <www.cfarsnc.com>. Talk-in 146.910- (PL 100).
VE exams.
CIRCULATION STAFF FORT PIERCE, FLORIDA — The Fort Pierce Amateur Radio Club will hold the Fort Pierce
Cheryl DiLorenzo, Customer Service Manager Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, August 13 at the Treasure Coast Public Safety
Taylor Gilligan, Circulation Assistant
Training Complex 4600 Kirby Loop Road. Website: <www.fparc.org>. Talk-in 147.345 (PL
PRODUCTION STAFF 107.2). VE exams, DXCC card checking.
Elizabeth Ryan, Art Director OWENSVILLE, OHIO — The Cincinnati Hamfest will be held from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday,
Dorothy Kehrwieder, Production Director August 13 at the Clermont County Fairgrounds, 1000 Locust Street. Email: <info@cincinnati-
Emily Leary, Production Manager, Illustrator hamfest.org>. Website: <www.cincinnatihamfest.org>. Talk-in 147.345+ (PL 123). VE exams,
RACINE, WISCONSIN — The Racine Mega Cycle Club will hold its Free Fest 2022 from 6
a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, August 13 at the Greater Racine Kennel Club, 6320 Six Mile Road.
A publication of Contact: Dan Miller <ka9oil@yahoo.com>. Website: <www.w9udu.org>. Talk-in 147.270+ (PL
CQ Communications 127.3).
45 Dolphin Lane O’FALLON, MISSOURI — The St. Charles Amateur Radio Club will hold its Hamfest from
Northport, NY, 11768 USA. 7 a.m. to noon, Sunday, August 14 at the Elks Lodge, 1163 Tom Ginnever Avenue. Contact:
Doug Wheeler, KØHKK, (314) 660-0674. Email: <scarc.hamfest@gmail.com>. Website:
CQ Amateur Radio (ISSN 0007-893X) Volume 78, No. 8,
Published monthly by CQ Communications, Inc., 45 Dolphin <www.wb0hsi.org>. Talk-in 146.670 or 145.330.
Lane, Northport, NY, 11768, Telephone 516-681-2922. E-mail: PHOENIXVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA — The Mid-Atlantic Amateur Radio Club will hold the
cq@cq-amateur-radio.com. Fax 516-681-2926. Web site:
www.cq-amateur-radio.com. Periodicals Postage Paid at
Valley Forge Hamfest beginning 8 a.m., Sunday, August 14 at the Kimberton Fire Company
Northport, NY 11768 and at additional mailing offices. Sub- Fairgrounds, 762 Pike Spring Road (Rt. 113). Contact Bob Palin, N3JIZ, (610) 420-1535.
scription prices (all in U.S. dollars): Domestic-one year $42.95, Email: <hamfest@marc-radio.org>. Website: <www.marc-radio.org>. Talk-in 145.30- (PL
two years $77.95, three years $111.95; Canada/Mexico-one
year $57.95, two years $107.95, three years $156.95: Foreign 131.8) or 147.060+ (PL 131.8). VE exams, DXCC / WAS card checking.
Air Post-one year $72.95, two years $137.95, three years BREWSTER, MINNESOTA — The Northern Plains Regional Radio Council will hold the
$201.95. Single copy $6.99. U.S. Government Agencies: Sub-
scriptions to CQ are available to agencies of the United States
NPRRC Hamfest beginning 9 a.m., Saturday, August 20 at the American Legion Post 464,
government including military services, only on a cash with 825 3rd Avenue. Talk-in 146.67 (PL 141.3). VE exams.
order basis. Requests for quotations, bids, contracts., etc. will HOWARD, NEW YORK — The Keuka Lake Amateur Radio Association will hold its 14th
be refused and will not be returned or processed. Entire con-
tents copyrighted 2022 by CQ Communications, Inc. CQ does Annual Hamfest from 7 a.m. to noon, Saturday, August 20 at the Howard Community Center,
not assume responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts. Allow six 7481 Hopkins Road. Email: <keukalakeara@gmail.com>. Website: <http://klara.us>. Talk-in
weeks for change of address.
145.190, 147.045+, or 147.330+ (PL 110.9). VE exams.
Printed in the U.S.A. HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA — The Huntsville Hamfest and the 2022 ARRL Southeast Division
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Convention will be held from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Saturday, August 20 and from 9 a.m. to 3
CQ Amateur Radio, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782
4• CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

p.m., Sunday, August 21 at the Von Braun Center South Hall, 700 Log Cabin Restaurant, 2445 W. Walworth Road. Website: <rocci-
Monroe Street SW. Website: <www.hamfest.org>. Talk-in 146.94 (PL tynethamfest.com>. Talk-in 145.11 (PL 110.9).
100). VE exams, DXCC card checking, NAPERVILLE, ILLINOIS — The Society of Midwest Contesters will
ADAMS, MASSACHUSSETS — The Northern Berkshire Amateur hold the SMC Fest 2022 Saturday, August 27 at the Chicago Marriott
Radio Club will hold its Hamfest beginning 7 a.m., Sunday, August 21 Naperville, 1801 North Naper Boulevard. Website: <http://w9smc.
at Bowe Field (Adams Agricultural Fair Grounds on Route 8. Contact com>. Friday, August 26th Banquet.
Eric (413) 743-9975. Website: <www.nobarc.org>. Talk-in 146.91 IPL BRIGHTON, COLORADO — The Denver Radio Club will hold its
162.2). VE exams Hamfest from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., Sunday, August 28 at the Adams County
MARLBOROUGH, MASSACHUSSETS — FEMARA Inc. will hold Fairgrounds, 9755 Henderson Road. Contact Cathy Villhauer
The Northeast HamXposition 2022 and the 2022 ARRL New England <drcfest@w0tx.org>. Website: <www.w0tx.org>. Talk-in 145.490 (PL
& Hudson Divisions Convention from Friday, August 26 through 100) or 448.625 (PL 100). VE exams.
Sunday August 28 at the Best Western Royal Plaza Hotel & Trade CHIPPEWA FALLS, WISCONSIN — The Chippewa Valley Amateur
Center, 181 Boston Post Road W. Website: <www.hamxposition.org>. Radio Club will hold its 2022 Hamfest from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday,
Talk-in 147.270+ (PL 146.2), 223.940- (PL 103.5), or 449.925- (PL August 28 at the Northern Wisconsin State Fairgrounds, 225 Edward
88.5). VE exams, special event station, DXCC card checking, fox hunt. Street. Email: <hamfest@w9cva.org>. Website: <http://w9cva.org>.
BARABOO, WISCONSIN — The Yellow Thunder Amateur Radio Talk-in 147.375+ (PL 110.9). VE exams.
Club will hold the Circus City Swapfest from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday,
August 27 at the Badger Steam & Gas Engine show grounds, E3347 SEPTEMBER
Sand Road. Contact: Tom Harrison, N9PQJ, (608) 963-0762. Email: SHELBY, NORTH CAROLINA — The Shelby Amateur Radio Club
<n9pqj@yellowthunder.org>. Website: <www.yellowthunder.org>. will hold the Shelby 2022 Hamfest and the 2022 ARRL North Carolina
VE exams Section Convention from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Friday, September 2, 8 a.m.
DAVENPORT, IOWA — The Davenport Radio Amateur Club will to 5 p.m., and 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Sunday, September 3 at the Cleveland
hold the 51st Annual WØBXR Hamfest / Computer Show beginning 8 County Fairgrounds, 1751 E. Marion Street. Phone: (980) 295-5151.
a.m., Saturday, August 27 at the Iowa Army National Guard, 5300 Email: <chairman@shelbyhamfest.org>. Website: <www.shelbyham-
West Kimberly Road. Contact Kelly Lovely, W1HAM, (563) 321-7559. fest.com>. Talk-in 146.880-. VE exams.
Email: <w1ham@arrl.net>. Website: <www.arcsupport.com>. Talk-in SHEPERDSVILLE, KENTUCKY — The Greater Louisville Hamfest
146.28+ (PL 77) or 146.10+ (PL 77). Association will hold the Greater Louisville Hamfest 2022 from 8 a.m.
EAST GREENBUSH, NEW YORK — The East Greenbush Amateur to 2 p.m., Saturday, September 10 at the Paroquet Springs Conference
Radio Association will hold its Hamfest 2022 from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Centre, 395 Paroquet Springs Drive. Website: <www.louisvillehamfest.
Saturday, August 27 at the East Greenbush Town Park. Contact Bryan com>. Talk-in 146.700 (PL 79.7). VE exams, card checking.
Jackson, W2RBJ, <w2rbj@outlook.com>. Website: <www.egara.club>. FINDLAY, OHIO — The Findlay Radio Club will hold its 80th Annual
LEBANON, TENNESSEE — The Short Mountain Repeater Club will Hamfest from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday, September 11 at the Hancock
hold the 2022 SMRC Cedars of Lebanon Hamfest beginning 8 a.m., County Fairgrounds, 1017 East Sandusky Street. Email: <ham-
Saturday, August 27 at the Cedars of Lebanon State Park, 5070 fest@FindlayRadioClub.org>. Website <www.FindlayRadioClub.
Murfreesboro Road. Website: <http://smrclub.com>. Talk-in 146.910- org/hamfest>. Talk-in: 147.150+ (PL 88.5).
. MACEDON, NEW YORK — The Roc City Net will hold its 4th Annual
Roc City Net Hamfest beginning 7 a.m., Saturday, August 27 at the (Continued on page 101)
news bytes
Audrey McElroy, KM4BUN, Named Newsline Young Ham of the Year
E
ighteen-year-old Audrey McElroy, KM4BUN, of Cumming,
Georgia, has been selected as the 2022 Bill Pasternak
Memorial Newsline Young Ham of the Year. McElroy
comes from a ham family and has been licensed since 2014,
upgrading to Amateur Extra in 2016. She and her brother, Jack,
KM4ZIA, were featured on the cover of CQ in March, 2021. Her
parents are Tom, W4SDR, and Jan, K4PRM.
Planning for a career in biotechnology, Audrey will begin her
sophomore year at Georgia Tech this fall, helped along by a
$25,000 scholarship from ARDC, the Amateur Radio Digital
Communications foundation. While in high school, she actively
promoted amateur radio as part of her onging efforts to encour- Audrey also participated in
age more girls and young women to pursue careers in science, the 2019 Dave Kalter Memorial
technology, engineering and math (STEM). A graduate of her DX Adventure Program, during
county’s STEM Academy, Audrey also served as president of which she joined other young
her school’s chapter of Healthcare Occupations Students of hams in operating from Cura-
America, and qualified for the organization’s international com- cao, and has made presentations at the Dayton Hamvention,
petition. She was named her school’s Biotechnology Student of Youth on the Air Camp and Radio Club of America, which pre-
the Year in 2021. sented her with its 2021 Young Achiever Award. She currently
A fan of amateur radio high altitude ballooning (ARHAB), her serves as a director of the Young Ladies Radio League (YLRL).
senior capstone project in high school centered on launching a McElroy will officially be inducted into the pantheon of
balloon carrying a payload including a biological sample for pur- Newsline Young Ham of the Year awardees at the Huntsville
poses of studying high-altitude conditions on a small round- Hamfest in Alabama later this month – the first in-person pre-
worm(C.elegan). Her interest in ballooning has been helped by sentation since 2019 – and will receive gifts from corporate co-
the fact that she has been mentored by ARHAB authority Bill sponsors Yaesu, CQ, Heil Sound and Radiowavz Antenna
Brown, WB8ELK. Company.

zero bias: a cq editorial
BY RICH MOSESON,* W2VU
How Old is Young?
H
ow old is young? Especially wouldn’t have that connection without future, both in ham radio and whatever
when it comes to hams? We all ham radio. Our second News Bytes item else he puts his mind to.
(hopefully) say we want more is about this year’s round of scholarships So how old is young? As we see it, in
young hams in the hobby, but how do administered by the ARRL Foundation, ham radio, youth is not a number, it’s a
we define the term? Who qualifies as whose amounts have been nearly dou- mindset. In our view, anyone who
young? Do you have to be a teenag- bled over last year by a huge expansion brings energy, enthusiasm, and new
er? Maybe under 25? 35? In his col- of scholarships from the Amateur Radio ideas to amateur radio is young, regard-
umn this month, DX Editor N2OO sug- Digital Communications foundation. less of their chronological age. While
gests that based on the crowds he’s This year’s scholarships are going to we strongly encourage the physically
seeing at Dayton and elsewhere right nearly 140 young amateurs, in amounts young to embrace ham radio, of course,
now, any ham under age 50 should be ranging from $500 to $25,000 and total- we also put out the welcome mat for
considered young. He might have a ing more than $900,000! anyone with a youthful outlook on the
point, as people in their 30s and 40s Our lead feature this month is on world and the hobby.
often have more stamina than folks YOTA Camp. That’s Youth on the Air,
who are a bit older. They also tend to and this year’s edition hosted around
have greater means available to invest 20 campers in a radio-immersed expe-
in the hobby than folks who are a bit rience. One of the greatest things about
younger. YOTA Camp is that many of the activi-
But many of us look to young people ty leaders and instructors are young
in their teens and early 20s as prime hams themselves, perhaps a bit older
recruits to amateur radio, perhaps than the campers — but not always —
because that’s the age range in which and still within the range that many of
many of us “old-timers” started out. It’s us would consider young. Some of
certainly true that becoming a ham at these youngish hams are already
an early age can have many benefits, emerging as the next generation of
especially if you’re technically inclined. leaders in our hobby.
Even though seemingly all of our tech- We have two other youth-focused arti-
nology today is digital, more and more cles in this issue, both of which serve to
of it connects with the rest of the world remind us of the critical role that radio
wirelessly. And we hams understand continues to play in keeping us
that “wireless” means radio. There is a informed about our world, especially in
great and growing need for engineers difficult times. OH2BH shares with us
and technicians who are skilled in the the story of Daniel, the young son of a Book Notes
analog world of RF, since radio itself is ham from Ukraine, and how a battery- Last month, we introduced Playing With
analog and always will be. Perhaps operated radio provided as a gift at the Meteors, KL7AJ’s new book for tech-
even more important is the ham radio beginning of the war there provided a focused young people who don’t know
mindset of learning how things work, lifeline of information while the family yet that they need to be hams. This
and how to make them work when the was taking shelter in their basement month, we’d like to tell you about The
usual methods aren’t available. These (and while Dad was quietly making Collected Works of Professor Emil
skills can be helpful in a wide variety of arrangements with hams in Finland to Heisseluft, a complete compendium of
career paths. And maybe even more provide the family with emergency the professor’s April CQ articles from
important than that is the wide-ranging housing and support). Finally, we hear 1976 to the present. Curated by long-
networking opportunities offered by our about 8-year-old Extra Silas Kriner, time CQ author and propagation
hobby. KI5VDZ, whose dad Eric, KF5KVE, authority Ted Cohen, N4XX, the book
This issue has a focus on young peo- moved his ham rig into the family’s din- provides reprints of every Heisseluft
ple and radio, starting with our “News ing room to keep up on developments article to grace the pages of this mag-
Bytes” item on the 2022 Newsline in Ukraine via international shortwave. azine. Always insightful, frequently pre-
Young Ham of the Year, a future micro- Silas got hooked on local weather nets, dicting the future (from cell phones to
biologist and high-altitude balloon though, particularly during tornado sea- stealth aircraft), Professor Heisseluft’s
enthusiast who’s being mentored in the son, and decided he wanted his own wisdom is now available any time of the
art of ham radio ballooning by Bill ham license. Studying three hours a year (not only in April) and all in one
Brown, WB8ELK, a pioneer in the craft day with HamTestOnline, he went from place (a book). It’s available through the
and a NASA engineer. She probably zero to Extra Class in just a little over CQ Bookstore and on Amazon.com. Of
two months. With motivation and dedi- course, we recommend it highly!
*Email: <w2vu@cq-amateur-radio.com> cation like that, Silas clearly has a bright – 73, Rich, W2VU
6• CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

news bytes
ARDC Nearly Doubles ARRL Foundation Scholarship “Pot”
Close to $1 Million in Scholarships Awarded for 2022
T
he ARRL Foundation announced its 2022 scholarship
grants in early July, awarding over $900,000 in finan-
cial aid to 139 young hams to help with college costs.
This is up significantly from 122 grants totaling $564,000 in
2021, powered mostly by a $350,000 increase in scholar-
ship aid from ARDC, Amateur Radio Digital Communications
<www.ampr.org>.
ARDC is a foundation that supports amateur radio and dig-
ital communications and technology. As part of its philan-
thropic activities, it grants multiple scholarships, ranging from
$5,000 to $25,000 each. In 2021, it provided 31 students with
$400,000 in scholarship aid, and nearly doubled that amount
this year, providing 45 scholarships valued at $750,000.
Twenty students received $25,000 grants while 17 others
received $10,000 each. There were also four $15,000 schol-
arships and four for $5,000 each.
Founded in 1973, the ARRL Foundation administers schol-
arships for more than 75 individuals and organizations, with
grants ranging from $500 to $25,000. Other notable spon-
sors this year include the ARRL Foundation itself ($22,000
in scholarships), the W4NTO and WA8LOW scholarships
($10,000 each) and the Dayton Amateur Radio Association
($7,500). The complete list of 2022 scholarship recipients is
at <https://tinyurl.com/3h6mm2vb>.

From kit-building and balloon launches to satellite contacts and foxhunts,
the 2022 Youth on the Air Camp gave participants an introduction to a
many different aspects of amateur radio, along with new friends and radio
mentors. Two participants share some highlights.
YOTA Camp 2022 —

An Amazing Experience
BY KATIE CAMPBELL,* KE8LQR, AND GRACE PAPAY,# KE8RJU
T
he second YOTA (Youth On The Air) camp was held campers had the opportunity to use consisted of radios
the week of June 12, 2022, at the Voice Of America donated by Icom as well as headsets donated by Heil Sound.
Museum in West Chester, Ohio. We (Katie, KE8LQR, All in all, we were able to make many contacts throughout
and Grace, KE8RJU) both had the opportunity to attend, the week (Photo B). Thank you to all of our sponsors, and
along with 19 other young hams (Photo A). The goal of the anyone who made a contact with W8Y during the week!
camp was to provide an opportunity for young people with We started off the camp on Sunday with a tour of the Voice
ham radio licenses to come together and build strong rela- of America Museum and the opening ceremony. After the
tionships with their peers and mentors while developing new ceremony, we played some icebreaker games and then went
radio skills. Throughout the week, we did many different back to the hotel. On Monday morning, we started the first
workshops including launching balloons, building kits, oper- sessions including building an attenuator (Photo C), a Yagi
ating satellites, radio-direction finding, and so much more. antenna, and a 3D-printed CW key provided by (CQ Kit-
Campers also had the opportunity to operate on HF and satel- Building Editor) Joe Eisenberg, KØNEB.
lites with the special event callsign, W8Y. The stations that Later in the day, we had a presentation on contesting by
Marty Sullaway, NN1C, and Michael Lippert, W3LMJ. They
* Email: <KE8LQR@gmail.com> talked about youth in contesting, the different types of con-
# Email: <KE8RJU@amsat.org> tests, and how to get started in the contesting world. After
Photo A. The official 2022 YOTA Camp photo … the 21 young ham campers were joined by camp staff, presenters, and
parent chaperones (not all of whom are in this photo). (Photos courtesy of YOTA Camp)
8 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

Photo C. Katie, KE8LQR, building an attenuator during the
Photo B. L to R: Campers Marissa, KE8SSG; Adam, kit-building session on Monday.
KD9KIS; and Veronica, KD2UHN, had the opportunity to
operate an HF station at the Voice of America museum.
the presentation we had an eyeball sprint to simulate a con-

test. During the first eyeball sprint, campers had to exchange
information with other campers without any QRM. However,
for the second sprint, campers had to exchange information
with each other while camp staff was creating extra QRM.
The second eyeball sprint was challenging, but it was still lots
of fun. Later that afternoon, Michael, W3MLJ, also gave a
presentation about digital modes.
Monday evening, the plan was to try an Earth-Moon-Earth
(EME) contact and spend some time in the shack at the VOA.
However, that evening there was a thunderstorm, which
forced us to take down the EME tent, and kept us from get-
ting on the air. The campers filled their time by getting to know
each other a little bit better. Some of us played board games
together, and some just talked with each other.
Lift-Off!
One of our favorite sessions during the week was the bal-
loon launches, led by Jack McElroy, KM4ZIA, and his father
Tom McElroy, W4SDR, on Tuesday. The balloon launches
were very hands-on, and this made the session easy to enjoy
and actively participate in. Before we could launch the high-
altitude balloon, there were a few things that needed to be
done so that the launch was successful. The campers got to
do everything so that they could better understand how every-
thing worked. After putting all of the payloads together and
in their containers, we needed to weigh them to figure out
how much helium the balloon needed. After that, we filled two
2-liter bottles with water — one with the approximate weight
of the payloads, and one with 1,000 grams (Photo D). We
attached these bottles to the balloon to ensure that we had
enough helium in the balloon before we launched it. We need- Photo D. Katie, KE8LQR, and Grace, KE8RJU, preparing
ed just enough helium to get the balloon to gain elevation for the high-altitude balloon launch on Tuesday. (See text
with the payloads, so when the balloon started to go up with for details.)

Photo E. Campers getting ready to launch the high-altitude balloon on Tuesday.
the 2-liter bottles, it was time to take While we were at Kings Island, we got contesting skills that we learned the
those off and attach the actual pay- to use the ID-52 handhelds provided day before in a fun, low-stress con-
loads. Additionally, one of the campers by ICOM to operate in scheduled VHF test. There were only four frequencies
had to call the FAA and notify them that sprints at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. These for us to use, though, so that made
we would be conducting a balloon contests each lasted 5 minutes, so we the contest extra challenging. During
launch. After that, campers helped carry had the opportunity to practice the the second sprint, two of the younger
each payload (and a few held onto the
balloon) to where we would be launch-
ing it (Photo E). After a quick countdown,
everybody let go of the balloon and pay-
loads and the launch was over.
We launched a second balloon later
that day, although the preparation
process was a little bit shorter and sim-
pler. The first balloon that we launched
was a huge latex balloon, while the sec-
ond was a super-pressure balloon that
looked like a deflated clear plastic bag.
The only payload for the super-pres-
sure balloon was a 20-meter WSPR
transmitter.
It Wasn’t All Radio

Tuesday evening, we went to Main
Event Entertainment Center. This was
a time when we could hang out togeth-
er, play arcade games, go bowling, and
even play a game of laser tag.
On Wednesday, we got to go to Kings
Island Amusement Park and we were Photo F. L to R: Ruth, KM4LAO; Katie, KE8LQR; and Abby Kimi, KK7CFJ, mak-
able to enjoy the rides and water park. ing FM satellite contacts on Thursday.

volunteers flew over Kings Island and operated as aero- Friday, the last day of camp, we built an end-fed half-wave
nautical mobile. As we ended our day at Kings Island, we antenna (EFHW) from a kit provided by Black Hole anten-
gathered near the main gate to watch the fireworks and nas. Then we moved on to closing ceremonies, led by Neil
then headed back to the hotel. Rapp, WB9VPG. We wrapped up camp with closing words
and prizes that were donated by our generous sponsors.
Discovering Amateur Satellites In the end, YOTA Camp was an amazing experience. We
Thursday morning, we had a presentation by Ruth Willet, got to explore new aspects of amateur radio with other young
KM4LAO, on operating through satellites. After the presen- hams, all with mentors for those specific areas. We also got
tation, we headed to the front lawn where Grace, KE8RJU, to know other young hams and interact with them outside of
was set up to operate the RS-44 satellite. As the morning amateur radio fields, through late night games of Uno, spend-
went on, Ruth operated on the FM satellites with her portable ing a day at Kings Island Amusement Park, going to Main
operation (Photo F) and Grace helped other campers get on Event Entertainment Center, and just talking in between ses-
the air on both FM and SSB satellites. This session was espe- sions and activities. Many of the campers found a new aspect
cially inspiring for some of the YL campers, as it was led by of amateur radio that they would like to pursue as a result of
YLs. Some of the campers had never made a satellite con- the camp, as well as other young hams to help mentor them
tact before, so it was very exciting to get to explore a new in those areas. Since the camp’s end, the campers have
aspect of amateur radio. stayed in touch. We enjoy making contacts on HF, as well as
On Thursday afternoon, we participated in a radio-direction using other forms of communication.
finding (ARDF) event to track down four transmitters hidden
throughout the VOA grounds, and when we finished the fox- Thank You…
hunt, campers had the opportunity to get Kona Ice to cool Finally, on behalf of all of the campers, we would like to say
down. During the foxhunt, campers used the tape measure thank you to all of our sponsors: Amateur Radio Digital
Yagi antennas and attenuators that we had built on Monday. Communications (ARDC), Icom, DX Engineering, R&L
Later that night, our last evening together at the hotel, we Electronics, World Wide Radio Operators Foundation
were able to relax with a pizza and pool party and got to spend (WWROF), Heil Sound, Dayton Amateur Radio Association
some time with the other campers and get to know them a (DARA), and X-tronic USA; as well as all of the volunteers,
little bit better before we had to say goodbye the next after- parent chaperones, and session leaders. We really appreci-
noon (Photo G). ate everyone who helped make this experience possible.
Photo G. Some of the campers take a photo together on Thursday. Top row, from left: Vincent, KE8TEM; Marissa, KE8SSG;
Veronica, KD2UHN; Lyle, KEØZNV; Becca, KD9POK; Jack, KM4ZIA; Blake, KN4VKY; Jack, W9RFT; Andy, KC3OQF;
Jack, KJ7GYR; Devin, KE8PEQ; Anderson, K4RAY. Bottom Row: Michael, W3MLJ; Abby Kimi, KK7CFJ; Peter, KE8MPK;
Kaleigh, KI7TXN; McKayla, KO4NXG; Dylan, KN6IVW; Katie, KE8LQR; In front: Char, KI5TRQ.

How the international ham radio community came together to help a
Ukrainian amateur and his family displaced by the war with a new home,
a new start, and even a new callsign. It all started with a portable radio
receiver for a 12-year-old.
A Boy and His Radio: A 21st Century

War Story
BY MARTTI LAINE,* OH2BH
R
enowned Ukrainian DXpeditioner Alex Yakovlev,
UT5UY, was in the U.S. traveling for work, when wor-
rying news reached him. He was alerted to the immi-
nent threat of war in his homeland. He cut short his business
trip to promptly return to Kiev to be with his family in the midst
of the developing crisis. Alex’s host in California, Vlad
Tryasorukov, WY6DX, handed him a small radio powered by
AAA-batteries (Photo A) to take back to his son, Daniel. This
is the story of 12-year-old Daniel and this small radio, and
the family’s ordeal leading to a new life in Finland.
Bombing and Destruction

Much to the surprise of everyone, the Russian attack and
Ukrainian defensive efforts started February 28th, upon
Alex’s return home. The results are well documented, with
accounts of all the destroyed cities and lost lives across
Ukraine — farewell Mariupol. Alex and his family spent the
next month in the air raid shelter in their basement, only ven-
turing out for food when absolutely necessary. The whistling
of missiles overhead and the explosions all around became
a part of everyday life in the basement shelter (Photo B).
All the while, Alex was secretly in email correspondence
with the outside world, as he had managed to rewire his inter-
net connection to work underground (Photo C). In one of
these email conversations, a deal was made that if life in Photo A. This little battery-powered radio was the family’s
Ukraine became unbearable, the plan would be to extract lifeline. The bright LED gave light into the darkness when the
the family and relocate them to Finland to escape the war. power was down. (Photos courtesy UT5UY, via OH2BH)
Also, Fred Dennin, WW4LL, and BeLoud Inc.’s remote
radio offered Alex a way to communicate to the amateur radio
world outside. Even though amateur radio operating was not
allowed in wartime Ukraine, Alex was able to make contacts
remotely from Madrid, Spain as EA4/UT5UY, using his lap-
top in his bunker in Kiev.
Time went by in the cold damp cellar — 31 days in total.
The connection to the outside world was their only lifeline as
they listened for local news on Daniel’s small battery-pow-
ered radio. It was all becoming too much for both young
Daniel and his mother, Sasha. The decision to risk it all and
escape to Finland was at hand. But unfortunately, this was
a venture that the family would have to undertake in two parts.
The Journey Begins

The journey through an active warzone on a blacked-out train
was grueling and dangerous (Photo D). In the dead of night,
the train passed through the town of Lviv and by daybreak, Photo B. The basement shelter was so cold and damp, that
the family had to sleep with their boots on. Thirty-one days
* Email: <martti.laine@kolumbus.fi> in here was as much as the family could take.

they could not find as donations was
bought in IKEA. The first IKEA had only
recently opened in Ukraine, but for this
family, their first visit only took place in
Finland. The famous meatballs were a
treat, and the blue and yellow colors of
the furniture brand felt somehow as if
they had been chosen to honor our
guests and show our support.
While concerns for the safety of Dad
back in the Ukraine were great, brave
Daniel forged on and started school in
Finland. The Finnish school system was
already highly regarded by the family as
even Ukraine’s president had expressed
to the Finnish government that he
wished to see Ukraine’s school system
made on par with the Finnish system
when it is time to finally rebuild.
Finally, six long weeks later, Alex,
UT5UY, landed in Helsinki and was
reunited with his family (Photo F). The
scene at the airport was emotional. To
welcome Alex, he was presented with
Photo C. Rewiring the internet connection enabled communications with the world his Finnish OH5UY CEPT amateur
outside. Luckily, radio amateurs are a resourceful bunch, even in time of crisis. radio licence.
it had reached the Yogod checkpoint warmly welcome the frightened trav- A New Life in Finland
near the Polish border. They eventually ellers (Photo E). A new page had been The host group in Finland — Pasi,
made it to the city of Chelm on the Polish turned in this story as the family was OH2MZB; Martti, OH2BH; Pekka,
side of the border where Marek Bielecki, received by the local hosts as friends, OH2TA; and Timo, OH5LLR — along
SP7VMM, was waiting to welcome rather than refugees of war. with Adrian, KO8SCA/OHØSCA in the
Alex’s son and wife and escort them to U.S., put together and executed the
safety, while Alex himself had to head plan to have Alex and his family brought
back to Kyiv through the warzone.1 New Home, New School, New to safety and set up for a new life, all in
Marek drove all day to Warsaw, Language the span of three months. There were
Poland to ensure Daniel and Sasha The OH hosts had managed to find a numerous valued friends who joined the
would catch their flight to Finland. suitable home for the family in the efforts to make this happen. We are
Finnair was kind enough to provide this Helsinki region. The volunteers had happy to recognize the following sup-
flight to safety free of charge. The host scrounged together an amazing amount porters: Roger, G3KMA; John, G4IRV;
group of Finnish hams was waiting at of furniture and basic supplies to help get Pista, HA5AO; Ralph, KØIR; John,
the Helsinki International Airport to Daniel and Sasha settled in. And what NGØZ; Robert, WØZT; Glenn, WØGJ;
Photo D. Uncertainty on the train. A time Photo E. The group that helped UT5UY and his family to settle at the Arctic Circle
for farewells and prayers for a speedy in Finland. From left: Pekka, OH2TA; Alex, UT5UY; Martti, OH2BH; Pasi,
reunion in Finland. OH2MZB; and Timo, OH5LLR.

his eyes again. He deserves to have a fresh start and a
happy childhood.
Some Final Words

Alex, UT5UY/OH5UY, is a dedicated radio amateur and
DXpeditioner (Photo G). In his mind’s eye, he can already
envision a new QTH of his own, and perhaps even a
DXpedition to the local DX entities, OHØ and OJØ, in the
not-too-distant future.
In life, you must have dreams and aspirations. But for Alex
and his family, first they need to rebuild everything from the
ground up. To make a new start in a situation like this, you
need good fortune and hard work — both in huge quantities.
This family is now well on its way. (Good friends don’t hurt,
either! – ed.)
The entire global ham radio fraternity wishes Daniel, Sasha,
and Alex all the best as they settle down in their new coun-
try of residence. Will it eventually become their new home-
land? Only time will tell. While the family has a home, friends,
and family back in Ukraine, it is hard to tell what will be left
of all that one day, when all of this is finally over. All our
Photo F. The family is reunited at Helsinki International Airport thoughts and prayers are with Ukraine.
on the 16th of May. Everyone’s face tells a story. Read more about Daniel’s little radio on the Daily DX:
<https://tinyurl.com/bdexzr92>, and about his new school in
Finland <https://tinyurl.com/44tsjftn>.
Notes:
1. At the start of the war, the Ukrainian government required all men
under age 60 to remain in the country and help with its defense. Alex
was excused from the front lines for medical reasons but was part of a
voluntary radio communications unit. He was later permitted to leave
Ukraine to join his family in Finland.
Ukraine in a Nutshell
• Ukraine is the second-largest country in Europe
• Kyiv is the country’s capital
• Population 46 million people
• Ukraine consists of 27 regions
• As of June 9th, 20% of Ukraine was occupied by Russia
(see photo)
• There are about 15,000 hams in Ukraine
• The Ukrainian Amateur Radio League (UARL) is the
national amateur radio association and member society of
Photo G. DXpeditioner Alex, UT5UY, on Tokelau Island. Rig the IARU (International Amateur Radio Union); its presi-
Expert, known by many of us, was once Alex’s place of work. dent is Oleksandr Zaliznyak, UX7UU
Tony, KQ2I; John, W2GD; Fred, K3ZO; Wayne, N7NG;

Dave, N7NR; Bernie, W3UR; Jerry, WB9Z; Bill, NY9H;
Robert, N9EF; Bill, N9US; Randy, W9ZR; Pekka, OH1TV;
and Antti, OH7EA. Thank You!
As I write this, it is now the 9th of June, and the family has
already received all of the needed official IDs and work per-
mits to start a new life in Finland. As trained engineers, Alex
and Sasha will surely find their place in Finland’s high-tech
and engineering-driven society. They are also busy learning
a new language. To show how far along they are in that
respect, we need only to look at young Daniel who spoke out
in perfect Finnish at an event where he extended his thank
you to the mayor of their city of Kirkkonummi for welcoming
him — and to voice his wishes to continue learning the lan-
guage over the summer. The sinking of the Russian Navy’s flagship, the Moskva,
Young Daniel has literally gone through hell to make it out in the midst of war, and the story related to it, has boost-
the other side. He still listens to his small battery-powered ed the national morale of the Ukrainian people. These
radio every night at bedtime. His serious, melancholy, and commemorative stamps are now rare national treasures
certainly traumatized disposition is starting to subside, and that hold immeasurable value.
we are able to see glimmering hope, and even joy of life, in

Motivated by his dad’s interest in shortwave radio reports on the war in
Ukraine and tornado reports closer to home, 9-year-old Silas Kriner of
Jonesboro, Arkansas, not only studied for and earned his ham license
earlier this year, but worked his way up to Amateur Extra in just a little
over two months. His dad, Eric, KF5KVE, shared the story with CQ.
Another Boy, Another Radio

(Same War)
BY ERIC KRINER,* KF5KVE
I
thought that your readers might like
to know about my nine-year-old son
Silas, KI5VDZ (Photo A), who went
from no license to Extra in 68 days via
HamTestOnline <hamradiolicenseex-
am.com>. He is now the third ham in
our family. Mom Florence is KF5OBU.
My radios had been in the other room
since we moved into the house, but after
the Russo-Ukrainian war escalated in
February of this year, I set them up at
the dining room window to find some
European news broadcasts via short-
wave. Silas began to show an interest
in them when we were receiving torna-
do reports from our local Skywarn team.
He’s been distance learning since the
pandemic hit (slated to return to the
classroom in the fall). I had read sever- Photo A. Eight-year-old Amateur Extra Silas Kriner, KI5VZ, at the family ham sta-
al articles about the inadequacies of tion in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Silas went from no license to Extra in 68 days! (Photos
distance learning when compared to in- courtesy of the author)
class instruction, so I decided to use
amateur radio as a means to supple-
ment his education. He took right to it!
Silas studied for roughly three hours
daily, excited to see his name rise in the
user rank. He began the coursework on
April 11th, passed the Tech on the 29th,
his General on May 26th, and his Extra
on June 17th. He is now learning to sol-
der and we are both going to learn
Morse Code.
Silas says he wants to be able to help
the community in the event of a natur-
al disaster. He ended up making the
front page of the local paper (Photo B),
and even got to hang out with the
mayor.
I’m so proud of him, and I thought that
maybe your readers might like to know
about a young ham joining the ranks.
Photo B. Silas in the shack with the newspaper that has his picture on the front
* Email: <eric_kriner@yahoo.com> page! A follow-up article in June was picked up statewide.

Results of the 2022 CQ World Wide
160-Meter Contest
Contesting Before World Turmoil
BY ANDY BLANK,* N2NT
T
he 2022 CQWW 160 CW Contest may have been the really a grind. The highest scores were barely half a million,
last contest with Zone 16 at peace. In fact, there were another unusual showing. Having said that, there still were
some problem logs from the region, but we decided to a good number of logs submitted. Table 1, below, offers an
let them go since there are bigger issues for those involved. interesting comparison of logs submitted since 2015. The
It is our sincere hope that this conflict will end soon and our number of logs stay relatively constant throughout the years
amateur radio brethren can again live in peace. and the peak year was 2021.
Conditions overall were down on both modes. Only 13 sta-
tions were able to break 1 million points, which is very unusu- CW Results
al. Scores were down a good 25% on average from 2021. Most stations reported great activity in this year’s event,
Possibly a sign the sunspot cycle is on the rise, but more although conditions were certainly not optimal. In 2021, a
likely just bad timing. SSB conditions were just as bad, and new record of 3,378 logs were received for CW. In 2022,
Single-Op Assisted entries decreased to 1,381 entries, fol-
* <director@cq160.com> lowed by 1,339 Unassisted entries. A total of 2,953 entries
Year CWsohp CWsolp CWqrp CWsoass CWmulti CWcheck

2022 482 711 146 1,381 135 98
2021 583 854 175 1,502 146 118
2020 501 775 113 1,362 166 134
2019 459 719 125 1,166 166 105
2018 475 727 112 1,064 160 153
2017 478 798 122 1,014 139 110
2016 420 705 115 737 135 51
2015 446 709 116 698 119 96
Year SSBsohp SSBsolp SSBqrp SSBsoass SSBmulti SSBcheck

2022 221 362 38 404 59 32
2021 352 537 71 596 71 42
2020 295 480 42 524 92 38
2019 261 298 39 403 87 35
2018 276 446 41 413 91 36
2017 258 409 36 387 90 44
2016 247 441 44 343 77 39
2015 290 418 35 295 72 37
Table 1. Eight-year comparison of CQWW 160 log entries in various catergories, both numerical (above) and visual (below).

COMPROMISE WAS NOT AN
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were submitted, including checklogs, in breaking the barrier. All of these were EW5A 1,246,616
a down year. We don’t foresee any neg- CW scores; nobody came close to 1 mil- ZF5T 1,220,480
ative activity trend. It is more likely due lion (Meg) on SSB. P40AA 1,206,768
to the declining conditions on 160 OK7K 1,206,360
meters (aka “Top Band”) as the sunspot VY2ZM 1,586,304 S5C 1,189,704
levels increase. PJ2T 1,458,816 E7DX 1,095,248
The Millionaires Club was quite small CR3W 1,331,508 4X2M 1,078,056
this year with only the following entries UA2FW 1,318,484 HBØ/DL3DXX 1,039,682
PLAQUE WINNERS AND DONORS

World Single Operator Combined SSB/CW World Assisted U.S.A. Zone 3
Jeffrey T. Briggs, VY2ZM Lubomir Martiska, OM7M Lee Finkel, KY7M & NA7TB
Donor: Ed Parish, K1EP Donor: Andy Chesnokov, UA3AB (KY7M, NA2U, KC7V, AA7A ops)
Donor: Tom Whitted, N7GP
World Multioperator Combined SSB/CW Asia Assisted
Dezso Gyulai (HA8DZ), Sergey Rebrov, P3X (5B4AMM) Europe
HG8DX Donor: Jon Zaimes, AA1K Goran Abdric, S55OO & S5ØC
(HA8DJ, HA8DU, HA8DZ, HA8FM, HA8JV, (S53CC, S53RM, S53WW, S55OO, S57AL,
HA8KW, HA8RT, HA8XA ops) Europe Assisted S57C ops)
Donor: Juan Carlos Munoz, TG9AJR Krzysztof Sobon, SN7Q (SP7GIQ) Donor: Bob Evans, K5WA
Donor: DK5DC Memorial by DX-Hotel DM9EE
CW ASIA
SINGLE OPERATOR Mike Nabokin, R9GM & RD8D
World U.S.A. Assisted (R9GM, RX9CAZ ops)
Jeffrey T. Briggs, VY2ZM Alan D. Snyder, KF3B
Donor: Nodir Tursoon-Zadeh, EY8MM
Donor: DJ8WL Memorial by Bill Tippett, W4ZV Donor: Akito Nagi, JA5DQH
U.S.A U.S.A. Assisted — Zone 3 ZONE 16

Peter H. Briggs, K3ZM Larry Pace, N7DD Gagarin A.R.C., RL3A
Donor: Milt Jensen, N5IA, Memorial by Arizona Donor: Larry Pace, N7DD (RA3ATX, RA9USU, RL3FT, RX3APM, UA4Z ops)
Outlaws Contest Club Donor: John Crovelli, W2GD
U.S.A. Assisted — Zone 4
Canada Victor A. Kean, Jr., K1LT
Yuri Onipko, VE3DZ Donor: Pete Michaelis, N8TR SSB
Donor: VE2XAA Memorial by Thor Stefansson, SINGLE OPERATOR
TF4M U.S.A. Assisted — Zone 5 World
Bud Trench, AA3B Jeffrey T. Briggs, VY2ZM
U.S.A. — Zone 3 Donor: Potomac Valley Radio Club Donor: Nodir Tursoon-Zadeh, EY8MM
Timothy Coker, W6PH (@N6WIN, W7QM)
Donor: Bruce Butler – W6OSP Memorial World Low Power U.S.A.
Dusan Ceha, YT8A Peter H. Briggs, K3ZM
U.S.A. — Zone 4 Donor: Akito Nagi, JA5DQH Donor: W4PZV / W4SVO Memorial (by NQ4I)
Bryan Bydal, W5MX
Donor: Steve Schmidt, K4WA U.S.A. Low Power Canada
Mark Bailey, KD4D Brian Campbell, VE3MGY
U.S.A. — Zone 5 Donor: Rich Kennedy, N4ESS Donor: Tom Haavisto, VE3CX
Jon Zaimes, AA1K
Donor: W3YOZ Memorial by Jim Monahan, K1PX Asia Low Power U.S.A. — Zone 3
Sergey Popov, P3AA (RN3QO) Tom Whitted, N7GP
Africa Donor: Robert Kile, W7RH Donor: Nate Moreschi, N4YDU
Luca Aliprandi, D4Z (IK2NCJ)
Donor: James “Skip” Riba, WS9V Europe Low Power
Mindaugas Jukna, LY4L U.S.A. — Zone 4
Asia Donor: DL1RK Memorial Petr Ourednik, OK1RP Karl Brandt, ND8DX
Muhammad Alazemi, 9K2NO Donor: Alabama Contest Group
Donor: Missouri DX/Contest Club, K4SX Canada Low Power
Brian Campbell, VE3MGY U.S.A. — Zone 5
Europe Donor: Contest Club Ontario Steven Sussman, W3BGN
Pavel Prihoda, OK6W Donor: Brent Scott, WR5O
Donor: Emir-Braco Memic, E77DX World QRP
Olaf Brunner, DM7C (DL7CX) Asia
South America Donor: Wayne Mills, N7NG Vladimir Falshunov, R8WF
Jose Maria Berezoski, PY5XH Donor: Jessica Beckling, KN4JJA
Donor: John Rodgers, WE3C U.S.A. QRP
Charlie Hansen, NØTT Europe
Oceania Donor: Bob Raymond, WA1Z Carlo Bavecchi, I5JVA
Akito Nagi, KH7A (JA5DQH) Donor: James “Skip” Riba, WS9V
Donor: Will Angenent, K6ND U.S.A. QRP — Zone 4
Marty Ray, N9SE
European Russia Donor: K9JWV Memorial by (WC7S) Africa
Serge Kiblitsky, R7NW Raffaele Vitrano, IH9YMC
Donor: CQ 160 Contest Committee Europe QRP Donor: John Rodgers, WE3C
Rene Matthes, DAØBCC (DL2JRM)
Asiatic Russia Donor: Peter Voelpel, DJ7WW Asiatic Russia
Sergey Moskaev, R8TT Vladimir Umanets, UA9BA
Donor: Steve “Sid” Caesar, NH7C Donor: Steven “Sid” Caesar, NH7C
MULTI-OPERATOR
Japan World North America
Masaki Okano, JH4UYB Sergey Shikhotarov, UA2FW Tony Ramos, KP4KE
Donor: Alabama Contest Group (RA2FA, RG6G, RT2F, RW4WR, UA2FF, UA2FM, Donor: CQ magazine – K2EEK Memorial
UA2FW, UA2FZ, UA4FER ops)
North America Donor: Paul Newberry, N4PN Memorial (by N4RJ) South America
Stan Stockton, ZF5T (ZF9CW) Steve Telenius-Lowe, PJ4DX
Donor: N4IN Memorial CQ Magazine U.S.A. Donor: John Rodgers, WE3C
John Crovelli, W2GD
Southern Hemisphere (N2HM, W2CG, W2GD, W2NO, W2RQ, Oceania
Holger Hannemann, ZM4T (ZL3IO) WW2Y ops) Ed Parish, KH7M (K1EP)
Donor: Robert Kile, W7RH Donor: WØCD Memorial (by K8GG and W8UVZ) Donor: Steve “Sid” Caesar, NH7C

OM4MW 1,038,960
MW5B 1,038,294
K1LZ 1,026,066
UA7K 1,009,368
9A5Y 1,009,231
Quite a feat by Jeff “Mr. 160”, VY2ZM,

to top all scores operating as Single-op
Southern Hemisphere
Sergio Lima de Almeida, PP5JR
Donor: John Rodgers, WE3C
World Assisted
Rolandas Jokubauskas, LY4A
Donor: K9HMB Memorial by Ray Sokola, K9RS
Asia Assisted
Hudaverdi Gunes, T A7OM
Donor: Chuck Dietz, W5PR
Europe Assisted
Ljubo Pintar, S53O
Donor: Curtis Rose, N2ZX
U.S.A. Assisted
John Reichert, N4RV
Donor: Pete Michaelis, N8TR
U.S.A. Assisted — Z one 4

Bud Foster, K4ISV
Donor: Pete Michaelis, N8TR
World Low Power

Brian Campbell, VE3MGY
Donor: Steve Molo, KI4KWR
U.S.A. Low Power

Edward Sawyer, N1UR HBØ/DL3DXX activation by DL1MGB, DL2JRM, and DL3DXX. They found a pret-
Donor: Tim Duffy, K3LR ty good location at the northern tip of Liechtenstein with open space from about
Europe Low Power 30-300°.
Miguel Garcia Castaner, EA6SX
Donor: Contest Club Ontario
Assisted Europe Low Power

Laszlo Radocz, HGØR (HAØNAR)
Canada Low Power

Kevin Smith, VA3AC
Donor: Rudy Bakalov, N2WQ
World QRP
Maksim Kesic, E77Y
MULTI-OPERATOR
World
Dezso Gyulai, (HA8DZ) HG8DX
(HA8DJ, HA8DU, HA8DZ, HA8FM, HA8JV,
HA8KW, HA8RT, HA8XA ops)
Donor: Southeastern DX Club
U.S.A.
Steve Kostro, N2CEI
(KØDI K4SME WW2R N2CEI
ops)
Donor: Jerry Rosalius, WB9Z
Europe
Gagarin A.R.C., RL3A
(RL3FT, RX3APM ops)
Donor: South Jersey DX Assocation, N2CW
Zone 3
Lee Finkel, N7T
(KY7M, N7NR, KC7V@NA7TB ops)
Donor: Paulo, PV8DX
Famous superstation K1LZ was guided to a first-place position in the U.S. Multi-
op category by K3JO, seen here at the operating position.

Unassisted. Honorable mention goes to DL4UNY for his oper- In the wildly competitive multi op category, an amazing
ation from CR3W, also unassisted. Only 250K behind VY2ZM. result occurred in the U.S. Take a look at the claimed scores
Of note also are the repeat trophy winners from 2021, although of PJ2T and UA2FW from <3830scores.com>:
not necessarily in the same category. Congratulations to the
following stations as repeat contenders. Call Points #QSOs W/VE mult Countries
VY2ZM ZF5T UA2FW K4ISV PJ2T 1,458,816 1150 57 71
AA1K ZM4T VE3MGY N1UR UA2FW 1,318,484 1997 29 84
K3ZM R8TT ND8DX E77Y
OK6W K1LT I5JVA HG8DX Now look at the final results:
KH7A KD4D R8WF
R7NW EA6SX S53O PJ2T 1,458,816 1150 57 71
JH4UYB NA7TB HGØR UA2FW 1,318,484 1997 29 84
2022 CQWW 160M CONTEST TOP SCORES

CW +RM4F.....................463,140 +K1LT ......................575,592 DX N2CEI ......................226,327
+R5AJ......................442,058 +VE3RZ ...................568,458 I5JVA .......................403,920 RT8U .......................225,342
USA +RV3A .....................429,462 +AA3B .....................554,604 OLØM ......................361,482 LY7Z ........................222,208
K3ZM .......................844,364 +UA1OMS ...............406,524 +N2NT .....................553,150 S57C........................337,960
AA1K .......................790,236 +N1LN .....................548,226 UX2X .......................223,590 MULTI-OPERATOR W/VE
K1KI.........................723,120 LOW POWER +K3MM ....................540,617 SN7D .......................201,042 N2CEI ......................226,327
AB3CX.....................566,720 World +K2AV .....................533,120 ES5RW....................194,971 NS1DX.....................151,200
W5MX......................555,768 *YT8A ......................513,630 LB1G .......................176,644 W1NA ......................147,928
NA8V .......................552,310 *LY4L.......................489,642 ASSISTED LOW POWER LY5W.......................163,852 N2AA .......................130,340
W2SC ......................473,235 *VE3MGY ................444,528 *+UWØK ..................589,500 OM2XW ...................139,209 W8PR ......................121,520
W9RE ......................463,644 *OP3T......................419,727 *+SP2EWQ..............573,160 EA6SX .....................136,440 N7T..........................110,628
W3BGN ...................462,176 *3V8SF ....................381,335 *+HG5A ...................513,128 WG3J.........................97,356
W5ZN ......................454,104 *KD4D......................377,400 *+P3AA ....................510,090 Russia WR5O........................75,726
*VE3JM....................367,736 *+TM6M ...................492,752 UF2F..........................83,664 NE3F .........................54,150
VE *DL1ET ....................341,718 *+SN7O ...................478,478 R8WF ........................75,780 WA3EKL ....................40,341
VY2ZM..................1,807,032 *4U1A ......................328,035 *+LY4ZZ ..................467,298 RN3OG......................39,880
VE3DZ .....................829,985 *OM2XA...................318,222 *+OK6Y ...................443,004 RK3E .........................34,914 ASSISTED WORLD
VE3AT .....................808,038 *+OL9R....................440,839 R2HM ........................25,203 +LY4A......................405,482
VE3MGY..................444,528 LOW POWER W/VE *+IK2CLB.................434,478 RW9DX......................24,080 +S53O .....................284,196
VA3AR.....................372,680 *VE3MGY ................444,528 UA3BL .......................20,223 +S54ZZ....................241,133
VE3JM .....................367,736 *KD4D......................377,400 ASSISTED LOW W/VE R7NA .........................16,920 +OK6RP ..................230,041
VA1RST...................314,806 *VE3JM....................367,736 *+VE3FU .................306,676 RM2D ........................16,848 +IT9ISI .....................229,756
VE3PN.....................314,348 *WD5COV ...............287,334 *+K2KW ...................302,624 R2PT .........................16,008 +LZ3ND ...................227,478
VE6BBP...................263,432 *WØUO....................252,672 *+NØNI ....................249,044 +DK6WL ..................212,288
VE3YT .....................259,712 *VE3XL ....................197,470 *+NS3T ....................165,396 Russia Assisted +S56B......................209,952
*VA3SB....................187,488 *+N3HEE .................157,122 +UF2F .......................83,664 *+HGØR ..................203,280
*K9ZO......................162,260 *+VE3XB .................155,186 +R8WF ......................75,780 +HB9CXZ ................192,564
QRP *WB8JUI ..................149,937 *+AA2EQ .................143,264 +RZ3EC.....................67,760
DM7C ......................338,173 *VE3AQ ...................136,059 *+NJ3K ....................134,057 +UA9BA.....................67,665 ASSISTED W/VE
DAØBCC .................292,572 *+WO1N ..................126,000 +RW9CQ ...................43,588 +VY2WW .................129,198
S57M .......................214,380 MULTI-OPERATOR WORLD *+VE3VY .................122,808 +RN3OG....................39,880 +N4RV .....................119,816
OL4W ......................200,226 UA2FW .................2,061,990 +UA2FZ .....................37,713 +K4ISV ....................115,559
EU8U .......................171,312 S5ØC....................1,480,560 +RK3E .......................34,914 +WØGJ....................110,837
YL2QN.....................169,001 HG8DX .................1,421,784 SSB *+R2EA......................32,340 +KG8CW .................107,185
DL1WA ....................152,016 RL3A.....................1,382,626 +R2HM ......................25,203 +K3PA .....................103,232
OK1FKD ..................151,998 UA7K ....................1,326,780 USA +KC4NX ....................93,025
S53AR .....................140,832 E7DX ....................1,265,314 K3ZM .......................276,210 LOW POWER +KN2M ......................92,194
UT1DX.....................124,752 LZ5R.....................1,257,644 ND8DX ....................183,180 World +WK9U ......................89,444
US1Q....................1,224,468 W3BGN ...................176,486 *VE3MGY ................188,727 +NO9E.......................88,956
DX SP8R ....................1,180,128 NR5M ......................154,491 *EA6SX....................136,440
ZF5T .....................1,392,952 OL1R ....................1,150,952 N2QV.......................136,036 *LY4L.......................124,982 ASSISTED LOW POWER
NP2J.....................1,159,664 K2XA .......................129,511 *SP5CJY..................120,932 *+HGØR ..................203,280
OK6W ...................1,132,920 MULTI-OPERATOR W/VE KØTT .......................121,792 *OK1LRD.................110,565 *+E74R ....................175,044
D4Z.......................1,058,410 W2GD......................839,014 W5MX......................117,844 *VA3AC .....................94,208 *+HA8BE .................156,562
9K2NO.....................997,058 K3LR........................838,530 W3TS.......................113,040 *SP6LUV ...................85,790 *+S57DX..................147,000
UX2X .......................850,656 NR4M ......................734,107 WØNO .......................98,688 *SQ8MFM..................85,272 *+OK6Y ...................108,836
EA6SX .....................817,520 NN1C.......................695,536 *YT8A ........................75,196 *+OK6AA .................103,500
LN8W.......................811,405 KØDI........................671,949 VE *OE3WMW ................75,040 *+OK2BFN.................99,840
UN9L .......................773,403 KC3R .......................542,287 VY2ZM.....................496,769 *SQ2SAT ...................73,788 *+IK4LZH ...................91,509
S53A........................757,700 NA7TB .....................531,468 VE3MGY..................188,727 *+EA3CI.....................83,545
W5KU ......................530,648 VE3PN.....................159,544 LOW POWER W/VE *+LY4ZZ ....................79,110
Russia K3AJ ........................528,732 VA3AR.....................104,706 *VE3MGY ................188,727
R7NW ......................676,801 N4WW .....................441,720 VE6BBP.....................98,895 *VA3AC .....................94,208 ASSISTED LOW W/VE
RX9WN....................325,655 VE3DZ .......................94,900 *N1UR .......................66,800 *+NS3T ......................28,934
UA3EDQ..................281,576 ASSISTED WORLD VA3AC.......................94,208 *KB4OLM...................56,532 *+W8WTS..................24,948
RA3W ......................277,504 +OM7M.................1,440,875 VE3PJ........................50,958 *N8CWU ....................52,656 *+NØHJZ ...................21,600
RD4F .......................247,477 +SN7Q..................1,223,140 VE3VY .......................32,538 *VE3PJ ......................50,958 *+KE8PX ...................19,434
UF5A .......................200,664 +P3X.....................1,190,871 VE3RZ .......................32,256 *KE8BKP ...................50,750 *+N9TF ......................17,670
UA9QM....................153,180 +VE3EJ ................1,172,313 *ACØW ......................46,592 *+K4YJ ......................16,606
RA1AL .....................149,136 +XE2X ..................1,168,875 QRP *NGØC ......................38,637 *+KØUK .....................16,514
RZ3MM....................130,635 +LY4A...................1,138,700 E77Y..........................49,058 *AJ6T.........................37,856 *+KØEA .....................15,918
RV3ZN.....................119,900 +ED8W .................1,127,168 EF3O .........................36,039 *+N3AAA ...................14,781
+OK3C..................1,126,476 KVØQ ........................25,551 MULTI-OPERATOR WORLD *+K8BL ......................14,315
Russia Assisted +9A4M ..................1,081,899 E74Y..........................24,325 HG8DX ....................400,582 *+VE4VT....................13,728
+R8TT .....................809,700 +LY7Z ...................1,081,410 DK2LO.......................23,776 RL3A........................331,783
+R7NW ....................676,801 DL8LR .......................22,704 OM7M......................330,578 *Low Power
+R2QA.....................666,939 ASSISTED W/VE HA1TI ........................22,599 UA7K .......................300,960 +Assisted
+R9CW ....................622,380 +VE3EJ ................1,172,313 YO8BSE ....................21,408 SP8R .......................280,860
+R8WF ....................514,538 +VA2WA ..................985,064 DJ9DJ........................21,216 E7CW ......................270,291
+RG9A.....................470,208 +KF3B .....................586,696 WB4MSG...................20,313 YR8D .......................265,860

As you can see, the team of W8WTS and K8ND piloting
PJ2T managed to maintain their lead. Multipliers were adjust-
ed by the log-checking process and the actual score gap
widened in the end.
Some comments from the Single-op leaders bring the con-
test into perspective. Pavel, OK6W, who finished third in DX,
had this nice summary of the conditions on CW:
“This year it was very hard. During the weekend there were
several power outages, extreme wind, and snow and many
computer problems, ugh ... In the end I had to make three
unplanned 30-minute breaks during prime time, but we still
managed to use the allowed time of 30 hours. Just this year,
Mr. Murphy was very persistent, HI. This year’s conditions
were the worst in Central Europe in the last seven years. Only
134 North American station in log (2021 - 267 QSO and 2020
- 330 QSO), when for the whole second night only 20 North
American stations, crazy. It was even worse with Japan —
zero for the first night and only 15 QSOs on Sunday (2021 -
18 QSO, 2020 - 59 QSO). The best DX was Allan, VL2G and
Tony, VK3TZ, Thanks! Despite the bad conditions and Mr.
Murphy, I enjoyed the contest to the fullest, simply CQWW
160 CW is unbeatable! The biggest thanks go to all of you
who called me, without you the result would never have been
possible!
Jeff, VY2ZM, who finished first in the world, summed up the

conditions this way:
Interesting and strange conditions in this one. For the first

two hours or so — European signals had some kind of rapid
(almost Doppler-like fading on them) making copy quite dif-
ficult when portions of individual characters would drop out
— literally.
On Saturday night from about 0200-0330 UTC, the band went
bonkers with about four strong European stations on just
about every dial frequency — and my antenna seemingly had
no directivity on them at all. Later on, things seemed more
Here is a view of K1LZ’s fabulous antenna system in Maine. normal.
Just how Rolandas, LY4A, managed to operate the CQWW 160 Meter Contest after this storm damage is amazing. We
hope he can rebuild from such a terrible storm.

2022 CQWW 160M CONTEST CLUB SCORES
(Minimum of 3 three entries required for listing)
SCORE #ENTRIES CLUB SCORE #ENTRIES CLUB

33,122,659 263 BAVARIAN CONTEST CLUB 377,838 3 SK1BL
18,424,421 188 POTOMAC VALLEY RADIO CLUB 373,509 7 BIG SKY CONTESTERS
14,167,013 127 FRANKFORD RADIO CLUB 371,981 4 TURKISH RADIO AMATEUR CLUB
12,903,101 107 UKRAINIAN CONTEST CLUB 368,793 4 IOWA DX AND CONTEST CLUB
9,895,989 52 RUSSIAN CONTEST CLUB 345,787 6 LKK LVIV SHORTWAVE CLUB
9,703,218 95 YANKEE CLIPPER CONTEST CLUB 321,343 4 IVANOVO DX CLUB
9,501,875 71 CONTEST CLUB ONTARIO 319,532 3 RC THREE VICTORIA
9,019,332 29 BALTIC CONTEST CLUB 301,799 3 SK6QA STENUNGSUND AMATEUR
8,140,305 54 ITALIAN CONTEST CLUB RADIO CLUB
7,529,996 67 RHEIN RUHR DX ASSOCIATION 291,632 8 KANSAS CITY CONTEST CLUB
7,436,341 48 KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 283,448 5 NORTH TEXAS CONTEST CLUB
RADIO CLUB 280,612 4 CWOPS
6,542,044 121 SOCIETY OF MIDWEST CONTESTERS 278,190 5 ST LOUIS ARC
5,484,963 17 SLOVENIA CONTEST CLUB 269,711 5 NORTH CAROLINA DX AND CONTEST CLUB
5,157,296 18 EA CONTEST CLUB 268,597 8 TEXAS DX SOCIETY
5,039,458 20 CONTEST CLUB FINLAND 262,112 8 SHENANDOAH VALLEY WIRELESS
5,005,015 16 BELOKRANJEC CONTEST CLUB ASSOCIATION
4,908,149 21 CROATIAN CONTEST CLUB 257,024 3 CENTRAL SIBERIA DX CLUB
4,079,271 31 SP DX CLUB 252,418 3 SK5AA VASTERAS RADIOKLUBB
4,061,364 18 LATVIAN CONTEST CLUB 226,804 13 ROCHESTER DX ASSOCIATION
4,051,821 119 MINNESOTA WIRELESS ASSN 216,817 4 SK6AW HISINGENS RADIOKLUBB
3,754,373 39 FLORIDA CONTEST GROUP 214,394 9 WESTERN WASHINGTON DX CLUB
3,666,706 40 ARIZONA OUTLAWS CONTEST CLUB 194,296 4 VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY
3,173,140 10 CHILTERN DX CLUB RADIO CLUB
2,893,515 16 CZECH CONTEST CLUB 185,690 12 NORTHEAST MARYLAND AMATEUR RADIO
2,871,584 8 HUNGARIAN DX CLUB CONTEST SOCIETY
2,440,778 24 VERON 174,851 3 NOT QUITE WORKABLE CONTEST CLUB
2,303,081 15 DANISH DX GROUP 165,776 4 SOUTHERN OSAKA CONTEST CLUB
2,282,443 20 MAD RIVER RADIO CLUB 164,745 4 HAMPDEN COUNTY RADIO ASSOCIATION
2,243,021 9 URAL CONTEST GROUP 150,398 3 CENTRAL VIRGINIA CONTEST CLUB
2,108,475 4 UA2 CONTEST CLUB 146,203 3 R4F-DX-G
1,973,504 11 CONTEST CLUB BELGIUM 126,238 4 CSM TIMISOARA
1,953,111 13 CONTEST CLUB SERBIA 123,303 3 CSM CRAIOVA
1,917,267 54 DEUTSCH AMATEUR RADIO CLUB 122,763 3 NEW MEXICO BIG RIVER CONTESTERS
1,814,716 14 BELARUS CONTEST CLUB 114,952 3 GREAT PLACES CONTEST CLUB
1,793,544 19 NORTH COAST CONTESTERS 114,150 6 PROVIDENCE RADIO ASSOCIATION
1,758,365 40 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB 88,126 3 RADIOSPORT MANITOBA
1,747,218 10 ALRS ST PETERSBURG 87,459 4 599 DX ASSOCIATION
1,668,949 31 TENNESSEE CONTEST GROUP 87,289 3 ORDER OF BOILED OWLS OF NEW YORK
1,613,044 13 THRACIAN ROSE CLUB 86,860 6 SASKATCHEWAN CONTEST CLUB
1,511,858 5 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CONTEST CLUB 85,329 6 MOTHER LODE DX & CONTEST CLUB
1,472,805 4 RSGB CONTEST CLUB 83,896 4 5NNDXCC
1,386,401 22 GRAND MESA CONTESTERS OF COLORADO 81,513 7 FORT WAYNE RADIO CLUB
1,291,577 11 CENTRAL TEXAS DX AND CONTEST CLUB 76,335 4 HILLTOP TRANSMITTING ASSOCIATION
1,258,125 6 WORLD WIDE YOUNG CONTESTERS 75,617 5 ARCK
1,256,431 17 KENTUCKY CONTEST GROUP 64,023 4 ARKTIKA
1,207,728 5 THREE A'S CONTEST GROUP 53,030 3 CS SATU MARE
1,205,653 8 LA CONTEST CLUB (NORWAY) 51,325 4 WEST PARK RADIOPS
1,177,457 8 SOUTH URAL CONTEST CLUB 50,386 6 RU-QRP
1,172,248 5 CLIPPERTON DX CLUB 49,908 3 YO DX CLUB
1,121,329 7 CONTEST GROUP DU QUEBEC 47,753 5 NEW PROVIDENCE ARC
1,117,323 19 SOUTH EAST CONTEST CLUB 44,603 4 KANSAS CITY DX CLUB
1,031,565 23 HUDSON VALLEY CONTESTERS AND DXERS 43,800 5 SILVER COMET AMATEUR RADIO SOCIETY
1,004,162 17 RUSSIAN CW CLUB 39,439 5 ARAUCARIA DX GROUP
970,615 4 FLORIDA WEAK SIGNAL GROUP 35,738 3 SPOKANE DX ASSOCIATION
918,231 23 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CONTEST CLUB 31,759 4 VLADIMIR CONTEST CLUB
862,611 8 MARITIME CONTEST CLUB 26,204 4 PACIFIC NORTHWEST VHF SOCEITY
842,550 12 CAROLINA DX ASSOCIATION 24,668 3 TRC
838,381 3 FAZENDA ACTIVITY CONTEST GROUP 20,882 3 MEDITERRANEO DX CLUB
820,123 4 WEST SERBIA CONTEST CLUB 19,619 4 ALBERTA CLIPPERS
732,948 4 LA-DX-GROUP 17,560 3 MERIDEN ARC
677,687 6 GEORGIA CONTEST GROUP 15,404 5 OKAYAMA DX CLUB
666,898 9 BAY AREA DXERS 14,292 4 VK CONTEST CLUB
658,680 4 SRR 13,926 4 PANDURII TIRGU JIU
627,576 4 OK1KQJ CONTEST CLUB 10,670 3 BERGEN AMATEUR RADIOASSOCIATION
627,001 5 GM DX GROUP 7,674 3 URE BAIX CAMP
613,766 3 YU1ANO & YU1A CONTEST TEAM 5,806 3 RADIO CLUB OF REDMOND
606,478 12 DFW CONTEST GROUP 4,347 7 KEYMEN'S CLUB OF JAPAN
589,788 9 GIPANIS CONTEST GROUP 4,089 5 CMDXGROUP
588,746 4 DEEP DIXIE CONTEST CLUB 2,275 3 CUYAHOGA FALLS ARC
576,142 14 WILLAMETTE VALLEY DX CLUB 2,158 8 ORARI LOKAL BOGOR
568,857 4 CROWS CONTEST TEAM 1,849 13 YB LAND DX CLUB
564,486 15 NIAGARA FRONTIER RADIOSPORT 839 3 599 CONTEST CLUB
548,699 4 VRHNIKA CONTESTERS 374 3 SOUTH CELEBES CONTEST CLUB
548,642 10 SWAMP FOX CONTEST GROUP 287 3 ORARI DAERAH NTB
491,612 13 ALABAMA CONTEST GROUP 271 7 CABREUVADX
473,673 6 CTRI CONTEST GROUP 158 3 7ADXCC
456,195 16 ORCA DX AND CONTEST CLUB 146 3 ORARI LOKAL KAB BOGOR
442,383 7 CATALONIA CONTEST CLUB 99 3 ORARI LOKAL BLITAR
417,739 5 BRISTOL (TN/VA) ARC
403,465 9 METRO DX CLUB

Further to that point is this comment
from the other side of the pond from
Bob, GU4YOX/MU5E:
Conditions were very poor from Europe

to the U.S. this time. I only managed to
work Jeff, VY2ZM, in the closing hours.
Unbelievable! Thanks for all the Qs,
though, everyone. I lost nearly an hour
when one of the 160-meter antenna top-
loading wires broke. This was a Field
Day-style operation from the northwest
tip of Guernsey. Great fun but 1,600
meters of radials is hard work to fit and
remove. See you next year!
Yuri, EB5A, operating EF5Y, also

sums up conditions nicely: “Worst prop-
agation of all time to USA.”
Many thanks to Bill, K4XS, who acti-
Here is longtime K3LR 160-meter operator N2NC at the “Top Band” position. vated V31XX for the contest, who had
K3UA and K3LR also operated, trying to defend their 2021 title. this to say, “First time doing the contest
from V3. Set out to break the old record
from V31. Mission accomplished! My
ears are still ringing from all the static
crashes.”
An interesting comment from Vlad,
VE3JM: “Last year, due to the Covid
restrictions, I had to operate remotely
and my remote setup did not support
running High Power. This year I decid-
ed to enter Low Power again and see if
I can do better. I hope I will be wise
enough and use an amp next year.”
Vlad was first in the World Low Power
category, so maybe he doesn’t need an
amp after all.
Another data point on the conditions
comes from Mark, KD4D, who was
operating Low Power from the W3LPL
superstation: “Saturday night was terri-
ble to Europe from here. I could hear a
few European stations — mostly ones I
had worked — and the few I heard that
I could work mostly didn’t hear me. I
ended up with only six 10-point QSOs
Saturday night. And two of those were
LU8DPM and a KH6! I went over 30 min-
Here is 160-meter SSB newcomer Brandon, KD8ZEI, at his neat station with his utes without being able to make a QSO
K9 operating partner. Saturday night. Never worked anything
“Top Band” legend W7RH shows off his remotely controlled QTH with solar panels. I hope they are well shielded from RFI!

west of KH6. I did manage to break substantial pileups on of patience. Making a contest in QRP and even more so in
LU8DPM and KL7SB but I never really felt loud.” SSB, is the highest test of patience that can exist in radio.
Mats, DL4MM, traveled to Aruba for the contest. This would I’m sorry I couldn’t be active during the whole contest, but
normally be a blast, but he had this to say: “The contest itself my voice and my family couldn’t resist it. What ears of Jeffrey,
is always fun but propagation this year was no fun at all! The VY2ZM, he caught me calling an SV6, that didn’t hear me,
only positive highlight was ZM4T and a string of four but he did!”
Japanese stations right before my sunrise on Sunday.” And this from Steve PJ4DX: “Worst conditions ever? I
But probably the worst story from the contest is from remember a few years ago the whole band up to 1990 kHz
Rolandas, LY4A: “Contest started crazy. This year was was full of North American and European stations. This year,
windy and caused problems for electricity. Saturday evening I only worked two Europeans and heard one more who did
prime time, the electricity dropped out for 3 hours. On not hear me. That was on the first night, the second night
Sunday evening, the electricity dropped out ~20 times for 1- was even worse!”
2 minute. Every few minutes, we would have to switch all Dan, NP2J, is a 160-meter contest veteran. Looks like he
setup computers, power amplifiers, and all support equip- picked the wrong year to get serious on SSB: “This was the
ment again and reset them. It was CRAZY! Really bad weath- first time I made a serious effort in the CQ 160 SSB contest.
er with big wind and ice / snow storm caused major dam- I usually get on, make a few contacts then say. ‘forget this.’
age. 2022 started CRAZY and destroyed my contest position Figures that I picked a terrible year to make an effort ...
losing my 80-, 40-, and 10-meter antennas.” Amazingly, thought conditions were bad the first night ... but the second
Rolandas stuck it out and was able to make 1,321 QSOs. night was horrible! Best hour during the second night was
Now that is perseverance! only 9 Qs! I must be crazy to not have pulled the switch the
In the wildly competitive USA Multi-Op Category, this year’s second night. Thanks to all the fellow nutcases that braved
winner is K1LZ operating from his new Maine QTH. You can this one!”
see the fabulous antenna system and location elsewhere in There is not too much more to say about the SSB results,
this article. Due to the poor conditions, the geographic advan- as most stations had few comments due to the world turmoil.
tage of being in Maine was huge. See the top three com- We are hoping for a more normal operating year in 2023 and,
petitors compared below: of course, peace for all concerned.
Call Points #QSOs W/VE mult Countries Obeying the Rules

K1LZ 1,026,066 1,519 59 70 As we pointed out last year, the committee receives many
N2AA 739,660 1,417 58 66 complaints from entrants. We wish to emphasize the se vio-
K3LR 653,520 1,503 59 61 lations in the hopes we can keep a level playing field in the
future.
With QSOs relatively the same, the big advantage to
K1LZ is the ability to work 10 pointers out of Europe. Due • Use of remote receivers outside 100 kilometers (inside
to the depressed conditions, it just wasn’t possible further 100 kilometers allowed in Multi-Op only)
inland from New Jersey and especially western • Use of excessive power
Pennsylvania. • Use of QSO finding assistance by Single-Ops who claim
The stories were not all that bad, this one from Joe, N3HEE Unassisted
(Single-Op Low Power Assisted), shows some positive • Excessively wide signals, including key clicks and
results, especially Sunday morning: “Sunday morning was splatter
the most fun I’ve had on 160 in a long time! Playing catch up, • Operating outside band limits (below 1810 kHz in IARU
I stayed up all night and glad I did. I was able to hear and put region 1, and using band edges)
quite a few extra Qs and another handful of multipliers into • Unsportsmanlike conduct (such as frequency fights).
the log including a Japanese station at sunrise. I heard and
nearly worked a strong KL7SB. He heard N3? But the pile- There was one blatant operation that would have resulted
up of impatient operators made it very tough to complete the in disqualification. However, since the problem log came out
QSO. It was fun just listening to Steve work the KL7 pileup. of Ukraine; we decided to let it go. The entrants have larger
Quite a few made it into his log before he faded away. Also problems than radio contesting. But we do hope that once
heard ZL and UA9 again, but no luck working them. I missed the conflict is over, the warnings issued will be noted and we
working 160 meter WAS in a single weekend by one state will have fair play in the future.
(KL7)! No worries though because I already have WAS on In closing, special thanks to all those helping to make the
160 meters.” contest a success, including N6TR (log checking), K1DG (tro-
phies), and K5ZD (webmaster). Certificates for everyone are
SSB Results available for printing on our website at <CQ160.com>.
As bad as conditions were on CW, the SSB contest may have If anyone would like a Log Checking Report, send an email
been worse. Regrettably, participation was way down due to to me at <director@CQ160.com>. Please specify which
world events, so the scores are suppressed. There are only mode you are asking for and the callsign used. Plaques will
a handful of logs from Russia and none from Ukraine. Our be mailed shortly. Thanks to all for participating and see you
thoughts and prayers are with all involved and we hope to in 2023. Remember all CQ contests have a 5-day deadline
reunite with our amateur radio brothers soon. for submitting logs. Check out the rules on <CQ160.com> for
The highest score was only 524,000 (K) from VY2ZM, and the latest information.
I5JVA at 418K. Nobody else was even close. It took perse- – 73, Andy N2NT
verance to get through the weekend. Check out the com- Director CQ160 Contest
ments starting with this from Miguel, EA6SX, showing why
VY2ZM is the king of the CQ160 Contest. “Whoa! what a test (Scores on page 103)

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Announcing:
2022 CQ World Wide DX Contest

SSB: October 29-30 CW: November 26-27
Starts 0000 UTC Saturday; Ends 2359 UTC Sunday
Log Deadlines: SSB – 2359 UTC Nov. 4 / CW – 2359 UTC Dec. 2, 2022
Join nearly 40,000 participants from over 200 DX entities and all 40 CQ Zones in the
world’s largest DX contest.
T
he CQ World Wide DX Contest (CQWW) offers 48- Entry Categories
hours of non-stop DX-chasing fun with activity taking The competition is divided into Single Operator and Multi-
place from virtually every part of the world! Whether Operator categories. There are also four additional Overlay
you are competing for awards, looking for a few new band- sub-categories (see below).
countries, or simply filling up your logbook, the CQWW Single Operator (all bands or any single band) – only one
offers something for everyone. Check out the Classic and operator finds, makes, and logs all contacts in the following
Rookie Overlay Categories for even more chances to enjoy categories:
ham radio’s premier operating event. Or, perhaps the new
Youth and Explorer Overlays may be for you. Regardless • High power: Up to 1,500 watts
of your entry class, the bands magically light up in the • Low power: 100 watts or less
CQWW with activity levels that are unlike any other radio • QRP: 5 watts or less
competition.
Single Operator Assisted (all bands or any single band) –
Some Contest Basics One operator may use DX spotting or other tools to help find
contacts. Note that a CW decoder is considered assistance.
Each mode is a separate operating event that runs for 48 The one operator must make and log all contacts in the fol-
hours from 0000 UTC Saturday until 2359 UTC Sunday. SSB lowing power categories:
is the last full weekend of October. CW is the last full week-
end of November. • High power: Up to 1,500 watts
Working stations is easy. Exchange and log a signal report • Low power: 100 watts or less
and your CQ Zone number (e.g., 59 05 on SSB or 599 05 on • QRP: 5 watts or less
CW). If you’re not sure which zone you’re in, visit
<http://bit.ly/1BHtmsP> for more information. Generally Available Overlays
speaking for U.S. operators, the U.S. west coast is in Zone
Classic Category – Allows the use of only one radio (e.g.,
3, the east coast is in Zone 5, and the rest of the lower 48 is
Single Operator, Two-radio operation is not permitted), no
in Zone 4. Western Europe is mostly Zone 14 and Japan is
QSO finding assistance, and only counts the first 24-hours
in Zone 25.
of operating time. Off-times are a minimum of 60 minutes
Contacts are valid only on the 1.8-, 3.5-, 7-, 14-, 21-, and
during which no QSO is logged. Single Operator Assisted
28-MHz amateur bands (No WARC bands or 60 meters).
entries are not eligible for this Overlay category.
Rookie Category – Open only to operators who are first
Scoring licensed as radio amateurs less than three (3) years before
Your final score is based on QSO points earned for each the date of the contest.
contact times the number of multipliers worked. Contacts Youth Category – Available to single operators who are 25
with other continents count three points each. Contacts with years old or younger at the start of the contest.
the same continent, but different country, count one point Explorer Category – Established to allow amateurs to par-
(except in North America where they count two points). ticipate in the CQWW Contest while experimenting creatively
Same-country contacts earn zero points, but do count for with internet-linked stations and other new technologies. The
multiplier credit. goal of this category is to encourage innovation in operating
Multipliers are the number of DXCC entities and Worked strategies, station design, and technology adaptation.
All Europe (WAE) countries, plus IG9/IH9, worked on each Single- and Multi-operator entries are permitted. See
band plus the number of CQ Zones worked on each band. <https://cqww.com/explorer.htm> for more information.
Don’t worry about calculating your score; the CQWW Multi-Operator – more than one person is involved in oper-
Contest Committee’s contest log checking software will do ating the station.
that for you when you submit a log. Most participants are Single-Transmitter: This category allows one transmitter to
using readily available contest logging software to help as work any station. It may only change bands after 10-minutes
well (e.g., N1MM+, Win-Test, etc.). on a band. Note: A second transmitter may be used to work

multipliers only. This category has
some very specific restrictions so
please read the full rules carefully.
• High power: Up to 1,500 watts
• Low power: 100 watts or less
Two-Transmitter: Allows the use of
two simultaneously transmitted signals
on two separate bands. Each station
may change bands as many as 8 times
per hour.
Unlimited: Allows the use of one trans-
mitted signal on each band.
Awards
Electronic certificates will be made
available for everyone who submits an
entry, provided that entry is submitted
before the log deadline. Plaques are
awarded to top finishers in major
categories.
Submitting Your Log

Electronic logs should be in the Cabrillo
format. Most logging software gener-
ates this file automatically. Up-
load your log on the Web at <www.
cqww.com/logcheck>. The website
also includes a utility to convert an
ADIF-formatted log file if needed.
Please note that paper logs are no
longer accepted.
All entries must be sent WITHIN FIVE
(5) DAYS after the end of the contest:
No later than 2359 UTC November 4,
2022 for SSB and 2359 UTC December
2, 2022 for CW. Resubmitting an entry
after the deadline will result in it being
considered as a late log.
Only one entry is permitted for each
callsign. If you submit a log multiple
times, the latest log submission will
replace any previous attempts. No fur-
ther action is required.
Full Rules
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CQ CLASSIC: Return to Kosovo
When OH2BH sent us his story about UT5UY and his family (“A Boy and His Radio: A 21st Century War Story”), he noted
that he and Adrian Ciuperca, KO8SCA, were about to head to Kosovo for a 6-meter DXpedition. That got us thinking about
Martti’s first operation from Kosovo, in 2012, putting the country on the air for the first time as an independent nation.
Martti has been a key player in bringing many countries either back on the ham bands after extended absences (such as
Albania 30 years ago) or for the first time with a brand new country prefix, such as Kosovo. Here’s Martti’s article about
activating Kosovo from the July 2013 issue of CQ, with a very ironic opening line. – W2VU
Whenever a new country has come on the air in the past 50 years, there’s a
good chance that Martti Laine, OH2BH, has had something to do with it.
Here is his story of the rebirth of amateur radio in Europe’s newest country,
the Republic of Kosovo.
Z6: Last New Country from the

Heart of Europe
The Story of Amateur Radio
in the Republic of Kosovo
BY MARTTI J. LAINE,* OH2BH
E
urope today looks rather peaceful, and it’s not surprising. Those who had worked hard to see this memorable day were
The European Union (EU) was the recipient of the 2012 in tears as they shared the happiness of the new Z6 hams when
Nobel Peace Prize following the 2011 prize conferred on they made their first QSOs on September 17, after a ceremony
President Martti Ahtisaari of Finland. Both events symbolically at the Pristina Emerald Hotel. The occasion was put together by
underlined the achievements of recent years, the EU’s efforts to the government of Kosovo to show its appreciation to the inter-
stabilize Europe and Ahtisaari’s efforts to sort out the many con- national delegation for their years of support in bringing ama-
flicts in the Balkans and elsewhere. Such efforts included his teur radio back to Kosovo. Hans Timmerman, PB2T, IARU
role as the UN Envoy for Kosovo in drafting a road map for peace Region I President, made official congratulatory remarks, while
in Europe’s last new country, the Republic of Kosovo. Ahtisaari’s Sabit Zymberi, Z61AA (ex YU8AA), as President of the Kosovo
aim was to enable Kosovo to enter the international scene in a Amateur Radio Association, reciprocated. Representatives of
structured and peaceful manner, putting hardships and arms to the Kosovo government then released the first eleven licenses
rest. As a result, a new country was born in Europe. (photo B), including one, Z60K, to the visiting international team
The year 2012 was also historic for Kosovo as a multination- (photo C). The visiting team and the new Kosovo hams followed
al amateur radio delegation and, with International Amateur by conducting the first QSOs on that same historic evening
Radio Union (IARU) Region I participation, the country’s ama- (photo D). The local TV network spotlighted the event with a live
teur service was launched—with governing regulations—allow- broadcast over the local network. On a personal note, this event
ing Kosovar amateurs to end their 25-year hiatus and rejoin the marked the 12th time I have been involved in the activation of a
ham radio ranks (photo A). Representatives of six nations expe- new country. This one highlighted many milestones achieved
rienced highly spirited days in the capital city of Pristina. They over the past six years: the pre-independence United Nations
witnessed and shared in the smiles and tears when Kosovo hit phase, the February 2008 independence declaration, the
the radio waves with pride and in style. European Union phase, and finally the achievement of sover-
September 10, 2012 had marked the end of Kosovo’s super- eign state status supported today by the majority (now 98) of UN
vised independence as the 25-nation-strong International member states, including the world’s leading industrialized coun-
Steering Group ended its role in guiding Kosovo toward func- tries such as the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom,
tional independence. The steering group confirmed the estab- France, and Germany.
lishment of all legal functions and a variety of procedures in an
evolving society and placed all functions of state into the hands CQWW DX Contests from Z60WW
of the sovereign nation of Kosovo. Among those procedures was Since the German Amateur Radio Club (DARC) and CQ
the issuance of the Z6 callsign block, allowing the Telecom- Communications, Inc. have accepted Kosovo as a country under
munications Regulatory Authority of Kosovo (TRA) to release its their award and contest programs since 2008, it was natural that
amateur radio regulations and subsequently the first series of there should be a Kosovo activation, with local participation, in
Z6 licenses. the 2012 CQ WW DX Contests (photo E). What fun it was to pro-
vide a new country or multiplier for those participating in the
*e-mail: <martti.laine@kolumbus.fi> DARC and CQ programs and perhaps another one pending

Photo A- The amateur radio delegation worked hard at the Telecommunication Regulatory Authority (TRA) to complete even
smallest details of modern amateur radio regulations. The regulations were released on September 17, 2012 as part of the open-
ing ceremony. At the rear of the working group are (from left) Hans Blondeel Timmerman, PB2T, President of IARU Region 1;
Martti Laine, OH2BH, Coordinator of Mission Goodwill Kosovo; Nikola Percin, 9A5W, IARU R1 Executive Committee Member,
and Robert Barden, N2BB/MD0CCE. TRA Chairman Ekrem Hoxha (at head of table) chaired the meeting, with Vasar Halimi, head
of frequency planning, and his team, on the left. (Except as noted, all photos courtesy of the author)
Commentary: Kosovo’s Pending DXCC Status

Kosovo represents a unique case in that the United Nations was deeply involved with the birth of the country, but UN membership for Kosovo
is not targeted anytime soon. Given that United Nations membership is regarded as a dominating criterion for DXCC country status today, it is
sad that the world’s leading award program cannot facilitate this new nation, but in fact manifests a visible conflict with United States foreign pol-
icy. The fact is that for the first time in the history of DXCC, the ARRL, and its DXCC country criteria run counter to US foreign policy and the
position adopted by the majority of UN member states.
As recently as April 2013, under the auspices of the European Union, the two conflicting parties, the Republic of Serbia (YU) and the Republic
of Kosovo (Z6), agreed to normalize their relations (see photo), but not yet on a diplomatic level. Both sides spent months ironing out this agree-
ment, and now it remains to be seen whether the ARRL still insists that the world’s countries should accommodate DXCC criteria or whether
DXCC needs to be tailored to reflect the existing realities of today’s world. The question is whether the ARRL is prepared to faciliate these few
“new ones” and to be fair in dealings with the Kosovar amateur population since they are all needed to reinvigorate amateur radio and the DXCC
program.
The late Jim Maxwell, W6CF, ARRL Director and my Elmer in DX, was often cited as a leading expert in the field of foreign policy, and he fre-
quently explained to the ARRL Board of Directors the complexity of our world with abundant clarity, so much so that ultimate understanding
always prevailed. During my odyssey in the DXCC vineyards, no country has been as clear cut as Kosovo today but yet so confusing for those
who decide. — OH2BH
Note: CQ has recognized Kosovo as a separate entity for its contest and award programs as of its independence date in 2006. —ed.
Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dacic (left, a licensed radio amateur) signs agreement with Kosovar Prime Minister Hashim Thaci (right) to nor-
malize relations between the two former combatants and pave the way for each to independently seek membership in the European Union.
The deal was mediated by EU Foreign Policy Chief Catherine Ashton (center). It remains to be seen whether this agreement will be suffi-
cient to prompt the ARRL to grant DXCC status to Kosovo. (European Union photo)

Photo B- Hans, PB2T (center, with moustache), is surrounded by the first 11 relicensed Kosovar amateur radio operators, who
are proudly showing their new licenses.
DXCC credit (see sidebar, “Commentary: high values in life. The capital city of Pristina ing to witness the Kosovars’ deep love of
Kosovo’s Pending DXCC Status”). is actually a lot of fun to visit with its friend- the United States, exemplified by President
These contest activities demonstrated ly people, who always want to make you Bill Clinton, their unchallenged hero, along
that the old Yugoslav amateur radio struc- feel at home and share all they have. This with their own national hero, George
ture was a true winner, as hams with hospitality and interest in the world is some- Kastrioti Skanderbeg. During President
decades of silence behind them immedi- thing that I have not always experienced in Clinton’s term of office and the tenure of
ately jumped into action and operated like my travels around the world. It is also amaz- United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony
true pros. Not only did they operate, but
they also were quite handy when a series
of antennas were tuned and put up at the
selected contest locations (photo E). It
was a great job by the locals and the for-
eign operators who came from across
many borders to help with the overall suc-
cess. Some 12,654 Z60WW QSOs were
made in the contests.
What is This Kosovo Anyway?

Putting aside the stormy recent history
between two former provinces of ex-
Yugoslavia—the Serb-populated Serbia
and the ethnic Albanian majority of Kosovo
(of Kosovo’s population of 2.1 million, some
90% are of Albanian origin)—it has been
interesting to observe life through the peo-
ple of Kosovo during my 12 visits there.
While Albania itself was largely left behind
for decades under dictator Enver Hoxha,
breaking out only as recently as 1989,
Kosovo made huge progress during the
tenure of Yugoslavia’s more popular and
more benevolent dictator, Marshal Josip Photo C- The Z60K QSL cards illustrate the happy occasion with the project group
Broz Tito. According to many observers, meeting their patron, Dr. Besim Beqaj, Minister of Economics (including telecommu-
Tito even had a special corner in his heart nications). A total of 18,545 QSOs were handed out with modest setups at two dif-
for Kosovo as it developed quite favorably, ferent locations. Nigel, G3TXF, one of the participants, acts as the QSL manager. All
and its people became well-educated with of the cards are already released through the QSL bureau network.

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Blair, the region was under gunfire and had to be made free to
proceed on its own. Often during my visits to Pristina, I have
been accompanied by US and UK hams. They have always been
given a warm and honest reception while walking down the main
street now renamed Bill Clinton Boulevard, where US and UK
flags are still flying high.
Summary
To sum up my most emotional moments in Kosovo, I have expe-
rienced the triumph of the great people of Kosovo and the joy-
ful rebirth of amateur radio. The number of Z6 licensees is soon
expected to exceed 50. Today, the YASME Foundation of the
USA along with IARU Region I have been very generous in help-
ing the Kosovar association (SHRAK) become fully operational
by the spring of 2013. With their help, SHRAK will soon file for
IARU membership.
It would be unfair if I did not introduce some of the Kosovar
hams here, as many of you will soon meet them for your first
QSO with the Republic of Kosovo. While they all deserve our
warm welcome, it is unfortunate that I can only introduce a few
Photo D- The atmosphere was warm and excited when the first of the first eleven, freshly licensed, hams (see sidebar, “Meet
Z60K QSOs got under way. Driton, Z61DX, had the honor of Some of My New Kosovar Friends”).
making the first QSO, with Ali, Z61DD. Standing, from left: Feti,
Z61FF, and Martti, OH2BH, while Hans, PB2T, is guiding Driton, My Final Words on DX
Z61DX. In the foreground, TRA Chairman Ekrem Hoxha is As my home turf of Europe is now complete with no more DXCC
watching with pleasure. countries looming over the horizon, I feel that my 50-year
Meet Some of My Kosovar Friends
Vjollca Belegu, Z61VB some 25 wpm will soon come back. Ali is a 54-year-old telecommuni-
Vjollca is the first YL operator in the cations engineer and business executive with 25 employees at his Elting
Republic of Kosovo. She is not new to Company, which is a supplier of turnkey professional telecommunica-
amateur radio, as she was licensed as tions systems for many government and society applications. His com-
YU8AW prior to the suspension of ama- pany represents Motorola and other well-known firms in Kosovo. Ali
teur radio in prewar Kosovo. Her early also taught at his alma mater university.
ham radio involvement was with the He is the father of five children, and when not working he is often
YU8ALP University Club, where ama- commuting to his second QTH in Albania, on the coast of the Adriatic
teur radio had many diverse facets in Sea, only two hours’ drive from the heart of Pristina, where his com-
those days, such as math, science, and bined home and business offices are located.
electronics, Morse code, and even
physical sports. Driton Sadiku, Z61DX
Vjollca and other youths were very Driton, Z61DX, is 41- year-old mech-
successful, winning prizes four years in anical engineer. He is married with
a row as part of this interesting curriculum. She treasures her earlier two sons, ages 10 and 13, and a 3-
amateur radio years spent with a great group at YU8ALP. year-old daughter. He is now busy
In 1987, Vjollca graduated from the Technical University of Pristina running his internet and networking
with a degree in electronics/telecommunications engineering. Given her company, which employs some 20
interest in the English language and English literature, her English will people and is currently installing fiber
be a delight on SSB bands. For the past 13 years, Vjollca has been optics in Pristina. Driton commutes
working with international organizations (EU and UNDP) as a Monitoring to the capital every day from his
and Evaluation officer. home about 25 km away. His broth-
She is married to a great supporter of hers, Nebo Caka, Ph.D., a pro- er is also a ham, signing Z61AS.
fessor of microelectronics and optoelectronics at the Technical University Driton was originally licensed in
of Pristina. They have two daughters, 21 and 22 years of age. Vjollca’s the nearby city of Vushtrri at the club
other interests are music and reading. Her new ham station is centered of YU8KEF. He was hooked on
on a Yaesu FT-950 transceiver donated by Allen Baker, W5IZ. ARDF (Amateur Radio Direction
Finding), like many others in those
Ali Smani, Z61DD days, and became a First Pioneer, a
As YU8DD, Ali was a powerful DX and high ranking youth in ex-Yugoslavia.
contest operator prior to April 14,1995, His CW speed soon ramped up to 25 wpm and he became comfortable
when his Atlas 350XL equipment was con- with radio traffic. Serving in the army in 1989 in Ljubliana, now Slovenia,
fiscated and never returned. Ali is still hold- Driton joined the 5th Army club of YU3GHI.
ing a receipt of the police action and wait- At Z60K during the relaunch of amateur radio in the Republic of
ing for repossession of his equipment. He Kosovo, Driton took the microphone and handled the first QSOs with
was originally licensed in March 1978 as ease. He returned to Z60K many times and skillfully tackled a 17-meter
YU1PGD, then became YU8DD in 1982. pile-up at a good rate. Driton was among the first on the air at his own
His first experience with amateur radio station—a rusty Atlas 350X that was thrown into a pond at the time all
dates back to 1972 at the YU1FGH club. equipment was confiscated. Driton took it back to dry land, removed
Ali was delighted to get back on the air the rust, and got on the air with it. Now he is running a Yaesu FT-950
with his new ICOM 756 PRO. He feels and an Acom 1010 amp.
that his original Morse code speed of

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odyssey will soon be coming to an end. This journey has pro-

vided me with a lot of personal satisfaction, valuable under-
standing of the world, cherished friendships, and much fun in the
process. I have definitely become a different OH2BH than I was
50 years ago (photo F). Experiencing the big, wide world and
most of its nations and cultures has been a most gratifying jour-
ney. Sometimes it was witnessed with a smile and sometimes
with tears. I thank all of my QSO partners and associates for liv-
ing through these wonderful years with me in DX.
Photo F- Martti Laine, OH2BH, the author of this article and

veteran DXCC architect with up to twelve country "skins" under
Photo E- Kosovars were not only skilled operators (see side- his belt, says that after 50 years of producing high profile
bar) but also professionals at a variety of technical matters such "shows" around getting new countries onto the ham bands, he
as antenna assembly. Here, Driton, Z61DX, is leading the team is ready to step down from the stage ... well, almost. Martti
for mounting the tri-band beam on top of the 5-star Emerald says he would like to produce one more as his farewell show.
Hotel, near Pristina, the capital. Can you guess where?

Club Spotlight
Most antenna parties involve a group of hams coming to the home of a
fellow ham to help install a new antenna. Most club kit-building activities
involve building a new radio or accessory. Ohio’s Delaware County
Amateur Radio Association blended the two, organizing a group build for
new antennas! W8ERD shows us how it went.
Collective Antenna Building:

A Different Kind of Antenna Party
PHOTO ESSAY BY BOB DIXON,* W8ERD
Figure 1. The end-fed halfwave (EFHW) dipole antenna (Illustrations and

photos by the author, except as noted)
A
t the suggestion of our club pres-
ident Mike Huffman, W8MDC, a
bunch of us in the Delaware
County Amateur Radio Association in
Delaware, Ohio, ordered end-fed half-
wave (EFHW) antenna kits from HF Kits
in the Netherlands <www.hfkits.com>.
By ordering collectively, we saved on
the shipping cost, and by building them
together, could share our collective
skills. Figure 1 shows a typical model
after construction (there are several
* Email: <w8erdbob@gmail.com>
Photo A. The first step in the process

was a series of lectures by the club’s
more experienced hams.

Understanding, Building & Using
Baluns & Ununs
by Jerry Sevick, W2FMI
The successor to 33 Simple Weekend

the popular and
authoritative Baluns
Projects
and Ununs. Great by Dave Ingram, K4TWJ
deal of new tutorial
Do-it-yourself
material, and designs
electronics projects
not in previous book,
from the most basic
with crystal clear
to the fairly
explanations of how
sophisticated. Also, The Short Vertical Antenna and
and why they work.
practical tips and Ground Radial
techniques on by Jerry Sevick, W2FMI
8.5 X 11 Paperback $21.95
creating your own projects.
CD Version $15.95 This small but solid guide
Buy both for only $32.95 6 X 9 Paperback $17.95 walks you through the
design and installation
of inexpensive, yet
The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook-4th Ed. effective short HF
by Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA vertical antennas. With
antenna restrictions
Fully updated and expanded to include the latest propagation becoming a problem,
forecasting tools, as well as our time-tested “analog” tables it could keep you on the air!
for making your own customized predictions, the 4th 6 X 9 Paperback $10.00
edition of The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook is a
must-have resource for any DXer, contester or emergency
communicator.
8.5 X 11 Paperback $42.95 CD Version $32.95
Lew McCoy on Antennas
Buy both for only $61.95 by Lew McCoy, W1ICP
Unlike many technical
publications, Lew presents
Reflections III his invaluable antenna info in
by Walt Maxwell, W2DU a casual, non-intimidating
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All the info in Reflections I and II and more! This
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Please note: Prices listed above do not include applicable shipping charges.
Shipping prices listed here are for most, but not all products.
Shipping & Handling

U.S.A. add $8 for the first item, $4.50 for the second and $3 for each additional item.
All other countries $35 for the first item, $20 for second and $10 for each additional.
models covering different bands, and one version is sold line fashion. First, we set up production lines to drill all the
through the ARRL). UNUN box and loading coil holes needed (Figure 2). Each
Since the time and labor to construct them is repetitive step had a different person (with a helper as needed) doing
across all the builders, we organized an antenna party to only that task.
make things go faster and better, organizing it in assembly- Next we had a series of lectures and leadership by the more
Figure 2. The drilling production lines
Photo C. Inserting the hardware into

Photo B. Slides were shown for each phase of the construction. the UNUN box. (Courtesy HF Kits)

antenna
remove coating
and solder
together
SO-239 counterpoise
Figure 3. The UNUN coil construction (Courtesy HF Kits)
Photo D. The loading coil winding (Courtesy HF Kits) Photo E. Russel Fling, AF8RJ, came very well prepared.
what’s new
Yaesu Introduced FT-710 AESS at Dayton
Yaesu introduced the FT-710 AESS, the company’s latest
addition to its line of high-frequency and 50-MHz (HF + 50 MHZ)
transceivers which has a compact design and provides a max-
imum of 100 watts of RF output. The FT-710 can transmit on
the 1.8-MHz through 50-MHz bands (amateur bands only) using
CW, AM, LSB / USB, and FM and receives 30 kHz through 75
MHz (Units sold in the UK include the 70-MHz band for trans-
mit). There is also a Preset mode function that is suitable for VFO dial that shows the current operating mode (VFO-A, VFO-
FT8 operation. B, Memory Mode, and Clarifier/Split Operation).
Utilizing the digital RF technology introduced in the FTDX101 Input and output ports built into the FT-710 AESS include a
and FTDX10 series, the FT-710 AESS has band-pass filters DVD-I to connect to an external display; SD memory card slot
dedicated for the amateur bands to eliminate out-of-band that can be used to save the communication record, transceiv-
unwanted signals. The receiving circuit includes a front-end er setting, the memory contents, screen capture images, and
design with a 250-MHz High Resolution Direct Digital to update the firmware; two USB ports (Type A and Type B);
Synthesizer (HRDDS) that enables phenomenal multi-signal and an ethernet jack and network remote control system, CW
receiving characteristics. ZIN and SPOT, and Intercept Point Operation allows user to
QRM rejection is achieved by the dual-core 32-bit high speed operate the FT-710 from anywhere.
floating decimal point Digital Signal Processor (DSP) which con- A built-in high-speed automatic FC-40 antenna tuner is
trols the SHIFT / WIDTH / NOTCH / CONTOUR /APF (Audio equipped with 100 channels of memory. Included accessories
Peak Filter) / DNR (Digital Noise Reduction) / NB (Noise include the SP-40 acoustic enhanced speaker system for high-
Blanker), and a three-stage Parametric Equalizer. fidelity audio output; the SSM-75E hand microphone; and DC
On the outside, the front of the FT-710 AESS is dominated by power cable that supplies 13.8-volts DC power to the unit.
a high-resolution 4.3-inch TFT color touch-panel display. The The compact FT-710’s case measures 9.4- x 3.1- x 9.7-inch-
large display is able to show the three-dimensional spectrum es and weighs in at approximately 10 pounds.
stream (3DSS), which is found in the higher-end transceivers As of presstime, the FT-710 AESS has not been approved
from Yaesu. by the FCC but is expected to be released in September.
Other enhancements to the front design are a new VFO Mode Pricing has not been released. For more information, visit
Indicator (VMI), which is an LED indicator placed around the <www.yaesu.com>.

experienced hams in the group for the prepared for their portion of the project end up a tower and adjusting the anten-
main phases of the construction (Photos E and F). na lengths for resonance, using the
(Photos A and B), followed by con- length adjusters shown in Figure 4.
struction of the UNUN coils and boxes Outside We Go By the end of the day, everyone went
(Photo C and Figure 3). Next came the Once the antennas were assembled, home with a well-built and well-tuned
80-meter loading coil, with 170 turns on we took them outside (Photo G) and antenna that they could say they helped
each one (Photo D). Everyone came tuned each one by raising the UNUN build themselves. A great club activity!
Photo F. Teamwork at its best … From left, Randy Lowe, Photo G. Wayne McFarland, KE8YGZ, tuning the antennas
AC8VM, Gregory Ratcliff, NZ8R, Thomas Foy, N4HAI. on a cold day.
10- to 40-meter adjuster
80-meter adjuster
Figure 4. The antenna length adjusters. The two are different because the 10- to 40-meter adjuster is within the antenna
and the 80-meter adjuster is at the end.

Here’s a quick and easy project to satisfy the
FCC’s new RF radiation exposure rules1 while
operating QRP.
A Simple RF Radiation
Detector
BY PAUL SIGNORELLI,* WØRW
Y
ou can get a simple RF radiation detector right in the greeting card section
of your favorite supermarket. The electronics inside those “musical” greet-
ing cards (Photo A) are poorly shielded. When a card detects RF, it starts
playing music and the LEDs start flashing. It can be initiated with a small hand-
ie-talkie. If you put your HT on some unused frequency (don’t use 146.52, 446.000
MHz or any repeater frequencies) and key the transmitter, you will find the card
most sensitive to your frequency.
My “dancing dog” card is most sensitive at 440 MHz and above (Photo B). I
even used it to check the door leakage on my microwave oven (don’t put it inside).
After calibration, all you have to do is hang the card around your neck while you
were operating and it went off, you would just have to lower your power. Great
for pedestrian mobile ops. And you can buy it for a song, usually about $4.95.
Happy songs!
A note of caution: Some cards may not start because they don’t respond to your
frequency or because you have fried them. If you fry them, you buy them.
Note:
FCC rules, §1.1307 (b)(3)(i)(C) Table 1
* Email: <w0rw1@msn.com>
Photo B. If keying your transmitter

Photo A. A musical greeting card can “starts the music,” then you need to
do double-duty as a cheap and easy reduce power or move farther away from
detector of excessive RF radiation. possible exposure to other people.
www.cq-amateur-radio.com
Wouldn’t it be great to be able to have a tiny handheld transceiver that
contained an Android app that could access your home router from
anywhere in the world and allow you to chat with hams around the world
using DMR, System Fusion, or D-STAR? That transceiver can be your
800-MHz one-watt Android cell phone.
800 MHz QRP: Globe-Spanning Ham

Radio QSOs from Anywhere
BY DENNIS LAZAR,* W4DNN
I
t all began on a dark and stormy
Saturday afternoon (great start for a
ham radio mystery). My HF vertical,
VHF/UHF J-pole, and satellite Yagi
were all unplugged as the typical
Florida afternoon lightning flashed
through the sky. I guess it’s time to join
the XYL in front of the TV and watch one
of her cooking programs. But wait ... I
remembered the URL of a website that
one of my ham club buddies had given
me. “Just check this out,” he had urged.
“You’ll see how much fun DMR can be,
especially since we have this available
on our club repeater.”
I assured him that I would take a look,
although I was thinking, “But that’s not
really ham radio.”
Now, with nothing better to do (Photo
A), I turned on the computer and
brought up “hose.brandmeister.net-
work” in my search engine. There
before me appeared a screen full of lit-
tle boxes, each with a title and a little Photo A. Lots of radios but no joy as Florida lightning storms flip the “off” switch.
national flag in the corner. These were
DMR (Digital Mobile Radio) talk
groups. I clicked on one (talk group 91)
that was labeled “international.” Sud- devoting many hours to attending the tal mobile radio service, I needed to ver-
denly I was listening in to a very inter- club’s intimidating sounding course on ify that I was really a licensed ham. To
esting QSO between a ham in Iowa and DMR until I really knew if this was do this, I had to scan or photograph my
another in London, England. something for me. Listening in was license, save it as a .jpg and send it to
step one in my three steps to Digital <RadioID.net>. Then I needed to go to
Three Steps to Digital Mobile Mobile Radio fun. Brandmeister.network and provide
The same friend who had provided the them my new ID and receive a pass-
Radio Fun
URL to be able to listen in also provided word. Both tasks went like clockwork
Because I love a good ragchew, I was me with the website to download a free and soon I was able to set up my call in
intrigued. I clicked on a talk group from digital voice program designed by Doug the Dudestar program (Photo B).
Munich, Germany and heard hams McLain, AD8DP, that could enable me In short order, I was having QSOs on
chatting in German. Another little box to actually talk to folks using DMR, the DMR Brandmeister network and,
let me in on a roundtable of amateur System Fusion or D-STAR.1 All I need- after a 25-minute chat with a bloke in
astronomers. “This could be fun,” I ed was my computer and preferably, a Worcester, England, and a 40-minute
thought. But I was not about to dive into separate microphone. I went to <http:// ragchew with an Austrian ham, I was
spending hundreds of dollars and dudestar.gw8szl.com> and downloaded hooked. It sure beat staring out of the
the “Dudestar for Windows” program. window at the downpour or watching
* Former CQ QRP Editor But not so fast! I learned that before I cooking TV. My former attitude that “this
Email: <w4dnnradio@gmail.com> could use any internet-accessible digi- is not really ham radio” began to morph

into, “Well, hams talking to hams might
still be ham radio.”
Looking for Clarity

While Dudestar worked well, it did not
seem as crisp and clear as what I was
hearing on the Brandmeister website.
As luck would have it, a recent maga-
zine article featured a standalone digi-
tal radio called the DVmega Cast. It is
based on an internal Raspberry Pi
board. It sounded like a fantastic way to
get into these modes without the steep
learning curve, code plugs, and invest-
ment needed to use an HT and hotspot.
But the price and the difficulty of the
setup as detailed in that article sound-
Photo C. DVMega Globetrotter is billed as the “Swiss army knife of digital voice.”
(Photo courtesy DVMega.nl)
Photo B. Dudestar operation is easy. Figure 1. Windows® operation of BlueDV made chatting with Feng in Beijing,
Select a talk group and click Tx. China easy. (Image courtesy of DVMega.nl)
Figure 2. In the RV, on the boat, or in a hotel room, ham radio is only as far away as your cell phone. (Image courtesy of
DVMega.nl)

Photo E. Yes, Virginia, you can earn awards for
contacts made using DMR. Check out
<DMRawards.org>. (Photo from DMRawards.
Photo D. Your cell phone is your rig with BlueDV for Android. org website)
ed like a bit too much for me. I was looking for something Forget the cooking shows. Those Florida
simple and cheap.
On the DVMega website, I noticed a cute little box called afternoon and evening lightning storms can no
the DVMega Globetrotter (Photo C). Wow, this was my kind longer nix my ham radio activities.
of gadget. The Globetrotter is a combination of an AMBE
3000 dongle that can plug into the USB port on a computer
and a standalone AMBE server. (Advanced Multi-Band pendently link to my Wi-Fi router and then, access it through
Excitation or AMBE, is a vocoder technology owned by Digital my cell phone from anywhere in the world. Now my “800
Voice Systems). This meant that I could use my computer MHz, 1-watt handheld transceiver” had a worldwide ham
for crystal clear operation on all three modes or, with a few radio reach (Photo D).
clicks of the Globetrotter buttons, I could instruct it to inde-
How it all Goes Together
The Windows or Android programs associated with the
Globetrotter are called BlueDV (Figure 1). They were
designed by Dutch ham David Grootendorst, PA7LIM, as a
hobby project and made available to the ham community free
of charge. David has produced nice instruction books in PDF
format for both versions of the program. You can download
the program free at <pa7lim.nl/bluedv-windows/>.
Setup was easy, even for me! Programming the
Globetrotter makes use of three push buttons and the little
LCD screen. DVMega provides a video on its website that
illustrates the step-by-step setup for both Globetrotter and
BlueDV programs.
It is important to carefully input the necessary information
or all this will not work. Initially, I neglected to provide my
Brandmeister password in the BlueDV setup field that said
“pass0word” and DMR would not function. I could make con-
tacts on System Fusion, but DMR would not connect. It’s one
of those times when you hit yourself in the side of the head
and yell “dummy” for not seeing the obvious.
Once everything was up and running, I had a ball, espe-
cially on Brandmeister talk group 91, where I could throw out
my call and get an answer from England, Israel, Japan, or
anywhere else around the globe (Figure 2). You never know
who in the world would enjoy a crystal-clear digital ragchew.
And you might even earn yourself an award (Photo E).
Forget the cooking shows. Those Florida afternoon and
evening lightning storms can no longer nix my ham radio
activities.
Notes:
DMR, System Fusion and D-STAR are the most commonly used dig-
ital voice protocols in amateur radio today. Most systems operate on
VHF/UHF and use repeaters, which are in turn linked via the internet
into wide-area networks.

Taking a break from his favorite topic of pedestrian mobile operating,
WØRW spends some time reminiscing with us about running phone
patches from Korea as an Army MARS member during the Korean War.
Korean War MARS Operations

BY PAUL SIGNORELLI,* WØRW
B
ack when I was a teenager, in the 1950s, my
brother-in-law was a Marine flying choppers
in Korea. I wanted to help out so I joined the
6 Army MARS1 group and one of the opportuni-
th
ties I had to help was to run phone patches2 (then
called ZAFs) for the troops.
My station was a Heathkit DX-100, 100 watts, to
a three-element beam. Propagation was pretty
good back then and I was able to make a lot of
patches from GIs back to their families. I had to call
them collect.3
We used MARS frequencies (primarily 27,994
kHz). My main contact was AD4BE (Jack, ham call
W1YYD). He was running a BC-610 into a Sterba
Curtain antenna. He was in Wonju, in the KMAG, Photo A. This mimeographed (or maybe “ditto machine”) QSL card
Military Advisors Group. 8202 Army Unit S.F.C. was sent by MARS station AD4BE (Jack, W1YYD, when back home
(see <https://tinyurl.com/2wscdbxw>). The AD4 and on the ham bands) to the author from Korea back in 1956. (Photos
call was an Army MARS call at the time. This was courtesy of the author)
many years before the FCC started to use those
2x2 call for regular amateurs. He made me a QSL
card on a mimeograph machine (Photo A).
There were also Marines in Yokosuka (KA2AD/
KA2NY) and some in Okinawa. A U.S. Air Force
MARS station, ZLK, was also active from New
Zealand (Photo B).
My phone patch was a MacGyver type, using an
old power transformer. The 110-volt AC winding
went to the telephone line; the 6-volt AC winding
went to the speaker, and the high-voltage winding
went to the microphone input.
The XYLs in the U.S. (along with parents and girl-
friends) really appreciated the patches to Korea.
Many other MARS stations in the U.S. made phone
patches for the troops during that time as well.
Photo B. Another one of Paul’s phone patch contacts back in the ’50s
* Email:<w0rw1@msn.com> was with U.S. Air Force MARS station ZLK in New Zealand.
Notes: commands and their components.” See the above site and <https://net-
1. Military Auxiliary Radio System, although back in the 1950s, the com.army.mil/mars> for more information.
“A” stood for “Affiliate.” The group’s mission has changed dramatical- 2. For the “young’uns” among us, a phone patch was an intercon-
ly today from making phone patches for overseas service members in nection between a ham rig and the telephone network, allowing an ama-
Korea and Vietnam. According to the <www.usarmymars.org> web- teur to “patch” a radio exchange live to a third party over the phone.
site, “Activities may include DoD directed international Humanitarian The widespread use of cell phones has pretty much made phone patch-
Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) activities, supporting National ing obsolete.
Guard training and operations or supporting Federal Government 3. Back in the day when you had to pay the phone company separate-
agencies. These activities supplement MARS’s primary function to pro- ly for non-local (long-distance) calls, a collect call was one in which the
vide contingency communications support to the DoD, the combatant receiving party agreed to pay for the cost of the call … at a premium!)

Here’s a cautionary tale for those of you who love restoring tube radios —
even a “pro” can get knocked off his feet by the high voltages present in
these vintage radios.
A Shocking Experience
BY RICH STIEBEL,* W6APZ
H
aving published my experiences
at Knight-Kit Electronics in the
April issue of CQ,1 I received a
number of emails relating to Knight.
One in particular asked about the
Knight-Kit T-400 transmitter which
appeared in the Allied catalog in 1960
(Photo A). I was involved with design-
ing that radio as well, and got the shock
of my life in the process. Here is what
happened.
RCA came to Knight with an “experi-
mental” tube that would do all the things
advertised; i.e., it would put out more
power and was more stable than com-
parable tubes, but cost less. It was the
latest and greatest tube for ham radio.
Knight used that tube to design T-400
transmitter. The kit was almost ready
when RCA announced it was NOT
going into production with this wonder- Photo A. The Knight-Kit T-400 transmitter was originally designed around a tube
ful tube. that RCA decided not to produce. The author got involved as a member of the
That’s when I got added to the design team redesigning the rig to use a different tube. (Photo from1960 Allied catalog,
team, which now involved using the courtesy of the author)
tried-and-true 4X150A tube. I was using
a Millen grid-dip meter (see Photo B) to
check for any undesired radiation from
the tank circuit. The combination of
plug-in coils and the built-in variable
capacitor allowed me to check all fre-
quencies from 1.7-300 MHz.
This meter was being used as an
absorption wavemeter, meaning the
needle would read upscale when an RF
signal was being detected. Being win-
ter in Chicago, I was wearing a long-
sleeved shirt. That shirt was important
insulation, though I did not know it at the
time. I had the meter in my left hand with
my arm resting on the thick front panel
of the transmitter. The coil of the Millen
was close to the transmitter’s tank cir-
cuit. I did not realize that the plate
ammeter (upper right in the T-400 pic-
ture) was close to the tank circuit. As I
was carefully tuning the bands looking
Photo B. The Millen grid-dip meter was the author’s go-to piece of test equipment.
* 840 Talisman Drive As a note of interest, the meter was designed by former CQ Technical Editor Bill
Palo Alto, CA 94303-4435 Scherer, W2AEF (SK). (Photo courtesy of Bob Sullivan, WØYVA, and the James
Email: <W6APZ@comcast.net> Millen Society <https://tinyurl.com/twunpzdd>)

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touched the back of the plate ammeter. ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞǇĨĂŝůĞĚĂŶĞǆĂŵ͊
The 4X150A tube used several thou- BIG ONLINE CATALOG
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ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ĂŶĚŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌǇ͊ 114 Esse
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I was lucky that the current went from www.hamtestonline.com Closed Sunday & Monday
the back of the plate ammeter to the
Millen’s metal case, through the shirt on
my arm to the grounded metal front
transmitter panel. The shock, while
great, did not go through my heart.
Someone picked me up and got me
to urgent care, where they treated the
The Radio Club of
burn on my arm, wrapped my arm with
a thick layer of gauze, and sent me
home.
Junior High School 22
My wife was a fourth-grade teacher at
that time. Normally she would get home
about 4 p.m., have some time to do Bringing Communication to
schoolwork and then prepare dinner for
when I would arrive home around 6 p.m. Education Since 1980
Imagine her surprise when she opened
the apartment door and saw me calmly
sitting on the couch reading. Then she
did a double-take when she saw my
bandaged arm. After a bit of explana-
tion, she calmed down and all was well.
The next morning, I was feeling fine, so
I went to work as usual.
The Benefits of Being a

Designer
It was common to put the plate milliamp
meter in series with the transmitter’s
high voltage so that when tuning up the
DONATE YOUR RADIO
transmitter, one could tune the plate cir-
cuit for a dip in the meter reading (an Radios You Can Write Off - Kids You Can’t
indication of resonance at that frequen-
cy) and then tune the output (antenna) Turn your excess Ham Radios and related items into a tax
for maximum plate current, repeating break for you and a learning tool for kids.
this process until maximum output
power was reached.
Donate radios or related gear to an IRS approved 501(c)(3)
I consulted with the head engineer on
the T-400 project. I reasoned that the charity. Get the tax credit and help a worthy cause.
same current that flowed through the
plate of the tube flowed out the cathode. Equipment picked up anywhere or shipping arranged.
If we were to move the plate ammeter
to the cathode of this tube, there would
be only a few volts on the meter’s ter-
minals. No kit builder would ever get a
shock as I had. That’s what we did, to
the unknowing (until now) relief of many
a builder.
at the Core of the Big Apple
Note:
1. “My Most Challenging Assignment,” CQ, PO Box 1052, New York, NY 10002
April 2022, p. 42 E-mail: crew@wb2jkj.org www.wb2jkj.org
Call 516-674-4072
Shortwave broadcasters provided the gateway to ham radio for thousands of
amateurs in mid-20th century. Longtime SWL Ronald Kenyon has assembled his
collection of QSL cards and other shortwave souvenirs into a collection that will bring
back fond memories for many of us and provide a window
into radio history for others. Bart Lee, K6VK, has our review.
CQ Book Review:
QSL: How I Traveled the
World and Never Left Home
By Ronald W. Kenyon
REVIWED BY BART LEE,* K6VK
His alphabetical arrangement creates a

mosaic of the visual traces of the aural
experience of shortwave radio. The book
encapsulates the whole world of short-
wave broadcasting from the late 1950s into
the 1960s. Every image (Photo B) presents
an artwork from a bygone time. These sta- Photo B. International broadcasters some-
tions set out to persuade. With their QSL times sent listeners souvenirs beyond QSL
cards (Photo C), colorful and often charm- cards, such as this pennant from Radio Peking.
ing, they wanted to create a regular audi- (Illustrations are from K6VK’s collection; you’ll
have to get Kenyon’s book to see his!)
ence, all the better to persuade. For sta-
tions like Radio Moscow, they also wanted
a mailing list for their printed publications,
such as Soviet Life.
For a listener “back in the day,” the
smaller stations, especially from Africa
and South America, opened the mind.
Photo A. Ronald Kenyon’s illustrated history Just after local sunset, they rolled in on
of shortwave listening (Photos courtesy
of K6VK)
the ether. The game of snatching them
out of the ether made for its own reward.
Getting a QSL card to boot made for extra
S
hortwave radio, especially in the points (Photo D). But shortwave radio’s
early Cold War era, opened the true meaning came to the fore in the com-
eyes of many a young person to the prehension of the whole world talking to Photo C. HSK-9 in Thailand is an example of
world around us, by opening our ears to the rest of the world, for better or worse one of the smaller broadcasters eagerly
that world. Ronald Kenyon has preserved — available with a little antenna and at the sought after by dedicated shortwave listeners.
and pulled together much of the colorful turn of a little radio’s dial. This card is from 1961, the heyday of interna-
ephemera (“here today, gone tomorrow”) The internet now gives us worldwide tional shortwave broadcasting.
of that period, especially the stations’ QSL access. Nonetheless, shortwave stations
(verification of reception) cards.1 They still broadcast. Radio New Zealand cov-
make for a multi-faceted cultural and tech- ers the Pacific. China covers the whole
nical history, both for those who enjoyed world, but mostly in Chinese. Cuba still
it all at the time, and for newer radio-inter- preaches revolution in Spanish but also in
ested people. English, and carries China Radio Inter-
Many of the big stations, such as Radio national in English. Burma’s broadcasts
Moscow, got into everybody’s radios. But can be heard on the West Coast. Romania
Kenyon also turned a sharp ear to so presents an English program and some
many of the smaller stations. He wrote interesting music.
for QSL cards from them all, diligently. For anyone who has enjoyed shortwave
His devotion to his hobby resulted in a radio, Ronald Kenyon’s book is a trea-
superb world-class collection of short- sure. Buy it at Amazon.com. QSL: How I
wave radio QSL cards and more, which Traveled the World and Never Left Home,
he has now published in a revised edi- by Ronald W. Kenyon 4.8 out of 5 stars
tion (Photo A). Paperback $31.50. Photo D. This confirmation from Radio Berlin
International provides a footnote in history …
Note: still labeled “DDR” (German Democratic
*Archivist, California Historical Radio 1. The California Historical Radio Society Archives Republic), the card was issued in 1991, the
Society have acquired all of Mr. Kenyon’s original collection, year after the reunification of East and West
Email: <bart.lee.k6vk@gmail.com> for display and preservation. 22 V ‘22, v2.1 Germany.

Playing With Meteors
Exploring the Universe With
Amateur Radio
By Eric Nichols KL7AJ
Wouldn’t it be a blast to be a master of technology rather

than to be at its mercy? Or better yet, to actually create the next new
thing? While it’s true that a lot of what we consider high-tech involves computer
technology, an equal or greater part of the next new thing is going to involve
wireless, also known as radio. In fact, our entire universe is connected by radio,
and the entire universe is the radio amateur’s sandbox.
In Playing With Meteors, author Eric Nichols takes you on a tour of the
opportunities that amateur radio can bring you, and how you can leverage the
knowledge you gain in “hobby radio” to a career in hi-tech, or just to being
smarter than your “smart devices” (and maybe even some of your friends).
Order Your Copy Today!

6 x 9 (150 page) Paperback—Only $26.95 (Plus applicable shipping!)
math’s notes
BY IRWIN MATH,* WA2NDM
Can You Hear Me Now?
L
ast month we gave you some inter- not as common as they used to be and shown so that the transistor is biased
esting ideas for simple projects this circuit can be used in situations properly by the voltage generated from
that you might wish to try. This where you need to replace one with the equipment to which the microphone
month we will follow up with some addi- something a little more modern. Carbon is designed to be connected.
tional tips that we have used in the past microphones operate by changing their In operation, as audio is applied to the
which may be of interest, focusing this internal resistance as a function of the input from the source (dynamic micro-
time on audio. variations in a person’s voice and do not phone or speaker), it varies the con-
generate any actual voltage of their duction of the transistor. This, in turn,
A Speaker-Mic own. Figure 2 shows how the small volt- varies the voltage of the equipment with
First is a way to use a common PM (per- age from a dynamic microphone (or which you are using it in the same man-
manent magnet) speaker as a micro- speaker) can be used to implement this ner that the original carbon microphone
phone, in addition to its normal use. As function. Actual carbon microphones did. You will note that the emitter resis-
we all know (or should know), a speak- were basically polarity independent, but tor is rated at 1/2 watt. This is because
er takes an audio signal voltage and in this case, the “conversion” circuit it will have to carry the full current that
applies it to a coil of wire (the voice coil) must be connected with the polarity the carbon microphone originally did.
surrounding a permanent magnet. As
the audio voltage varies, the coil moves
around the magnet and, since it is
attached to the speaker cone, it also
moves the air and that is why you hear
the sound. Obviously, if you were to talk
directly at the speaker cone, it would
move as a result of the air pressure from
your voice on the speaker cone and
generate a small voltage in the voice
coil that varies in step with your voice.
Figure 1 shows how this voltage can be
used as a substitute for a dynamic
microphone.
The first stage is used as an emitter-
driven gain stage that matches the low
impedance (8 ohms typically) of the
speaker. It takes the low-level audio
voltage developed from the speaker
and amplifies it by the transistor. The
second stage is then used as an emit-
ter follower to drive a low-impedance Figure 1. Using a PM speaker as a microphone
output load from the amplified audio
voltage. The resulting output level is
now in the range of what you would
expect from a typical microphone and
all works fine. Note that the capacitor
values can be changed to reflect the fre-
quency response you desire and that
this circuit can operate from a wide
range of voltages. However, you can
easily vary the bias resistors to meet
whatever your actual needs are.
Getting Dynamic
Our next offering is a way to use a
dynamic microphone (or possibly even
a small speaker) to replace a carbon
microphone. This will be useful to those
of you who like to use or refurbish older
equipment. Carbon microphones are
*c/o CQ magazine Figure 2. Dynamic microphone replacement for a carbon microphone

Although I have used this circuit in the
past with a dynamic microphone, I have
not tried it in an actual application with
a speaker as per Figure 1, but you
might actually be able to use a small
PM speaker instead of the dynamic
microphone if you wish, so don’t be
afraid to try.
Stifle Yourself (or at Least Your

Audio)
While on the subject of microphones,
Figure 3 is a schematic of a so-called
“audio compression” stage that has
been around for a while. The purpose
of this circuit is to limit the output from
a microphone so that you cannot over-
drive an audio amplifier or transmitter.
In operation, amplified audio takes two
paths. The first is to the 1N34A diode
where it is rectified and a DC level equal Figure 3. Simple audio compression circuit
to the peak value of the audio is pro-
duced across the 47-μF capacitor. This how much DC is across it. This, then, not get the germanium devices. You
DC level is then applied to the second serves to control the amplitude of the can also experiment with the values of
1N34A diode through the 4.7K resistor output audio. the 33K and 4.7K resistors as well as
where it controls the conduction of the You will notice that the diodes men- the 47-μF capacitor to vary the attack
diode. At the same time, audio also tioned are “old fashioned” germanium and decay time of the compression. The
passes through the 0.1-μF capacitor, devices and these were chosen specif- degree of compression you achieve will
the 33K resistor, the second diode, and ically due to their very low forward volt- also vary with the setting of the 10K
then finally to the output. The second age drop. You might wish to experiment input potentiometer.
diode, however, varies its conduction with Schottky devices which have sim- Good luck with these suggestions.
level (and impedance) as a function of ilar low forward voltage drops if you can- – 73, Irwin, WA2NDM

the listening post
BY GERRY DEXTER
What Did You Hear?
N
ews was hard to find this month,
so we decided to lead off with our
monthly listener logs. Remem-
ber, your shortwave broadcast station
logs are always welcome. But please
be sure to double or triple space
between the items, list each logging
according to the station’s home coun-
try and include your last name and state
abbreviation after each. Also needed
are spare QSLs, station schedules,
brochures, pennants, station photos,
and anything else you think would be of
interest. The same holds for amateur
radio operators who also listen to short-
wave broadcasts ... I know you’re out
there. You, too, are also most welcome
to contribute.
Here are this month’s logs. All times
are in UTC. If no language is mentioned, Some of the towers at the Voice of Vietnam.
English is assumed.
ASCENSION ISLAND—BBC-North Rohrbach at 0125 carrying Overcomer

Atlantic Relay on 7345 at 0659 with sta- Ministry. (Taylor, WI)
tion ID, promos, off at 0700. (Taylor, WI) GUAM—Trans World Radio on 9900
AUSTRIA—Adventist World Radio on via Agana at 1421 in Uighur. (Brossell,
11955 via Moosbrunn at 1514 in Turkish. WI)
(Brossell, WI) INDIA—All India Radio on 15030 via
AUSTRALIA—Reach Beyond on Bengaluru in Ari at 1454. (Brossell, WI)
11825 via Kununurra in Burmese at JAPAN—Radio Japan on 15130 via
1448. (Brossell, WI) France in Japanese at 1901. (Brossell,
BOTSWANA—Voice of America WI)
(VOA) Relay on 6080 at 0320 with MALI—RTV du Mali on 5995 via
English African features. (D’Angelo, PA) Bamako at 2350-0001* with woman
On 12075 via Mopeng Hill at 2130 with speaking in French, local vocals to close.
news in Bambara. (Brossell, WI) (D’Angelo, PA)
BRAZIL—(All in Portuguese –GLD) OPPOSITION—Radio Republica (via
Voz Missionaria on 9668 via France to Cuba) with woman speaking
Florinapolis at 2259 with songs of praise. in Spanish, man giving station ID, and
(Brossell, WI) program promos, followed by more of the
CANADA—Bible Voice on 11790 via woman. (Taylor, WI)
Nauen with HOA songs and talks in Radio Maezer Semay (via Madagascar
Tigrinya at 1736. (Brossell, WI) to Eritrea) on 11705 at 1510 in Tigrinya.
CHINA—China Radio International on (Brossell, WI)
7335 via Xi’an in Japanese at 1403; on Dimtse Woyne (via France to Ethiopia) Former pirate Radio Merlin was aired
15125 via the Mali relay in Swahili at on 15160 in Tigrinya at 1506. (Brossell, through WRMI.
1715. (Brossell, WI) WI)
ENGLAND—BBC on 9900 via Sri PHILIPPINES—Far East Broadcast-
Lanka at 1343 with talks in Bengali; on ing on 9795 via Iba in Vietnamese at WANK on 6925u at 0048 with a comedy
15420 via Madagascar in Kinya 1137 with man giving a prayer. (Taylor, routine, progressive rock, ad string, rock,
Rwandan at 1650. (Brossell, WI) WI) some SSTV, off at 0027. Lucky 13 on
ESWATINI (Swaziland)—Trans World PIRATES—CHIL on 9500 upper side- 6925u at 2348 but abruptly off at 2348.
Radio on 15105 via Mpangela Ranch in band (u) at 0004 with SSTV, one didn’t (Taylor, WI).
Lingala with IS, station ID, and off at decode, went off about 0020. Syko Radio CHIL on 9500u at 0011 with station ID
2002. (Brossell, WI) on 6950u at 0247 with distorted voice, as you are tuned to CHIL World Radio,
GERMANY—Channel 292 on 9670 via chaotic, clashing music and bits of sinis- music, talk on alcoholism, brain cancer.
ter movie things, etc. Radio 48 on 6860u Lucky 13 on 6925u at 0012 with Pink
*c/o CQ magazine at 0048 with contemporary dance things. Floyd, slow-scan TV (SSTV) / FAX. One

Dog Radio on 6950u at 0257 with SSTV
/ FAX, ’50s oldies. (Hassig, IL)
PIRATES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED:
Ballsmacker Radio, Radios WTF
Worldwide, Outhouse, Captain Morgan,
Wolverine, WDOG, Yeah Man, Radio 48,
X-FM.
NORTH KOREA—Voice of Korea on
9650 via Kujang at 1126 with woman talk-
ing, station ID, man with folk-themed
music, then typical DPRK opera. (Taylor,
WI)
ROMANIA—RRI on 7375 via Tiganesti
at 0002 with English news, followed by
Week in Review and Focus on Romania.
(D’Angelo, PA)
SAO TOME—VOA Relay on 15460 via
Pinheira with talks in Shona at 1723.
(Brossell, WI)
SAUDI ARABIA—Al Azm Radio on
11745 via Jeddah at 1452 with songs and Joining us today at Vatican Radio are ... “Wha, where’d everybody go?”
talks in Arabic. (Brossell, WI) At 0020-
0107 with two women in discussion, later Radio Free Asia-Northern Marinas WBCQ via Monticello on 5130 at 0235
two men in a discussion. (D’Angelo, PA) Relay on 11855 in Tibetan at 1337. with Radio Angela mailbag program.
SRI LANKA—SLBC on 11905 at 0034, (Brossell, WI) (D’Angelo, WI)
with woman speaking in Bengala, female RFE/RL on 15310 via possibly Woof- TAIWAN—RTI on 6180 via Danshui in
vocals, and program of mostly vocals and ferton at 1425 with several men talking Mandarin at 1503. (Brossell, WI)
short talk segments, carrier cut in mid- in Uzbek. (D’Angelo, PA) THAILAND—Radio Thailand on 9940
song. (D’Angelo, PA) Adventist World Radio on 11870 via via Udon Thani in Japanese at 1301
UNITED STATES—VOA on 15600 via Nauen at 1734 in Oromo. (Brossell, WI) (Brossell, WI)
Woofferton in Kurdish at 1444. (Brossell, Trans World Radio on 12075 via VIETNAM—Voice of Vietnam on 9840
WI) Armenia in Maghi at 1337. (Brossell, WI) via Sontay opening in English with sta-

Young Ladies’ Radio tion ID, announcements, then into news. (Taylor, WI) On 12020 via Sontay in
League, Inc. Since 1939 Indonesian at 1337. (Brossell, WI)
For 75 years the Young Back in the Day

Ladies’ Radio League, ~Voice of Guyana via Georgetown on 3290 at 0630 on September 27, 2000 using
Inc. (YLRL) has helped 5 kilowatts with its English domestic service.
women find their voice
in Amateur Radio with
members of all ages
Thanks for Your Logs
and interests. Many thanks to Mark Taylor, Madison, WI; William Hassig, Mt. Pleasant, IL; Bob
The YLRL sponsors a number Brossell, Pewaukee, WI; Rich D’Angelo, Wyomissing, PA.
of certificates for both YLs and OMs.
Members can earn special YL
Certificates.
YL-Harmonics is our bi-monthly
publication highlighting what women
are doing in Amateur Radio.
YLRL gives out scholarships to YLs
each year.
For more information on the YLRL, the
current dues amounts, weekly YL Net
locations or how to join please go to
our website at www.ylrl.org or contact
the Publicity Chairwoman, Cheryl Muhr,
NØWBV at n0wbv@earthlink.net. All
Officer information is also listed both on
the website and in each
edition of the magazine
and you may contact any
Officer as well.
With thanks to the OMs
who encourage and
support us.
Visit us at www.ylrl.org
How’d you like to DX from this beach in Vanuatu?
W6SAI HF Antenna
Handbook
By William I. Orr,
W6SAI, SK
One of amateur radio’s most respected

authors, Bill Orr, W6SAI, shared his many
years of knowledge and experience with
us in The W6SAI HF Antenna Handbook.
This 184-page paperback is jam-packed
with dozens of inexpensive, practical
antenna projects that work! Discover the
available resources and tools that will
make your future antenna installations
easy to build and give world-class results.
Whether you’re a seasoned antenna
enthusiast or a beginner, there’s some-
thing of interest in this book for you!
8.5 X 11 Paperback Only $21.95

Book on CD Only $15.95
(Plus applicable shipping charges)
Visit CQ’s Online Bookstore:

One of the neat studios at SLBC in Sri Lanka.
http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com

emergency communications
BY JOHN FERGUSON,* K3PFW
R U Ready?
B
eing committed to emergency of that decision process. Family being
communications is not a pursuit prepared can involve some unexpect-
for every ham, but every ham ed situations that may not have been
should know something about it. There on that checklist from the article you
will be those who will take to the train- read somewhere about what you need
ing, and the stress of a response, like a to have in place. Many years ago in the
duck to water. Others, given their indi- ’90s, the county ARES group that I man-
vidual situations, may not be as likely aged activated for a hurricane. The
to pursue this aspect of the hobby with EOC for Sussex County, Delaware, is
as much effort and participation. That’s in the center of the county, high and dry.
the reality of almost any opportunity that There is a significant ocean and bay
may be presented to a diverse group of exposure on the eastern edge of the
people, and the community of ham county, where my department chair-
radio is certainly diverse, both here and man at the college where I was an
around the world. Nonetheless, gov- instructor lived. As the storm was
ernments here and in other countries approaching, his neighborhood was relevant courses are available on the
look to their hams for emergency com- given an evacuation order. So, I get a FEMA Emergency Management Insti-
munication support. So a reasonable call, “Hey John, we have to evacuate, tute (EMI) website (see References for
number of us must be willing and pre- can we come over to your place?” My link). The institute offers both online and
pared to respond. answer was “yes;” then I called my wife classroom training opportunities, and
So, Are You Ready? Ready for the to tell her to expect Penn and his wife they are free.
commitment, the training, the exercis- Lucy in about 30 minutes. Sheltering Once you get started, I would hope
es and, yes, the stress of a response, your boss and his wife isn’t something you will continue to study, learn, and
whatever the level? You, the individual I’ve seen on any of the multiple prepa- improve your operating skills. Over the
that you are, need to be ready — phys- ration lists I’ve reviewed. Sometimes, last several years, there have been
ically, mentally, and emotionally — for you just have to be flexible! some rocky relations between amateur
the effort ahead. The decision is yours radio groups and the professional emer-
and yours alone as to what level of activ- Training, Training, Training gency managers. There were a number
ity you are willing to attempt in response
Training is mandatory if you are going to of articles in the periodicals on both
to an emergency. You can participateparticipate as a member of an organized sides of the “discussion.” It seemed that
at any level with which you are com-group in emergency and disaster com- the hams were trying to tell emergency
fortable. Physical limitations are not an
munication. The day of being welcomed managers what they were going to do
obstacle. Quite a few years ago we had
because, “you have a radio and can talk and how they were going to do it. The
a member of our group, a disabled vet-
to other people with radios,” when nor- emergency managers were looking for
eran, using a wheelchair and on oxy-mal communications are down, is over. a more professionally-trained and re-
gen. Not necessarily what you might The theme now is to be able to fit into sponsive mentality in the volunteers.
think of when you are looking for anthe emergency management structure Needless to say, it was a widening gap
emergency communicator. He was the as seamlessly as possible, given the cir- between the two views.
absolute best net control operator we
cumstances in a disaster situation. To
had for the time that he was with us. He
do that, you need to understand how the Beyond the Basics
operated from his home station and his
emergency management response for The initial training, the “Basic Four,” is
family was his support system when he
your community functions, and that only the beginning. Continuing and
was operating. From a management starts with understanding the Incident ongoing training will prepare you to take
standpoint, I really prefer that the net
Command System (ICS). Today, by law, on more responsibility as a volunteer
control operator not be “in the thick of
all emergency and disaster response communicator, and make your effort
it,” so to speak, so they can concentrate
operations are managed under the ICS. easier and more personally rewarding.
on being net control. Emcomm training today starts with the With training and experience, you can
Those of you with family must also
“Basic Four” ICS courses offered by move up to a management position.
consider them, their situation and the Federal Emergency Management Learning about the types of disasters
needs, before you go running off into
Agency (FEMA): ICS 100 – Intro to the that can affect your area is highly rec-
the maelstrom with your radio. They,Incident Command System; ICS 200 – ommended. The more you know about
too, must be prepared and ready. TheICS for the Single Resource; ICS 700 – what to expect, the better your re-
ultimate decision, as I said above, is
Introduction to the National Incident sponse will be when it’s needed. Yes,
yours, but family welfare has to be part
Management System; and ICS 800 – types of disasters to expect seem to be
National Response Framework. All per- related to the area of the country you’re
* 20116 Donovans Rd. sonnel, paid and volunteer, are required in. However, beware of the surprise, the
Georgetown, DE 19947 to have this minimum level of training, unexpected, the “it can’t happen here”
Email: <K3PFW@cq-amateur-radio.com> per FEMA directives. These and other exception. Education, training, and

Again, there are free courses avail-
able online, particularly through the
American Radio Relay League via its
website. The ARRL sponsors and sup-
ports the largest volunteer emergency
communication group in U.S., the
Amateur Radio Emergency Service
(ARES®). There are ARES groups in all
71 ARRL sections. A quick search
online should locate active groups in
your area. Don’t “freelance,” join a
group and work with them. This is not a
place for the “lone wolf.”
Let me say that when one thinks of
emergency and disaster communica-
experience go together. One without at portable operation? Makeshift anten- tion activities, there comes to mind the
the others does not give you the broad nas? Can you make do in the field? idea of being out there and “in it” (the
and comprehensive outlook on situa- Since almost all the communications disaster, that is). Let me also say that is
tions as they may develop that will make you will be involved in requires partici- not always the case, the need, or maybe
you effective. pation in a net, being proficient in net the best idea for you. However, if you
The ICS courses, disaster training, protocols or “netiquette” is crucial to still want to be involved in this exciting,
and response plans are only part of smooth functioning, and therefore an demanding, and rewarding aspect of
what you should have and need. You efficient net. Then there are the formal ham radio, there are ways that are not
may think that you are “radio ready,” but and informal messages, along with as physically demanding. Net control
are you? After all, you say, “I’ve been a quick tactical exchanges, Traffic han- stations in the Hurricane Watch Net are
ham for X number of years, and have dling … how comfortable are you tak- often in the Midwest, working from their
five different radios.” Wonderful, but can ing and sending ARRL radiograms? home stations. I mentioned traffic han-
you program them in the field without The slightly different ICS message dling earlier … there is the National
the manual or programing software? forms? These are some of the skillsets Traffic System (NTS) sponsored by the
Can you get the best performance out that are part of being a competent emer- ARRL. When a disaster strikes some-
of the radio you are using? How are you gency and disaster communicator. where, being able to move and distrib-
ute a high volume of Health and Welfare
messages is a vital and rewarding activ-
behind the bylines... ity, and this takes lots of stations all over
the country. Being an operator in an
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
… a little bit about some of the authors whose articles is a sit-down job in air conditioned com-
fort, but you will be very busy. The EOC
appear in this issue here in Sussex County has the RACES
Room, where the hams work, with three
Katie Campbell, KE8LQR, and Grace Papay, KE8RJU, are co-authors of “YOTA Camp
2022 – An Amazing Experience” (p. 8). Katie is 14 and has been licensed since age 10. operating positions and a supervisor’s
She is president of her school radio club, ARRL Assistant Section Youth Coordinator for position. When the center was built 15
Ohio, and Youth Representative and columnist for YLRL, the Young Ladies Radio years ago, it was designed for the Radio
League. She also presented at the YLRL forum at the 2022 Dayton Hamvention®. Grace Amateur Civil Emergency Service
has been licensed just over a year but already has her Extra Class license. As you can (RACES) group sponsored by the coun-
tell by reading the article, her main interest is amateur satellites. Both Katie and Grace ty. You will still find active RACES pro-
are members of YACHT, Youth Amateur Communications Ham Team, which meets reg- grams around the country, although
ularly on Echolink (Node 954283, 8 p.m. eastern, Monday-Friday). many now operate as ACS, or Auxiliary
Communications Service.
Martti Laine, OH2BH (“A Boy and His Radio: A 21st Century War Story,” p. 12 and
CQ Classic, p. 28), is a DXing legend and a member of both the CQ DX and Amateur Beyond ARES and RACES
Radio Halls of Fame. Martti has been responsible for introducing or re-introducing ARES is not the only program for hams
amateur radio to several countries, including Albania and Kosovo. He is returning to volunteering in emergency and disaster
Kosovo this summer. communication roles. The Salvation
Dennis Lazar, W4DNN (“800 MHz QRP: Globe-Spanning Ham Radio QSOs from Army sponsors the Salvation Army
Anywhere,” p. 40), is a frequent CQ contributor and former QRP Editor. In this arti- Team Emergency Radio Network
cle, he describes making worldwide contacts via DMR (Digital Mobile Radio) talk (SATERN), supporting its operations in
groups while a thunderstorm kept his traditional station off the air. response and recovery. In the north-
west U.S. is the Oregon ACES group,
Rich Stiebel, W6APZ (“A Shocking Experience,” p. 44), is a retired engineer who active in Washington and Oregon.
got his start designing Knight-Kits and now enjoys sharing reminiscences of those REACT is still around and very active.
“days of yesteryear.” This is his second recent article for CQ. They’ve come a long way since the ’60s,
CB channel 9 and “coffee breaks.” Their
Bart Lee, K6VK (CQ Book Review: “QSL: How I Traveled the World and Never Left
website has a directory of local teams
Home,” p. 46) is the archivist for the California Radio Historical Society. He previously
wrote an article for Popular Communications on the amateur radio response to the and ham radio is often part of their pro-
9/11/2001 terrorist attacks in New York City. grams. There are other ham groups as

gency. That being said, however,
there may come the unfortunate time
when you and yours are part of the dis-
aster. Your priority then is family. Oh,
and pets are part of the family, too.
They also suffer when things are dif-
ficult. Remember earlier my comment,
“all disasters are local?” That’s why
mutual assistance groups and agree-
ments have been developed. “They”
do anything about it, having neither the can be the “you” when disaster strikes.
time nor the resources. That might be the next step up the lad-
Once again, forget not the family. You der for groups in your region.
will not be able to fully give your atten- Next month is National Preparedness
tion to the job at hand if you are wor- Month, and this column will focus on fam-
part of faith-based relief organizations. ried about their situation. In reality, ily preparation for those calamities we
Ask around your local area or use an you and your family members are part hope we never have to deal with. They
online search program. of a team. Their ability to deal with are a lot easier to handle if you have done
When you think about it, all disasters what’s happening when you are away some planning and preparation.
are local. That is where the impact is felt. supports your effort to work the emer- – Until then, 73 and stay safe
That is where the response happens.
Therefore, take advantage of local
References
opportunities to get some practice in the • FEMA Emergency Management Institute: <https://training.fema.gov/emi.aspx>
craft of supportive communications • Oregon ACES: <www.oregonaces.org>
through public service operation in sup- • REACT International: <www.reactintl.org>
port of parades, sporting events, festi- • American Radio Relay League: <www.arrl.org>
vals, etc. Become a member of a group • Amateur Radio Emergency Service ARES®: <www.arrl.org/ares>
in your area that supports public service • Family and Individual Preparedness <www.ready.gov>
• Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network: <http://eds-satern.sawmni.org>
activities. It’s a good way to keep your
skills up, check your equipment and,
more importantly, put a positive face on
amateur radio to the general public and
emergency management professionals.
Beyond Radio
Radios and operating skills are not the
only things you need to consider when
answering the question of “are you
ready?” Your ability to perform physi-
cally, mentally, and emotionally, in a
stressful, possibly hazardous, activity in
what you might want to consider as an
unsafe environment, puts a different
spin on the question. Without the initial
experience in how bad it can get, you
won’t know how you will react until
you’re there.
I frequently remind the classes I teach
that, “in emergency and disaster com-
munication activities, there are two pos-
sibilities. One, you are part of the solu-
tion, or two, you are part of the problem.”
Being part of a disaster response will DC12 GO-BOX SERIES
tax you physically with long hours under ANTENNAS: Delta Loop HF,
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the sounds and, oh yes, the smells. Band Half-Wave HF Dipoles
Fires and floods can conjure up an
assault on your olfactory senses that
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the suffering of those who are the vic- 3861 Mount Olive Church Road CHARGED - READY TO GO
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with their situation, but won’t be able to

kit building
BY JOE EISENBERG,* K0NEB
A Work in Progress
W
ith the hot weather months here, I have been spend- <www.qrpbuilder.com>. Ken brought along an interesting
ing some more time building kits. This month, I con- and affordable new paddle kit designed to be attached direct-
tinue with the ME40+ and try my hand at two afford- ly to the front panel of an Elecraft KX2 or KX3 transceiver.
able new kits from a familiar source. When at the annual Four This kit is available in both a single-lever and dual-lever
Days in May Vendor Night during Hamvention, I often see iambic version. In addition, there is a companion base kit that
new kits being introduced. This year was no exception. The allows the paddle to be used with any CW keyer or radio with
Four State QRP Group introduced the 4S-Dummy Load kit I built-in keyer. This kit is a great idea for use with your Elecraft
featured in my previous column, and now offers it online for portable radios as well as others instead of exposing your
$15 including shipping at <www.4sqrp.com>. “nice” paddles to the elements when doing brief Parks or
Another familiar face at FDIM this year was Ken Lo Casale, Summits on the Air activations.
WA4MNT, representing his newest line of kits available at
KX Mini Paddle
*7133 Yosemite Drive, Lincoln, NE 68507 The KX Mini Paddle kit is comprised of PC board parts that
email: <k0neb@cq-amateur-radio.com> are broken off a center piece, then fitted and soldered togeth-
Hamfest Hotline #5855 er to form the paddle. This method of supplying smaller PC
KX Mini Paddle kit parts sorted and ready for assembly.

The finished paddle is ready to be
attached to either the Elecraft KX2 or
KX3 or the base kit. A dab of cyano-
acrylate glue ensures the spacers and
A closeup look at the PC board with all the paddle parts still attached and ready rubber end cover stay securely in place.
to be separated and the rough edges smoothed.
board parts is also used in the QRP the PC board parts. The method they to correctly form the paddle. Either
Labs QCX Mini CW transceiver kits as recommend to keep things straight is to works for this purpose.
well as to form cases in the Four State only tack solder on one set of pads and With as few parts as this kit has, I’d
QRP kits and others. When assembling then reheat it to carefully adjust the posi- still estimate assembly time to be about
this kit, you really need to follow the tion of the parts to form 90° angles. an hour to put together either type of
directions carefully to avoid damaging Once one pad is holding it correctly, paddle as aligning the PC board pieces
double check to ensure everything is is time-consuming and takes a lot of
straight and perpendicular before sol- care to ensure everything is aligned cor-
dering the other pads as that will make rectly. Taking your time will pay off in
it very difficult to correct after those pads having a working paddle once complet-
are soldered. The manual suggests ed. The companion base kit adds anoth-
using the corner of a 3- x 5-inch card to er half hour to the assembly time and
check the right-angle alignment, but I needs to be assembled with great care
used the right angle of a small metal to get the front panel aligned correctly.
ruler to confirm the 90° angles needed In both kits, there are brass nuts that
The first stage of assembly has the

pieces held in place by a long screw
supplied with the kit that will not be a
part of the finished kit.
The paddle assembly is ready for the The KX Mini single lever paddle attached to the front panel of my Elecraft KX2
metal lever assembly. and ready to get on the air!

need to be soldered to the boards while Thingiverse at <www.thingiverse.com/ I look forward to seeing everyone at
being held in place by screws. The base thing:5407722>. And like most 3D Huntsville and the New England-Hud-
kit also provides a 3-circuit, 1/8-inch objects on this site, the files are free for son Division HamXposition in August
jack for connecting to most radios as you to download and even customize if and at many other hamfests coming up
well as three holes on the board as an you wish, using a CAD program. this fall. – Until next time, 73 de KØNEB
option for soldering wires directly to the
board instead of using the jack to con-
nect the paddle to your keyer.
Following the recommendation in the
manual, simply cleaning the brass nuts
with an emery board or small piece of
fine grit sandpaper before attempting
this procedure makes for very quick sol-
dering. By increasing the temperature
of my soldering iron to near full heat, the
solder flowed very quickly around the
nuts, and tracing the soldering tip
around the brass nuts assured me of a
solid solder connection evenly around
the nut. Be sure to wait a long time
before removing the screw holding a
brass nut in place after soldering to
allow it plenty of time to cool. Brass is a
great conductor and retainer of heat,
and I found out the hard way that the
connection needs to wait at least 3 to 5
minutes to be cool to the touch and not
have the nut move after the screw is
removed.
The rubber end cap and filler materi-
al that goes on the metal paddle lever
seemed a bit loose, so I used a dab of
cyanoacrylate glue (“Krazy Glue®”) to
hold it in place. The KX mini paddle and
base kits are available from <www.qrp-
builder.com> for $25 for the single-lever
and $30 for the dual-lever iambic ver-
sion; and $15 for the base adapter,
which allows these paddles to be used The KX Mini Paddle Base Kit parts. Like the paddle kits, there are parts that will
with any radio with its own keyer or any be carefully broken off and smoothed to fit the base PC board.
standalone keyer. I also got a PTO/VFO
development kit from Ken and will bring
that kit to these pages soon.
Other Projects
Meanwhile, I am progressing on the
Midway Electronics ME40+ kit, getting
most of the PC board assembled and
ready to test. The ME40+ is not a one-
evening or afternoon kit and taking your
time is a must to ensure that you con-
struct everything correctly. Things on
this PC board are packed in closely, so
be extra careful about solder bridges
while assembling this transceiver.
The Four State QRP Group SMT
Dummy Load kit has spawned a 3D
printable case designed by Jim
Sheldon, WØEB. The “Easter Bunny”
has come up with a case that allows the
LEDs to remain in place or be extend-
ed at your option and makes a very good
cover for this affordable QRP dummy
load / power meter kit. The SMT Dummy
Load case files are available at The finished base kit is joined with the paddle to form a complete set.

our readers say...
This month, we turn the column over to letters sent to our I live in Sharon, Massachusetts, and a local mall near me
authors and columnists. – W2VU used to have a smoke shop. They offered many fine cigars
in their display cases and for a little bit of extra money on
The following letter was sent to author Rich Stiebel, W6APZ, their part, they would sell the boxes for around a dollar when
about his April article, “My Most Challenging Assignment.” they were empty for those who wanted them. I bought sev-
eral over the years. In addition, one of the pictures in your
Rich, I am M.D. Smith, WA4DXP, and I thoroughly enjoyed article showed the Owl Shop in New Haven. I grew up in New
your article in the current issue of CQ. What a great insider’s Haven and went to college while it was still my home until I
view of designing the first CB radio for Allied Radio and the graduated from college in New York. I remember walking
Knight-kits. down Chapel Street from the green and exploring some of
I was a hi-fi fan before I got interested in radio. Built my first the stores on the street and the side streets and one day
kit which was the Knight 12-watt hi-fi amp. I was 13 at the spotting the Owl Shop. I would really enjoy looking at the
time. Went on to other Knight-kit and Heathkit amps. I went items in their display cases such as pipes and especially, at
to college in 1959 and my sophomore year built a Knight-kit the time, they had a nice display of knives. I really liked knives
CB that might have been the C-11, though I thought it was a growing up and had gotten some really nice ones from the
tad more modern looking. It did have the attached cord mic. shop. I have looked online at the Owl Shop. It does not appear
My father got the CB bug a while later, and in 1962 bought that they sell folding knives among their merchandise these
three RCA mobile rigs for home, his car, and mine. I had a days. I’m guessing they sell fine cigars and are also a café
ball with it and got the amateur radio bug, licensed later in of sorts where you can get a good drink and a nice bite to
1962 with a Tech and Novice, and later a Conditional ticket. eat. I would love to hear anything you have to say about the
Now I’m Extra Class. place.
Just wanted you to know how fascinating it was to read I also was very impressed at the wonderful radios that
your story from an “insider’s” point of view. My ham website (James) built into the empty cigar boxes. What a great use
is <http://wa4dxp.com> and of course, I’m also good in for them, especially if you need the room for hollow-state
QRZ.com. radios and their accompanying power supplies.
Thank you so much for the wonderful article!
The following letter was directed to “Magic in the Sky” editor – David Goldblatt, KA1DPW
Jeff Reinhardt, AA6JR, about his April column, “Does Our
Future Lie in the Stars?” The following letter was directed to “Listening Post” editor
Gerry Dexter:
Jeff,
Loved the horoscope! So happy to see the print mag again! Dear Mr. Dexter,
– Anne Dirkman After a long absence, I recently re-subscribed to CQ mag-
azine. I’m SO pleased there’s a paper/ink version.
AA6JR responds: I was an SWL at age 9 and have been in amateur, military,
Thanks, Anne. I appreciate the kind words. Or was it in the and commercial radio most of my life. I’m now 73, officially
stars? :-) retired and enjoying my new Eton Elite 750 receiver.
– Jeff, AA6JR The very best wishes to your “The Listening Post” column!
– Dale M. Unger
The following letter was directed to Contributing Editor-at-
Large Martin Butera, PT2ZDX/LU9EFO, regarding his April
article, “Smoke (But No Mirrors): The Cigar Box QRP
Transmitter.”
Hi Martin,
I wanted to tell you how much I enjoyed your recent article
in CQ. Although I do not smoke cigars nor build anything with
tubes in them, several things and the article resonated with
me.
I got involved as a novice back in seventh grade (consid-
ering I turned 65 last summer). Naturally I grew up in the age
of vacuum tubes but never really built anything from scratch
although my first transmitter was a tube rig, which I bought
off of somebody who was moving to college.
I have over the ages built QRP transceivers and have
always been fascinated by equipment that was built into var-
ious cans such as tuna or Altoids® mints.
I have never smoked a cigar unless maybe once when I
was in college, but I have always gotten a kick out of the nice
wooden boxes that they come in. They are great for storing
things in.

analog adventures
BY ERIC P. NICHOLS,* KL7AJ
Partition Peering, Part Two

But First ... A Field Day Debrief
I
n more than 45 years of Field Days
in Alaska, I have never participated
in one with decent propagation.
Sitting right in the middle of the Auroral
Oval, also known as the Bermuda
Triangle of RF, is a pretty sure guaran-
tee of having nearly total absorption
during the timeframe around Field Day.
We were fully expecting a departure
from this depressing scenario with
promises that Cycle 25 had finally
arrived. Well, actually Cycle 25 did
begin, but just the day before Field Day,
the Sun decided to “blow chunks” (the
scientific term for a coronal mass ejec-
tion, or CME – ed.), which created a
total radio wipeout the entire weekend.
The only redeeming factor was that my
friends in California were also reporting
abysmal propagation, so at least there
was some general commiseration.
It wasn’t a total loss, however; we had
some fun, fellowship, and even some
good local media coverage. If nothing
else, the PR almost makes it worthwhile
to subject ourselves to yet another year
of Field Day oblivion. We keep telling
ourselves that the next Field Day will be
great. Photo A. Peering over the virtual partitions in CQ’s virtual office, KØNEB’s May
Hope springs eternal. column on the Cricket transceiver caught Eric’s attention.
Now onto some happier thoughts…
In a column a while back, I mentioned
the importance of occasionally peering construction. In contrast, the inductors would know everything there is to know
over the partitions into our fellow colum- of the Cricket are etched right onto the about coils of wire.
nists’ “virtual cubicles” for inspiration. I printed circuit board (Photo B). Not so.
find the first partition I peer over when I’ve always found etched inductors One of the astonishing things about
CQ arrives is usually that of Joe interesting; I first encountered the ham radio is that you can plunge into its
Eisenberg, KØNEB’s, Kit Building col- method in some commercial micro- nuances to any depth you so desire.
umn. Joe’s pieces always remind me of wave equipment. The design of an There is no excuse to be bored with
why I became a ham in the first place: etched spiral inductor is not a trivial mat- radio; there are so many fascinating
I love twiddling with electronics! ter. Fortunately, the actual creation of nooks and crannies to explore.
The Cricket transceiver described in such an inductor, once it’s been And yet, we can accomplish world-
the May issue (Photo A) is especially designed, is not that difficult, especial- wide communications with only the
interesting. I’ve built a couple of the ly with modern fabrication tools. A web most rudimentary knowledge of radio. I
QRP Labs’ QCX transmitters, which are search of “spiral inductors” will yield know … I did it as a Novice, 50 years
great little rigs, but the winding of the numerous Masters and Ph.D.-level dis- ago. My ignorance never stood in the
toroids is not for the rank beginner. sertations on the topic. Here is just one: way of my success. That’s actually a
Even the “well-seasoned” among us <https://tinyurl.com/3h2j62ew>. pretty scary thought if you take it to its
must be especially careful when wind- It never ceases to amaze me that this logical conclusion.
ing the toroids for the QCX rigs ... prob- thing we call radio, which basically con- Inductors aren’t the only items that are
ably the most challenging part of the sists of little more than coils, capacitors, in a continual state of development.
and resistors, can provide such a rich, Conductors haven’t been resting on
*3763 Lyle Avenue challenging, intellectual sandbox, well their laurels either. I’ve been reading
North Pole, AK 99705 over a hundred years after its “inven- about some interesting semi-metallic
email: <kl7aj@cq-amateur-radio.com> tion.” One would think that by now, we materials that encourage “single file”

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Photo B. The inductors on the Cricket transceivers are
etched right into the circuit board, meaning that the builder
doesn’t need to wind toroids. (W2VU photo)
laminar flow of electrons. This greatly reduces resistance,

because the electrons aren’t continually “changing lanes”
and clogging up the flow of traffic. Interestingly enough, this
laminar flow property actually improves with thinner conduc-
tors ... the electrons have fewer options in the path they take
from one end of a wire to another. This laminar flow isn’t quite
superconductivity, but it approaches it ... and it’s a whole lot
cheaper. I’m sure we’ll be hearing a lot more about laminar
flow electricity in the near future. Here’s an interesting piece
on such developments: <https://tinyurl.com/bdd6td6u>.
Could this mean that we might expect 100% efficient anten-
nas with zero “ohmic” resistance in the near future? Well, if
there’s one thing amateur
radio has demonstrated
with some consistency, it’s
that anything’s possible.
Stay tuned.
In closing, I hope you can
forgive a shameless com-
mercial plug for my new CQ
book, Playing With Meteors,
hot off the press. It was a
great deal of fun to write this
tome, and after a fair
amount of “plague-Induced”
delay, I’m happy to finally
see it in print. I hope you will
be, too.
– 73! Eric

qrp: low-power communications
BY R. SCOTT ROUGHT,* KA8SMA
A Mini-Tuner for the QRPer

Four State QRP Group’s 4S-Tuner
E
arlier this year, I reviewed the
Icom IC-705, which is being tout-
ed by some as the holy grail of
QRP transceivers. Although I believe
this term may be a bit pretentious to
describe the IC-705, it does have an
excellent receiver and meets the needs
of those QRPers who desire a highly
portable compact transceiver. One
complaint that some hams have about
the IC-705, though, is the lack of a built-
in internal antenna tuner (ATU). I do not
view the absence of an ATU as a down-
fall since I often use tuned antennas.
However, for those who want to use a
random length of wire as an antenna or
turn a dipole into a multiband antenna,
then an external ATU is necessary. Of
course, a tuner is one more piece of
equipment that needs to be packed and
hauled into the field if you are working
portable. The Four State QRP Group’s
4S-Tuner is one tuner — I promise —
that due to its size and weight, you will
not know is along for the ride.
There are several commercial com-
pact ATUs available for the ham on the
go, including the MFJ-9201 QRPocket
Antenna Tuner, the Z-100 by LDG
Electronics, and Elecraft’s T1 Miniature
ATU. These tuners are small and cover
the needs of most QRP operators. For
the kit-building and homebrew crowd, Photo A. Four State QRP Group’s 4-S Tuner. (All photos by the author)
complete ATU kits can be purchased
from vendors, and designs for building
an ATU from parts in a junk box are watts (just right for the QRPer), features since the worst standing wave ratio
available online. two LEDs to aid in achieving maximum (SWR) seen by the transmitter during
Those who regularly follow my col- power out during tune-up, and best of while matching an antenna is 2:1. This
umn know that I generally use the MFJ- all, measures 3-inches wide, 3-inches is especially important for QRP trans-
971 portable tuner both in the shack deep, and 2-inches high, which is about ceivers that may not have any internal
and on the trail. Although I like my MFJ- half the size of my MFJ-971. Now that is SWR protection.
971, its size (6-inches wide, 6-inches tiny! As you may have already guessed, As indicated above, the SWR indica-
deep, and 2.5-inches high, which was I was pleasantly surprised when my wife tor employs two LEDs to help ensure
at one time considered tiny) is much presented me with my new toy. maximum power output. A red LED indi-
larger than many of my QRP trans- cates reflected power and a green LED
ceivers. To help bridge the size gap 4-S Tuner Features indicates power output. During tune-up,
between my transceivers and ATU, I This ATU is based on the T-Match the left and right capacitance controls
hinted to my XYL that the 4-S Tuner design, which offers a wide range for (mounted atop the ATU) are adjusted
would make a wonderful gift for her matching random wires and will match in small increments until the red LED
favorite ham. nearly any coax fed antenna. A (reflected power) is dimmed or com-
The 4-S Tuner (Photo A) covers 80 Wheatstone bridge-type detector that pletely fades out and the green LED
through 10 meters, handles up to 10 drives three resistors during tune-up reaches maximum brightness. A 1:1
procedures has also been incorporated SWR is achieved when the red LED is
into the design. This circuit helps pre- off (no light) and the green LED is full
*<ka8sma@cq-amateur-radio.com> vent damage to the transmitter’s finals on. Since the operator can see the inter-

action of the LEDs while tuning, achieving minimum SWR the toroid, you mount it against the bottom (against the
and maximum power output is not difficult. lugs) of the 12-position rotary switch and thread buss wire
through the center of the core (remember each pass
Building the Kit through the core is one turn) and down the outside of the
The 4-State QRP Group provides all the materials and hard- core. Some of the windings (21 in total) pass through the
ware necessary for the build including the enclosure (Photo lugs on the rotary switch to secure the core to the switch.
B). The only tools and items needed for construction are a The coil can be wound so that the highest level of induc-
soldering iron, solder, wire snips, Phillips and flathead screw- tance (for matching an antenna on 80 meters) on the rotary
drivers (precision drivers), and masking tape. An ohmmeter switch is in position A or in position L. The choice is yours
is also required to check solder joints after building the induc- and the instructions provide details for winding it both ways.
tor to ensure perfect continuity (0 ohms). I chose to wind the toroid so most inductance is in position
The assembly manual is clearly written and uses a check L which mimics my MFJ-971. This was the first time I had
box approach to building the kit. It is important to note that used buss wire to wind a toroid (in the past I have only used
the manual does not come with the kit. Instead, it must be magnet wire). The buss wire made soldering the locations
downloaded from the 4-State QRP Group’s website where it passed through the lugs a simple task since no
<4sqrp.com>. The manual also includes several pages of enamel insulation (as with magnet wire) needed to be
color photos highlighting the placement of parts on the PC removed. The manual includes a step for performing a con-
board, constructing the enclosure, and the finished product. tinuity test to ensure a solid solder joint at each lug after
A photo gallery containing additional images is located on the coil is wound. It is a good idea to complete this test as
their website. The amount of information provided allows any- reheating a poorly soldered joint after the inductor assem-
one with basic soldering skills to successfully build the kit. bly is mounted to the front panel may be tricky. I found that
Building the inductor does include winding one toroid. I placing the end of the switch into my helping hands sol-
know that some hams are leery about winding toroids, but dering station (Photo C) made soldering the lugs a cinch.
if you follow the instructions this is a simple task. To wind A vise would work well, too.
Photo B. Kit parts neatly packaged in two bags, panels for the enclosure and the downloadable assembly manual.

Photo D. The completed PC board — note the Pittsburg-
Style assembly. The other side of the PC board is the face
plate of the ATU.
Masking tape is used to temporarily hold the case together

while solder is applied to pads along the interior edges of the
enclosure. Once fitted together, a high temperature solder-
ing iron (i.e., 50 watts) or turning your iron to its highest set-
ting (if adjustable), is needed to provide sufficient heat for
soldering the edges along the side panels and bottom plate
(Photo E). A higher temperature soldering iron is also useful
in mounting the BNC connectors to the PC board and the
Photo C. The inductor assembly (toroid) mounted in my help- face plate. After soldering the enclosure, 1.5-inch spacers
ing hands for ease in soldering. are screwed into predrilled holes in each corner of the bot-
tom plate for securing the face plate. Final steps include
mounting the control knobs for the inductor and the two vari-
Also, it is important that the windings on the toroid are equal- able capacitors.
ly spaced and do not touch, and that the ends of the wind- I built the kit in two evenings with a total build time of less
ings (“pigtails”) do not touch other components or rest against than 4 hours. I wound the toroid and completed the inductor
the lugs on the rotary switch. If I were to build this kit again, assembly during the first evening and finished the remainder
I would slip a piece of shrink tubing over each pigtail to pre- of the kit the following evening.
vent any potential shorts.
One unique element to this kit is its “Pittsburg-Style” con- Fun Tuning Stuff
struction. The method allows the components to be soldered The tune procedure is the same as most other tuners. After
directly onto pads on the PC board. Since there are no connecting an antenna feedline (coax) to the BNC connec-
through-holes for mounting parts, this method allows the tor or a random length wire to the antenna jack (red binding
other side of the PC board to be a continuous, unbroken plane post), the inductance and capacitance settings are adjusted
with no protruding wire leads or solder joints. In this applica- until the highest amount of band noise is heard on the receiv-
tion, the “clean” side of the PC board is the face plate for the er (this is done with the switch indicator in the “out” position).
ATU. Photo D shows the completed PC board using the After tuning for maximum noise, flip the switch indicator to
Pittsburg-Style method. As seen in the photo, it is evident the “in” position and key the transmitter. Rotate the left and
that I am not an expert using this method as some of my parts right capacitor knobs until the red LED dips (minimal light)
are crooked and not flush with the board, but I learned that and the green LED is at maximum brightness. If the bright-
tinning the pads on the PC board before installing each com- ness of the red LED cannot be reduced, then change the
ponent is helpful. Sliding one end of the component onto the inductor setting and start again. I found that I rarely needed
pad and tack=soldering it in place, then soldering the other to adjust the inductor setting after tuning for maximum noise
component lead to its respective pad, and finally fully sol- as the initial adjustment put me in the ballpark for achieving
dering the lead that was tack-soldered worked well for me. a low SWR. When finished, flip the switch indicator back to
The enclosure comprises a bottom panel and four notched the “out” position to begin operation.
side panels that are soldered together. This was another first Since putting this tuner on the air, I have matched my 40-
for me as I have never soldered a project case together. The meter dipole to higher HF bands (15 and 20 meters) and
first step is to fit each notched side panel to the bottom plate. matched a variety of random length wires for operation on

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20 and 40 meters with no issues. Using To date, the 4-S Tuner has matched the most effective radiators, but it is fun
random lengths of wire also allows me everything I have tested including a 24- to tune-up oddball metallic objects for
to set up a portable operating location foot aluminum extension ladder that I use as an antenna.
where I would like as I am not tied to the leaned against my house and a metal My first few contacts made with the 4-
prescribed endpoint of an antenna such rain gutter attached to the restroom at S Tuner were on 20 meters (SSB) using
as an end-fed half wave. my local park. These items did not make the Icom IC-705 (5 watts) and a 50-foot-
long piece of wire that I tossed into a
tree about 25 feet above the ground
(Photo F). I have made numerous Parks
on the Air contacts with this tuner
matching different lengths of wire dan-
gling from a nearby tree or my 23-foot-
high telescopic mast.
Bottom Line
The 4-S-Tuner is my new best friend for
field operation. It is lightweight, small,
and most importantly, gets the job done.
My only regret is that I did not purchase
this kit earlier. I have no qualms with this
ATU, but I would like it if the 4 State QRP
Group offered a version of the kit with
PL-259 instead of BNC connectors. Call
me old school, but I prefer these bulki-
er antenna connectors over the small-
er BNC.
If you are in the market for a compact
ATU for home, a go kit, or simply want a
backup tuner with a wide matching range,
the 4-S Tuner is one to consider. It’s avail-
able on the 4SQRP website <www.
Photo E. Soldering the interior of the enclosure. A 50-watt soldering iron would 4sqrp.com> for $45 plus shipping.
have made this an easier task. – Until October, 73
Photo F. The 4-S Tuner in concert with the IC-705 … a good combination!

learning curve
BY RON OCHU, KOØZ
Rediscovery
Photo A. My shack as it looks today. The left position is my operating bench and the right one is my test / work bench. Two
years ago, it served as a remote learning classroom for my grandson. (Photos by KOØZ, except as noted)
R
egular readers of this column are aware I moved from cy) antennas and the second one for VHF (very high fre-
my central Illinois QTH (location) to my current one in quency), UHF (ultra-high frequency), and SHF (super high
eastern Missouri, near St. Louis, to be closer to my frequency) antennas. Now, I am down to one, and it needs
grandchildren. I moved early in the Covid-19 pandemic. Two some repair. The pandemic makes getting a tower crew a bit
and a half years later, I am finally back on the air after a slow problematic, but if there is a will, then there is a way. In the
start. The first couple of years my radio shack (radio room) meantime, I am rediscovering the joys of my earlier days in
served as a remote classroom for my grandchildren. In addi- ham radio by getting on the air with simpler antenna projects.
tion to remote classroom learning, afternoons and some
evenings were spent on local field trips to conservation areas, On the Air!
the state capitol, and museums. At the end of the day, I was It’s difficult to keep a dedicated and seasoned ham radio oper-
just too tuckered out to work with my radios. This past year, ator off the air. Although, I am used to working DX (long dis-
my grandchildren went back to in-class learning, which freed tance) with directional Yagi antennas up in the ether, I remem-
up my shack space and my time. With the aid of my son, Mark, ber starting off my ham career with simple wire antennas and
we slowly converted a spare bedroom into my present-day the thrill of making a radio contact (QSO). That thrill still exists
shack (radio room, Photo A). Within this same time, I also even after making thousands of QSOs. So, as I wait for cool-
needed to replace my furnace, air-conditioner, and water er weather to do some tower work, I have a multiband verti-
heater. Some plumbing repairs and a new roof also came down cal, a Cushcraft 14 AVQ (Photo B) ground mounted for HF,
the pike. Those home projects are completed, so I can now and a M2 6-meter HO Loop antenna (Photo C) mounted near
begin to focus more of my attention on repairing my tower and the rear elevation of my roof to get me back on the air from
erecting a few skyhooks (antennas), zoning laws permitting. grid square EM48qs. The 14 AVQ vertical — at the moment
Moving QTHs is a lot of work and I’m glad to be set up again — has three ground radials, and the 6-meter antenna is not
but I miss the fewer zoning restrictions that my former QTH mounted very high up in the air. Neither antenna is optimal-
offered. There, I had two towers: One for HF (high frequen- ly placed. The HF vertical needs to be moved away from a
tree and it needs more ground radials. The 6-meter antenna
*Email: <ko0z@cq-amateur-radio.com> needs to be up higher. In my grand scheme of things, I plan

Photo B. My backyard 14 AVQ vertical. Its ground-mounted
mast once was in the clear, but years later the shade tree Photo C. My M2 6-meter horizontally polarized, omnidirec-
has grown. I have plans to move the mast and to erect a tional antenna mounted near the rear elevation. It is low pro-
Butternut HF2V vertical with plenty of ground radials. file, and it effectively allows me to enjoy the 6-meter band.
to improve on these “optimal shortcomings” over the upcom-

ing months. The takeaway is I am back on the air.
I’ve seen more than one ham suffer from analysis paraly-
sis. When a ham delays getting on the air because of pro-
crastinating over discovering, much less building, the “per-
fect” station, then that is a severe case of analysis paralysis.
There is no “perfect station” and station improvements can
always be made. I am reminded of the message from anten-
na designer par excellence Tommy Schiller, N6BT: “All
antennas radiate.” The difference being how well they radi-
ate. For instance, my 6-meter loop would work better 50 feet
in the air as opposed to 12 feet in the air. My 4-element Yagi
for six would work even better for DX if it was installed on the
tower. I know, because at my former QTH it was up on a tower,
and I consistently worked Europe and Japan with it. My 6-
meter loop and HF vertical are not optimally placed, and they
aren’t directional, but guess what? I am working HF and 6-
Figure 1. The top half of this figure depicts a ground-mount-

ed omnidirectional HF vertical. The circle indicates the anten-
na’s radiation pattern. The bottom half of the figure is the same
HF vertical with ground radials attached. Adding ground radi-
als concentrates the antenna’s current distribution closer to
the ground, thereby radiating most of its signal toward the dis-
tant horizon and toward DX. (Image by KOØZ)

meter stateside openings and I’m hav-
ing fun. Is there a downside? Sure, the
time spent on having on-the-air fun is
less time devoted to working on my opti-
mum station plan as I continue to put
enjoyable QSOs in my logbook.
Rediscovery
In many ways, moving back to my QTH
with zoning restrictions has been a
blessing. I am rediscovering the fun of
simple antennas. N6BT is correct, all
antennas radiate, and the fun is trying to
make them more efficient radiators.
Every modification is a step closer to dis-
covering the more efficient radiator.
Even the failed attempts can be suc-
cesses. Remember Edison’s quip about
his light bulb? Every failed laboratory
experiment brought him one step closer
to discovering the right combination.
The same holds true for ham radio
endeavors. When I think about my early
days in ham radio, 47 years ago, I had a
14 AVQ with a few radials. In a few
months, I added 60 radials and I noticed Photo D. This photo depicts the Earth’s transition between daylight and nightfall.
I could regularly work more distant DX. It is referred to as the Earth’s terminator. It’s a twilight region (before sunrise and
In effect, I was lowering my take-off after sunset) lasting approximately 20 minutes, during which HF radio signals
angle of radiation (Figure 1). By lower- within this region are less attenuated. It’s a great time to work DX! (Courtesy of
ing the antenna’s omnidirectional radia- Wikimedia Commons)
tion pattern closer to the ground, I con-
centrated more of my signal toward the
horizon, thereby, making the ionospher-
ic angle of reradiation longer. Looking at
the top half of Figure 1, I’ve illustrated a
HF vertical antenna. The circle indicates
its radiation pattern, which is mostly uni-
form and omnidirectional. The second
half of Figure 1 shows the effect of
adding ground radials to the antenna.
The circular pattern becomes more of an
omnidirectional oval shape, which
helped me work farther DX.
I must admit, it is fun re-experiencing
those RF engineering lessons. Today, I
am a more experienced radio operator,
and I can augment my vertical’s perfor-
mance with experience. I know there are
better bands and times during the day
and night to work DX. I am also aware
of grayline DXing advantages (Photo D). Photo E. The terminator as viewed from space of Earth and of Earth’s moon.
I can increase my chances of working a (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
DX station if that station’s sunrise coin-
cides with my sunset or vice-versa. Our
Earth’s terminator (Photo E) offers an the trade that increase my chances and the fun of making contacts with “simple”
approximately 20-minute window in can increase yours. antennas.
which our HF signals are “enhanced” Why not add a few dBs (decibels) to
because they tend to travel along the ter- my vertical’s emissions and increase Rediscovering 6 Meters
minator. Simply put, Earth’s terminator my DX chances? Sometimes the DX is I love the 6-meter band. Over the past
is the transition between nighttime and there and sometimes it isn’t, but that’s two years during the pandemic, I’ve
daytime on our globe. Experience teach- the allure of hunting DX. In many ways, experienced 6-meter withdrawal and I
es that the DX entities coinciding with my DXing is akin to fishing. As knowledge needed to get back on the band. I con-
sunset / sunrise times vary during the and skills increase, so does catching sidered building a simple wire dipole,
year. My vertical isn’t as versatile as a the lunkers. The ones that get away are but I opted for a horizontal, square loop.
monoband Yagi antenna mounted high fun to talk about over adult beverages. I already had a mast affixed to a roof
up on a tower, but these are the tricks of At my QTH, I am fondly rediscovering fascia, thereby providing a single

mounting point for my 6-meter antenna, teristics, and 6 meters relies heavily on Every Technician-class licensee and
as well as my 2-meter / 70-centimeter Sporadic-E (Es) clouds and tropos- higher can get on 6 meters and most
vertical. It wasn’t the optimum mount- pheric ducting. Es propagation is com- modern HF transceivers offer 6 meters
ing location, but it will get me on the air prised of ions that form a temporary (Photo F). As I write this article in late
on all three bands. No analysis paraly- cloud between 90 and 130 kilometers June, I’ve been having a blast working
sis for this ham! up in the atmosphere. These clouds stateside hams via Es. DX Maps
Although 6 meters is a VHF band, it redirect 6-meter, and many other VHF, <http://tinyurl.com/2p98a9be> pro-
also can offer DX opportunities. Every signals back to Earth providing beyond vides an excellent map indicating 6-
band has its own propagation charac- line-of-sight communications. meter activity (Photo G). The red lines
represent Es contacts made on June
3rd. I am also including the NOAA
National Forecast Map for the same
date (Photo H). Looking at Photo G, the
area where the red lines cross indicates
the Es cloud position. Late spring and
early summer are prime Es times in the
northern hemisphere for 6-meter open-
ings. There are a lot of theories as to
why Es clouds form. Current scientific
research indicates low pressure sys-
tems are associated with Es clouds, but
we’ll save that topic for a future article.
In the meantime, if you haven’t already,
why not get on 6 meters? A simple wire
dipole will do the trick.
I must caution you that 6 meters is
referred to as the “magic” band. It’s
called that because, like magic, signals
can quickly appear and just as quickly
disappear. Sometimes an opening will
last a few days, other times a few hours,
and at times only for a few minutes. So,
Photo F. My Elecraft K3 tuned to 6 meters listening to a 6-meter beacon. if at first you don’t hear any signals, don’t
Photo G. I took a screenshot of a June 3, 2022, 6-meter Es opening in North America on DX Maps. It is a great website to
check for openings. (Courtesy of DX Maps)

Photo H. Screenshot of NOAA and NWS forecast map for June 3, 2022. Note the low-pressure systems. Current scientif-
ic research indicates meteor showers coupled with low-pressure systems is a possible cause of Es cloud formation. (Courtesy
of NOAA / NWS)
immediately assume your antenna isn’t

functioning properly. A good indicator of
a 6-meter band opening is to listen for
beacons between 50.060 and 50.080
MHz. Beacons are located throughout
W5SWL Electronics
the country, continuously transmitting
their callsigns and grid locations in
Morse code. Checking the DXmaps
Premium Quality
website is a good source but seeing all RF Connectors
those red lines doesn’t necessarily mean
the band is open at your QTH. I’ve found Order Direct!
listening for beacons is a better real-time
indicator of propagation at my QTH. Wide Selection of Connectors
After two years of relatively low radio • UHF & N • MC MCX & MMCX • Reverse Polarity
activity at my current QTH, I’m happy to
report that I am back on the air and I am • BNC & SMA • QMA SMB & SMC • RF Adapters
having fun. Do I plan on making im- • Mini-UHF & FME • DIN & Low PIM • Bulkheads
provements to my station? Absolutely! • TNC & C
Admittedly, I was spoiled at my former
QTH, but there is satisfaction in over- And Much More!
coming challenges by working with the • Dave’s Hobby Shop by W5SWL • RF & Technical Parts
adage, “necessity is the mother of
invention.” Thank you for reading CQ • Ham Radio Gadgets • New & Surplus Materials
and I hope to work you on the bands!
Order at www.W5SWL.com
– 73, Ron, KOØZ
Ships Fast From The Arkansas River Valley

homing in
BY JOE MOELL,* KØOV
National and World ARDF Contests and Training Opportunities
I
t’s a perennial question: Where to
have USA’s annual national champi-
onships of Amateur Radio Direction
Finding (ARDF)?
It’s best when the championship
venues are new to all competitors, so
none has the advantage of familiarity.
So the Sanctioning Subcommittee of
the ARRL ARDF Committee is always
on the lookout for fresh locations. A
large wooded site is ideal, providing
room for the four events in four differ-
ent parts of it.
The Pacific Northwest has an abun-
dance of outstanding possibilities. Other
areas of the country, such as the woods
of the northeast, the Appalachian
Mountains and the moss-covered trees
of the south, are quite good. Even moun-
tainous parts of desert states like Arizona
and New Mexico have suitable places for
advanced radio-orienteering. The entire
location doesn’t have to be forested.
Sometimes portions of championship Registrar Ruth Bromer, WB4QZG, and Meet Director Joseph Huberman, K5JGH,
orienteering courses include farmland or relax in Prince William Forest Park after unloading equipment and supplies that
open grass. they brought from North Carolina. (Photos courtesy Imre Polik, KX4SO, except
Good up-to-date maps are a must. as noted)
Most foxhunting champions are also
skilled orienteers, expecting detailed
topographical maps with contour lines ARDF enthusiasts from southern Club of North Carolina drove 240 miles
at elevation intervals and accurate California put on an event in eastern to Triangle, Virginia to set up in Prince
depictions of vegetation. Older maps Colorado, over 1,100 miles from home. William Forest Park. It borders the
need to be field-checked and updated KE6HTS was the Meet Director again Quantico Marine Corps Reservation,
before the event. for these championships, which took 19 miles northeast of Fredricksburg and
Nearly every state has at least one place at the Peaceful Valley Scout 29 miles southwest of Washington, DC.
site where a successful championship Ranch near the tiny town of Elbert. Key This park features almost 17,000 acres
ARDF event could be held. But often to the success that year was Brian of mature hardwood forest including
there are no active ARDF groups or ori- Coleman, now-KBØMAP, who had cre- springs, ferns, creeks, and ponds. It is
enteering organizations near these ated excellent maps of the reservation. habitat for white-tailed deer, wild turkey,
sites. In 2007, radio-orienteers from Some local help was provided by the beaver, and large concentrations of
various parts of California got together Rocky Mountain Orienteering Club, but woodland birds, including thrush and
to put on the championships in the mostly it was the Los Angeles-area warblers.
forests near South Lake Tahoe in the hams who made it happen. Organizing Co-Chairs for the 2022
Sierra Mountains. Everyone slept in the Helpers from afar made it possible to USA Championships were Joseph
cabins and ate in the dining room of hold the 2018 USA Championships at Huberman, K5JGH (Meet Director), and
Camp Concord, in the middle of well- Little Truckee Summit using an excel- Ruth Bromer, WB4QZG (Registrar).
mapped woods. Marvin Johnston, lent new map by Bay Area Orienteering They have competed at many USA
KE6HTS, of Santa Barbara was the Club (BAOC) made just six years Championships and have been on
Meet Director and Bob Cooley, before. BAOC’s Mapping Director, ARDF Team USA to the World Champ-
KF6VSE, from the Bay area was the KF6VSE, was the course designer and ionships. Course Designer and leader
course designer and setter. the Meet Director was Jay Hennigan, of the setting team was Charles
The Tahoe championships were so WB6RDV, of Gates, Oregon. Scharlau, NZØI.
successful that in 2015 a group of Despite continuing travel difficulties
due to Covid, 26 competitors plus the
Championship ARDF in the organizers arrived in Triangle. Some,
* P.O. Box 2508, Fullerton, CA 92837 Old Dominion like Bob Frey, WA6EZV, and Scott
Email: <k0ov@homingin.com> For this year’s USA Championships, Moore, KF6IKO, have been regular
Web: <www.homingin.com> members of Backwoods Orienteering attendees at national championships

Matthew Robbins, AA9YH, checks his watch just prior to the Tony Levand, AA9CC, has been a long-time mobile T-hunter
start of an 80-meter event at the USA ARDF Championships in the Chicago area. He traveled to the USA Championships
in Virginia. He is an organizer of transmitter hunts in the in Virginia for his first try at international-rules ARDF. He is
Cincinnati area. studying his map at the start of an 80-meter event.
since the first one in 2001. Others, like Tony Levand, AA9CC, Weather was much better this day, but unfortunately one
had experienced foxhunting in vehicles but were trying cham- transmitter failed to work. This necessitated some adjustment
pionship on-foot ARDF for the first time. Traveling from of the scores. Another difference from previous foxoring com-
Australia was Jack Bramham, VK3WWW, and from Ontario, petitions was the use of three frequencies instead of one, in
Canada was Robert Haddow, VE3RXH. accordance with new International Amateur Radio Union
Thursday, April 7th was the first day of competition. That (IARU) procedures. This is intended to solve the problem of
day’s event was the sprint, which was added to championship very sensitive receivers hearing more than one fox transmit-
ARDF in 2012. A sprint course has two loops. The first has ter on the same frequency between controls. In the M21 cat-
five slow-keyed 80-meter CW transmitters on one frequency egory, where all nine working foxes had to be found,
and the second has five fast-keyed 80-meter CW transmitters Gheorghe Fala did it in 1:04:08. In the M70 category, with six
on another frequency. Competitors run through the start cor- required foxes, Joseph Huberman, K5JGH, finished in 47:49.
ridor leading to the area with slow-keyed transmitters. The only event on VHF took place on Friday. This was the
After finding all of the required transmitters from the first 2-meter classic, so named because classics were the first form
loop in any order, they run through the spectator corridor to of radio-orienteering, beginning over 40 years ago in northern
the area with fast-keyed foxes. After finding all required trans- Europe and Scandinavia. Five transmitters are placed in a
mitters from this loop in any order, they run to the finish line. wooded area of thousands of acres. They transmit for 60 sec-
Twenty-five competitors set out in a light drizzle and the best onds each in rotating order on the same frequency.
performance was turned in by Norbert Linke of Maryland in Competitors are individually timed as they travel from the
M21 category. He punched in at all of the foxes and finished starting point to the finish, finding the transmitters required
in 25:23. for their category along the way in any order. There are many
Friday’s contest was foxoring, another relatively new event additional rules for classic and other ARDF events to ensure
that closely resembles classic orienteering because there are fairness.
circles on the provided map near the continuously-transmit- This was a difficult course with many possible route choic-
ting QRPp 80-meter transmitters. Competitors use their ori- es. The finish was in the south-central part of the map and
enteering skills to get to the circle locations, then perform the start was near the southeast corner. There were trans-
direction-finding to home in on the foxes that can only be mitters near the other three corners and in the west central
heard there. area. Only six competitors out of 26 finished in less than two

Nadia Scharlau, KO4ADV, is a lifelong ARDF enthusiast who
has medaled at the world championships and loves to teach
Imre Polik, KX4SO (at left), receives congratulations from the sport to newcomers of all ages. Here she is crossing the
Meet Director Joseph Huberman, K5JGH. Imre earned three finish line at the 2008 ARDF World Championships in Korea.
silver medals and one bronze. (Photo by Jay Hennigan, WB6RDV)
hours. Best times were by Vadim Afonkin, KB1RLI (all four Championships from August 28th through September 3,
required M50 foxes in 1:21:38), Eduard Nasybulin (all five 2022. Team members were selected primarily from winners
required M21 foxes in 1:22:23) and Alla Mezhevaya (all four at the 2022 championships in Virginia and at last year’s cham-
required W45 foxes in 1:29:04). pionships in North Carolina during October.
Sunday, the final day, featured another classic event, this There were high hopes that the championships in Serbia
time on 80 meters. The course lengths for each category would go ahead as planned, since they had been resched-
were about the same as for 2 meters, but course times were uled twice from their original dates in 2020 due to the pan-
much faster. All competitors except five finished in less than demic. But on May 9th, Zoran Mladenovic, YU1EW, President
two hours. Norbert Linke again showed his 80-meter RDF of the Amateur Radio Union of Serbia (SRS), announced that
and orienteering skills by finding all five transmitters in an SRS was cancelling plans to host the championships in 2022.
amazing 54:46. In a letter to the IARU ARDF Working Group, Mladenovic
It is typical for 80-meter course times to be faster on aver- stated that the pandemic surge in Asia and the war in Europe
age than equivalent 2-meter courses. Eighty-meter signals do had created a situation where an adequate number of par-
not reflect from terrain features to cause incorrect and con- ticipants would be unlikely to attend.
fusing bearings like 2-meter signals often do. The nulls on 80- His letter stated that many Asian countries remain under
meter ARDF sets provide sharper bearings than the pattern severe COVID limitations. Korea was the only east Asian
peaks of 2-meter Yagis. In addition, 80-meter sets are small- country in IARU Region 3 that submitted a letter of intent to
er, lighter, and less awkward to carry than 2-meter sets. participate. The World Championships usually draw com-
First, second, and third place winners in each age / gender petitors from Australia, Japan, China, and Mongolia, but not
category and in each of the four events received medals. this year.
They were awarded at a pizza party on Saturday evening and The number of participants expected from numerous
right after the final event on Sunday. European countries is also significantly lower, due to recent
world events. IARU leaders have taken the position that
there will be no restrictions on the participation of any IARU
Another Big Change for the World member societies. Russia submitted a letter of intent to field
Championships 47 competitors. Numerous other national teams and indi-
Winners of USA’s national ARDF championships are offered viduals then let it be known that they will not compete if a
the opportunity to represent our country at the World ARDF Russian team is allowed to attend. As a result, YU1EW stat-
Championships, subject to a three-person-per-category ed that it is clear that the minimum number of competitors
team member limit. In late April, the ARRL ARDF Team for a financially successful world championship in Serbia
Selection Subcommittee announced that invitations could not be achieved.
had been sent to two dozen persons to form a team that Jiri Maracek, OK2BWN, the IARU Region 1 ARDF
would travel to Zlatibor, Serbia for the 20th World ARDF Coordinator, immediately announced that another host was

being sought. He was successful and of the map holder and map, but the stu- moter was Bryant Bischof, W7BDB, and
four weeks later, Viktor Tsenko, LZ3NN, dents didn’t use them. The compasses the primary instructor was Dale Hunt,
President of the Bulgarian Federation attached to the receivers were used to WB6BYU. Dale was one of the pioneers
of Radio Amateurs, announced that introduce the concept of following a com- of ARDF in the U.S., being an organiz-
BFRA would host the world champi- pass heading while the target fox is off er of the Friendship Radiosport Games
onships on the same planned dates. the air. At the end of the class, I demon- of 1991 and the first IARU Region 2
The site would be the resort town of strated how I approach a course from the ARDF Championships in 1999. He was
Borovets, about 70 kilometers (44 start, how I am taking bearings, deciding captain of the first USA team to partici-
miles) from the airport at Sofia. For four which route to take, and so forth. pate in the World ARDF Championships
days before that, BFRA would host the “In the third class, the students had to in 1998.
World ARDF Cup, an open competition determine the route independently Afterward, Bryant wrote, “we endured
just for individuals with no team limits or using a compass. To my surprise, all of the few passing showers during the
awards, in different competition sites. them made it back to the finish in under great presentation that Dale provided.
Bulgaria has hosted numerous multi- one hour. I am planning to continue to He showed several antenna types and
nation ARDF events in the past, includ- do those classes since we get a few new discussed the importance of having an
ing the world championships twice. It people involved that way. But ARDF attenuator and a sense of humor. Then
was at the 2006 world championships events need to be held often to keep folks used their skills and various types
on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast that them involved.” of equipment to track down some of the
Nadia Scharlau became the first person Eighty meters is preferable for begin- five hidden transmitters that I had set
from the U.S. to win a world champi- ning ARDF training, since three of the out. Good questions were asked and
onship medal. Results of the 2022 world four championship events take place on lessons were learned. Several folks are
championships will be in an upcoming that band and the reflection-free char- now planning how to improve their
column and on my “Homing In” website. acteristics of 80 meters simplifies the setups.”
learning process. Nadia and Charles
New Training Opportunities have a quantity of simple and inexpen- Foxhunting Weekend —
Nadia Scharlau, now KO4ADV, learned sive PJ-80 receiver / antenna sets from There’s Still Time
ARDF as a youth in her native Russia. China1 which they say work just fine for
Did your club hold a hidden transmitter
She taught it to other youth there and these classes. “I encourage everybody
hunt, either mobile or on foot, for the CQ
has promoted it to all ages since mov- who has a set of transmitters, a few loan-
Worldwide Foxhunting Weekend on
er receivers, and a little time on the week-
ing to the U.S. “I used to have my class- May 14-15th (or another weekend in
es in St. Petersburg two times a week end to do this,” Nadia concludes. “If there
May)? Have there been some training
after school in the city park,” she writes. are no mapped woods nearby, it is pos-
opportunities to teach the sport to new-
“I had four transmitters and four sible to have those classes in a city park
comers? If so, I’d like to get the story
receivers for 15 students. I set up very without a map.”
and some good photos for the follow-up
short courses for them and they took Meanwhile in Oregon, the first trans-
article that I’m working on now. And if
turns using the receivers.” mitter hunting clinic in recent memory
your club hasn’t had its spring or sum-
Her most recent training efforts were was held on Saturday, April 30, 2022. It
mer hunt yet, it’s not too late. Any week-
in March 2022, when she conducted took place at Keizer Rapids Park near
end can be Foxhunting Weekend.
Salem and was special for the new-
radio-orienteering classes sponsored Report forms are available on the web.2
by the Backwoods Orienteering Klub. comers who had begun participating in
Classes were advertised well in recent hunts. The organizer and pro- – Happy hunting!
advance on the BOK website and
Nextdoor. There was no charge for par- Notes
ticipation. Her husband Charles, NZØI, 1. Information on the PJ-80 and other 80-meter ARDF sets is at <https://tinyurl.com/2j2r84sm>
helped set out transmitters and did 2. <https://tinyurl.com/4h8zmbsf>
catch-up training for newcomers who
came for the first time during the sec-
ond and third class.
“We had classes on three consecutive
Saturday afternoons and we generally
finished in a couple of hours,” Nadia
explained. “The goal of the first class
was to introduce the sport of ARDF and
the use of the receiver. I kept things very
simple so as not to intimidate anybody.
We didn’t introduce the compass yet.
The idea was for everyone to have fun
and become comfortable using the
receiver to navigate to a continuously-
transmitting fox.
“For the second class, there were four
transmitters operating in a one-minute-
on, three-minutes-off cycle, sharing the
same frequency. All were equipped with
flags and were placed 300 to 450 meters
apart. This time, I demonstrated the use

mobiling
BY JEFF REINHARDT,* AA6JR
On the Road Again
A
fter nearly two years in self-enforced Covid-avoiding hear a call that’s not familiar, get on the air and say hello
confinement, I finally took the dive and travelled from to a new friend.
sunny Southern California to beautiful upstate New
York, which was in its late spring / early summer glory. I was Mobile / Portable
greeted by lush green landscapes, fed by ample supplies of In our last visit, we touched on gas-saving ideas intended to
rainwater, both of which are in short supply in my normal maximize your radio enjoyment while attempting to keep the
(and drought-stricken) QTH. costs of fuel somewhere beneath the threshold of pain. But
Unfortunately, I could not drive on this multi-purposed trip, remember, pain is relative: The upstate New York fuel prices
as I am recovering from knee replacement surgery (those I paid in mid-June (circa $4.85/gallon for regular unleaded)
high-school sports injuries have a way of exacting their toll), seemed like a bargain when compared to the gas station a
so driving a car some 2,800 miles (one way) with the leg in mile from my home, which was nearly $2 per gallon higher.
a fixed position was not a good thing to do. I was relegated In Europe, it’s even more, with the U.K. and France around
to the not-so-accommodating skies, along with the rest of $8 per U.S. gallon at the time this is written. So as they say,
the passengers that filled my flights. In retrospect, it may life goes on, and we can either be stationary or adjust our
have been quicker to drive. At one link along the way, the movements to accommodate the things we enjoy while
airline had to go through three aircraft before one could be adjusting to the “new normal.”
found that was deemed to be airworthy. While economics may cause us to rethink our travel prior-
Another aspect of my travel experience was the fact that ities, it doesn’t mean we have to refrain completely from doing
the TSA folks found my carry-on bag of interest, as it had my the things that bring pleasure. Using your current mobile in
computer, an iPad, and my triband HT, along with charging “pure” mobile mode may still be an option but consider going
accessories and a spare battery. After some rather thorough “portable” as another way to enjoy our favorite pastime. A
inspections of the bag’s contents, I was cleared to go. Hey, mountaintop, campsite, or public park setting can be a great
they’re just doing their jobs and keeping us safe. Oh yeah, place to shut off the engine and experiment with some HF
my new knee rates an instant alarm at the metal detector. of VHF antennas that are not at all mobile, but more suited
Note to self — allot additional time for security clearance! As to the frequencies on which they operate. I have taken a
an additional benefit, I got to meet even more TSA folks, who Cushcraft R-7 vertical into the field, as well as a G5RV multi-
were courteous, professional, and dare I say, thorough. And band dipole and a three-element 2-meter beam. The R-7 was
in case you’re looking to catch a snack at Chicago’s Midway a bit of a job to set up, but since I was at that campsite for
airport, a small (personal) pepperoni pizza and a beverage three days, the effort proved worth it. The G5RV with its 102-
to wash it down will come in at just under $30. foot length lent itself well to the effort. After hoisting the cen-
I won’t get into the particular purposes of the trip but I did ter feedpoint high into a tree, the respective ends also found
cover quite a lot of ground in western New York. From Buffalo nice perches from which to radiate my signals. Antennas love
and Niagara Falls up through Fort Niagara (check it out) over height and the G5RV is no exception. It’s also very forgiv-
to Rochester, down into the Finger Lakes region, I covered ing; if it slopes or has a mild dogleg, it still works pretty well.
a bit over 1,200 miles over eight days in my trusty little rental The R-7 has been temporarily strapped to the side of an
car. Here’s the sad news: I did not register one contact on unused soccer goal, mounted on a fence post, and stood on
VHF or UHF. I used my handy repeater guide and ensured a heavy sun umbrella base. No matter if your operating time
the frequencies, offsets, and tones were all properly set. I is just a few hours, or spread over a few days, using your
activated several wide-coverage repeaters, announcing my mobile rig with external “portable” antennas can be quite ful-
callsign, and that I was standing by on each respective fre- filling. All you need is a good run of coax, a quality antenna
quency. The response was zip, nada, zilch, and bupkus. tuner is recommended and some support gear like rope, a
Now I’m not so egotistic as to think I deserved a response; slingshot, or fishline caster and voila’ you may be on the air
rather, I was driven to wonder if anyone is really out there with better coverage than you may have had at your home
listening? Perhaps they were busy, or had something better QTH, if you are permitted to have an antenna there at all. So
to do than wonder why some six-lander was wandering past be creative, maybe experiment with a longwire, a Zepp, an
the repeater’s footprint. end-fed dipole, or some other creation. The parks and forests
While I’m a huge fan of HF mobile operations, I’ve always and roadsides are there for us to enjoy.
considered VHF repeater operations as a cornerstone of BTW, the three-element, 2-meter Yagi was / is fun to play
ham radio. In many areas, repeaters are the link that ties the with on a mountaintop. It’s a blast to find how far a simple
ham community together; be it idle chit-chat or coming to the HT can cast a signal into distant repeaters once it’s freed
aid of someone in need of assistance. from the rubber duck and linked to a proper antenna. So
Perhaps my travel experience was just a case of bad tim- much the better if you can find a location above the skip line;
ing; at least I’d like to think so. If there’s some good to come Gordo, WB6NOA, has documented repeater contacts from
from my experience, perhaps it can motivate you, dear southern California’s Santa Monica Mountains into Hawaiian
reader, to leave a radio on and within earshot, and if you repeaters when summer conditions lodge a big high-pres-
sure system over the eastern Pacific. So have fun!
*5904 Lake Lindero Drive, Agoura Hills, CA 91301 Experiment! While this summer’s fuel prices may make the
E-mail: <aa6jr@cq-amateur-radio.com> two-week road trip a bit too costly to pursue, there’s no rule

saying we can’t have fun by working
around the challenge. what’s new
On Being Not So Mobile…
While these visits extol the variety of Icom Introduces a Pair of Radios at Dayton
ways to enjoy mobile operations, the Icom was busy at the latest Dayton Hamvention® as the company introduced two
weeks and days leading up this article new products, a 2-meter mobile transceiver and a new dual-band VHF handheld.
have been somewhat demobilizing. As
mentioned, knee surgery has a way of IC-V3500
slowing one’s pace. Here I thought I’d Icom’s newest amateur FM mobile
bounce off the operating table and take transceiver is the IC-V3500 and it’s
on the persona of Steve Austin (the $6 ready to hit the road whenever you are.
Million Man, not the pro wrestler). With a compact body and simple inter-
Needless to say, that image was quickly face, this radio is ideal for those look-
dismissed. So I’ve been resting, rehab- ing for a long-range mobile with a
bing, exercising, and — at times — gri- fresh look.
macing, hoping for that “fully recovered” The IC-V3500 has a sleek, modern,
day that’s on the horizon. Fortunately, and easy-to-read white LCD screen
ham radio from my QTH provides an out- with radio functions labeled along the
let for socializing and taking my mind off bottom to create easy-to-read identi-
the general experience. fiers for the front panel buttons in low
Second, shortly after returning from the light and nighttime operation. The display also shows the power supply voltage.
June trip (referenced above), and in spite Inside, the IC-V3500 is a rugged 2-meter FM transceiver with a selection of power
of having taken prudent precautions outputs from 5, 10, 25, and a maximum of 65 watts for long-range communication.
Icom added a large heat sink to ensure stable power output during extended use.
while travelling, I tested positive for
There is also built-in CTCSS and DTCS encoder / decoder so you can access
COVID-19. Fortunately for you, the print-
repeaters while on the road. Wide / narrow channel settings also help tune in hard-
ed material on this page is confirmed as to-hear signals.
not being contagious. Seriously, I was There are 207 memory channels (200 alphanumeric memories, 1 call channel, 3
fortunate to have been vaccinated and pairs of scan edge memories, and up to 16 DTMF autodial memory channels) as
boosted, making my individual case rel- well as a dynamic bank link scan function that scans all memory channels in select-
atively mild but annoying nonetheless. ed banks.
Here’s hoping the next daily test shows You can cut through the noise with the built-in 4.5-watt speaker for loud and clear
“negative” results. Once again, ham audio. Both the frequency response and opening slit have been improved from sim-
radio has shown it can cut through the ilar models. Additionally, presets can be set up to raise, lower, or mute the radio for
isolation during my self-quarantine but I those who like precise audio levels.
long to get “out there” on the road again Use the emergency call and priority watch function to send beeps and hot micro-
soon. Maybe a cross-country jaunt in phone audio to others. While the emergency call function is active, the speaker will
early autumn? Hmm ... sounds good! amplify messages to notify others within earshot.
The included remote microphone will let users program most functions on the radio.
Kudos
Here’s a well-deserved “thank you” to IC-T10
the volunteers who use their skills, Icom’s newest handheld amateur radio is the IC-T10 dual ban-
radios, and vehicles for the benefit of der. This durable radio is disaster-ready and perfect for your emer-
all. At this time of year, it’s notably the gency bag or out in the field on an adventure. The IC-T10 tested
weather or Skywatch monitors who and passed MIL-STD810 C, D, E, F, and G environmental tests
freely give their time and energy in an and its IP67 dust-tight and waterproof rating make the handheld
effort to safeguard life and property ready to take on whatever is thrown its way.
across a vast swath of the U.S. Let’s not This dual-band (2 meters and 70 centimeters) HT can receive
forget those in hurricane-prone regions, the 136- to 174-MHz bands and the 400- to 479-MHz bands with
and if you’re one of those always mon- a direct-conversion system that eliminates the IF stages. With that
itoring a repeater, HF frequency, or the many frequencies available to users, Icom included 208 memory
national call channel (146.52 MHz) channels (200 6-character alphanumeric memories, 2 call chan-
you’re performing a necessary service nels, and 3 pairs of scan edge memories) so you have plenty of
that is not always appreciated as it room to store your favorite frequencies. Priority, program, mem-
should be. Thank you, and keep it up! ory, skip, and tone scan functions will let users recall those fre-
My CQ mailbox would love to receive quencies easily. The IC-T10 has a weather alert and pre-pro-
grammed NOAA weather alert channels for additional safety.
more photos of mobile installations,
A combination of a new speaker design and a 1,500-mW audio
with the thought of sharing them on
amplifier provide loud and clear audio. On the transmit side, the
these pages. Whether you drive a Mini IC-T10 offers RF output power of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 watts and built-
or an SUV, RV, Tesla, or unicycle, we’re in CTCSS / DTCS for repeater operation.
always interested in the experience of With the power save function, users get up to 11 hours of oper-
getting your mobile rig installed and on ating time from the included BP-280 battery pack. You can also
the air. Send photos and project de- run the IC-T10 off DC power with the optional AD-149H.
scriptions to the email address shown The IC-T10 and IC-V3500 are available now with suggested retail prices of $239.99
on the first page of this article. for the IC-T10 and $239.99 for the IC-V3500. For more information, visit <www.
Be safe, be smart and happy mobiling! icomamerica.com>.
– Jeff, AA6JR

microcontrollers in amateur radio
BY JACK PURDUM,* W8TEE
Using C Pointers: Step 1
M
y way of teaching about program data has always Figure 1. The lvalue
been a little different than the way most approach and rvalue after
the subject. As you may know, pointers in C are a definition
special type of variable that allows you to access data in a
very efficient manner. Indeed, many common C library func-
tions can only be used with pointer variables. However,
before I discuss C pointers, we need to lay some ground-
work. I’m calling this Step 1 of learning how to use C point-
ers effectively.
Why Do We Have to Know This Stuff?

Given my teaching methods, something as simple as defin-
ing a variable involved discussions about compilers, symbol
tables, attribute lists, lvalue, rvalues, LL(1) grammars, and
other topics not often discussed in an introductory program- Figure 2. Variable x
ming class. After one such discussion, a student raised his after the assignment
hand and asked: “Why do we have to know all this stuff? After statement
all, I don’t have to know how to build a car just to drive one!”
The question saddened me because I knew that, even if
the student got a good grade in the class, he would never be
a programmer. I’ve heard the “car” coercive comparison
before. I used to have a cabin about 350 miles north of
Toronto. Once, as I was nearing the cabin, I saw a forlorn
man standing on the road next his brand new Ferrari ... with
the hood up. I often wonder if he wished he knew something
about what was going on “under the hood” in his car.
While you don’t have to know how to write a compiler to be
a programmer, understanding what a compiler does will def-
initely make you a better programmer. More importantly,
understanding what the compiler is doing to your code makes
finding program errors (i.e., bugs) easier. Usually, when fix- If define and declare were truly the same, these statements
ing a program bug, 90% of the debugging effort is in isolat- should also be the same. They are not.
ing the error. Fixing it is usually pretty easy. And, like the man According to The C Programming Language by Brian W.
with the Ferrari, even if you’re not a programmer, it’s helpful Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, page 47:
to understand what’s going on “under the hood.” So, with that
in mind, let’s explore and appreciate what it takes to define “Definition” refers to the place where the variable is
a simple integer variable. created or assigned storage.
“Declaration” refers to the places where the nature
Defining a Variable of the variable is stated but no storage is allocated.
Consider the following statement that defines a variable
named x: This means a data declaration tells us the attributes of a
variable: Its data type (int), its identifier (x), its scope (i.e.,
int x; global), and a host of other information about the variable.
This attribute list about the variable is stored in something
First, the statement above defines an integer variable called the compiler’s symbol table. However, data declara-
named x. You should NOT say the statement declares a vari- tions leave one huge, gaping hole in the symbol table: A data
able named x. In a programming context, defining a variable declaration does NOT fill in the memory location where that
is not the same as declaring a variable and you should not variable is stored. The memory location of a variable is known
confuse the two words. If anyone says they are the same, as its lvalue (i.e., location value). (The term lvalue is proba-
ask them to explain statements like: bly a hangover from assembly language programming.)
A data definition also gives us the same attribute list for a
extern int val; given variable, but it also fills in the location in memory where
int myFunction(int val); that variable lives; its lvalue. Only after a variable is defined
int thisVal; can you use it in a program. Otherwise, if you didn’t know its
lvalue, how could you fetch its value from memory? The value
of a variable, or what’s actually stored in the variable, is called
* <jack52443@yahoo.com> its rvalue (i.e., register value and also a hangover from

assembly language programming). We big enough to hold 2 bytes of data. If Memory
can see the relationship in Figure 1, you define a long data type, it must be End
which tells us the compiler placed the big enough to store 4 bytes of data.
variable named x starting at memory Therefore, the “byte-size” of a variable’s
location 10000 (i.e., its lvalue). We have bucket depends upon the data type of
shown the rvalue as question marks the variable.
because we have not yet assigned a Suppose we have the following
value to that variable. If it’s a global vari- statements:
able, it should be initialized with the
value 0, but I would not make that char c; // A 1-byte bucket
assumption. After all, we all know what long bigNum; // A 4-byte bucket
assume means...
Suppose I now see this statement: Suppose the compiler assigns mem-
ory location 332 to variable c and stores
x = 5; bigNum at memory location 276. That
is, the lvalue of variable c is 332 and the
This is a simple assignment statement lvalue for bigNum is 276. Now, mental-
and it used to set variable x to the value ly picture the variables’ buckets place
5. When compiling the program, how- on a map of the computer’s memory. It
ever, the simple statement is anything would look similar to Figure 3.
but simple. Here’s what happens: First, At this point, we could draw a figure
the compiler performs semantic and similar to Figure 1, only the lvalues
syntax checks on the expression and would be different. That is, if we went to
issues an error message if the state- memory location 332 and looked inside
ment is wrong. If everything is correct, the bucket, it would have question
it moves the right-hand side of the marks. The reason is because the rval-
assignment expression (5) into a regis- ue of variable c is undetermined at this Memory
ter. Fetch the memory address of where point. The rvalue would contain what- Start
x is stored in memory (i.e., get variable ever random bit pattern might exist at
x’s lvalue) from the symbol table. Move that memory location. (If it’s a global Figure 3. Placing variable buckets at
the register contents into that memory variable, the rvalue should be 0.) their lvalues
location 10000. Variable x now has an If we wrote this statement after the two
rvalue of 5, as seen in Figure 2. variables are defined:
What if we have the following code: You’re trying to take the contents of a
c = ‘k’; 4-byte bucket and pour it into a 1-byte
int b = 5; bucket. That’s going to result in 3 bytes
int x; The assignment statement results in of data slopping out all over the floor.
x = b; c having an rvalue of ‘k’. That is, if you You can try to fix this with something
went to memory location 332 and called a cast:
The process is still much the same: looked inside c’s bucket, you would see
The compiler places 5 at the lvalue a ‘k’ in the bucket. In similar fashion, the c = (char) bigNum;
(memory location) of variable b and the statement:
next statement fetches the rvalue of b
(5 as stored at b’s lvalue) and moves In essence, this statement says:
bigNum = 123L; “Take the rvalue of bigNum and squish
that value to the lvalue of x. This means
x’s rvalue is now 5. Note this generali- it through a 1-byte funnel [i.e., the
after the statement is processed,
ty: Simple assignment statements take (char) expression] and then assign
going to memory location 276 and
the rvalue on the right side of the assign- what comes out into the rvalue of c.”
looking inside bigNum’s bucket, it now
ment statement (e.g., b) and move it into If bigNum has an rvalue less than 127,
has an rvalue of 123. (The capital ‘L’
the lvalue of the left side of the assign- the statement will work. Any value
at the end of 123 simply documents
ment statement (x). Read that last sen- the constant as a long data type. It is larger than 127 is going to leave some
tence enough times that it really makes not necessary, but I usually add the data on the floor because the largest
sense. data type suffix to numeric constants.) value a signed char variable can hold
Therefore, the bucket analogy says: 1) is 127.
The Bucket Analogy the lvalue of a variable is where the
The process just described is important bucket is located, 2) the rvalue is what Conclusion
enough that I created the bucket anal- is contained in the bucket, and 3) the With the content of this column in mind,
ogy to make it easier to visualize what’s size of the bucket is determined by the find some C source code and verbalize
going on. First, any given data item you data type. the statements you see in that code
can define can be thought of as having Now, what happens if you did this in using the terms lvalue and rvalue. Try
a bucket big enough to store one of your code: to imagine what the compiler has to do
those items. For an Arduino, if you even on simple assignment statements.
define a char data type, the bucket must c = bigNum; This will help you understand my next
be big enough to store 1 byte of data. If column, in which we’ll explain how
you define an int data type, it must be Think about what you’re doing here. pointers work.

antennas
BY KENT BRITAIN, WA5VJB
The All-Important Countrpoise
Photo A. Tiny transmitters with 1/4-wave (top) and 6/10-wave (bottom) antennas attached. See text for details.
T he quarter-wave whip is a horrible

non-functional antenna!
OK, that should kick my email system
see the second unit has a 6/10ths-
wavelength element. For most of these
small transmitters’ maximum radiated
wire like the one on top, or even a
loaded element like the coiled wire in
the bottom of the photo.
into overdrive. power, that battle between antenna res-
To be more precise, a 1/4-wave onance, antenna impedance, and A Little Effort Can Pay Off
antenna without a counterpoise is a hor- transmitter output maxes out at about There are lots of these small transmit-
rible non-functional antenna. 6/10ths of a wavelength. ters floating around. They are very use-
In Photo A, I show a small transmitter Another option is to make the PCB ful for such things as telemetry from a
with a 1/4-wave whip (top photo). I am into the other half of a dipole. In Photo model rocket, hanging from a weather
always amazed how people can build a C, an element has been added to PCB balloon, or attached to the back of a
transmitter about the size of a postage ground to make sort of an offset-feed bird. Now in the real world, you are
stamp and call that little PCB their dipole. This element can be a simple going to have sensor wires, wires to bat-
ground plane. Nope! In reality, you need
something about 1/2-by-1/2 wave-
length. And bigger is better. In Photo B,
you see a properly sized 2-meter
ground plane. In this case, it’s the roof
of my van, and things have been so hec-
tic I still haven’t unloaded it since
Dayton / Xenia!
What About a Half-Wave?

You would think that a 1/2-wave whip
would be perfect. Yes, an end-fed, 1/2-
wave element would radiate nicely. The
problem is the impedance of an end-fed
1/2-wave approaches infinity. Few of the
little transmitter chips work well into a
load of thousands of ohms. They like 50.
So, we are looking for a compromise.
That can be found if you put a really
long element on most of the chip trans-
mitters, set it up in an area where you
can monitor RF field strength, then start
trimming. Go back to Photo A, and you’ll
Email: <wa5vjb@cq-amateur-radio.com> Photo B. A great 2-meter ground plane … the roof of WA5VJB’s van!

Photo C. Tiny transmitters with counterpoise wires added. Either a straight wire (top) or a loaded element (bottom) will
greatly improve antenna performance.
tery packs, and mounting hardware, all

of which can affect the signal. But if you
take the time to actually measure sig-
nal strength of your transmitter, you can
usually find another S-unit or two by
carefully adjusting antenna length and $260 includes
the counterpoise. Don’t just stick on a free express
1/4-wavelength of wire and think you’ve delivery worldwide
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vhf plus
BY TRENT FLEMING,* N4DTF
A Day in the Life of a Casual Contester
T
his year, in part because of my responsibilities to you, openings during the contest weekend. After a lunch date with
the reader, I tried to be better prepared for the June the XYL, I was on the air by 1:30 central time, about 30 min-
VHF contest. So, I was checking out antennas, rigs, utes after the contest started. Here in EM55, the first few
and transverters in advance and I even updated N1MM+ on hours were slow. I called and listened on 6 and 2 meters peri-
Friday before the contest and set up the correct information. odically, and was finally rewarded with a contact with Tor,
There had been several good 6-meter openings in the pre- N4OGW, in EM53. We worked each other on 6 and 2 meters
vious days, so I, and many others, were hopeful of similar and tried 432 MHz with no success. Still, a new grid on two
bands was in the log. Another highlight was working one of
our Memphis area rovers, Steve, AG4V, who was mobile in
* <n4dtf@cq-amateur-radio.com> EM35. I completed the QSO with Steve for a new grid on 432
Photo A. A screenshot from DX Maps shows the Sporadic-E opening during Saturday evening of the ARRL June VHF Contest.

MHz. At about 5:30, 6 meters really verters vs. older single-band rigs, Doug them to get their initial experience with
came alive, and we were rewarded with wrote an email to address the subject. weak-signal work on these bands using
a solid opening for much of the evening I am going to print it here with only slight antennas intended for FM. As the net
(see Photo A). On the phone segment editing. Remember that I’m still looking control for the Arizona SWOT (Side
of 6 meters, stations were so spread out for input on this subject — or other VHF+ Winders on Two – ed.) net, I frequently
I worked several above 50.200 MHz! topics that interest you. have vertically-polarized hams making
As 6 meters faded out Saturday Doug Gilliam, W7EME, writes: their first contacts on 2-meter SSB.
evening, I retired and planned an early Some have been checking into the net
morning. I was hopeful for 2-meter and I agree with your view on horizontal vs. for years with verticals. Others will make
above opportunities early Sunday vertical antennas. With many of the HF a cheap and simple dipole and be
morning, but found no joy there or on rigs on the market having 6, 2, [meters] amazed how far away they can make
6 meters, even the Meteor Mornings and 432-MHz multimode capabilities, QSOs with the simple polarity change
group on 50.145 MHz was pretty quiet. there are many hams trying SSB on and $2 worth of parts. Last week we had
After church and lunch Sunday, I found those bands with the vertical antennas a member make his first 300-mile QSO
my way back to the radio, and was they already have. It’s only natural for with a simple ELK antenna. No small
pleased to see and hear more activity
on 6 meters. As evening approached,
around 6 p.m. CDT, I began to inten-
tionally monitor and call on 2 meters as
well as continuing to monitor 6. After
exchanging information with a couple
of local 2-meter SSB operators, I
began to hear more distant stations,
and was pleased to work new grids in
a southwest direction. This was a fun
time. Stations were spread out from
144.195 to 144.210 MHz or so and call-
ing on top of each other because of
variations in propagation. It was good
to hear so much activity on 2-meter
weak signal.
Overall, I worked around 60 grids, all
on phone, many of which were new to
me. To make things better, a great num-
ber (as of June 30th) have already con- Last Year, our members worked thousands of hours for
NO PAY
firmed via Logbook of the World
(LoTW), so I was a happy camper. This
just goes to show that even with a lim-
ited effort, you can have a successful
contest. If you want to put up big num- And this year are well on their way to doing
EVEN MORE!
bers, however, spend more time in the
seat, and I think a mixed effort, rather
than phone only, would help add to your
numbers. CW and other digital modes
can augment a good band opening, and
salvage your contest when conditions
are poor. Please send me your thoughts
WHY?
and comments about the contest, and Because they are giving back to their communities! They are
especially how you dealt with the vari-
ations in propagation. For those of you helping with civic events, motorist assistance AND MORE,
who worked in different classes, analog yes even emergencies and disasters, if needed!
or mixed, let me know what went well
and what you would do differently.
My working conditions were IC-9100 CONTACT
for 2 meters and 70 centimeters, and
IC-7700 for 6 meters and 222 MHz via REACT INTERNATIONAL
a DEMI transverter. 301-316-2900
Topics for Discussion / We Get Or write to
Letters! REACT INTERNATIONAL
You may remember our friend Doug, P.O. Box 21064, Dept CQ100
W7EME, as he and a group of fellow Glendale, CA 91221
hams helped me with the 1 GHz and RI.HQ@REACT Intl.org
above column in September 2021. In
response to my questions about trans-

feat in mountainous, dry, Arizona! As Thanks, Doug, for your kind words Regarding the VHF contest, Kevin
you said, “Just get on the air!”. and your insights into equipment and Thiem, W4EUH, said, “I hope you didn’t
The same statement applies to equip- operating practices! miss the incredible conditions on ‘The
ment recommendations. It doesn’t mat- Magic Band’ this weekend! [I had] 68
ter if a ham starts with an old TS-711 mul- Report From the N4DTF Shack grids and 127 contacts on 50 MHz from
timode or a new IC-9700, a Radio Shack My 6- and 2-meter equipment and EM74 in Georgia. Kevin operated with
HTX-100 10-meter rig and a cheap trans- antennas performed well this month, an Icom IC-746, 100 watts and a 4-ele-
verter with 10 watts, or legal limit. Dipole, especially during the June VHF contest. ment beam.
vertical, or beam. Get on the air, find a My 432-MHz antenna did what I asked, Steve, N3YY, in FN22 asked, “how’d
local net or group, introduce yourself and but I had only one decent opportunity everyone do this contest weekend?
make noise! VHFers are a great group of on that band, as noted above. I heard About two-thirds of my 343 contacts were
enthusiasts who enjoy mentoring the very little activity on 222 MHz, which SSB. I made several costly blunders this
newbies. was a bust and I was unable to make weekend, and everything that could go
Once on the VHF bands, hams will learn any contacts due to very low power out wrong went wrong ... lost 6 hours Sunday
about all the different modes and activi- of my transverter. I have recently morning, then WSJT froze up at 10 p.m.
ties that VHF plus offers. There are many acquired a 222-MHz amp, as well as an Sunday (an hour before the contest
ways to use these bands from rag chew- FM unit for 33 centimeters, and plan to ended in EDT) LOL. All in all, I had a lot
ing without repeater time-outs to FT8 get both operational soon. Would real- of fun, though! Great to see and hear you
DXing, Earth-Moon-Earth (EME), satel- ly like 222 MHz to be useable along with all on the bands! 73.” Steven has quite
lites, air and meteor scatter, etc. 432 MHz and 1.2 GHz during the high- the operating position in terms of eleva-
Whatever activity interests someone, will er frequency contests later this sum- tion, and your columnist was delighted to
help with choosing the right equipment. mer. I’ve also begun working with MSK- work him on 6 meters. Previously we had
The cheapest way would be an older 144 on 6 meters, and so far am enjoying only “worked” on various VHF pages on
multimode radio. They typically do not the opportunities it presents. It really is Facebook.
have much sensitivity, so an RF eye-opening to leave the rig on One morning recently, I had both
switched preamp may be necessary overnight and see what decodes. Just 50.125 and 144.200 MHz on, monitoring
with one of those. Transverters like the another tool for acquiring grids and while I did some paperwork. About 10
Ukrainian models are also inexpensive, learning more about propagation a.m., I heard W5KTW calling CQ on
and surprisingly sensitive for the price. modes. Finally, at the end of July, I will 144.200 MHz, and had a nice QSO with
Like anywhere else, more power and attend the Central States VHF Con- him/ He’s about 100 miles northwest of
antenna gain equal more range. Used ference in LaCrosse, Wisconsin, so me in north central Arkansas, grid EM46,
amplifiers can be found less expen- look for a report in an upcoming issue. which is a new grid for me on 2 meters.
sively than new models but be aware Kevan tells me they have a local group
they may need repair. If the budget that “hang out” most evenings on
allows, the IC-9700 has awesome fea- On the Air 144.270 MHz, so depending on condi-
tures, but an old Flex 1500 and a trans- Mario, K2ZD, reported that during a tions you might hear them around the
verter will have a spectrum scope and “massive” Sporadic-E (Es) opening to central part of the country some
nice filtering as well for much less. The Japan at 2226 UTC on June 12th, he evenings. Just another weak-signal
more exotic modes like EME require completed an FT8 QSO with BA4SI, Li, group to listen for when you are tuning
more expensive gear. But air scatter for 6-meter DXCC #219. Li was heard around.
can be done with most stations using a at -17 dB while Mario received a -10 dB
directional antenna, 50 watts, and a report. He also copied HL3GOB at -6 Wrap Up
phone app like Flight Radar24. dB but did not make a QSO. Mario is a If you will allow a personal aside, I want-
Just get on the air and make noise! legendary 6-meter operator from FN21 ed to note the passing of Mr. Cliff Ray,
Keep up the fine work, Trent! and I’m always grateful for his reports. KC5IGS, now SK. Cliff was an early and
faithful participant in our local FM sim-
plex net, the “Barefoot Bullfrog Net” that
meets nightly at 7:30 Central on 146.535
MHz. In recent years he spent a lot of
time on the radio, though his health was
deteriorating. Finally, he could no longer
summon the breath to talk, but we knew
that he had the radio on and was listen-
ing. Amateur radio connected Cliff to a
group of guys that he considered close
friends, and certainly enriched his life
after he lost his wife. We are thankful for
the many interactions we had with him,
and thankful that as a man of faith he is
at rest with his Savior. Cliff was only a
couple of days from his 89th birthday
when he passed.
That’s it for this month ... I look for-
ward to any and all reports, including
your activity in the contests that are
coming up.

awards
BY STEVE MOLO,* KI4KWR
The Future of Amateur Radio Awards 2022
T
his year at the Dayton Hamven- CQ USA-CA Award (USA Counties
tion,® I took the time to talk about Award) – Earned by making confirmed
awards in the hobby with many at the contacts with amateurs in designated
Dayton DX Dinner and within several hos- numbers of U.S. counties (3,076 total)
pitality suites around the area with results There are others, and variations, but I
I fully expected. The hobby appears to be covered the most popular that I receive
in a peak of operating FT8 and not as much emails on frequently. Detailed information
Morse code and voice. Nothing is wrong can be found at <https://tinyurl.com/
with FT8 and a good portion of the ama- 26r7e26n>. LoTW may be used for some
teurs I spoke with did not know there are or all contacts for the CQ WPX and WAZ
awards for FT8, so that was at least a sign awards (only); eQSL.cc credits may be
of hope on those awards. used for all CQ awards.
The results on the four days I was there
indicated to me that awards are not a pri- VUCC (VHF / UHF Century Club) –
ority to them or the ones that are coun- Single-band only award for confirmed
try-specific have not been in effect for contacts with stations in a designated
many years. Can this be fixed? It will cer- number of grid squares on different VHF
tainly take some time with a devoted and UHF bands.
team for the specific award and keeping Triple Play – A variation on WAS, this
it active and available. The list of awards award is earned by making contacts with
that I have been keeping tabs of per- all 50 U.S. states on voice, Morse code,
sonally have either become expired or and digital modes. Additional twist: All
the award committee members have confirmations must be made via ARRL’s
become silent keys and no successors Logbook of the World (LoTW) online con-
have stepped forward. firmation system.
So where can you, the reader, help? Are Most of these awards offer multiple vari- JARL Awards
you interested in awards and maybe ations for different bands, modes, etc.
The JARL Awards Team has done
belong to a club that could create an award Complete information can be found at
some updates as of May 2022 and the list
or resurrect one? If so, I would like to per- <www.arrl.org/AWARDS>.
of available awards is quite long, but here
sonally encourage you to help out the ama-
are a few:
teur radio community and make awards
Worked All Squares Award (WASA) –
available for everyone.
Separate versions for HF and VHF+;
Despite the critical status of many small-
issued for working designated numbers of
er awards programs, do not forget the
grid squares
American Radio Relay League (ARRL),
Japan Century-Cities Award (JCC-100)
CQ magazine, and Japan Amateur Radio
– Issued for confirmed contacts with sta-
League (JARL) awards are available all
tions in at least 100 Japanese cities …
the time. So, let’s recap what is available
and a challenge for the so-called WARC
from each and maybe you are eligible for
bands, WARC-1000, for which you sub-
one, or all.
mit confirmed contacts 1,000 stations on
the 30-, 17-, and 12-meter bands.
ARRL Awards The master list of active awards under
DXCC (DX Century Club) – Work and JARL can be found at <https://tinyurl.
confirm at least 100 DX “entities” (coun- CQ Magazine Awards: com/3zenvan2>. See my June column for
tries plus other areas that meet certain CQ Worked All Zones (WAZ) – One of the a detailed description of JARL’s D-STAR
criteria) most challenging awards in amateur awards.
WAS (Worked All States) – Make con- radio, WAZ is issued for confirmed con-
firmed contacts with amateurs in all 50 tacts with stations in all 40 CQ Zones of Let’s Hear Your Award Stories
U.S. states the World Do you have any special award that
WAC (Worked All Continents) – This CQ WPX Award – Earned by making you’ve earned that is possibly not avail-
award is actually issued by the Inter- confirmed contacts with stations repre- able anymore? Are you an OM or YL who
national Amateur Radio Union (IARU) senting a designated number of callsign has been on Honor Roll and have
but administered by the ARRL (as the prefixes sharable stories of special contacts that
IARU secretariat). It’s earned by making CQ DX Award – CQ’s version of DXCC, helped you earn that honor? If so, I would
a confirmed contact with at least one earned by making confirmed contacts like to give you the platform of telling your
station on each continent (excluding with stations in 100 or more different DX story and how challenging it may have
Antarctica) entities. Unlike DXCC, there is no been to obtain the entity towards comple-
“mixed” mode version of the CQ DX tion of an award. Why not share your story
*Email: Award; all contacts must be made using with the world and how working the world
<KI4KWR@cq-amateur-radio.com> a single mode was a challenge at one time in the past?

dx
BY BOB SCHENCK,* N2OO
DXing: Past, Present, Future
A
fter my recent excursion to the
Dayton Hamvention® in Xenia, The WAZ Program
Ohio, I began to have some
SINGLE BAND WAZ ALL BAND WAZ
thoughts and observations about DX,
DXing, and DXpeditions; and how they 6 Meter CW
have evolved over the years. This 190..........................................JA1CPU, 25 Zones 1194 .......................................................ERØFEO
brought more considerations for the 191 ...........................................W5AFY, 25 Zones 1195.............................................................F5VIF
192 ...........................................JH1IFS, 25 Zones 1196 ............................................................WZ8P
future of DXing to my mind.
1197 ..........................................................UW7LL
I got my license in 1965 at the age of 10 Meter SSB
barely 14 years old. I was immediately 613 ..............................................................WZ8P Digital
hooked on amateur radio. For those of 356 ............................................................N4GOA
us in this age bracket, you understand 12 Meter Digital 357..............................................................4F3BZ
6 ................................................................CT3MD 358 ..............................................................AA4IB
why it was so addicting back then. For 359 ..........................................................IZØFUW
most of us from that era, we were “self- 15 Meter CW 360 ...............................................................NF7D
motivated” to get our ham licenses. The 379 ..............................................................WZ8P 361 ..............................................................K4IJQ
mere thought of being able to commu- 380................................................................NXØI 362 .............................................................KV4AA
363............................................................JA3LZS
nicate with other people all around the 15 Meter Digital 364 ............................................................VA2RC
globe was enough to “set the hook.” 10 ..............................................................KI5BLU 365 ..............................................................W8VK
Amateur radio was our version of the 11 ..............................................................JH1IFS
internet back then. How else could you 12..................................................................NXØI Mixed
10238 ........................................................DF5DH
chat with someone in a completely dif- 15 Meter SSB 10239..........................................................4F3BZ
ferent part of the country, or the world, 690 ..............................................................WZ8P 10240 ........................................................WØRW
right from your basement or bedroom? 10241.......................................................JG1FML
Remember, back then even telephone 17 Meter Digital 10242 ..........................................................AA4IB
25 ..............................................................JH1IFS 10243 ......................................................W4QNW
calls outside your local area were
26 ..............................................................KI5BLU 10244 .....................................................ERØFEO
charged “by the minute.” You actually 10245 ............................................................9Z4Y
had to get up out of your chair to change 17 Meter SSB 10246 .........................................................KV4AA
the channel on your TV! If there was any 68 ..............................................................CT3MD 10247........................................................JA3LZS
“ducting” on the VHF frequencies, you 10248 ........................................................VA2RC
20 Meter CW 10249 ...........................................................EU7X
might not even be able to see anything 683...........................................................JG1FML 10250 ...........................................................K6OJ
intelligible on TV at all due to multi- 684 ............................................................JH1IFS 10251 ...........................................................K2WJ
channel interference from other sta- 685 ..............................................................WZ8P 10252 ........................................................IZ6FXS
tions on the same channel in other 10253 ........................................................UW7LL
20 Meter Digital 10254 .......................................................JL1EHU
cities, especially if you were not very 47..............................................................IK5BSC
local to the desired TV broadcast trans- 48 ..............................................................KI5BLU SSB
mitter. Everybody had to have an anten- 5536 .........................................................W8GEX
na to pick up a TV signal. There was no 20 Meter RTTY 5537 ........................................................W4QNW
88 ................................................................WZ8P 5538 .............................................................EU7X
cable TV. Color TV was new, and only 5539..........................................................IK1DFH
for those who could afford it. As we 20 Meter SSB
moved into the ’70s, cable TV began to 1273 ........................................................W4QNW Satellite
appear. Early “cable” still relied on a 35 ..............................................F4BKV, 25 Zones
30 Meter CW 36...........................................VU2LBW, 25 Zones
“received TV signal” from a Cable TV
168 ............................................................CT3MD 37 .............................................PY2RN, 25 Zones
company tower and was often affected 38 .............................................EB1AO, 25 Zones
by VHF propagation issues (The abbre- 40 Meter CW
viation CATV originally stood for 339 ............................................................JH1IFS RTTY
“Community Antenna TV” –ed.) The TV 314 ............................................................JH1IFS
40 Meter SSB 315 ..............................................................WZ8P
signals were actually rebroadcast 123 ............................................................JH1IFS
inside a coax cable feed and distributed 124 ..............................................................WZ8P
by using “in line” amplifiers (repeaters).
I won’t go too much into the interference 160 Meter
694.........................................ERØFEO, 31 zones
issues this caused for amateur radio 695...............................................K3SV, 35 zones
and CB operators in the early days of 696 ............................................AA6AA, 33 zones
cable TV other than to say that if there
were ANY “leaks” in the cable system, Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, Jose Castillo, N4BAA, 6773 South State Road 103, Straughn, IN 47387.. The pro-
RF could get in, or get out at times, cessing fee for all CQ awards is $6.00 for subscribers (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a copy) and
causing havoc either way. $12.00 for nonsubscribers. Please make all checks payable to John Bergman. Applicants sending QSL cards to a CQ check-
point or the Award Manager must include return postage. KC5LK may also be reached via e-mail: <n4baa@cq-amateur-
radio.com>.
*email: <n2oo@comcast.net>

I will tell you one side-story that I expe- channel 3 or 4. You would select the to interference from an 80-meter signal.
rienced. In the early days of cable TV, channel to watch on the cable box (slid- The other brand (I’ll call Brand Y) did not
you would get a “cable converter box” er or buttons). My local cable company have this problem. I originally had a
that converted the channel that you want- used two specific brands. I learned from “Brand X” box, but begged them for a
ed to watch to one channel that you would personal experience that one brand (I’ll “Brand Y” box which cured the problem
set your TV to. As I recall it was usually call Brand X) was extremely susceptible in my own house. Thus, whenever I went
on 80 meters, from doing some testing
and observations, I discovered that I
The WPX Program would wipe out TVs that used the Brand
CW 4457 ......................................................................HA5BMS X box as far away as perhaps a half mile
4061 ......................................................................SQ8LUV 4458 ........................................................................NA7KR
4062 ........................................................................AEØDX 4459 ........................................................................EI4GEB from my house. I complained to the cable
4063 ......................................................................WB8LEM company that they should replace all of
4064 ........................................................................ON4CN Digital
1750 ........................................................................AEØGV these particular cable boxes, at least in
SSB 1751 ......................................................................JA6PKH my area, but they refused to do that. So,
4430 ........................................................................W1TRK 1752........................................................................W8MHB
4431 ......................................................................DL8YDU 1753 ........................................................................JS1LQI the morning before the November
4432 ........................................................................K4BAX 1754 ........................................................................KA6AIM Sweepstakes started one year, I called
4433 ......................................................................VE4MAR 1755 ........................................................................N4VWZ
4434 ......................................................................KB9FPY 1756 ......................................................................7N4SQJ my cable TV company and advised them
4435 ......................................................................WB8LEM 1757 ......................................................................VA7AMV that I was going on the air for the week-
1758............................................................................JN6III
Mixed 1759 ........................................................................N8XHF end and that I was going to interfere with
4437 ........................................................................KØBYJ 1760 ..........................................................................K6GO virtually every “Brand X” cable box with-
4438 ........................................................................AEØGV 1761 ......................................................................KC2DVD
4439 ..........................................................................W9NB 1762......................................................................KC9WSC in a half mile radius of my house. It was
4440 ......................................................................JL2GSN 1763 ........................................................................W9VUP a funny chat as I recall. The lady on the
4441 ........................................................................JS1LQI 1764 ......................................................................JR5COR
4442 ........................................................................N4VWZ 1765 ......................................................................VE4MAR phone could not understand why I was
4443 ........................................................................KY6AA 1766 ......................................................................VE3MSC calling because I said that my TV was
4444 ......................................................................7N4SQJ 1767 ........................................................................G5JDA
4445 ......................................................................VA7AMV 1768 ......................................................................ZZ4WTT fine. But anyone within about a half mile
4446 ..........................................................................K6GO 1769 ..........................................................................AAØK of my house with a “Brand X” cable box
4447 ......................................................................VE4MAR 1770 ......................................................................OE5BYE
4448 ......................................................................VE3MSC 1771 ......................................................................JR3PKO was not going to be able to watch TV
4449 ........................................................................DC1YY 1772 ........................................................................K4ECM when I went on the air. She kept wanti-
4450 ..........................................................................AAØK 1773 ........................................................................IK8VRH
4451 ........................................................................N9UNX 1774 ........................................................................JK1IWC ng to send a cable TV repairman to my
4452 ......................................................................KFØFBK 1775 ......................................................................CE3JSX house. I said that I was not having the
4453 ..........................................................................K7ZPJ 1776......................................................................KDØBQS
4454 ........................................................................IT9NSM 1777 ........................................................................NA7KR problem, but I was going to be causing
4455 ........................................................................IK8VRH 1778 ........................................................................EI4GEB the problem and it was NOT my fault. The
4456 ........................................................................N8DXZ
contest started and off I went on 80
meters. Shortly after that, my doorbell
CW: 350: AEØDX. 500: WU9D. 650: ON4CN. 800: NF7D. 3200: PY5EG. 5800: N6JV.
rang. It was the cable TV guy. He was
SSB: 400: F4GVE. 450: VE4MAR. 500: DL8YDU, PU4MMZ. 700: KC3HXF. 1000: K6VXI. 1100: W4MAY. 1500: G4FKA. awesome, by the way. Apparently, he
1700: W2YR. 3500: PY5EG.
lived within the half mile radius and his
Mixed: 450: DC1YY, N8DXZ, EI4GEB. 500: JL2GSN, WP4JLZ, W2SUB. 550: VA7AMV, K1THE, WB4DW. 600: F4GVE, own TV (using Brand X) was getting
7N4SQJ, NA7KR, N6FB. 650: KD2RUY, K6GO. 700: KC7RAS. 750: SM6STI, AC9DX. 800: JS1ERB, IK8VRH. 850: KC3HXF,
N4JJS. 900: N6DSC, IU1HGN. 1000: KY6AA. 1050: VE4MAR. 1100: KM4VI. 1150: I1YDT. 1250: LX2SM, W4DWS. 1350: wiped out. After explaining to him the sit-
K3DFL. 1450: MØHIH, NG9J. 1550: HB9HIT, NF7D. 1650: WU9D, KE4KMG. 1800: K4IJQ, PU4MMZ. 2000: W4MAY. 2100: uation and telling him that this would hap-
KSØAA. 2400: JR3UIC. 2500: HB9EFK. 2550: G4FKA. 2650: AE5B. 3050: W2YR. 3600: HB9BIN. 4300: PY5EG. 7100:
IK6DLK. pen anywhere a local amateur radio sta-
tion was transmitting on 80 meters, he
Digital: 350: JS1LQI, AAØK, OE5BYE, KFØFBK. 400: AEØGV, W9NB, KØBYJ, KC3HXF, 7N4SQJ, VE3MSC, K7ZPJ,
EI4GEB. 500: WP4JLZ, W2SUB, K6GO, K1THE. 550: VA7AMV, NA7KR. 600: JS1ERB, JR3PKO, N6FB. 650: KD2RUY, asked if we could prove it by swapping
IK8VRH. 700: KC7RAS, SM6STI. 750: I1YDT, VE4MAR, AC9DX. 850: N4JJS. 900: N6DSC, IU1HGN. 950: KY6AA. 1000: out his own home cable box while I was
AE5B, JA3UOQ, NF7D. 1050: KM4VI. 1100: LX2SM, W4DWS, W4MAY. 1250: MØHIH, NG9J. 1350: K3DFL. 1450: WU9D.
1550: HB9HIT. 1650: PU4MMZ, G4FKA. 1700: W2YR. 1900: PY5EG. 2050: JR3UIC. 2150: KSØAA. 2200: HB9EFK. 2400: transmitting. Yes, swapping Brand X with
K2YYY. 2600: HB9BIN. Brand Y cured the problem at his house.
160 Meters: KY6AA, AEØDX, NG9J He promised to make sure that the issue
80 Meters: KSØAA, MØHIH, NG9J was brought up to the cable TV man-
60 Meters: MØHIH
40 Meters: KC3HXF, KSØAA, F4GVE, HB9EFK, MØHIH, KY6AA, WB8LEM, JA3UOQ, N6FB agement if I would avoid 80 meters at
30 Meters: KØBYJ, I1YDT, NG9J, JA3UOQ least until after midnight (as I recall). I
20 Meters: KC3HXF, KSØAA, MØHIH, VA7AMV, K6GO, K1THE, VE4MAR, WB8LEM, ON4CN, NA7KR
17 Meters: AE5B, SM6STI, W4DWS, JA3UOQ agreed. As I recall, that evening when I
15 Meters: K3DFL, KSØAA, MØHIH, KY6AA, 7N4SQJ, SM6STI, JR3PKO, NG9J, JA3UOQ, N6DSC, W2YR did operate on 80 meters in the
12 Meters: MØHIH
10 Meters: LX2SM, KSØAA, MØHIH, JR3PKO Sweepstakes, it created a fairly good list
6 Meters: AC9DX of cable customers who called in their
Asia: JA6PKH, JS1LQI, KSØAA, DL8YDU, JS1LQI, 7N4SQJ, VA7AMV, JN6III, K6GO, JR5COR, JR3PKO, K7ZPJ, IK8VRH, “interference” issue to the company, and
JK1IWC, HA5BMS, ON4CN, NA7KR all were given new cable boxes. I never
Europe: W9NB, KC3HXF, KSØAA, DL8YDU, SQ8LUV, KY6AA, 7N4SQJ, VE4MAR, DC1YY, G5JDA, ZZ4WTT, JS1ERB,
WB4DW, OE5BYE, WB8LEM, JR3PKO, AC9DX, IT9NSM, IK8VRH, HA5BMS, ON4CN, EI4GEB had an issue with 80-meter cable TV
Oceania: JA6PKH, LX2SM, JS1LQI, I1YDT, JS1LQI, 7N4SQJ, JR3PKO, HB9HIT, JA3UOQ, N6DSC interference (that I knew of) after that as
North America: KØBYJ, KA4RUR, AEØGV, W9NB, W8MHB, KSØAA, N4VWZ, KY6AA, VA7AMV, K6GO, KC2DVD,
KC9WSC, W9VUP, VE4MAR, VE3MSC, KB9FPY, AAØK, N9UNX, WB8LEM, KFØFBK, K7ZPJ, IK8VRH, K4ECM, N8DXZ, I believe that their repair department
KDØBQS, NA7KR, JA3UOQ understood what the “fix” was for this
South America: KC3HXF, KSØAA, K6GO, NG9J
problem. Another side story to this
“event” was that the repair technician
Complete rules and application forms may be obtained by sending a business-size, self-addressed, stamped envelope (for-
eign stations send extra postage for airmail) to "CQ WPX Awards," P.O. Box 355, New Carlisle, OH 45344 USA. Note: WPX who came to my house ended up getting
will now accept prefixes/calls which have been confirmed by eQSL.cc. and the ARRL Logbook of The World (LoTW). his ham license and became one of our
*Please Note: The price of the 160, 30, 17, 12, 6, and Digital bars for the Award of Excellence are $6.50 each. better local radio club members.
Back to DXing ... it is worth it in retro-

spect to realize just where DXing was if we don’t induce young people into same “internet” and “social media” to
in the ‘60s, ’70s and ’80s. It was often ham radio, we will be losing in the long enhance amateur radio, especially all
a challenge being a ham, especially a run because there is virtually no under- aspects of DXing.
DXer, back then. We dealt with inter- standing about what ham radio is all DXing and its draw to amateur radio is
ference issues too often. Things got bet- about. In addition, our modern ham extremely important. I have always said
ter as we evolved from TV antennas, radio technological advances need to that DXing represents the only “real”
then RF inside coax cable style CATV be shared in order to explain that ham adventure in amateur radio. Bear in mind
to the current “digital” mode and fiber radio today is not your grandpa’s ham that “DXing” includes all aspects of com-
optics. We have come a long way. But radio from the past. We actually use the municating. Remember, communicating
the real change affecting amateur radio
and DXing was yet to come.
In the 1990s, the internet was intro- 5 Band WAZ
duced, and things began to change As of July 1, 2022 Callsign Zones Zones
2387 stations have attained at least the 150 Zone level, Needed
considerably. Can the youth of today and K2TK 198 23, 24
even imagine what it was like to not 1104 stations have attained the 200 Zone level. K3JGJ 198 24, 26
K3LR 198 22, 23
have the internet? Our immediate draw As of July 1, 2022
K3WA 198 23,26
The top contenders for 5 Band WAZ (Zones needed on 80
to amateur radio DXing in the time or other if indicated): K3XA 198 23,34
K4JLD 198 18, 24
before the internet was our ability to CHANGES shown in BOLD
K9MM 198 22, 26
“communicate” with the world by using Callsign Zones Zones KI1G 198 24, 23 on 10M
KZ2I 198 24, 26
antennas. No internet. Chasing DX Needed
LA3MHA 198 31 &32 on 10M
AK8A 199 17
around the world was addicting. The DM5EE 199 1 N4GG 198 18, 24
NXØI 198 18, 23
DXCC program became extremely EA5RM 199 1
ON4CAS 198 1,19
EA7GF 199 1
popular in this timeframe and with H44MS 199 34 OZ4VW 198 1, 2
RL3FA 198 2 on 80 & 10M
radios getting smaller, we had an explo- HAØHW 199 1
UA4LY 198 6 & 2 on 10M
HA5AGS 199 1
sion of DXpeditions and DX activity, I5REA 199 31 UN5J 198 2, 7
US7MM 198 2, 6
especially in the ’70s and ’80s, that has IKØXBX 199 19 on 10M
W2IRT 198 28, 28
IK1AOD 199 1
evolved into what we have today. But IZ3ZNR 199 1 W5CWQ 198 17, 18
W6RW 198 2 & 22 on 10M
things they are changing. We have JA1CMD 199 2
W7AH 198 22, 34
JA5IU 199 2
come to a point where the initial “draw” JA7XBG 199 2 W9RN 198 26, 19 on 40M
WC5N 198 22, 26
for new amateur radio operators and JH7CFX 199 2
WL7E 198 34, 37
JI4POR 199 2
thus DXing has been far outpaced by JK1AJX 199 2 on 10M Z31RQ 198 1, & 2 on 10M
ZL2AL 198 36, 37
the advances in technology that make JK1BSM 199 2
JK1EXO 199 2
it easier to “make DX happen” but at the K1LI 199 24 The following have qualified for the basic 5 Band WAZ
Award:
same time, makes it easier to not see K1OA 199 28
K4HB 199 26 Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
amateur radio as appealing at first K5TR 199 22 N4GOA 2376 06/05/2022 150
glance. The problem has many trails. K7UR 199 34 W4QNW 2377 06/07/2022 153
KZ4V 199 26 ERØFEO 2378 06/07/2022 170
But the biggest is that the internet, and N3UN 199 18 K3SV 2379 06/07/2022 187
more recently “social media,” provide a N4NX 199 26 KV4AA 2380 06/08/2022 155
N4WW 199 26 NF7D 2381 06/08/2022 162
much simpler path to follow, especial- N4XR 199 27 CT3MD 2382 06/11/2022 200
ly for our youth. No antennas. No N6PF 199 23 on 10M VA2RC 2383 06/16/2022 174
N8AA 199 23 EU7X 2384 06/18/2022 188
license to study for. Pick up your phone N8DX 199 23 IZ4DPV 2385 06/18/2022 151
and the world is at your fingertips. Why N8TR 199 23 on 10M K2WJ 2386 06/24/2022 166
RA6AX 199 6 on 10M UW7LL 2387 06/26/2022 200
bother to learn about a radio? RU3DX 199 6
When I was wandering around Xenia RWØLT 199 2 on 40M Updates to the 5BWAZ list of stations:
RX4HZ 199 13
this year, it was quite evident that our RZ3EC 199 1 on 40M Callsign 5BWAZ # Date # Zones
W6AEA 1782 6/21/2012 197
hobby is aging. All one had to do was S58Q 199 31
W7YA 2246 10/5/2020 189
SM7BIP 199 31
“look around” at the crowd. I worry SP9JZU 199 19 on 10M KN7Y 2274 1/29/2021 182
N6DHZ 2284 2/8/2021 170
where we will be in 5, 10, or 20 years. USØSY 199 1 on 15M
IZ4DPV 2210 5/5/2020 151
VK3HJ 199 34
In the years prior to the internet, ama- VO1FB 199 19 USØSY 2324 10/3/2021 200
teur radio and DXing were self-motivat- W1FJ 199 24
New recipients of 5 Band WAZ with all 200 Zones
W1FZ 199 26
ing. The mere thought of being able to W3LL 199 18 on 10M confirmed:
“communicate” with the world from your W3NO 199 26
5BWAZ # Callsign Date All 200 #
W4LI 199 26
home was more than enough. The ’70s 2382 CT3MD 6/11/2022 1102
W6DN 199 17
2324 USØSY 6/25/2022 1103
brought us the CB boom, which also W6RKC 199 21
2387 UW7LL 6/26/2022 1104
W6TMD 199 34
provided a needed infusion into this W9OO 199 18 on 10M Rules and applications for the WAZ program may be obtained
great hobby at the time. Once the inter- W9XY 199 22 by sending a large SAE with two units of postage or an address
9A5I 198 1, 16 label and $1.00 to: WAZ Award Manager, Jose Castillo,
net came along, the “draw” began to EA5BCX 198 27, 39 N4BAA, 6773 South State Road 103, Straughn, IN 47387. The
fade. In my local radio club in the ’70s F5NBU 198 19, 31 processing fee for the 5BWAZ award is $10.00 for subscrib-
F6DAY 198 2 on 10M & 15M ers (please include your most recent CQ mailing label or a
and ’80s, a few argued that we should G3KDG 198 1, 12 copy) and $15.00 for nonsubscribers. An endorsement fee of
not be trying to go out of our way to G3KMQ 198 1, 27 $2.00 for subscribers and $5.00 for nonsubscribers is charged
HB9FMN 198 1 on 80M & 10M
encourage young people into ham I1EIS 198 1 & 19 on 10M
for each additional 10 zones confirmed. Please make all
checks payable to Jose Castillo. Applicants sending QSL cards
radio. Everyone supposedly had at JA1DM 198 2, 40 to a CQ checkpoint or the Award Manager must include return
JA3GN 198 2 on 80M & 40M
least an idea of what ham radio was all JA7MSQ 198 2 on 80M & 10M
postage. N4BAA may also be reached via email: <n4baa@cq-
amateur-radio.com>.
about. Those who were “induced” to JH1EEB 198 2, 33
KØDEQ 198 22, 26
come into the hobby would never be K1BD 198 23, 26
*Please note: Cost of the 5 Band WAZ Plaque is $100 shipped
within the U.S.; $120 all foreign (sent airmail).
“good hams,” they thought. But today, K2EP 198 23, 24

Photo A. This photo shows what a “Radio In Box” (RIB) actually looks like. It is a prototype of a complete amateur radio
station in a box set up on a remote island that is operated remotely from a nearby boat. Watch a future DX column for a
complete article on RIBs and how they will affect DXing in the future. (Photo courtesy of W8HC)
is our essential purpose. All of the modern amateur radio aimed at the fact that the two-way contact was done without
technology that we have today was developed because we a phone or any connection to the internet.
ultimately want to communicate. DXing is relevant to how far In the past, I have done school demonstrations to students
your signal can be sent. On some frequencies, it might be from second and fifth grade. The fifth graders were by far the
only a few miles. On others, it can be around the globe. best for obvious reasons. What I quickly discovered was that
What constitutes a “young” ham? Let me give you my defi- although you would think that demonstrating a voice contact
nition: After looking around Hamvention, I say anyone under would be most popular, it was not. It was the best way to do
50 years old should be considered “youth.” Why? Because a quick introduction to ham radio but getting a youngster to
anyone entering their 50s just might be looking for a person- talk on a microphone was usually challenging. I would always
al challenge as they approach retirement, and it is possible have Morse code keys set up in the back of the room. I would
that the draw of ham radio and DXing just might check off that
box. But for sure, I think that there are plenty of real youth out
there who just might see the spark that ignites an interest in CQ DX Awards Program
one or more aspects of amateur radio, including chasing DX Endorsements CW
or maybe even “being DX” on a DXpedition somewhere. We W1DE..........................................................................................337
must induce youth to come into our great hobby especially Endorsements SSB
DXing. And now, with the new sunspot cycle just starting, it W1DE ........................................................................332 3.5/7 MHz
will be easier to show them the fun and reward of chasing DX.
The basic award fee for subscribers to CQ is $6. For non-subscribers, it is $12.
How can you help? I have always advocated that DXers In order to qualify for the reduced subscriber rate, please enclose your latest
should join their local amateur radio club. Be willing to spread CQ mailing label with your application. Endorsement stickers are $1.00 each
the word about DXing, especially on the HF bands. Bring in plus SASE. Updates not involving the issuance of a sticker are free. All updates
and correspondence must include an SASE. Rules and application forms for the
some of your better QSL cards to show around. Encourage CQ DX Awards may be found on the <www.cq-amateur-radio.com> website, or
the local club to get the word out about ham radio in their may be obtained by sending a business-size, self-addressed, stamped enve-
community and the local schools. Help sponsor an “open lope to CQ DX Awards Manager, Please make checks payable to the Award
Manager, Keith Gilbertson. Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688
house” where you can have a small portable radio set up as Sandy Beach Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA. We recognize 341 active
a demonstration. Be sure to show youth multiple modes, countries. Please make all checks payable to the award manager. Photocopies
especially FT8. I know that some of you do not like FT8, but of documentation issued by recognized national Amateur Radio associations
that sponsor international awards may be acceptable for CQ DX award credit
it is a natural mode to draw in our young computer-literate in lieu of having QSL cards checked. Documentation must list (itemize) coun-
potential hams. Emphasis is on the radio and antenna with tries that have been credited to an applicant. Screen printouts from eQSL.cc
that list countries confirmed through their system are also acceptable. Screen
no communication connection to the internet. You can see printouts listing countries credited to an applicant through an electronic logging
right on the screen who is being heard and where they are system offered by a national Amateur Radio organization also may be accept-
from. When you actually QSO someone, the excitement is able. Contact the CQ DX Award Manager for specific details.

teach them how to send their name in CQ DX Honor Roll
Morse. The kids LOVED IT. I told them
The CQ DX Honor Roll recognizes those DXers who have submitted proof of confirmation with 275 or more
that if they learned Morse code, they ACTIVE countries. With few exceptions, the ARRL DXCC Countries List is used as the country standard.
could send secret messages to each The CQ DX Award currently recognizes 340 countries. Honor Roll listing is automatic when an application
other in class; I was willing to do any- is received and approved for 275 or more active countries. Deleted countries do not count and all totals are
adjusted as deletions occur. To remain on the CQ DX Honor Roll, annual updates are required. All updates
thing to light that spark! It has been must be accompanied by an SASE if confirmation of total is required. The fee for endorsement stickers is
many years since I did this. But today, $1.00 each plus SASE. (Stickers for the 340 level and Honor Roll are available.) Please make checks payable
I think doing a quick phone QSO to start, to the Award Manager, Keith Gilbertson. Mail all updates to Keith Gilbertson, KØKG, 21688 Sandy Beach
Lane, Rochert, MN 56578-9604 USA.
but then moving to FT8 and carefully
explaining how it works could be a pos- CW
itive way to show how to make contacts
over the radio waves without having to DL3DXX..........339 N4NX ..............339 W7IIT ..............337 AB4IQ ............327 YO9HP ...........312
HB9DDZ .........339 N5ZM..............339 K8ME..............336 K6CU ..............326 W6WF.............309
talk into a microphone. In this modern K4IQJ..............339 N7FU ..............339 W6OUL...........336 KE3A ..............326 KT2C ............. 307
computerized world, I think it could be K9MM .............339 N7RO..............339 JA7XBG..........335 EA5BY ............325 K4DGJ ............307
a new way to spark youth interest in ham N4MM .............339 NØFW ............339 F6HMJ ............334 KA3S ..............325 W4ABW ..........306
radio DXing. Morse code interest can WB4UBD ........339 OK1MP ...........339 K1FK...............334 K7CU ..............324 K7ZM ..............305
WS9V .............339 W3GH.............339 K9OW ............334 N3RC..............324 HA5LQ............301
come later. Set the hook first. EA2IA .............339 W4OEL ...........339 PY2YP ............334 N7WO.............324 RN3AKK .........300
F3TH...............339 W5BOS...........339 WG5G/ KEØA..............322 WA9PIE ..........298
K2FL .............. 339 W7CNL ...........339 QRPp..........334 YT1VM............322 K4IE................295
Taking a Ribbing K2TQC............339 W7OM ............339 WD9DZV ........334 4Z5SG ............321 YU1YO ...........295
Moving to the future of DXing, I can see K3JGJ.............339 W8XD .............339 K2OWE...........333 N2LM ..............321 WA2VQV ........292
the day when an HF DXpedition will be K3UA ..............339 WK3N .............339 K5UO..............333 ON4CAS.........321 4XIVF..............286
K4CN ..............339 WØJLC ...........339 N6AW .............333 W2OR.............320 K6YR ..............284
nothing like anything we have seen in the K4JLD.............339 WØVTT...........339 W4MPY ..........333 HB9DAX/ PP7LL ............282
past. A group of dedicated hams are K4MQG...........339 YU1AB............339 K6LEB ............331 QRPp...........319 WR7Q.............282
developing and testing RIBs, for Radio In K5RT ..............339 K8SIX .............338 K9VKY ............331 W6YQ ............319 N2VW .............280
K7LAY ............339 KA7T...............338 N7WO.............331 HA1ZH............318 K4EQ ..............280
Box (Photo A). These particular RIBs K7VV ..............339 WA5VGI..........338 OK1DWC........331 N6PEQ ...........318 W8BLA ...........280
have been developed to limit the amount K8LJG.............339 W9RPM ..........338 K6YK ..............329 CT1YH............316 WB5STV.........277
of access needed on an environmental- N4AH ..............339 G3KMQ...........337 W9IL ...............329 EA3ALV ..........315 YO6HSU.........275
N4CH..............339 KØKG .............337 IKØADY ..........328 RA1AOB .........313
ly sensitive DX entity. However, they still N4JF ...............339 W1DF .............337 OZ5UR ...........328 WA4DOU........312
involve setting up an antenna and gen-
erator on the island, then operating from SSB
a nearby anchored boat, thus limiting
AB4IQ.............340 OZ5EV ...........340 N7WR.............338 KC2Q .............331 IV3GOW.........312
physical presence on the island itself. DJ9ZB ............340 VE1YX............340 WA5VGI .........338 SV3AQR.........331 N8SHZ ...........312
Daily return trips to the island would be DL3DXX .........340 VE2GHZ.........340 W2CC.............338 WØROB .........331 K7CU..............311
required to refuel the generator and per- DU9RG...........340 VE2PJ ............340 W7FP .............338 W6OUL ..........331 OK1DWC .......311
EA2IA ............340 VE3MR...........340 W9IL...............338 XE1MEX.........331 KU4BP ...........310
haps perform any necessary mainte- EA4DO ...........340 VE3MRS ........340 N4FN..............337 KD5ZD ...........330 W6NW............310
nance. This will help make operating from HB9DDZ.........340 VE3XN ...........340 IØZV...............336 WA4WTG .......330 I3ZSX .............309
some of these remote locations easier I8KCI ..............340 VK2HV ...........340 K3LC ..............336 WØYDB..........330 G3KMQ ..........308
IK1GPG..........340 W3AZD...........340 K8ME .............336 ZL1BOQ .........330 KA1LMR.........308
and safer for the operators as well as IN3DEI............340 W3GH ............340 EA3BMT.........335 AD7J ..............329 RA1AOB.........308
helping to protect the flora / fauna on the K2FL...............340 W4ABW..........340 F6HMJ............335 N3RC ............329 XE1MEX.........308
entity. But I predict that one day an “HF K2TQC ...........340 W5BOS ..........340 HB9DQD ........335 VE7SMP.........329 IK5ZUK...........307
K3JGJ ............340 W6BCQ ..........340 IKØAZG..........335 WØULU..........329 IØYKN ............306
radio package” will be created that is K4CN..............340 W6DPD ..........340 IW3YGW ........335 CT1AHU.........328 XE1MW ..........305
completely self-contained. It will have a K4IQJ .............340 W7BJN ...........340 OE2EGL.........335 N1ALR............328 K4IE ...............304
radio, antenna, and satellite connection K4JLD ............340 W7OM ............340 VK2HV ...........335 N2LM..............328 K4ZZR............304
installed. It will run relatively low power K4MQG ..........340 W8ILC ............340 W4WX ............335 AE9DX ...........327 K7ZM .............303
K4MZU ...........340 W9SS .............340 WB3D.............335 K7HG .............327 4Z5FL/M.........302
using batteries and a solar panel. K5OVC ...........340 WB4UBD........340 AA4S ..............334 K6GFJ ............326 K7SAM ...........301
Operators could initially access the pack- K5RT ..............340 WK3N.............340 EA5BY............334 KE4SCY .........326 KA8YYZ .........301
age from a nearby boat but could also K5TVC............340 WS9V .............340 K9OW.............334 KF4NEF .........325 4X6DK............298
K6YRA ...........340 XE1AE............340 PY2YP............334 W6WF ............325 K2HJB ............295
access it via satellite and “work” stations K7VV ..............340 YU3AA ...........340 VK4LC............334 W9GD ............325 F5MSB ...........293
around the world for as long as the “pack- K8LJG ............340 JA7XBG .........339 W8AXI ............334 VE7EDZ .........324 W9ACE ..........291
age” is in place and functioning. The day K8SIX .............340 KØKG.............339 XE1J...............334 WA5UA ..........324 N3KV..............289
K9MM.............340 W2FKF ...........339 CT3BM ...........333 F6BFI .............323 W6MAC..........289
could come when I will be able to run a KE5K ..............340 W4UNP ..........339 IK8CNT ..........333 ON4CAS ........323 N5KAE ...........283
pileup from Heard Island on my iPad KZ2P ..............340 W9RPM..........339 K8LJG ..........333 VE6MRT.........323 IZ1JLG ...........282
while sitting in my recliner in New Jersey. N4CH .............340 EA3EQT .........338 N6AW.............333 W5GT.............323 WA9PIE..........282
N4JF...............340 K3UA..............338 OE3WWB.......333 N6PEQ ...........322 WD8EOL ........281
It will count for DXCC and CQ DX be- N4MM.............340 K7LAY ............338 WD9DZV ........333 W4MPY ..........322 IWØHOU ........277
cause the transmitted signal is being sent N5ZM .............340 K9HQM ..........338 AA1VX............332 K8IHQ ............321 AKØMR ..........276
from the entity and the received signal is N7BK..............340 KM2P .............338 KE3A ..............332 KW3W ............320 NØAZZ ...........275
N7RO ............340 N4NX..............338 N2VW.............332 TI8II ................320 SQ7B..............275
being received on the entity by the receiv- NØFW ............340 YU1AB ...........338 N5YY..............332 YO9HP ...........320
er in the package and relayed via satel- OK1MP...........340 4Z4DX ............338 W1DF .............332 XE1RBV .........317
lite back to the operator. Hey AMSAT! OZ3SK ...........340 K1UO .............338 K5UO .............331 N7YB..............315
How about doing this on the moon? RTTY
Wouldn’t that be fun and what a great way
to induce some interest in ham radio? NI4H. . . . . . . . 338 OK1MP . . . . . 337 W3GH . . . . . . 333 N4MM . . . . . . 302
The future will be awesome, and yet WB4UBD . . . . 338 K4CN . . . . . . . 334 K3UA . . . . . . . 332 K4IQJ . . . . . . . 300
WK3N. . . . . . . 338 K8SIX. . . . . . . 334 AB4IQ . . . . . . 323 K8ME . . . . . . . 278
completely unpredictable. N5ZM . . . . . . . 338 W9RPM . . . . . 334 K4WW . . . . . . 323 IN3YGW. . . . . 275
– See ya’ in the pileups! De N2OO

contesting
BY TIM SHOPPA,* N3QE
Recent Trends in Computer-Based Contest Logging
M
odern computer-based contest logger are done through the user easily selected when setting up N1MM
loggers not only help you pre- defined contest or “UDC” rules engine. for a previously unsupported contest.
pare a Cabrillo log for submis- I myself have authored a UDC rules Although N1MM began as a U.S.
sion to a contest sponsor, but also offer module, and found it to be incredibly effort, Table 1 shows that it enjoys high
tools for optimizing your performance, flexible as almost all contesting con- usage around the world as well. The
score, and fun. This month we’ll look at cepts — custom exchanges, scoring documentation and menus in N1MM
recent trends in contest logger usage by variations, multiplier variations — are today are available in 11 different lan-
diving into the loggers used by hams in guages, thanks to translation efforts by
the world’s two largest contests, the CQ international hams.
Worldwide CW and SSB DX contests. N1MM is free to download and use,
Public logs for CQWW CW and SSB although it is not open source. A vigor-
are online at the “Public Logs” link under ous online discussion board supporting
the “Logs” tab at <https://cqww.com>. I N1MM usage is regular reading for me;
analyzed the “CREATED-BY:” field in not only are new-user questions an-
the Cabrillo headers of each of these swered in this forum, but also experi-
logs and arrived at the statistics shown enced users discuss among themselves
in Figure 1 (spanning 2005-2021) and the fine points of optimizing their on-air
Table 1 (world and per-continent break- efforts using the many tools and displays
downs for 2021 entries). available inside this logger. Docu-
In 2005 — at the left edge of Figure 1 mentation, downloads, and a link to the
— two of the earliest MS-DOS based online forum are all at the N1MM web-
contest loggers were still in wide use: site, <https://n1mmwp.hamdocs.com>.
CT Logger by Ken Wolff, K1EA, and the
TR Logger by Larry “Tree” Tyree, N3FJP
N6TR. The MS-DOS versions of these Scott Davis, N3FJP, began developing
programs are still in use by some con- programs for contest and general-pur-
testers, but at a level much less than pose logging in 1997. Today, more than
1%, and thus are not listed in Table 1. 100 ham radio executables are avail-
Let’s work our way through Table 1 and able from his website at <www.n3fjp.
discuss each of the loggers, starting com> to support contest logging, award
with the most widely used. chasing, and general-purpose logging,
and logs created by N3FJP software
N1MM are consistently the second most com-
Tom Wagner, N1MM, began develop- monly uploaded to sponsors. The
ment of his logging software in 2000. In N3FJP software is not free; software
2005, where Figure 1 begins, N1MM registration for logging a single contest
was already the world’s most popular starts as a single $8.99 purchase, and
logger. For the past two decades, a if you enter multiple contests each year
team of experienced contesters and you will likely look at registering for the
software developers from around the entire N3FJP suite at $59.99.
world have contributed to the N1MM N3FJP’s user base is entirely in North
Logger’s software development, and a America, where it represented one fifth
major release of design modernizations of 2021 CQWW log submissions in
in 2013 was reflected in a name change 2021. In addition to being especially
to “N1MM+”. In 2021 N1MM represent- popular in the SSB mode of ARRL
ed 52% of CQWW submissions, 10 Sweepstakes (where more than a third
times more popular than any of its of 2021 submissions were logged with
numerous competitors. Figure 1. Contest software usage N3FJP’s Sweepstakes logger), the
The N1MM design uses a single trends 2005-2021, as analyzed from N3FJP Field Day logger is especially
installed executable package, with submitted CQ World Wide DX CW and popular with clubs who find its large
selectable contest modules to support SSB logs. The grey area at the top rep- graphical ARRL section display espe-
scoring and log generation for over 500 resents not just loggers not named cially appealing to visitors to their tents.
contests today. Almost half of the con- lower on the chart, but also logs that
tests listed as supported by the N1MM didn’t clearly specify the logging soft- Win-Test
ware, and checklog submissions that Win-Test, by Oliver Le Cam, F5MZN, is
are not available for public inspection. an especially popular logging package
email: <n3qe@cq-amateur-radio.com> Data from <https://cqww.com>. for high-scoring European hams as well

as large multi-operator efforts. I have used it as an operator
at the W3LPL multi-operator entries for the past decade,
where we made extensive use of its “sked” feature as we
work to move a rare multiplier between bands. At the largest
multi-operator contest stations, there are often two operators
per band, and the Win-Test “partner” view — showing you
what your band-mate is attempting to work or log — lets two
operators work cooperatively to put the weakest and rarest
signals in the log.
While a free trial version of Win-Test can be downloaded
and tried out for a 15-day period, the trial version is not gen-
erally usable for actual contesting as it cannot export any out-
put files. A full license is 50 Euros. Find all the details on this
logger at <www.win-test.com>.
Table 1. The nine most commonly used contest software log- Other Common Logging Programs
ging packages in the 2021 CQ World Wide DX CW and SSB CTESTWIN, by “Eddy” Yuichi Horiuchi, JI1AQY, first ap-
submissions. Worldwide average usage is shown, as well peared in 2001 and is used almost exclusively by Japanese-
as continent specific usage for three continents. Blanks speaking contesters. In 2021, nearly 60% of Japanese
indicate per-continent usage less than 1%. Data from CQWW entries were logged using CTESTWIN. Full details
<https://cqww.com>. are online at <https://tinyurl.com/v7svwms2>.
Calendar of Events
All year CQ DX Marathon http://bit.ly/vEKMWD
Aug. 3 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity Contest www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Aug. 6 European HF Championship https://euhf.s5cc.eu/euhfc_rules
Aug. 6-7 10-10 Int’l Summer Contest SSB http://bit.ly/1FrFeBc
Aug. 6-7 ARRL 222 MHz and Up Distance Contest http://bit.ly/2IJZcy9
Aug. 6-7 Batavia FT8 Contest https://batavia-ft8.com/
Aug. 6-7 North American CW QSO Party http://ncjweb.com/NAQP-Rules.pdf
Aug. 7 SARL HF Phone Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Aug 13 Kentucky State Parks on the Air https://k4msu.com/kypota
Aug. 13 SARL Youth Sprint http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Aug. 13-14 Maryland-DC QSO Party www.w3vpr.org/node/325
Aug. 13-14 50MHz Fall Sprint https://svhfs.org/2022VHFSprintRules.pdf
Aug. 13-14 Worked All Europe CW Contest https://bit.ly/36ubggF
Aug. 14 NJQRP Skeeter Hunt https://tinyurl.com/ypcns3eb
Aug. 14 SARL HF Digital Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Aug. 20-21 ARRL 10 GHz and Up Contest www.arrl.org/10-ghz-up
Aug. 20-21 CVA DX Contest CW http://cvadx.org/regulamento.pdf
Aug. 20-21 International Lighthouse Lightship Weekend – ILLW https://illw.net
Aug. 20-21 SARTG RTTY Contest www.sartg.com/index.html
Aug. 20-21 North American SSB QSO Party http://ncjweb.com/NAQP-Rules.pdf
Aug. 21 ARRL Rookie Roundup RTTY www.arrl.org/rookie-roundup
Aug. 27-28 ALARA Contest www.alara.org.au/contests
Aug. 27-28 CVA DX Contest SSB http://cvadx.org/regulamento.pdf
Aug. 27-28 Kansas QSO Party www.ksqsoparty.org
Aug. 27-28 Ohio QSO Party www.ohqp.org/index.php/rules
Aug. 27-28 YO DX HF Contest www.yodx.ro/en
Aug. 27-28 World Wide Digi DX Contest https://ww-digi.com
Aug 27-28 W/VE Island QSO Party https://usislands.org/qso-party-rules
Aug. 27-29 Hawaii QSO Party http://hawaiiqsoparty.org
Aug. 28 SARL HF CW Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Sept. 3 AGCW Straight Key Party https://bit.ly/3ngQSpB

Sept. 3-4 All Asian DX Phone Contest https://bit.ly/3HVjkra
Sept. 3-4 Colorado QSO Party http://ppraa.org/coqp
Sept. 3-4 IARC Region 1 Field Day http://bit.ly/3cC0HKf
Sept. 3-4 RSGB SSB Field Day https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Sept. 3-4 SARL Field Day http://bit.ly/H0IqQf

Bernd Bruhn, DL7UCX, is the author of the shareware a silent key in 2019. Today, DXLog.net is supported by a
UcxLog logger. As you can see from Table 1, almost all team led by Krassy Petkov, K1LZ. The DXLog.net software,
UcxLog users are in Europe; more than two-thirds of its users documentation, and links to online support forums can be
are German hams. The UcxLog software, documentation, found at <http://dxlog.net>.
and a web-forum where questions are answered and tips are At the bottom of Table 2 is the Writelog logger, mostly used
shared, are all accessed on the web via <www.ucxlog.org>. by North Americans. Writelog originated with the work of
A contest logger used almost entirely inside Italy is Wayne Wright, W5XD, in 1991, as one of the first loggers
QARTest, by IK3QAR, Paolo Toscano. Approximately 69% developed specifically for use under Microsoft Windows®.
of Italian hams submitting logs to CQWW in 2021 used This logger innovated, especially in two-radio (SO2R) sup-
QARTest. This free contest logger and its documentation are port from a single computer. It costs $30 to register and down-
at <https://tinyurl.com/yh2nyep7>. load the software; find full details at <https://writelog.com>.
The TR4W logger began in 2007 as a port of the MS-DOS In addition to the CW and SSB loggers I’ve just run through,
based TR logger to Windows; today it is freeware with source there are distinct digital and RTTY software packages that
code available. Although its lead developer, Howie Hoyt, become important when I examine entries in the CQWW
N4AF, is an American, you will find that its documentation is RTTY and WW Digi contests. The MIXW digital mode pack-
available in many languages, and Table 1 informs us that the age represents almost 4% of entries in CQWW RTTY, and
TR4W logger is most heavily used in Asia and Europe. Find is capable of exporting a sponsor-compatible Cabrillo by
documentation and downloads at <https://tr4w.net>. following the detailed directions at <https://cqwwrtty.
Since its first release in 2011, the free-of-charge DXLog.net com/mixw.htm>. In contests with heavy FT4 and FT8 partic-
logger has been steadily growing in use, and was responsi- ipation, such as VHF contests and the WW Digi contest, the
ble for 5% of European log submissions in CQWW 2021. native non-contest-oriented digital software packages WSJT,
DXLog.net’s author, Kresimir “Chris” Kovarik, 9A5K, became MSHV, and DigiRite are all capable of directly exporting a
Sept. 3-4 PODXS 070 Club Jay Hudak Memorial 80M Sprint http://bit.ly/2MkaaNt
Sept. 4-5 Tennessee QSO Party https://tnqp.org/rules
Sept. 5 RSGB Autumn Series SSB https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Sept. 5-6 MI QRP Labor Day CW Sprint www.miqrp.net/contest
Sept. 7 UKEICC 80m Contests SSB https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php
Sept. 7 VHF-UHF FT8 Activity Contest www.ft8activity.eu/index.php/en
Sept. 10 FOC QSO Party www.g4foc.org/qsoparty
Sept. 10 OSPOTA Contest http://ospota.org
Sept. 10-11 Alabama QSO Party www.alabamaqsoparty.org
Sept. 10-11 Veron SLP Contest http://bit.ly/2L9eT1L
Sept. 10-11 Worked All Europe SSB Contest https://bit.ly/36ubggF
Sept. 10-12 ARRL September VHF QSO Party www.arrl.org/september-vhf
Sept. 11 North American CW Sprint http://ncjweb.com/Sprint-Rules.pdf
Sept. 14 RSGB Autumn Series CW https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Sept. 15 Bavarian Contest Club QSO Party https://bit.ly/2MDzviG
Sept. 16 AGB NEMIGA Contest https://bit.ly/2AWBbRK
Sept. 17 Feld Hell Sprint http://bit.ly/2JcbOwW
Sept. 17-18 ARRL 10 GHz and UP Contest www.arrl.org/10-ghz-up
Sept. 17-18 ARRL EME Contest www.arrl.org/eme-contest
Sept. 17-18 Iowa QSO Party www.w0yl.com/IAQP
Sept. 17-18 New Hampshire QSO Party www.w1wqm.org/nhqso
Sept. 17-18 New Jersey QSO Party http://bit.ly/1nDlf8V
Sept. 17-18 QRP Afield http://bit.ly/2QACxFu
Sept. 17-18 SARL VHF/UHF Digital Contest http://bit.ly/H0IqQf
Sept. 17-18 Scandinavian CW Activity Contest www.sactest.net/blog
Sept. 17-18 Texas QSO Party http://txqp.net
Sept. 17-18 Washington State Salmon Run http://salmonrun.wwdxc.org/rules
Sept. 18 BARTG Sprint PSK63 http://bartg.org.uk/wp/contests
Sept. 18 North American RTTY Sprint http://ncjweb.com/Sprint-Rules.pdf
Sept. 19 144 MHz Fall Sprint https://svhfs.org/2022VHFSprintRules.pdf
Sept. 22 RSGB Autumn Series Data https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Sept. 24 AGCW UHF/VHF Contest https://bit.ly/3lw91PK
Sept. 24-25 CQWW RTTY DX Contest www.cqwwrtty.com
Sept. 24-25 AWA Amplitude Modulation QSO Party bit.ly/3Qkdp4w
Sept. 24-25 Maine QSO Party www.ws1sm.com/MEQP.html
Sept. 26 RSGB FT4 Contest Series https://bit.ly/31qpcJl
Sept. 27 222 MHz Fall Sprint https://svhfs.org/2022VHFSprintRules.pdf
Sept. 28 UKEICC 80m Contests CW https://ukeicc.com/80m-rules.php

Cabrillo or an ADIF for conversion into a Cabrillo, and are but you will find that it requires some editing and reformat-
responsible for as many as 20% of entries. ting for submission to a contest organizer. Only a handful of
CQWW log entries indicate HRD as the author.
If you have a general-purpose logger that isn’t producing a
Beyond Windows totally proper Cabrillo, it’s likely that a web tool can help you
Are you a dedicated Macintosh user? The most popular Mac format it as a Cabrillo. Bruce Horn, WA7BNM, maintains a
contest logger is the free Skookum Logger, developed by Bill set of “Cabrillo Web Forms” allowing conversion of simple
Myers, K1GQ. Usage of Skookum Logger has steadily grown tabular text into fully compliant Cabrillo files for almost 100
since its first release in 2009, and by 2019 it represented contests. In the 2021 CQWW Contests, the WA7BNM forms
0.27% of CQWW logs submitted. You can find out more about aided in almost 1% of all log submissions. You can find a
this logger at <https://k1gq.net/SkookumLogger>. clickable list of Bruce’s web forms at <www.b4h.net/
Are you using the Linux operating system in your shack? cabforms>.
A native-to-Linux port of TR is at <www.kkn.net/trlinux>. Were you using a general-purpose logger that generates
Howie Hoyt, N4AF, recommends running TR4W in Linux ADIF files? Those can be converted to Cabrillo using a wide
by using the WINE windows compatibility layer. The pop- variety of ADIF tools — for example, the web form at
ular N1MM doesn’t work under WINE, but I’ve successful- <https://cqww.com/adif> is appropriate for the CQWW CW
ly used it on Linux desktops by running it inside a Virtualbox and SSB contests. If you click across the top of the CQ
running a full Microsoft Windows installation. I was partic- Worldwide contest page, you’ll find links to the website for
ularly impressed by the Virtualbox support for USB con- each contest sponsored by CQ magazine and find each of
nections to radios and sound cards for CAT rig interfacing them has its own ADIF to Cabrillo converter.
and RTTY contesting; especially in the 2010 era, I found Let’s consider the reverse situation; you’re very comfort-
that the virtual abstractions for both USB and sound able with the keystrokes and user interface of a contest log-
devices under Linux proved more stable than the native ger and are looking to use it as a general-purpose logger at
Windows support. home, for use by a DXpedition team, or while activating dur-
Are you an experienced contester looking to try higher-end ing POTA (Parks On The Air) or SOTA (Summits On The Air)
contesting software software? If so, you might look at the log- excursions. The “DX” logging module of N1MM is used by
gers used by the top 17 (99.9% percentile) of highest-scor- many DXpeditions, both large and small, outside of contests.
ing CQWW entries in 2021. Win-Test was used 55% of these Hams at home can also use the “DX” module outside of con-
stations, dominating both multi-operator and single-operator tests, and will find that new DXCC entities are highlighted as
unassisted entries. N1MM+ and DXLog.net were the chosen multipliers if they are chasing DX outside of a contest.
loggers of the remaining top contesters. In addition to contest-specific loggers, you will find that
Some general-purpose loggers, like Ham Radio Deluxe, N3FJP’s “ACL”, short for “Amateur Contact Log”, has many
can generate an output that looks vaguely like a Cabrillo file, uses for general-purpose, non-contest logging. It simultane-
Looking Ahead
Here are some of the articles we’re working on for upcoming issues of CQ:
• Results: 2022 CQWW WPX SSB Contest

• The Truth About the Wouff Hong!
• The Vibroplex in Commercial Telegraph Service
Were you first licensed Plus…

• Kit-Building: A Pocket Full of Fun
25 years ago and • A Commercial Transceiver to Amateur Amplifier Interface
• MF/LF: Fun With Ground Waves!
licensed today?
Upcoming Special Issues
October: Emergency Communications (Looking for your stories!)
Then you should join the December: Technology
February: QRP
Quarter Century June: Take it to the Field
Wireless Association, Inc.
Do you have a hobby radio story to tell? Something for one of our specials?
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propagation
BY TOMAS HOOD,* NW7US
August Propagation
Quick Look at Current Cycle 25 Conditions: One Year Ago:
(Data rounded to nearest whole number) (Data rounded to nearest whole number)
Sunspots: Sunspots:
Observed Monthly, June 2022: 72 Observed Monthly, June 2021: 24
12-month smoothed, December 2021: 55 12-month smoothed, December 2020: 15
10.7-cm Flux: 10.7-cm Flux:

Observed Monthly, June 2022: 116 Observed Monthly, June 2021: 80
12-month smoothed, December 2021: 102 12-month smoothed, December 2020: 76
L
ate August and early September are a difficult time of an X-ray flare erupts from a sunspot region on the visible
year for which to make accurate band predictions solar disc, a radio blackout may occur. Additionally, these
because conditions can change dramatically from day flares, as well as coronal holes, eject plasma into the solar
to day. On many days, typical summertime conditions will wind stream and such clouds may collide with the Earth’s
continue much as they were during June and July. On other magnetosphere, causing geomagnetic storms (such as
days, conditions may sound typically fall-like, with somewhat experienced in mid-July).
higher daytime usable frequencies and somewhat lower By late August it should be possible to work some DX on
nighttime usable frequencies. When you add equinoctial con- 160 meters during the hours of darkness. Conditions on this
ditions that can begin as early as late August, we often expe- band, as well as on 40, 60, and 80 meters, will tend to peak
rience optimum openings between the northern and south- just as the Sun begins to rise on the light, or easternmost,
ern hemispheres on the one hand, but periods of active to terminal of a path.
stormy conditions on the other. For short-skip openings during August and early Septem-
Conditions overall are getting better (from the viewpoint of ber, try 80 meters during the day for distances less than 250
an avid DXer; see Photos A and B of your columnist’s radio
shack, and the QSL card with memento commemorating the
two-way shortwave — HF — conversation between NW7US
LAST-MINUTE FORECAST
in Ohio and SU9VB in Egypt, only possible with higher solar
Day-to-Day Conditions Expected for August 2022
activity). With the dramatic increase in Sunspot Cycle 25
activity, good DX conditions should be possible on several Expected Signal Quality
Propagation Index (4) (3) (2) (1
1)
bands: The 15-, 17-, and 20-meter bands are operational Above Normal: A A B C
during daylight hours. Expect signals on 17 and 20 meters 2-3, 6-7, 23-25, 29-30
High Normal: A B C C-D
to peak approximately during the 2-hour window immediately 8, 10-18, 21-22, 27
following sunrise and again during the late afternoon, with Low Normal: B C-B C-D D-E
4-5, 9, 19, 26, 31
15 meters behaving in a similar fashion but with fewer and Below Normal: C C-D D-E E
shorter openings. 1, 20, 28
Disturbed: C-D D E E
Between sundown and sunrise, 20 meters is expected to n/a
be the best DX band. Occasional nighttime openings are pos-
Where expected signal quality is:
sible to many areas of the world, some with surprisingly A--Excellent opening, exceptionally strong, steady signals greater than S9
strong signal levels (check for long path openings, too). B--Good opening, moderately strong signals varying between S6 and S9, with litttle fad
noise.
din
ng or
On 20 meters, North American stations may expect good C--Fair opening, signals between moderately strong and weak, varying betw ween S3 and S6,
with some fading and noise.
DX conditions for openings toward Latin America, the far D--Poor opening, with weak signals varying between S1 and S3, with consid derablle fad
ding and
Pacific, and into Asia until midnight. You might catch some noise.
E--No opening expected.
activity on 17 or even 15 meters during the same period.
Fairly good conditions are also expected on 30, 40, 60, 75, HOW TO USE THIS FORECAST
and 80 meters despite the high static level at times. Openings 1. Using the Propagation Charts appearing in “The CQ Shortwave Propagation Handbook,
should be possible before midnight along an arc extending 4th Edition,” by Carl Luetzelschwab, George Jacobs, Theodore J. Cohen, and R. B. Rose.
a. Find the Propagation Index associated with the particular path opening from the
from northern Europe, through Africa, and into Latin America, Propagation Charts.
the far Pacific, and Asia after midnight. b. With the Propagation Index, use the above table to find the expected signal quality asso-
ciated with the path opening for any given day of the month. For example, an opening shown
With the increase in solar activity, we do have to accept in the Propagation Charts with a Propagation Index of 3 will be poor to fair on August 1st,
the moments when conditions become challenging. When excellent from August 2nd and August 3rd, fair to good on August 4th through August 5th, and
so forth.
2. Alternatively, you may use the Last-Minute Forecast as a general guide to space weath-
er and geomagnetic conditions throughout the month. When conditions are Above Normal, for
* P.O. Box 110 example, the geomagnetic field should be quiet, and space weather should be mild. On the
Fayetteville, OH 45118 other hand, days marked as Disturbed will be riddled with geomagnetic storms. Propagation of
radio signals in the HF spectrum will be affected by these geomagnetic conditions. In general,
Email: <nw7us@nw7us.us> when conditions are High Normal to Above Normal, signals will be more reliable on a given
@NW7US (https://Twitter.com/NW7US) path, when the ionosphere supports the path that is in consideration. This chart is updated daily
at <https://SunSpotWatch.com> provided by NW7US.
@hfradiospacewx (https://Twitter.com/HFRadioSpaceWX)

Photo A. Confirmation has arrived: Tomas, NW7US, had a successful two-way Morse code radio exchange with an ama-
teur radio station in Egypt (SU9VB, Vlad), on the 40-meter shortwave band. Here is the QSL card, and a souvenir 1-pound
Egyptian bill, all of which arrived by postal service in a wonderful envelope. This is true QSL courtesy! (Photo by Tomas
Hood, NW7US)
Photo B. This is the latest iteration of your columnist’s equipment for MF, HF, VHF, and UHF amateur radio communi-
cations. Some equipment is courtesy of Hams in the Air (here is a “thank you” to them!). (Photo by Tomas Hood, NW7US)
Equipment:
• Telegraph Keys: WWII Flameproof Signaling straight
• Icom: IC-7610, IC-7000 transceivers key, N3ZN ZN-SL single-lever paddle key
• Yaesu: FT-991A • W2IHY Technologies: W2IHY EQPlus, 8-Band Audio
• Ameritron: AL-80A amplifier Equalizers / Noise Gates
• Elecraft: W2 Watt Meter with 2K Sensor • Heil: GM-5 Goldline microphone
• Dentron: Super Tuner Plus • Astron Power Supply units (RS-35M)
• LDG Electronics: AT-600ProII Automatic Antenna Tuner • Alpha Delta coaxial switches

Figure 1. Two snapshots of the Planetary K Index which represents the Earth’s geomagnetic activity level. July saw a
lot of variation in geomagnetic activity, from very quiet to moderately strong storm levels. When the Index is 5 or high-
er, the geomagnetic field is in a storm condition, which significantly lowers the Maximum Usable Frequency of any give
radio propagation path (between two stations, by way of the ionosphere). (Courtesy of NOAA/Space Weather Prediction
Center (SWPC))
miles, with 60 and 40 meters also

usable. During the hours of darkness,
both 80 and 160 meters should provide
excellent communications over this dis-
tance. For openings between 250 and
750 miles, use 30 and 40 meters dur-
ing the day for distances up to 500
miles, and 20 and 17 meters between
500 and 750 miles. At night, 40 and 30
meters should be the best bands for this
distance until midnight, with 80 meters
optimum from midnight to sunrise. Try
60 meters, as well. For openings
between 750 and 1,300 miles, try 20
and 17 meters, as they should provide
optimum propagation during the hours
of daylight. Optimum conditions should
continue on these bands for this dis-
tance range after sundown and until
midnight. Between midnight and sun-
rise, the best band should be 40
meters, but check 60 meters, too. For
openings between 1,300 miles and the
one-hop short-skip limit of approxi-
mately 2,300 miles try 20 and 17 meters
during the day, with 15 meters also
usable. After sundown, try 30, 40, and
60 meters, with 80 meters also provid-
ing good propagation conditions for this
distance range.
VHF Conditions
Sporadic-E (Es) propagation usually
begins to taper off during August, but it
should still continue to occur fairly fre- Photo C. We are witnessing a significant rise in daily sunspot counts. This white-
quently. Some 6-meter Es openings are light (visible to the human eye) shows the four major sunspot regions on July 13,
expected during the month over dis- 2022. There were flares originating from these regions, which led to a number
tances of approximately 750 to 1,300 of radio blackouts on the Sun-facing side of the ionosphere and Earth. (Courtesy
miles. During periods of intense and of SDO/HMI)

widespread Es ionization, two-hop
openings may be possible consider-
ably beyond this range. Also check the
2-meter band for an occasional Es
short-skip opening between approxi-
mately 1,200 and 1,400 miles. While Es
short-skip openings may occur at any
time, there is a tendency for them to
peak between 8 a.m. and noon, and
again between 6 and 9 p.m. local day-
light time.
The Perseids meteor shower starts
during the beginning of August and
peaks the night of August 12th. It is
most observable in the Northern Hemi-
sphere. The maximum hourly visual
rate should reach 80.
For the very patient, check the 6-
meter band for possible trans-equator-
ial (TE) openings between 8 and 11 p.m.
local daylight time. This type of propa-
gation favors openings from the south-
ern tier states into deep South America,
with the signal path crossing the mag-
netic equator at a right angle. TE open-
ings during August are rare, but they
can occur. Very weak signals and
severe flutter fading usually character-
ize them.
Photos D & E. Two different views of

the Sun on July 8, 2022. These are
false-colored images captured by the
Solar Dynamics Observatory space-
craft’s Atmospheric Imaging Assembly,
or AIA. The images are colored this way
because we cannot see extreme ultra-
violet, but the AIA images that are cap-
tured are rendered with standardized
colors that represent the Angstrom
wavelength of the image. The purple
image is at 211 Angstroms, which
reveals solar active regions. The light
is emitted by iron-14 (Fe XIV) at tem-
peratures of 3.6 million° F. These
images show hotter, magnetically
active regions in the Sun’s corona.
The bronze image reveals Corona and
Flare Plasma, and is helpful in identify-
ing coronal holes. This light is emitted
by iron-12 (Fe XII) at around 1.8 mil-
lion° F and iron-24 (Fe XXIV) at around
36 million° F. The former represents a
slightly hotter region of the corona, and
the latter represents the much hotter
material of a solar flare. This wave-
length is typically colorized in bronze.
In these images there is flaring in the
upper left quadrant, and a coronal hole
near the center of the disc. Both of
these affect ionospheric radio-wave
propagation (see text). (Courtesy of
SDO/AIA)

For a detailed list of meteor showers,
check out <https://tinyurl.com/f9v7fj2u>
for a complete calendar of meteor
showers in 2022.
If you use Twitter.com, you can follow
<@hfradiospacewx> for hourly updates
that include the K index numbers. You
can also check the numbers at
<https://SunSpotWatch.com>, where
this columnist provides a wealth of cur-
rent space weather details as well as
links. Please report your observations
of any notable propagation conditions,
by writing this columnist via Twitter, or
via the Space Weather and Radio
Propagation Facebook page at <https://
fb.me/spacewx.hfradio>.
Current Solar Cycle Progress

The Royal Observatory of Belgium
reports that the monthly mean observed
sunspot number for June 2022 is 71.53,
considerably lower than May’s 92.45.
The 12-month running smoothed sun-
spot number centered on December
2021 is 55.1, a nice jump up from May’s
50.2, and October’s 45.0. A smoothed
sunspot count of 65, give or take about
7 points is expected for August 2022.
The Dominion Radio Astrophysical
Observatory at Penticton, BC, Canada,
reports a 10.7-cm observed monthly
mean solar flux of 133.98 for June
2022, up from April’s 130.63. The 12-
month smoothed 10.7-cm flux centered
on December 2021 is 101.7, up from
November’s 97.7, and up from Octo-
ber’s 93.0. The predicted smoothed
10.7-cm solar flux for August 2022 is
106, give or take 5 points.
Geomagnetic activity level this month
is expected to range from quiet to
stormy, resulting in occasional degrad-
ed propagation. Remember that you
can get an up-to-the-day Last-Minute
Forecast at <https://SunSpotWatch.
com> on the main page.
I welcome your thoughts, questions,
and experiences regarding this fasci-
nating science of propagation. You may
email me, write me a letter, or catch me
on the HF amateur bands. If you are on
Facebook, check out <https://fb.me/
spacewx.hfradio> and <https://fb.me/
NW7US> — speaking of Facebook,
check out the CQ Amateur Radio mag-
azine fan page at <https://fb.me/
CQMag>. Also, please check out the
new alternative social networking ham
radio group at <https://amateurhamra-
Figures 2 & 3. The current progression of the Sunspot Cycle 25 shows a dip, but dio.locals.com> and please share this
this is a normal variation of the month-to-month progression of any cycle. Activity with your amateur radio friends and
levels have picked back up, so expect to see an uptick in next month’s column. clubs.
(Courtesy of NOAA/SWPC) – 73, Tomas, NW7US

announcements (from page 5)
LOCKPORT, NEW YORK — The Lancaster Amateur Radio Club Center, 1107 N. Prosperity Avenue. Email: <chairman@joplinham-
will hold the Lancaster Hamfest beginning 7 a.m., Saturday, fest.org>. Website: <www.joplinhamfest.org>. Talk-in 147.210 (PL
September 10 at the Transit Drive In, 6655 S. Transit Road. Website: 91.5). VE exams.
<www.w2so.org>. Talk-in 147.255 (PL 107.2).
WYOMING, MICHIGAN — The Grand Rapids Amateur Radio
Association will hold the GRAHamfest 2022 from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., OCTOBER
Saturday, September 10 at The Home School Building, 5625 WEST FRIENDSHIP, MARYLAND — The Columbia Amateur Radio
Burlingame, SW. Email: <rmoe424242@gmail.com>. Website: <www. Association will hold CARAfest 2022 from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m., Sunday,
w8dc.org>. Talk-in 147.26+ (PL 94.8). VE exams, card checking. October 2 at the Howard County Fairgrounds 2210 Fairgrounds Road.
BUTLER, PENNSYLVANIA — The Butler County Amateur Radio Email: <cara@columbiaara.org>. Website: <www.carafest.org>. VE
Association will hold its Swapfest 2022 from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., Sunday, exams.
September 11 at the Unionville Fire Department, 102 Mahood Road. MELBOURNE, FLORIDA — The Platinum Coast Amateur Radio
Website: <http://w3udx.org>. Talk-in 147.360+ (PL 131.8). VE exams. Society will hold the PCARS 57th Annual Melbourne Hamfest and
DANBURY, CONNECTICUT — The Candlewood Amateur Radio 2022 ARRL Florida State Convention from 1 to 7 p.m., Friday, October
Association will hold the Western CT. Hamfest beginning 8 a.m., 7 and from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday, October 8 at the Melbourne
Sunday, September 11 at the Police Athletic League, 35 Hayestown Auditorium, 625 E. Hibiscus Boulevard. Email: <hamfest@pcars,
Road. Contact: John Morelli, W1JGM, <hamfest@cararadioclub. org>. Website: <www.pcars.org>. VE exams, special event station,
org>. Website: <http://hamfest.cararadioclub.org>. VE exams. DXCC card checking.
MULLICA HILLS, NEW JERSEY — The Gloucester County SALEM, OREGON — The Pacific Northwest VHF Society will hold
Amateur Radio Club will hold its 44th Annual Hamfest and 2022 ARRL the 26th Annual PNVHFS Conference from Friday, October 7 through
Southern New Jersey Section Convention beginning 8 a.m., Sunday, Saturday, October 8 at the Holiday Inn Hotel, 33021 Market Street
September 11 at the Gloucester County 4-H Fairgrounds, 235 NE. Contact: Jim, K7ND, <secretary@pnwvhfs.org>. Website:
Bridgeton Pike (Route 77). Website: <www.w2mmd.org>. Talk-in <http://pnwvhfs.org>. VUCC card checking.
147.180+ (PL 131.8). VE exams. NORTH HAVEN, CONNECTICUT —The Meriden Amateur Radio
NAPERVILLE, ILLINOIS — The 2022 W9DXCC Convention will be Club will the 30th Annual Nutmeg Hamfest and the 2022 ARRL
held from 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Friday, September 16 and from 8 a.m. Connecticut State Convention from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Sunday, October
to 7 p.m., Saturday, September 17 at the Chicago Marriott Naperville, 9 at the Best Western Hotel, 201 Washington Avenue. Contact John
1801 North Naper Boulevard. Website: <http://w9dxcc.com>. Bee, N1GNV, (203) 440-4973 (days only). Email: <nutfest@qsra-
ADRIAN, MICHIGAN — The Adrian Amateur Radio Club will hold dio.com>. Website: <www.nutmeghamfest.com>. Talk-in 147.36+.
its 47th Annual Hamfest and Computer Show beginning 8 a.m., VE exams
Sunday, September 18 at the Lenawee County Airport, 2651 W. SAN RAMON, CALIFORNIA — The Mount Diablo Amateur Radio
Cadmus Road. Contact: Mark Hinkleman, NU8Z, (517) 423-5906. Club will hold Pacificon 2022 and the 2022 ARRL Pacific Division
Email: <cqnu8z@comcast.net>. Website: <www.w8tqe.com>. VE Convention from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m., Friday, October 14; 7 a.m. to 11
exams. p.m., Saturday, October 15; and from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m., Sunday,
EAST STROUDSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA — The Eastern October 16 at the San Ramon Marriott, 2600 Bishop Drive. Email:
Pennsylvania Amateur Radio Association will hold its Hamfest 2022 <info@pacificon.org>. Website: <www.pacificon.org>. VE exams,
from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Sunday, September 18 at the Moose Lodge special event station, Wouff Hong ceremony.
1336, 705 Stokes Mill Road. Phone: (570) 350-1185. Email: BOONE, IOWA — The 3900 Club will hold the Hamboree 2022 from
<3w3fnz@gmail.com>. Talk-in 147.045+ (PL 131.8). VE exams. 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., Saturday, October 15 at the Boone County Fair
HORSEHEADS, NEW YORK — The Amateur Radio Association Grounds-Community Building, 1601 Industrial Park Road. Contact
of the Southern Tier will hold the ARAST Hamfest & Computerfest Clay Conrad, WØFS, (515) 838-2285. Email: <hamboree@3900club.
from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, September 24 at the Chemung County com>. Website: <www.3900club.com>. Talk-in 146.850-. VE exams
Fairgrounds, 170 Fairview Road. Website: <http://arast.info>. Talk-in CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE — The Chattanooga Amateur
147.360+ or 146.700-. VE exams and bunny hunt. Radio Club will hold Hamfest Chattanooga 2022 from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.,
LEXINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA — The Healing Springs Saturday, October 15 at the East Ridge Community Center, 1517
Mountain VHF Society will hold its inaugural Lexington Hamfest from Tombras Avenue. Website: <htttp://w4am.net>.
8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, September 24 at 366 Livestock Market LYNNVILLE, INDIANA — The Tri-State Amateur Radio Society will
Road. Email: <allenjs12000@gmail.com>. Website: <http://w4par. hold the Southern Indiana 4th Annual Hamtober Fest from 7 a.m. to
org>. Talk-in 146.910- (PL 107.2). VE exams. 2 p.m., Saturday, October 15 at the Lynnville Community Center, 416
TINTON FALLS, NEW JERSEY — The Garden State Amateur W. State Road 68. Email: <hamfest@w9og.net>. Website:
Radio Association will hold its Hamfest from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, <www.hamtoberfest.com>.
September 24 at the MOESC Parking Lot, 100 Tornillo Way. Email: SEDALIA, MISSOURI — The Sedalia-Pettis Amateur Radio Klub
<gsara@arrl.net>. Website: <www.gsara.club>. Talk-in 147.045+ (PL will hold Sparkfest 2022 from 8 a.m. to noon, Saturday, October 15
67). VE exams and card checking. at Our Savior Lutheran Church, 3700 W. Broadway Boulevard.
WEST FARGO, NORTH DAKOTA — The Red River Radio Asso- Contact: Bret Kuhns (660) 281-6506. Email: <hota2@hotmail.com>.
ciation will hold the RRRA Hamfest and 2022 ARRL Dakota Division Website: <www.wa0sdo.org>. VE exams.
Convention from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, September 24 at the RRV KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN — The Kalamazoo Amateur Radio Club
Fairgrounds Hartl Building, 1805 Main Avenue W. Website: and the Southwest Michigan Amateur Radio Team will hold the
<http://rrra.org>. VE exams, Wouff Hong ceremony. Kalamazoo Hamfest from 8 a.m. to noon, Sunday, October 16 at the
BEREA OHIO — The Hamfest Association of Cleveland will hold Kalamazoo County Expo Center and Fairgrounds, 2900 Lake Street.
the 48th Annual Cleveland Hamfest and Computer Show form 8 a.m. Email: <info@kalamazoo0hamfest.com>. Website: <www.kalama-
to noon, Sunday, September 25 at the Berea Fairgrounds, 160 zoohamfest.org>. Talk-in 147.040 (PL 94.8). VE exams.
Eastland Road. Website: <www.hac.org>. Talk-in 145.41 (PL 110.9) KIRKWOOD, MISSOURI — The Saint Louis Amateur Radio Club
or 442.225 (PL 131.8). VE exams, DXCC / WAS / VUCC / WAC card will hold its 30th Annual Halloween Hamfest from 7:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.,
checking. Saturday, October 29 at the Kirkwood Community Center, 111 S.
JOPLIN MISSOURI — The Joplin Amateur Radio Club will hold the Geyer Road. Contact: Steve Welton, WØSLW, (314) 941-8500. Email:
Joplin Hamfest 2022 from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m., Friday, September 30 <slwelton@gmail.com>. Website: <www.halooweenhamfest.org>.
and from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturday, October 1 at the ETG Event Talk-in 147.75-. VE exams.

On the Cover Oops…
“Auto-Corrupt” in Analog Movement Identifier Article
Sometimes, features in our software that are intended to make things easier
can really mess things up, especially if they’re not obvious. Such was the case in
June’s “Analog Movement Identifier” article by Dan Swenson, KB0VKS (p. 46).
The central part of the article was a 15-step process for using his circuit to iden-
tify parameters of unknown analog meter movements. The list used his (and our)
word processing program’s auto-numbering feature, and all was well until we con-
verted the file into our layout software, which has its own auto-numbering feature.
Problem: The layout software dropped out the “1.” at the beginning of the seg-
ment’s first paragraph but conveniently renumbered all the rest of the steps to start
with 1 … so it wasn’t obvious that anything was amiss … except that all of the ref-
erences to previous steps in the process were now wrong! We missed that change
due to the program’s “helpfulness.”
Solution: If you’re building Dan’s circuit and using it to test unknown meters,
after the “Test Procedures” section header, write in a “1.” Before “Verify switch
S1…” Then renumber all the remaining steps as 2-15 rather than 1-14 and all of
Most contesters are familiar with the the step numbers described in the rest of the text will suddenly make sense.
abbreviation “SO2R” for “Single- We apologize for any confusion and inconvenience and ask future authors to
Operator-Two-Radios,” a popular entry please disable automatic features (such as autocorrect, numbered lists and auto-
category that lets a single operator matic hyperlinks) because all this “smart” software is very good at making us all
keep tabs on two bands at the same look stupid!
time. But what about “SO2C”? That (A tip of the hat to KC1DSQ for introducing us to the term “auto-corrupt”!)
was a new one for us, but Brian
Campbell, VE3MGY, explained it as
“Single-Operator-Two-Contests” … it
seems that Brian was operating two
contests simultaneously!
The radio on the left, as well as the two
left-hand monitors, were dedicated to
the RTTY weekend of the North
American QSO Party (NAQP), while the
radio and monitors on the right were
being used to make and record contacts 2. (etc. renumber steps)
in the SSB weekend of the 2022 CQ
World Wide 160-Meter Contest. The
“distraction” of the NAQP RTTY Contest
didn’t seem to affect Brian’s perfor-
mance in the CQ 160 Contest. He won
the world in the low power category of
the SSB portion of the contest, finishing
behind only overall winner VY2ZM for
the Canadian competition. On the CW
weekend, Brian finished third in the
world for low power and first for the U.S.
and Canada. Complete results of the
2022 CQWW 160-Meter Contest begin
on page 16 of this issue.
Brian has been hooked on both Top
Band and contesting since his earliest
days in amateur radio and holds sever-
al scoring records. He uses only wire
antennas on 160 (but there’s a lot of wire
out there, mostly in radials). The red light
in his shack is intended to reduce eye
strain during long hours of BIC (butt-in-
chair) time in front of his radios.
Retired from the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, Brian lives with his wife,
Yvonne, in Sparta, Ontario, about
halfway between Toronto and Detroit. 1.
He has written two articles for CQ in the
past, “QRP Contesting on 160 Meters
(or ‘You Can’t Do That’),” in October
2003, and “Putting Your Heart Into Your
Hobby,” in February 2005. (Cover photo
by Yvonne Campbell)

Number groups after calls denote N4EK 45,368 371 42 11 OKLAHOMA *AC8CE 21,761 184 44 3 NIØK 29,892 235 48 5
score, total QSOs, W/VE multiplier, N1ZZ 44,132 303 44 15 N5OT 169,287 1002 57 16 *KB8PGW 18,240 207 38 0 *KØJJR 28,101 228 47 4
*N4TB 40,484 289 47 11 K5WE 64,380 476 54 6 *K8VT 18,120 201 40 0 *NØAT 25,145 233 46 1
countries worked. Total multiplier is N4BP 37,300 312 39 11 *N5XE 19,200 169 43 5 *KB8TL 14,668 160 37 1 KØMD 22,440 222 43 1
the addition of the W/VE and coun- K3SV 31,635 200 44 13 W8YV 14,256 135 41 3 KØHB 17,380 175 43 1
tries. Multi-op scores follow single- N4UM 31,058 243 43 10 TEXAS *K8MJZ 10,764 133 35 1 WKØB 16,317 139 46 3
AE2DX 21,850 182 44 6 *WØUO 129,646 799 57 14 *N8LR 10,234 131 33 1 *WØZQ 15,255 138 41 4
op listings. An asterisk (*) denotes *K8GVK 9,146 112 33 1
*N4AO 14,320 147 34 6 N5JJ 71,052 500 52 10 *KBØNES 7,704 92 35 1
low power. State, province, and *W4IT 12,714 140 32 7 N3BB 55,460 414 51 8 *KE8GC 1,886 35 23 0 KØTC 6,480 90 30 0
country certificate winners are list- WS7X 9,690 110 35 3 KE5C 41,536 305 52 7 *W8DBC 207 10 9 0 *WØRX 2,064 40 24 0
ed in bold. *W3USA 8,505 100 27 8 K5RX 40,238 255 52 10
OHIO
*WØUC 969 24 17 0
N4FCG 7,920 97 28 5 K5TIA 35,560 268 46 10 *AFØZ 935 23 17 0
2022 CW RESULTS W1BQ 7,360 89 33 7 *WØTG 30,305 232 48 7 *WB8JUI
K8RYU
165,645
121,506
830
608
59
55
22
22
*WQØN 893 22 19 0
SINGLE OPERATOR N4FP 5,460 89 26 2 *NN5T 23,716 210 42 7 KFØGV 574 19 14 0
*K8MR 5,365 68 21 8 *K3NT 17,040 147 42 6 *AD8IG 93,086 643 52 9
NORTH AMERICA *KJ4LEN 2,800 47 22 3 *N5JR 15,933 142 41 6 N8AA 87,854 621 56 6 MISSOURI
UNITED STATES *W4TJM 2,392 43 21 2 NA5M 15,226 148 41 5 K8RR 82,688 544 52 12 NØTT 188,650 1039 57 20
CONNECTICUT K2DM 1,501 28 15 4 N5XJ 14,749 155 41 2 *K8NVR 80,535 525 57 8 NIØG 81,660 596 54 6
W1WEF 214,020 820 55 35 *KO4DN 1,152 26 15 3 N5AW 12,744 82 47 7 N8BJQ 78,540 563 53 7 *NØPB 71,087 440 54 13
K1KI 168,720 501 47 33 *NK4O 522 19 5 4 *K5GQ 10,686 121 34 5 K8ZR 64,728 317 54 18 NWØM 54,216 451 51 3
*W1QK 88,768 569 50 14 *N5KWN 7,718 103 31 3 KW8N 57,078 465 50 4 *KIØI 48,840 345 54 6
W1JQ 48,557 303 44 15 GEORGIA N5TJ 3,159 51 23 4 *N8VW 40,224 364 44 4 NØIS 44,202 361 47 6
W1EQ 42,816 380 45 3 KU8E 183,128 812 57 31 *KD2KW 2,511 42 25 2 *KC9LA 38,940 244 51 9 *NZØT 34,272 336 46 2
W2TT 39,572 325 45 7 K4BAI 124,800 690 56 19 *KØYA 1,422 31 14 4 W8MET 33,989 374 40 1 *AI6O 33,770 267 50 5
W3SM 19,266 206 36 2 NE4EI 65,230 534 49 6 *K5SBR 686 20 13 1 *AB8OU 30,992 245 47 5 *NØAX 16,514 157 43 3
*ND1X 10,767 119 32 5 WF4W 60,451 420 50 11 *WB5K 612 24 11 1 *W8RTJ 29,328 273 44 3 *WØTY 8,103 102 36 1
W1UK 2,163 40 19 2 AJ2Y 42,598 307 50 9 *K5IX 392 23 7 1 *W8TB 25,650 239 40 5
*N4JVP 24,650 207 43 7 *KD5MMM 320 16 10 0 *N8HHG 25,392 223 44 4 NEBRASKA
MAINE W4ATL 23,712 208 40 8 *N8HP 23,782 221 43 3 *KVØI 18,538 183 45 1
K1WHS 99,873 338 44 37 K4UEE 20,025 200 41 4 CALIFORNIA *K8VUS 23,688 212 43 4 *KNØL 12,726 135 40 2
*WW1ME 24,863 191 35 12 *AA4LR 12,617 148 34 3 K6NA 136,689 544 54 15 N8NB 18,090 108 39 15 *KBØLF 12,054 124 41 1
*N1JD 2,567 56 17 0 W4KLY 6,790 87 33 2 N6JV 97,920 491 51 13 W8KEN 15,048 147 43 1 *KØKPH 5,191 73 28 1
*N4TOL 6,757 109 29 0 W6PH 88,920 485 53 12 *ND8D 12,909 149 37 2
MASSACHUSETTS *AA4HG 1,449 36 23 0 *N6RK 60,844 323 43 10 *W1NN 11,552 158 32 0 NORTH DAKOTA
K5ZD 363,630 834 54 48 *W4EMI 784 25 13 1 *W6JTI 52,780 331 50 8 *K8SVT 10,144 129 31 1 KØIDX 137,551 863 56 11
NB1N 43,707 329 42 9 *KC4T 507 18 13 0 NJ6P 36,757 201 45 14 KG9Z 9,000 104 36 0
KB1OIQ 35,255 233 43 12 *KE4QCM 182 13 7 0 W6AYC 34,397 268 46 7 *AA8P 7,000 89 39 1 CANADA
W1HNZ 30,576 226 38 10 K6NR 28,560 238 43 8 *KD8TNF 6,180 102 30 0 NEWFOUNDLAND
*N1DM 5,943 119 21 0 KENTUCKY K6TD 27,775 171 45 10 *N8VWY 5,056 69 31 1 VO1NA 2,800 24 11 9
*KA1ULN 2,664 68 18 0 K4WW 72,060 517 52 8 *W7XZ 21,723 186 33 6 *K8DL 4,930 59 30 4
*N1YL 2,352 41 21 0 *KC4WQ 41,136 380 44 4 N6XI 20,748 207 36 6 *KD8W 2,438 41 23 0 NEW BRUNSWICK
*WD1S 33 4 3 0 AB4IQ 25,850 193 47 8 W6RKC 14,720 111 38 8 *W8DN 1,458 36 18 0 *VE9VIC 510 12 9 1
W6EU 6,624 79 28 4 *WB8WUA 1,050 29 15 0
KD4EE 19,737 198 41 2 KG6AO 6,110 101 24 2
NEW HAMPSHIRE *KM4FO 6,944 100 30 1 NOVA SCOTIA
K1DG 110,628 419 38 25 KE6QR 4,980 107 18 2 WEST VIRGINIA
*N6LL 4,009 82 16 3 VE1ZAC 48,082 142 36 22
*KN1H 11,036 142 29 2 NORTH CAROLINA *N8II 48,034 442 42 5 VE1ANU 27,269 159 32 5
AJ6V 3,717 74 18 3
*KG1V 756 30 9 0 N4XD 417,942 1098 59 48 N6TTV 3,664 87 13 3
N4CW 103,818 646 49 17 ILLINOIS PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
*KA9A 3,528 73 14 4 *W9KM 85,644 618 54 7
RHODE ISLAND W4HWD 38,743 297 43 10 *NR5NN 1,296 51 12 0 VY2ZM 1,586,304 1671 58 70
*K1MD 42,408 235 37 20 N4QM 19,366 176 43 3 *W8LVN 62,370 518 51 4
*N7VM 1,200 34 14 1 *W9FY 61,047 468 53 4
*WA1LAD 5,376 75 27 1 K4QPL 10,944 150 31 1 *W6NX 1,045 43 11 0 QUEBEC
*AB1JV 658 16 14 0 *K4BSK 10,560 145 30 3 W9ILY 43,662 334 53 4 *VA2CZ 103,152 383 45 11
*KF6NCX 1,023 42 11 0
N4AF 9,408 36 0 28 *WA6URY 680 34 10 0 *K9WA 43,065 345 52 3 *VE2OWL 33,552 199 34 2
VERMONT W4JFA 7,548 96 34 0 *K6CSL 531 28 9 0 *WB9HFK 39,648 362 43 5 *VE2QV 5,688 71 18 0
N1UR 460,358 1042 56 50 *AE4Y 5,300 97 23 2 W6JBR 432 27 8 0 *K9PG 26,160 237 44 4
K1ZK 35,856 297 43 5 N4GU 2,278 58 17 0 W6TED 273 18 7 0 *WD9CIR 24,581 224 44 3 ONTARIO
*NA1VT 650 19 13 0 *AD4IE 140 10 7 0 *WN6F 1 -99 15 2 KG9N 20,855 217 40 3 VE3AT 746,646 1240 58 49
*WA9LEY 19,881 182 42 5 VE3DZ 738,475 1262 58 51
NEW JERSEY SOUTH CAROLINA ARIZONA K9BGL 17,531 157 42 5 *VE3JM 458,422 918 58 39
W2OIB 68,034 406 52 17 NN4SS 71,316 484 52 11 N7GP 97,016 546 54 13 *N9LYE 14,706 153 43 0 *VE3MGY 427,248 994 59 27
K2MTG 22,356 201 44 2 *K4FT 55,216 417 50 8 *N7IR 82,971 532 53 10 *W9QL 13,640 148 39 1 VA3AR 294,160 714 55 25
*WO2Y 12,250 137 30 5 *W4JM 26,571 207 43 8 N7RK 27,700 210 43 7 *KA9CAR 7,491 94 33 0 VE3YT 249,444 646 57 21
AF2F 11,696 141 32 2 K7OM 20,081 208 42 1 K7HP 24,678 186 47 7 NI9H 6,545 80 35 0 VE3KP 202,242 553 55 19
*W2CLA 1,079 34 13 0 *WA8OJR 10,923 152 31 2 K7HI 15,576 119 37 7 *K9PMV 6,386 88 31 0 *VA3SB 172,560 606 54 6
NI7R 10,692 132 33 3 *AC7A 15,075 135 39 6 KK9N 5,586 60 35 3 VE3BR 134,756 484 53 6
NEW YORK N4UFP 3,612 57 26 2 N7WS 13,395 97 40 7 *K9PLX 4,592 76 28 0 VE3MM 121,576 459 49 7
AB3CX 492,804 1136 58 50 KE2VB 10,249 119 34 3 *NV9X 4,488 83 24 0 VE3PN 106,632 287 47 25
WF2W 416,738 1194 59 44 TENNESSEE *NØUD 8,544 108 27 5 *N9RU 4,192 57 31 1 VE3UZ 105,312 460 46 2
N2MF 386,950 1004 57 52 K4RO 100,396 502 55 21 *KX6X 5,370 74 27 3 *AG9A 3,000 44 29 1
*AA7V 1,680 45 14 2 *VA3OKG 89,182 298 48 13
W2XL 279,651 915 58 35 W4NZ 80,820 594 52 8 *WB9UGX 1,173 27 17 0 *VA3FF 72,624 326 45 3
WS9M 271,557 743 55 44 *W9CF 1,092 39 12 1 W9SE 969 24 17 0
AF4T 75,392 497 54 10 *N7DSX 726 33 11 0 *VE3ADQ 63,099 235 51 6
K2NV 157,638 668 56 30 W4DAN 52,470 465 50 3 *WU9D 348 13 12 0 *VE3WG 59,800 278 43 3
NS2N 106,344 399 54 30 KØEJ 51,559 489 43 4 IDAHO *VE3AQ 59,004 288 42 2
*AA2EQ 78,204 594 50 7 *N9TF 44,275 358 50 5 INDIANA *VE3DS 46,577 217 44 3
WJ9B 127,908 719 56 12 W9RE 308,460 1098 58 39
*W2LC 53,816 343 50 12 KM9P 42,816 388 43 5 K7TM 14,950 114 45 5 VE3TW 44,290 221 39 4
*WA2JQK 49,152 309 49 15 *KB9DKR 23,680 260 39 1 *WD8DSB 119,275 794 55 10 *VE3MA 38,628 231 36 1
*W7QDM 12,012 133 37 2 K9WWT 69,720 553 54 2
W2TB 44,715 334 46 9 K4VIG 22,995 291 35 0 *K7ARJ 2,360 53 19 1 *VA3EC 33,774 187 37 2
KM2L 39,294 231 43 16 WB4YDY 21,624 177 45 6 KØTQ 33,320 284 43 6 *VE3JZT 28,800 155 38 2
*KK7A 369 19 9 0 *W9TC 29,323 194 51 8
*N1NQD 33,000 253 40 10 *K1GU 17,280 213 36 0 *KØIP 2 1 1 0 *VA3EON 23,052 147 33 1
*K2QB 21,698 242 38 0 AC4G 16,984 162 38 6 N4TZ 17,682 185 42 0 *VA3TMV 19,592 136 31 0
*N2RI 19,851 214 38 1 *WD4CFN 8,843 103 35 2 K9DUR 13,284 162 36 0 VA3MW 18,400 96 37 3
MONTANA *KA9FQG 12,240 112 42 3
W2YK 16,896 121 40 8 W6UB 8,736 126 31 1 N9RV 138,489 693 55 12 *VE3OMV 17,862 150 26 0
*WA2QAU 5,012 73 28 0 *KK9DX 6,834 87 32 2 *WB9NOO 11,581 137 37 0 VE3KIU 17,422 125 30 1
KJ9C 43,483 309 52 7 *W9MRH 5,247 72 33 0
KD2NE 3,816 63 24 0 *WD8RYC 2,914 41 29 2 KS7T 7,564 101 31 0 *VE3VSM 13,530 95 30 0
*KO4GBD 2,128 47 16 0 *N9WVM 2,944 55 23 0 *VE3LC 10,902 105 23 0
*WA3AFS 40 5 4 0 VIRGINIA KY9KYO 384 11 3 5 *VE3EKA 9,700 83 25 0
NEVADA
K3ZM 529,405 1146 57 56 AA6AA 185,990 693 55 15 *VA3IJK 5,472 54 24 0
DELAWARE W4CB 163,676 807 57 26 WISCONSIN *VA3TTB 3,630 36 22 0
WU6W 1,566 43 15 3 K9MA 89,712 609 55 8
AA1K 622,908 1341 59 58 W3IP 110,850 607 55 20 *N7XCZ 252 18 7 0 *VA3ZNW 168 6 7 0
*N8NA 12,240 159 34 0 K4QS 70,070 448 54 11 *N7ZZ 65,892 512 53 4
W4YE 54,117 343 49 14 KW9R 32,100 273 48 2 SASKATCHEWAN
AD4TJ 48,675 375 48 7 OREGON N9JR 22,088 215 43 1
MARYLAND W7YAQ 71,110 379 52 13 *VE5SF 26,586 135 42 0
K3ZU 287,595 748 58 47 K4ZW 48,654 392 46 7 *K9WD 16,280 158 43 1 *VE5VG 15,520 83 39 1
N4DJ 48,314 448 45 4 NE7D 25,070 177 40 6 *W9KHH 14,564 146 41 3
*KD4D 267,498 886 57 42 *AF7NX 10,890 119 27 6 VE5CPU 2,322 27 17 1
K3ZO 195,272 809 56 32 WN7S 39,655 306 48 7 *KB9S 14,060 164 37 1
*K4ORD 39,432 313 46 7 WB6JJJ 8,854 91 34 4 W9XT 12,080 130 40 0
K3TC 150,075 605 55 32 WO7V 6,936 78 29 5 ALBERTA
W2SC 123,975 669 56 19 *W4PJW 31,988 314 43 1 N9GH 11,954 114 39 4 VE6BBP 223,924 682 55 13
*K2WK 30,130 281 42 4 *KF7GGN 2,679 56 18 1 *KØCD 8,732 100 37 0
NC3Y 70,902 580 49 5 *W7GF 594 27 9 0 *VE6TN 11,095 69 33 2
AA3S 58,440 401 50 10 W4WWQ 26,877 209 43 8 W9DGI 731 20 17 0
*K4FJW 22,632 246 38 3 *W7MTL 297 15 9 0 *VE6BMX 6,832 53 26 2
*WA3FAE 23,650 248 40 3 *VA6RCN 3,322 35 20 2
*N3TE 16,482 161 37 4 N4CF 22,126 202 44 2 COLORADO
*KR4V 21,758 206 38 5 UTAH *VA6BGE 2,544 36 16 0
*KA3JNN 12,456 138 32 4 KØSX 39,368 305 49 7
*KB4CG 18,000 217 35 1 N5LZ 41,122 296 51 7 WØETT 31,416 246 53 3
KG4USN 11,622 108 32 7 W4VG 12,845 155 34 1 *WA7YAZ 4,584 85 22 2 BRITISH COLUMBIA
*WK3A 10,812 128 30 4 KØUE 25,122 199 48 5 *VA7EU 22,435 138 33 2
*K4HQK 12,780 180 28 2 NØKQ 24,808 188 50 6
*W3FA 4,248 72 22 2 *K4YCR 11,900 146 32 2 WASHINGTON *VA7ST 3,344 46 16 0
*KE3GK 4,200 68 26 2 *AAØCW 6,138 81 32 1
*KK4R 8,217 101 32 1 *W7TMT 37,434 298 45 6 WØCAR 4,864 70 32 0
AK3B 3,712 52 28 1 *K7LU 7,770 110 30 0 W7FI 35,206 208 49 9 NORTH AME
ERIICA
A
*KD3CR 2 1 1 0 *W8XAL 918 24 17 0 Belize
N8AID 2,580 51 19 1 W7FN 32,712 219 41 6
*K4CGY 1,173 30 17 0 *NEØS 60 6 5 0 V31XX 621,952 916 56 57
K7RL 32,062 290 44 2
PENNSYLVANIA *KSØCW 624 18 13 0 N7RO 15,170 144 35 6
K3UL 306,425 902 58 45 IOWA Cayman Islands
*K7QBO 14,364 137 38 4 NG7A 89,030 698 54 4
W3BGN 176,458 754 53 30 ARKANSAS ZF5T 1,220,480 1483 58 70
N7BV 11,628 105 33 5 NØAV 53,637 410 53 4
W3TS 167,200 852 58 22 W5ZN 259,168 1134 57 32 KD7UO 9,102 96 33 4
N3XZ 42,042 161 42 24 *N5EE 25,991 245 45 2 *KØSRL 23,256 194 47 4 Cuba
*W6OAT 6,169 79 29 2 *NØAC 13,394 167 37 0
K3SWZ 34,336 239 50 8 *WA5SOG 24,843 222 45 4 K7IU 1,188 37 10 2 *CO2JD 34,875 150 35 10
*N2EM 32,550 281 46 4 *KM5G 9,240 95 39 3 *WIØWA 9,024 123 32 0
W7DRA 1,125 30 15 0 *N9HDE 637 23 13 0
*N2MA 26,850 230 46 4 K5FUV 8,697 95 36 3 *AD7XG 1,118 37 13 0 Dominican Republic
*K3UA 25,564 250 40 4 *WB5BHS 5,301 78 29 2 *HI3AA 104,700 232 35 40
K3QIA 16,680 173 36 4 KANSAS *HI8A 4,664 37 9 13
WYOMING AAØFO 63,838 480 55 4
*N3LT 11,088 144 33 0 LOUISIANA *WY7M 67,976 504 51 7
N3FCP 9,362 127 30 1 *AA5AU 901 25 16 1 ABØS 17,578 163 44 3 Greenland
*AC7AF 1,470 46 15 0 NØEG 10,600 106 37 3
*WS3C 9,052 119 30 1 OX3LX 2,635 22 10 7
*K3ES 7,260 89 32 1 MISSISSIPPI *NØNB 3,248 46 28 0
MICHIGAN NØXM 260 10 10 0
N3RM 6,200 85 31 0 WQ5L 64,186 400 54 13 NA8V 516,150 1390 59 52 Martinque
*KD3HN 6,138 72 31 2 *AB5OR 56,595 473 49 6 N8LJ 157,760 775 56 24 FM5BH 414,720 619 51 57
*KN3A 5,330 86 26 0 N5CW 38,556 340 46 5 MINNESOTA
*WA8Y 83,328 553 52 12 *KØTT 134,904 893 58 8
*WA3WXR 1,296 30 16 0 *K5XU 2,706 60 20 2 *WA1UJU 59,565 462 52 5 Mexico
*KA2VLP 72 6 6 0 *KØPK 68,747 489 55 6 XE2X 508,576 994 58 34
WA8UPB 32,589 272 48 3 *ACØW 62,328 504 54 2
NEW MEXICO W8RU 28,272 209 51 6 *XE1AY 1,331 25 7 4
ALABAMA *WD5COV 120,474 612 55 14 *W8MK 28,116 273 41 3 K9DU 48,440 364 53 3 *XE1GPW 175 5 1 4
N4WE 8,917 100 33 4 N2IC 104,643 467 52 11 *N8PPQ 25,100 212 49 1 NØUY 44,460 296 53 7
K8OZ 13,920 119 43 5 *K7DR 22,968 225 43 1 NØOK 41,382 304 50 7 Puerto Rico
FLORIDA WØZW 8,904 82 36 6 *W8DCQ 22,752 204 46 2 *KØEA 36,828 292 49 5 KP4AA 94,575 216 34 31
NE8P 58,351 413 46 13 *NM5S 8,100 98 32 4 KB8NNU 22,338 180 48 3 *WØSEI 32,816 234 50 6 KP4JRS 21,880 94 22 18

U.S. Virgin Islands *JAØJHQ 108 24 0 2 *MØNDZ 220,765 638 14 53 *DLØMCM 211,426 749 8 53 *IV3EAD 96,579 401 1 48
NP2J 791,544 1056 55 63 *JRØRBY 102 14 0 3 *G2X 219,177 583 21 50 DK1NO 197,120 797 0 55 IK4AUY 91,488 378 1 47
KP2M 616,680 828 50 58 *JL1GPG 80 21 0 2 M2G 138,562 453 18 40 *DL1ET 189,918 766 4 50 *IN3MNS 54,015 285 0 39
JJØSFV 66 8 0 3 *G3SVK 40,774 226 0 37 DJØSP 165,360 549 13 52 *IR2D 53,960 270 1 39
*JH5OJH 42 21 0 1 *G3YHF 38,130 185 2 39 *DL5CL 162,877 519 13 54 *IK1JJM 41,192 220 0 38
AFRICA *JS6UGC 32 4 0 2 *M4X 36,972 190 1 38 DL2SWW 149,073 641 10 41 *IK2AHB 25,740 153 0 36
African Italy *JA2VQF 30 2 0 3 *G4DDL 35,841 191 0 39 *DL8ULF 131,192 663 2 44 *IZ5AHB 23,488 163 0 32
*IH9YMC 3,000 20 0 15 *JA3AVO 26 13 0 1 *G3XTZ 30,069 154 1 38 *DK3YD 130,350 595 5 45 *IK2SGB 20,020 113 0 35
*JR1CAD 14 7 0 1 *G3VYI 29,295 175 0 35 DL1EKO 123,714 508 3 51 *IZ2FME 9,672 85 0 24
Algeria JH1NXU 12 6 0 1 *G1G 23,397 148 0 33 DL5YL 121,871 589 5 42 *IZ2BVC 9,000 81 0 24
*7X2TT 120 3 0 4 *JR7ASO 12 6 0 1 *G3ZJK 11,716 80 1 28 DK1BT 120,945 471 7 48 *IV3BCA 5,975 52 0 25
*JA8KSW 8 4 0 1 *G3YRZ 3,077 41 0 17 *DO4OD 114,003 474 2 51 *IKØTUM 5,760 68 0 20
Madeira Islands *JJ4NZO 6 3 0 1 *GØJOS 792 15 0 11 DL5KVV 106,110 420 5 49 IK6GPZ 5,103 54 0 21
CR3W 1,331,508 1248 41 66 *JA7ACM 2 1 0 1 *G3RKF 68 4 0 4 *DK5TA 105,202 523 4 42 *IK2WXQ 4,602 32 1 25
CT3KN 225,036 359 16 47 DKØPO 100,188 514 1 43 *IW1CBG 3,312 44 0 18
Kazakhstan Estonia DL9MKN 99,603 417 3 48 *IKØISD 1,296 24 0 12
Tunisia UP4L 772,480 1244 0 68 ES3VI 12,024 99 0 24 *DF5RF 92,230 443 1 45 *IK2IKW 920 22 0 10
*3V8SF 445,745 756 8 51 *UN7CN 93,018 269 0 37 *DL4ZA 90,569 505 0 41 *IZ2CSX 170 7 0 5
*UN7LDR 10,013 70 0 17 European Russia *DK4HH 86,520 468 3 39 *I4JEE 120 8 0 4
*UN7LV 6,675 51 0 15 R7NW 667,552 1326 15 77 *DJ4MH 86,289 399 2 47 *IK2AUK 20 2 0 2
ASIA UN5J 30 6 0 1 UA3EDQ 315,192 931 6 63 DK3GI 82,861 427 2 41
Asiatic Russia R3ZZ 293,058 898 0 67 *DLØNG 81,095 362 4 45 Latvia
RA9MA 355,851 679 0 57 Republic of Korea RD4F 213,960 743 0 60 *DL1AOB 78,948 418 1 42 YL3FT 597,368 1245 21 68
RT9A 340,956 672 0 54 DS2JJV 49,980 233 10 24 *RA3UAG 139,893 581 0 51 *DL6KWN 68,211 402 0 39 *YL5W 153,604 696 0 44
*UA9QM 192,717 435 0 49 HL5IVL 47,520 210 2 31 UA3AGW 134,904 486 3 53 *DF1QR 66,196 271 4 48 YL2EM 131,516 526 0 49
*R9MJ 116,382 305 0 42 HL2WA 24,168 173 7 17 *R4WDX 133,952 539 0 52 *DJ9SN 66,174 375 0 41 YL3CW 111,584 490 2 42
*RU9CK 45,388 178 0 28 HL2EIZ 8,170 65 6 13 *R2EC 129,850 562 0 49 *DF8IU 66,150 290 0 45 YL2EA 52,332 244 1 41
*RJ9M 28,672 103 0 32 *HL4CFN 1,246 36 0 7 R3OM 124,425 588 0 45 *DL7VMM 61,404 309 0 43 *YL2CV 50,760 284 0 36
*RT9YA 27,804 125 0 28 *HL1VAU 18 3 0 2 RU3UR 124,146 482 0 54 *DL1MAJ 60,333 354 0 39 YL2PP 36,077 155 1 42
RØWC 26,234 129 0 26 *HL5YI 14 2 0 2 RK7X 112,892 457 0 52 DJ1YF 58,428 373 0 36 YL2II 31,722 187 0 34
*UA9ADG 23,343 86 0 31 *UA1CUR 104,716 465 0 47 DJ4KW 54,894 283 0 42 *YL2NK 27,160 152 1 34
RAØSMS 3,230 44 0 10 Thailand *RO5X 92,880 448 0 45 DL1ATZ 53,728 248 0 46 YL2DZ 18,981 144 1 26
RAØACM 2,990 23 0 13 E2X 31,392 108 3 33 *RA3XM 92,092 432 0 46 *DD2RE 52,111 276 0 41 *YL3JD 13,416 101 0 26
*RV9UDO 2,950 53 0 10 *HS5NMF 504 11 0 7 UA4K 80,408 358 0 46 *DL5KBO 46,585 313 0 35
*RAØLMK 1,400 60 0 5 *R4SA 80,066 399 0 43 *DH2URF 45,192 235 0 42 Kaliningrad
RTØO 1,272 30 0 8 UC4L 75,360 325 0 48 *DL2ZA 44,731 246 0 41 *UA2FBQ 4,192 53 0 16
UAØDBX 679 14 1 6 EUROPE R3OQ 71,643 404 0 39 *DL4SL 44,655 243 0 39
*R8MB 594 27 0 3 Andorra *UA3MEG 71,484 326 0 46 *DL1BWU 43,817 205 1 42 Latvia
RA9UAD 385 17 0 5 C31CT 4,275 45 0 19 *UA4HIP 69,748 304 0 47 *DF9ZV 42,768 215 1 43 YL2SW 385,800 966 9 66
*RT9YW 228 15 0 4 RK3DK 65,612 283 0 47 *DH6BH 40,590 214 0 41 YL3CW 255,300 976 1 49
*UA9LBQ 175 4 0 5 Austria RA7A 62,322 291 3 44 *DF3CE 37,088 220 0 38 YL7A 238,887 809 0 57
RW9LL 40 2 0 2 *OE6CUD 35,802 179 0 39 RM6Y 56,706 318 0 39 *DL3ARM 35,938 244 0 34 *YL5W 154,416 632 0 48
*OE3JAG 28,152 163 0 34 *R2UZ 54,448 282 0 41 DM3ZF 35,448 180 1 41 YL2EM 126,786 483 1 50
Asiatic Turkey *OE1CIW 22,920 153 0 30 *RA4PBE 53,492 269 0 43 *DL5MEL 35,076 228 0 37 *YL2NK 13,384 96 1 27
YM7KA 154,560 379 0 42 R4MM 52,756 229 0 44 *DF1XC 35,061 193 0 39
TA2FE 65,520 191 0 35 Azores *RA3BQ 52,455 285 0 39 *DL1CC 34,344 218 0 36 Liechtenstein
*TA2TC 480 8 0 6 CU8AS 30,625 91 17 32 R7DM 51,570 235 0 45 *DL1GWS 33,948 211 1 35 HBØ/HB9LCW 142,688 571 7 42
R1NW 51,336 309 0 36 DJ7OQ 33,626 159 4 39
China Balearic Islands R4RN 50,760 267 0 40 *DK3WN 32,490 188 0 38 Lithuania
BG6SNJ 4,005 46 0 15 *EA6SX 437,448 913 22 66 R2YA 50,580 301 0 36 *DL1YPF 32,079 187 0 37 *LY4L 386,124 1084 11 58
*BG1WNU 3,300 115 0 6 EA6NB 96,084 353 15 36 *RU6CO 46,296 287 0 36 DK2CC 30,303 174 0 37 LY4T 341,968 972 13 54
*BH4BFS 912 31 0 6 *RM7C 45,029 272 0 37 DL2DSA 29,484 104 1 53 *LY9A 229,331 850 2 51
*BH4TQX 220 14 0 4 Belarus *RX6LRU 44,509 183 0 47 DK8CB 28,416 170 0 37 LY7L 184,611 601 6 53
*BD7JNA 200 13 0 5 *EW2ES 134,946 636 0 42 *UF5A 43,120 198 1 43 *DL9ZP 28,044 156 0 38 *LY7X 172,284 695 2 47
*BG3KKZ 184 11 0 4 EW3LN 100,439 416 0 47 *RN4SS 40,982 290 0 31 DL3XM 26,789 111 0 43 *LY2MM 145,866 628 1 45
*BG1NAL 93 8 0 3 *EW1TO 60,588 341 0 36 RL3BZ 40,800 271 0 32 *DL2RUG 25,235 152 0 35 LY5O 54,205 297 0 37
*BD4LB 6 3 0 1 *EW1M 40,180 226 0 35 UA6J 40,596 260 0 34 *DL8UBR 19,936 135 0 32 LY2OU 47,922 193 2 47
*EU6O 11,400 94 0 24 *RK4PA 40,394 228 0 38 *DJ5AM 19,869 118 0 37 LY8A 30,750 206 0 30
Georgia *EW1MY 10,600 85 0 25 *UA3YDI 39,620 253 0 35 DL7LX 17,723 94 3 34 LY5A 26,912 173 0 32
4L9M 732,862 1066 5 66 *EW3ADI 2,480 31 0 16 *R7RBE 38,988 204 0 38 DL6IAK 17,550 139 0 30 *LY4R 5,180 41 1 27
4L2M 493,020 851 4 56 *R1NI 34,484 199 0 37 *DL1AVA 15,968 113 0 32
Belgium *UA6GO 34,428 185 0 38 *DF4ØBGK 15,906 118 0 33 Luxembourg
Israel *ON7ET 600 15 0 8 *RA7R 31,744 212 0 32 DK3AX 15,717 110 0 31 *LX5MF 58,900 307 1 37
*4Z5PN 194,881 377 2 51 *RD3AD 28,954 217 0 31 *DF7JC 15,609 111 0 33
Bosnia-Herzegovina *UA3DCE 27,398 145 0 38 *DM2BPG 15,584 107 0 32 Netherlands
Japan *E79D 344,784 1000 5 61 *RA1WP 26,455 159 0 37 DK1AX 15,505 97 0 35 PAØCT 58,188 304 0 39
JH4UYB 390,390 661 24 54 *E73B 124,901 499 1 48 RA3NC 25,466 173 0 34 *DL4SZB 15,444 91 0 36 *PAØTCA 47,940 198 4 43
JE1BMJ 72,615 258 13 34 *E7/Z35M 68,601 353 0 39 *RA4DR 25,364 139 0 34 *DB8AH 14,911 113 0 31 *PA2W 47,656 263 0 37
JI3KDH 53,676 214 10 32 *E74SL 19,062 143 0 27 R4SO 25,346 132 0 38 *DJ4WM 13,620 104 0 30 *PA4T 27,047 148 0 37
JA7QVI 31,006 125 13 24 E77A 17,070 115 0 30 *R2RZ 22,610 132 0 35 *DL5BTE 13,338 109 0 27 PAØMIR 16,828 121 0 28
*JA1BJI 30,848 209 12 20 *UA3P 22,568 160 0 31 *DL1DXA 13,088 90 1 31
*JA6BZI 29,920 159 7 27 Bulgaria RW4HD 22,534 121 0 38 *DL6NBC 12,963 102 0 29 North Macedonia
*JE1SPY 26,348 200 11 17 LZ1GU 218,152 615 6 61 *RC5Z 20,184 154 0 29 DKØSU 12,245 86 0 31 *Z35F 253,080 857 2 55
JJ3JHP 23,156 207 9 19 LZ2GA 181,839 726 2 47 *RA3UT 19,952 148 0 29 *DL9FBF 11,742 86 0 38
*JK1OLT 20,277 163 10 17 LZ5N 77,400 294 3 47 *RN4ZT 19,434 93 0 41 *DL8DWW 11,664 74 0 36 Norway
JH6QFJ 19,290 115 5 25 *LZ2GPB 53,498 223 1 45 *UA3QR 18,360 141 0 30 DJ8QA 11,508 92 0 28 *LC9X 148,700 578 6 44
JE1RZR 15,932 74 8 20 LZ5Y 42,385 236 0 35 *RX3VF 17,940 162 0 26 *DF6RI 11,024 95 0 26 *LB6GG 69,069 352 0 39
JA9FHB 14,430 65 11 15 *UG5F 16,488 146 0 24 *DJ3CS 11,010 80 0 30 *LA7SI 2,192 28 0 16
JHØKHR 14,326 94 8 18 Crete RW3QM 16,388 96 1 33 *DL7YAD 10,680 71 0 30 *LA/DL4HCF 125 5 0 5
JF2FIU 12,642 143 8 13 *SV9COL 1,955 21 0 17 *RA3V 16,089 103 0 31 DJ7WG 10,465 57 0 35
JA2AXB 10,640 104 7 13 *UA3DSS 14,499 119 0 27 *DK4EF 10,152 95 0 27 Poland
JA8DNV 10,425 64 10 15 Croatia *RK4NB 13,550 116 0 25 *DL1KLF 10,032 61 0 33 SP2LNW 241,536 684 14 54
JA3IBU 10,165 123 7 12 9A3SM 139,050 546 1 49 *R2VM 12,096 161 0 18 *DK4YU 8,736 86 0 24 *SO3O 172,921 714 0 49
JI1LET 9,920 106 5 15 *9A/IZ3NVR 67,995 300 1 44 *RK4S 11,961 92 0 27 *DL7VRG 8,625 87 0 23 SQ7U 168,010 630 2 51
*JF3BFS 9,200 170 6 10 *9A4WY 52,878 253 0 42 *UA6HFI 11,825 105 0 25 *DK7GH 8,400 62 0 28 SP3VT 145,042 624 4 43
JA6FFK 8,406 103 4 14 *9A2EY 51,356 286 0 37 *R3PIQ 11,140 141 0 20 *DL3BCR 8,128 52 0 32 *SP3JUN 135,312 576 3 45
JH2KKW 8,316 80 6 15 RG4A 8,525 70 0 25 *DL1RPR 8,112 70 0 26 SP2FAP 86,604 424 0 42
JR2PMT 7,619 66 6 13 Czech Republic *RA4W 8,232 74 0 24 *DL2GAN 8,100 71 0 25 SP6A 60,311 299 0 41
*JA7BEW 6,936 84 5 12 OK6W 816,934 1548 27 70 R6CA 8,149 54 0 29 *DK7AC 8,064 65 0 28 *SP2GMA 51,444 300 0 36
*JA1EMQ 6,588 74 8 10 OK1Z 507,870 1198 20 61 *RA3XCZ 7,700 66 0 25 *DK6QW 8,050 73 0 25 SP9TPZ 47,168 214 0 44
JF5SIM 6,496 110 4 12 OK1DWF 231,972 910 2 50 *R7MC 7,613 71 0 23 *DD3WY 6,422 59 0 26 *HF7A 45,885 273 0 35
JA7KQC 5,940 39 7 13 OK1OA 229,197 815 6 51 R3SV 7,200 38 1 29 *DJ9KH 5,440 58 0 20 *SP5UFK 40,608 264 0 32
JR2UBS 5,719 40 5 14 OK1AMF 227,238 687 13 53 *RQ7R 5,415 62 0 19 *DL5ALW 5,365 33 1 28 *SP9RHN 39,173 177 0 43
JI4WHS 5,670 101 7 8 OK4U 218,450 893 7 43 *UA4FDL 5,392 70 0 16 *DH6YAG 5,225 41 0 25 SP/UT8IA 38,395 227 1 34
JR1IJV 5,220 38 7 11 *OK2EA 204,250 833 1 49 RW4WD 4,818 41 0 22 *DL1MRL 4,708 47 0 22 *SP3JIA 33,640 170 1 39
JN7FAH 5,145 28 7 14 *OK6N 155,873 598 4 49 *R1AU 4,218 48 0 19 *DD5MA 4,620 48 0 22 SN1I 32,301 184 0 37
JR6CSY 4,308 106 3 9 *OK1WCF 149,107 641 0 49 *R4FBG 3,920 59 0 16 DF5DK 4,598 45 0 22 *SP9BGS 13,959 107 0 27
JE2OTM 3,990 40 6 8 *OK1DKR 116,184 512 0 47 *UB5MBA 3,383 43 0 17 *DL8SDC 4,579 50 0 19 SP5GH 10,890 43 1 44
JH9FCP 3,949 119 4 7 *OL5Y 110,121 481 1 46 *UA1OMB 2,849 56 0 11 *DK2AMS 3,696 37 0 21 *SQ9ZAX 7,650 63 0 25
JN7TAN 3,405 32 4 11 *OL8M 109,557 467 1 46 RQ4F 1,955 19 0 17 *DG1NPM 3,560 40 0 20 *SP9DTE 6,396 54 0 26
JH8FIH 3,360 25 8 8 OK2BMU 106,849 347 10 49 *RU3XF 1,155 26 0 11 *DL8ZU 2,844 33 0 18 *SP9R 3,924 46 0 18
JA1MJN 2,805 64 1 10 OK1EP 104,555 376 11 44 *RW6MAO 1,111 21 0 11 *DL7ED 2,604 25 0 21 *SP3AMO 3,744 46 0 18
*JF2WXS 2,590 22 1 13 *OK2BZM 101,388 403 1 50 *RA3VE 783 21 0 9 *DH1VY 2,355 38 0 15 *SP6LUV 2,080 18 1 15
*JK8PBO 1,998 59 5 4 *OK1MAW 86,428 437 0 41 RC3D 620 10 0 10 *DK3PM 1,980 21 0 20 *SP2FVN 1,819 22 0 17
JH1OGC 1,760 18 0 11 OK1XC 84,760 440 0 40 *UB3AVU 200 11 0 5 *DLØGEO 1,778 29 0 14
JQ1CIV 1,500 88 0 6 *OK1UKC 84,420 377 0 45 *RA4L 176 11 0 4 *DH8MS 1,548 30 0 12 Portugal
JH1HIC 1,260 36 4 5 *OK1LO 75,394 339 2 44 *UB3AVI 116 7 0 4 *DL4LT 496 13 0 8 CT1FPQ 225 5 0 5
*JE2PCY 1,240 22 1 7 *OK1MMN 69,320 368 1 39 RV3FT 60 3 1 1 *DLØABT 174 42 0 2
*JH1YMC 1,145 97 0 5 *OK2BRQ 64,218 323 2 40 RA4HPI 5 1 0 1 *DL7URB 174 42 0 2 Romania
*JA6ELV 1,092 50 0 6 *OK2PIM 63,063 343 0 39 *RJ7M 1 3 0 2 *DG3BZ 1 -2 0 3 YO9RIJ 128,570 548 1 45
*JAØBZY 1,080 17 0 8 *OK1MGW 50,320 250 0 40 YO9AYN 101,592 380 4 47
JA3ENN 840 13 4 3 *OK2CDR 37,692 230 0 36 Finland Greece *YO6FGZ 88,881 405 0 43
*JA1CTZ 815 61 1 4 *OK2QX 34,300 201 0 35 OH2YL 227,150 817 1 54 *SV1CKZ 91,238 360 0 49 *YO5DAS 64,116 323 0 39
*JA5CBU 740 72 0 4 *OK1FRJ 31,465 195 0 35 *OH2BA 149,930 627 0 47 SV1ME 80,237 385 0 41 *YO8BDQ 24,981 153 0 33
*JE4MHL 738 39 1 5 *OK6TW 30,600 195 0 34 *OG2T 147,268 661 0 44 *SV1GRD 22,903 118 0 37 *YO2MAX 21,930 148 0 30
JA1KIO 630 13 2 7 *OK1HEH 28,116 186 0 33 OH1VR 146,200 579 2 48 *SV3AWG 8,825 70 0 25 *YO7MPI 7,682 66 0 23
*JK1JAS 525 15 1 6 *OK2BRS 27,506 162 0 34 *OH5VT 91,356 390 0 46 *SV6EBQ 7,678 70 0 22 YO2MFC 1,045 13 0 11
*7K1MAG 512 51 0 4 *OK2IW 23,488 157 0 32 OH5BM 89,148 385 1 45
*JA3VOV 510 37 0 5 *OK2DIK 18,531 138 0 29 *OH5TS 86,387 413 0 41 Guernsey Scotland
*JM1PIH 495 35 0 5 *OK7T 18,125 134 0 29 OH2BJ 64,195 345 0 37 MU5E 810,216 1406 34 65 MM1E 136,210 501 6 47
*JK1TCV 480 10 4 2 *OK7TJ 15,841 112 0 31 OH5C 38,190 198 0 38 *MUØMXF 54,990 237 0 45 MM1R 37,392 146 1 47
JJØUSR 455 9 0 7 *OK2GU 14,418 117 0 27 OH3PE 19,108 115 0 34 MMØT 37,050 187 5 34
JR3UIC 400 11 2 3 *OK2ABU 14,040 115 0 27 OH5NS 1,680 20 0 16 Hungary
*JH2GZY 390 8 4 2 OK1DW 1,625 13 2 11 OH3XZ 234 7 1 5 HG6O 268,190 806 7 58 Serbia
JJ7PMS 366 10 1 5 *HA8AT 120,612 533 1 45 *YT9W 217,030 775 7 48
*JH2JNU 240 27 0 4 Denmark France HA2KMR 20,748 165 0 26 YU5W 195,849 823 1 46
JA1BBC 234 33 0 3 *OU2V 118,859 571 2 39 *F5GGL 8,151 48 1 32 *HA7MS 5,850 48 0 25 *YT1Z 66,591 269 0 49
*JF1LMB 200 18 0 4 *OZ1AAR 40,494 240 0 34 *F1FPL 5,760 47 0 24 YT7B 50,004 274 0 36
JA6BWH 188 16 0 4 *5Q6EE 33,558 195 1 33 *F4VSD 2,320 29 0 16 Ireland *YU1KT 34,398 179 0 39
*JAØBJY 171 24 0 3 *F4HPZ 320 8 0 8 EI5KG 1,560 24 0 13
*JA2KPW 162 21 0 3 England Slovak Republic
JH1HDT 160 4 0 4 G4A 722,267 1432 28 63 Germany Italy OM2XW 540,708 1195 22 62
JHØOXS 120 5 0 4 G4BUO 295,372 713 24 53 DL1AUZ 522,832 1300 24 58 *IK4ZGO 147,522 646 4 42 OM7RU 451,212 1131 14 62

*OM5NL 331,296 942 10 58 SOUTH AMERICA ASIA Ukraine K2MK 17,630 169 36 5
*OM2XA 283,410 807 14 53 Argentina Asiantic Russia US1UP 106,490 479 1 45 *K4RUM 12,292 194 28 0
*OM5ALL 153,230 547 6 49 LU5YF 1,092 14 2 10 RD9D 119,901 263 0 51 UX9Q 106,150 422 1 49 *K1NY 3,576 51 21 3
OM6AL 118,712 535 0 44 *LU6D 48 5 0 3 UA9D 21,781 114 0 23 UZ7E 75,936 376 0 42 N2KA 3,240 28 19 8
*OM3ZWA 82,760 414 1 39 *LW1D 22 4 0 2 R8US 256 13 0 4 UT1DX 63,272 286 0 44 N1JP 2,507 50 22 1
*OM5AW 77,805 336 1 44 UAØSBQ 4 2 0 1 UR5FEO 58,476 263 0 44 *K2YR 234 10 9 0
OM1II 68,288 311 4 40 Brazil US7UK 42,880 230 0 40
*OM5CM 57,979 319 0 37 PY2ZEA 1,464 15 1 11 Asiantic Turkey UZ1RM 33,099 214 0 33 DELAWARE
*OM7AG 53,625 328 0 33 PY9MP 800 10 0 10 TA3LHH 7,440 39 0 20 UW1U 31,904 210 0 32 NW3Y 69,634 290 44 30
*OM2DT 47,472 199 4 42 PY2KP 54 6 0 3 TA3ST 200 5 0 4 UR5UJ 22,869 149 0 33 AA3R 11,480 146 34 1
*OM3CDN 33,600 216 0 32 *PU4YJS 1 0 0 1 UT4UBZ 16,000 100 0 32 *N3TTT 168 9 7 0
*OM5VS 29,240 170 2 32 Japan UR8IF 8,640 89 0 20
*OM4DU 28,390 170 0 34 Colombia JE3AKU 876 46 0 6 UT7A 6,403 72 0 19 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
*OM7PY 27,550 197 0 29 HK1MW 40 2 1 1 JH7UJU 740 60 2 3 UT5UN 2,058 30 0 14 *AC5XK 4,301 89 23 0
*OM7AT 8,360 94 0 19 JA6WFM 670 51 0 5
*OM3TBG 3,632 46 0 16 Uruguay JR1UJX 472 52 1 3 Vienna Intl. Ctr. MARYLAND
*OM3PV 2,210 29 0 17 CX2DK 10,730 45 16 13 JK7DWD 222 31 0 3 4U1A 299,475 1067 2 53 K3RA 260,304 807 58 44
*OM2AP 4 2 0 1 JE1QHP 192 29 0 3 N3QE 237,150 917 57 36
JR1ABS 189 27 0 3 W3LL 131,700 398 54 46
Slovenia
Venezuela
JR1NKN 94 22 0 2
OCEANIA NA3M 111,198 416 55 31
YV4ABR 4,370 24 12 7 Indonesia
S53A 658,920 1250 26 69 JF1OPO 82 19 0 2 *NS3T 98,784 569 55 17
JA5NSR 30 3 0 2 YC1HBP 24 2 0 2 K3STX 76,092 444 52 16
S57K 525,046 1206 19 63 YC1AUI 16 8 0 1 K3CCR 59,624 427 50 8
*S53AR
*S57NAW
154,686 528
116,368 412
8
4
50
52
QRP JF1GZZ 4 2 0 1
W3OU 56,615 307 48 19
*S58MU 58,824 321 0 38 NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASSISTED N4ZR 53,568 305 48 16
*S56C 46,028 259 0 37 Bosnia-Herzegovina *AG4Q 43,011 290 48 11
UNITED S TATES
*S58RU 34,632 196 0 36
CONNECTICUT E77Y 193,927 716 3 50 NORTH AMERICA *N3AM
*W3UL
34,833 297
34,362 321
46
43
5
3
S55G 22,575 133 0 35
*S5ØE 21,792 142 0 32
W1IG 4,712 100 19 0 UNITED STATES W3ICM 33,201 197 51 12
Croatia CONNECTICUT
*S57WW 4,400 47 0 20 9A4QV 66,792 307 0 44 K3TN 26,600 198 42 8
MAINE K1ZZ 235,872 497 51 53 K3AU 17,442 195 35 3
*S5/MØMPM 962 16 0 13 9A6A 15,512 114 0 28
NY1E 10,912 143 31 0 *N1EN 27,025 230 40 7 N3FJP 12,512 154 32 2
Spain W1NK 17,424 100 32 16 *AB3SX 11,264 152 30 2
MASSACHUSETTS Czech Republic *W1ARY 6,226 122 22 0
EF5Y 667,104 1221 31 65 OL4W 183,855 747 3 48 W2CDO 9,146 115 33 1
EA4KD 107,756 327 15 47 WB2CPU 13,984 143 35 3 *W3NRJ 6,600 85 31 2
W1FJ 4,500 87 20 0 OK1FKD 157,040 633 1 51 MAINE
*EA5AER 75,026 327 1 45 OK1QM 95,847 475 1 42 N3XL 5,642 98 26 0
*EA5/RV2A 49,396 175 6 47 W1UU 3,652 68 21 1 KA1IS 398,944 892 57 55 WC3N 1,600 30 19 1
KU1N 1,302 36 14 0 OLØA 92,536 452 1 42 K1JB 262,300 621 53 47
OK1DMP 50,694 254 0 42 WX3B 42 3 2 1
Sweden W1AO 131,544 406 45 36
NEW HAMPSHIRE OK1HMP 28,182 187 0 33
SM2U 285,476 956 3 55 OK2BWC 12,850 116 0 25 PENNSYLVANIA
SM2CEW 112,068 502 0 44 W1ND 2,430 54 18 0 MASSACHUSETTS AA3B 444,666 1076 59 52
*SM5CSS 59,778 293 0 41 England W1UE 489,954 1016 55 56 NY3A 358,343 946 58 49
*SM5LW 57,491 262 1 42 NEW YORK N2KW 424,654 921 57 56 W8FJ 354,867 835 58 53
WW2G 35,595 326 42 3 G4LPP 11,970 83 0 30
*SM5DXR 41,144 222 0 37 G4BUE 10,738 89 1 25 *WO1N 136,728 563 49 32 N3RD 343,860 949 59 51
SM5AOG 31,311 115 2 47 G4N 3,944 48 0 17 K1RV 78,455 395 48 23 NN3Q 333,794 887 56 50
*SM5ACQ 22,860 155 0 30 DELAWARE AK1MD 62,205 324 46 19 K3WW 330,379 898 59 50
AE3J 2,508 42 22 0 M6KET 30 2 0 3
*SE6K 16,380 109 0 30 W1TO 59,688 264 48 24 KC3R 180,226 518 54 43
*SM2BLY 9,360 80 0 24 W1TC 48,396 179 47 27 WW3S 165,504 558 54 42
PENNSYLVANIA European Russia W3MA 147,476 580 55 37
*SM6OPM 9,296 64 0 28 UA6CC 58,995 261 0 45 KA1IOR 41,795 170 38 27
K3HW 2,940 61 21 0 K1DJ 36,904 224 41 15 K3WJV 146,080 573 57 31
W7LG 826 25 14 0 RW3AI 6,860 78 0 20 *NJ3K 145,550 658 58 24
Switzerland R6KX 6,573 62 0 21 *AG1A 17,955 146 37 8
*HB9ARF 73,392 332 1 43 W1UJ 12,247 128 31 6 K3MD 106,260 621 51 19
GEORGIA R2AJA 1,968 38 0 12 N3RS 102,598 390 52 34
*HB9CPS 57,915 299 0 39 R3IBT 1,704 33 0 12 W1KM 10,440 152 29 1
*HB9DDZ 16,598 70 1 42 AA4GA 28,717 267 42 5 *K1XM 10,304 140 30 2 K3NM 101,994 378 56 33
K4PQC 1,620 36 20 0 RD3FV 2 1 0 1 NT2DR 101,850 437 42 33
NF1A 8,260 81 29 6
Ukraine W1FV 7,722 39 8 19 W3FIZ 96,900 477 52 23
Finland NF3R 78,548 439 54 19
UX2X 541,861 1308 10 69 KENTUCKY OH3KQ 23,460 158 0 30 *W1DYJ 7,228 117 25 1
US6EX 388,157 978 9 68 K4TO 27,081 223 46 5 WJ1R 7,072 53 23 11 K3OO 72,345 395 41 24
*UT5NR 287,615 942 6 55 NB3R 61,138 263 50 27
Germany *K1SX 3,996 36 16 11 AB3AH 59,658 396 52 9
UT3QU 195,690 565 7 59 NORTH CAROLINA DK7HA 205,436 773 7 51 *W1MI 2,205 42 21 0
UW1WA 141,015 551 5 46 N4IJ 36,076 246 47 11 NO3U 56,496 322 52 14
DM7AA 144,354 684 3 46 *KX1X 650 22 13 0 K3RL 52,800 124 47 41
UT5VX 129,550 526 0 50 DK1VD 88,641 411 3 46 WY3A 51,840 337 47 13
*UT8IM 127,253 519 1 48 TENNESSEE DJ3RA 69,552 380 1 41 NEW HAMPSHIRE KB3Z 49,920 302 50 14
*UR1HR 118,923 496 0 49 WB4GHZ 110 11 5 0 DK8R 59,625 295 1 44 K1AR 387,720 966 57 51 K3CY 42,484 331 43 9
*US1VM 113,735 543 0 43 DL1JDQ 43,488 264 0 36 K1KA 140,500 413 54 46 K3FMQ 41,340 211 44 21
*UT1WW 110,779 487 0 47 VIRGINIA DL5SFC 33,605 139 0 47 NF1O 64,960 328 49 21 *K3PP 33,761 252 46 7
*UT3SO 107,982 531 0 42 KA4RRU 53,784 426 47 7 DL8ZAJ 19,158 144 0 31 AJ1AJ 33,153 328 39 4 W3FV 29,640 210 46 11
*UT4EK 79,002 392 0 42 W1IE 2,070 50 18 0 DL4HG 14,982 109 0 33 NN1SS 23,670 223 41 4 K3WGR 28,731 164 44 17
*UR5KO 78,144 365 0 44 K2EKM 648 36 8 0 DM2DZM 13,926 93 0 33 K1QX 7,700 50 20 15 KD3TB 13,580 161 33 2
*UR7HCX 76,560 319 0 48 WR4I 372 14 12 0 DH1PLY 2,934 38 0 18 *AE1T 6,120 105 23 1 *W3KB 11,360 155 31 1
*UR7EC 68,288 315 0 44 DL2LDE 2,048 28 0 16 NE1F 3,288 26 12 12 NY3B 11,008 142 30 2
UW5U 67,392 350 1 38 CALIFORNIA DM3F 864 15 0 12 N9NC 812 23 14 0 N3ZA 10,664 142 30 1
*UW2Q 66,285 306 1 44 N6AN 190 19 5 0 DF6DOM 270 9 0 9 WØBR 10,080 105 30 6
*UT5EOX 62,812 304 0 41 N5KO 60 10 3 0 RHODE ISLAND KU2C 8,964 51 18 18
*UR8GX 61,068 302 0 42 Hungary *W1WBB 126,360 570 53 28 *NR3Z 8,033 116 28 1
*UW3WF 60,684 325 0 39 ARIZONA HA1TI 61,834 290 0 43 NC1CC 25,074 239 33 9 *AG3I 6,873 102 27 2
*UY2UQ 59,508 335 0 38 N6HI 102 17 3 0 HG7J 22,592 148 0 32 W1OP 6,820 36 13 18 KA3D 3,944 56 29 0
UZ1U 54,612 315 0 36 HA8WZ 15,283 109 0 29 WA3AAN 742 22 14 0
US7IA 53,724 297 0 37 UTAH HA5BA 2,030 32 0 14 VERMONT
*UR6LRC 52,440 266 0 40 KIØG 182 13 7 0 W1SJ 140,876 623 52 30 ALABAMA
*UT1UL 49,854 244 0 42 K1IB 51,116 393 42 10 K4AB 331,590 1177 59 46
Italy AG4W 189,200 890 57 29
*UV5ERY 48,792 271 0 38 WYOMING IKØXBX 47,212 219 1 43 K1VMT 43,316 331 46 6
*UT5PY 48,510 291 0 35 WC7S 5,115 75 31 0 AA1SU 33,300 305 41 4 K4WI 104,240 505 55 25
IK4RQJ 27,936 117 0 48 *KR4F 55,106 404 51 8
*UR5ZTH 35,532 205 1 35 IK1YRA 14,490 87 0 35 KK1L 20,104 100 41 15
*US3IZ 30,624 189 0 33 MICHIGAN *N1IBM 14,616 167 33 3 K8KI 23,453 213 40 7
I2BPP 12,524 82 0 31 N2NL 15,604 133 39 8
*UTØCK 30,240 201 0 32 W8GP 26,180 260 44 0
*UR7CB 29,784 178 0 34 Kaliningrad NEW JERSEY
*UT5EPP 29,184 194 0 32 OHIO FLORIDA
UD2F 50,472 279 0 36 KE2D 246,636 819 59 43 NN7CW 254,114 942 58 40
*UY5AR 27,094 136 0 38 K8ZT 15,523 152 40 3 R2FI 12,300 99 0 25 N2BA 191,381 578 50 47
WB8DC 1,998 48 18 0 N4WW 147,763 409 54 47
*UT3KW 23,800 179 0 28 N2HMM 124,761 435 55 36 WO4O 138,264 633 54 30
UR7R 18,122 154 0 26 Latvia KR2Q 114,696 584 47 25 WX4G 108,240 455 54 34
*UX8IA 17,520 119 0 30 ILLINOIS YL2QN 170,912 683 0 49 K2RET 109,025 337 53 36 K5KG 38,280 256 45 15
*US5ABI 16,328 121 0 26 WB9AYW 7,584 108 32 0 W2MKM 108,966 538 52 26 WC4H 31,550 253 39 11
*US5CDH 15,675 128 0 25 N9TO 2 1 1 0 Lithuania N2GM 86,478 414 46 25 N1TO 28,714 249 42 7
*UT1KY 12,857 122 0 23 LY4ZZ 224,856 824 3 51 *N2CJ 56,832 318 48 16 KM4HI 19,000 154 41 9
UT5UGR 11,508 82 0 28 INDIANA N2SR 54,230 416 44 11 N4UU 13,692 133 37 5
*US3LX 8,040 68 0 24 KB9RPG 23,414 219 43 3 Netherlands W2KV 39,455 200 44 21 *KT3T 12,642 104 34 9
*UX2HB 7,602 77 0 21 PF5T 20,320 128 0 32 *KA2K 33,504 297 45 3 W4CU 12,587 120 34 7
*US5IIM 7,038 35 0 34 COLORADO PC2F 7,832 72 0 22 WR2G 33,150 246 36 14 *AA4NP 7,502 102 23 8
*UY5TE 6,384 72 0 19 NO2D 885 28 15 0 N2NT 30,108 237 46 6 WS4Y 5,130 75 28 2
*UT2DW 5,975 49 0 25 Poland *WO2T 26,415 235 38 7 *K4RFK 5,115 61 24 7
UY5OO 3,705 33 0 19 IOWA SP3IOE 59,200 331 0 37 AB2E 23,265 220 42 3
*UT6UZ 2,160 30 0 15 NØNI 104,640 711 56 8 SP7MU 14,736 133 0 24 NE2V 20,377 200 38 3 GEORGIA
*UR4MGN 318 11 0 6 WØGJ 13,026 137 37 2 SP2FMN 11,525 100 0 25 K3TS 17,136 209 34 2 NO9E 292,944 983 58 44
KØKT 5,082 59 31 2 HF5WIM 8,472 73 0 24 *N2UU 16,082 202 32 2 AA5JF 101,232 584 54 18
Wales SP4ADZ 288 7 0 9 K2CJ 11,193 100 34 7 K5JR 80,784 519 52 14
*GW4W 18,360 122 0 30 KANSAS K2SE 8,918 149 26 0 AA4CF 70,455 297 51 26
*GW4TSG 550 11 0 10 WØYJT 6,501 85 31 2 Romania *KC2SST 7,560 98 26 4
NØJK 1,560 33 20 0 *KC2WUF 7,074 110 26 1 KENTUCKY
YO8BSE 77,400 336 0 45 ND4Y 21,195 205 38 7
YO8RIX 5,586 60 0 19 *KD2EPM 3,196 79 17 0
OCEANIA MINNESOTA K2QPN 2,289 47 21 0 W4PF 14,760 152 37 3
YO3GNF 3,038 44 0 14 AA4WW 10,920 125 38 1
Australia NØUR 16,800 176 42 0 *W2FDJ 72 6 4 0
VK3IO 44,800 135 7 28 Serbia
VK3TZ 3,819 23 6 13 NEBRASKA NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA
YUØW 13,257 100 0 27 N1LN 492,793 1246 59 54
VL2G 3,808 29 0 14 WDØBGZ 5,285 71 34 1 YT1BD 2,416 31 0 16 N2ZX 219,978 672 56 45
N2GC 151,432 547 53 39 K2AV 325,102 1076 59 47
YUØU 308 10 0 7 K8AC 239,382 911 58 41
Hawaii CANADA W2GDJ 138,700 393 52 43
ONTARIO WJ2D 180,200 537 57 43
KH7A 315,606 460 51 18 Slovak Republic N2WK 105,798 531 54 23 *WB4MSG 78,189 451 50 17
*KH6AQ 3,450 23 13 2 VE3DQN 6,058 52 26 0 OM4AKF 2 1 0 1 N2NI 90,000 409 47 28 AD8J 74,237 512 49 12
W2KA 72,964 306 51 23 NA4J 72,773 507 52 9
Indonesia Slovenia NY6DX 71,168 481 50 14 *K5EK 52,624 434 43 9
*YC1BIQ 770 11 0 7 S57M 190,458 709 2 52 WB2NFL 61,165 363 48 17 *N4NTO 49,536 454 42 6
*YB1TIA 240 10 0 4 NORTH AMERICA S51Z 105,432 472 0 46 K2QMF 56,000 249 40 30 *N4CWZ 37,344 334 45 3
*YB2MM 168 9 0 4 Belize K2QO 49,504 345 44 12 K2LS 27,665 199 46 9
*YC1RWJ 28 3 0 2 V31HQ 962 14 7 6 Spain AI2N 43,848 323 45 9 N4DE 26,565 200 48 7
*YB1JCD 8 4 0 1 EA5ICL 5,786 52 2 20 WA2CP 39,528 289 44 10 N3ND 18,446 125 37 9
*YB3BGM 8 4 0 1 Cuba EA2CAR 1,476 27 0 12 W2CCC 36,600 222 45 15 K4SV 18,150 59 3 30
*YB3BLJ 4 2 0 1 CO8RH 7,280 49 17 11 Sweden *NJ1F 35,457 237 38 15 W3GQ 13,571 142 37 4
CO6EC 1,050 20 7 3 7S2A 44,528 199 1 43 N2SQW 35,351 261 47 6 N4TL 8,339 114 30 1
Philippines N2RC 28,992 245 41 7 N4ES 4,025 55 18 7
*4F2KWT 16,920 141 0 12 Switzerland *KO8SCA 19,800 206 37 3 *K4BRU 1,330 29 18 1
AFRICA HB9FAP 69,256 316 0 44 WT2J 19,404 229 34 2
Samoa Canary Islands HB9AYZ 17,550 120 0 30 WA2MCR 18,942 184 39 3 SOUTH CAROLINA
*5W1SA 140 4 3 1 EA8AUW 13,008 56 0 24 HB9PKP 1,012 19 0 11 *KI2D 17,640 206 33 3 *N3HEE 159,732 762 57 24

K2SX 156,600 593 54 33 N7XU 64,704 374 53 11 *KØVBU 4,350 59 29 1 RY9C 1,290 15 0 10 Belgium
NU4E 153,520 492 55 40 WR7T 33,804 251 47 7 *KSØAA 180 6 10 0 *R9RT 468 17 0 4 OR3A 307,146 824 13 58
N4IQ 88,527 534 52 17 *KN7K 24,332 215 39 5 UA9CGL 44 3 0 2 ON4WW 211,684 587 8 60
K4YYL 57,553 325 51 16 K9PY 1,302 39 13 1 MINNESOTA OQ5M 189,420 497 18 52
K3DNE 29,315 216 47 8 WØOR 68,880 501 55 5 Asiatic Turkey
WB5NHL 22,090 191 41 6 UTAH KØAD 65,941 472 56 5 TA2SE 127,996 299 0 44 Bosnia-Herzegovina
AA4VT 5,456 62 25 6 K7NJ 266,805 987 57 20 *KIØF 53,200 417 52 4 *E74UK 153,296 578 1 51
K7CA 185,420 723 55 18 K1KD 47,141 333 53 6 China *E77D 85,160 422 0 40
TENNESSEE NG7M 48,064 302 55 9 WAØMHJ 32,376 240 51 6 BA8BA 129,984 329 0 48 *E75AA 49,266 230 0 42
W9SN 325,066 1042 58 49 WF4U 24,308 161 50 9 NØMK 27,816 195 52 5 BY4SZ 27,715 221 4 19
AD4EB 189,378 970 58 23 *AAØAW 18,765 177 42 3 *BH7QP 8,000 65 1 19 Bulgaria
NJ4P 93,030 572 56 14 WASHINGTON *WBØN 14,749 143 42 1 *BG4GOV 3,392 85 0 8 *LZ1UQ 208,107 713 1 56
N4ZZ 80,276 583 54 7 K7XH 64,197 363 51 12 NRØT 9,196 103 35 3 *BG4HYK 3,168 81 0 8 LZ1AQ 199,680 642 6 54
AA4DD 79,650 404 53 22 N7QT 34,782 262 44 7 *BG4FQD 1,635 67 0 5 LZ4A 183,456 638 2 54
*NØHJZ 3,888 72 24 0 *BD1IIJ 1,360 57 0 5
W4UT 73,836 514 56 7 K7SS 25,750 192 44 6 *KJØP 2,808 48 26 0 *LZ1JZ 103,680 424 1 47
*WF7T 44,346 324 50 7 W9PL 16,464 126 41 7 *BG3ILY 844 47 0 4 LZ5F 97,056 397 0 48
*K3IE 34,300 288 44 6 NN7M 14,911 140 31 6 *BG3ODZ 280 17 0 4 LZ3ZZ 89,018 369 2 45
MISSOURI
*KS4X 22,380 155 53 7 K7GS 10,260 96 29 9 *KKØU 68,760 511 54 6 *LZ3YY 76,979 297 1 48
K3JWI 19,872 175 42 6 KK7PW 3,720 78 18 2 Cyprus
WØTT 60,668 469 52 6 LZ6Y 52,280 249 1 39
KT4O 10,450 124 35 3 K7EKD 1,911 32 20 1 *P3AA 543,504 829 8 59
NXØI 47,460 346 55 5 *LZ2ZG 20,454 89 3 39
*NU7F 1,287 42 13 0 C4W 65,680 171 0 40
KØPHP 47,025 362 51 6 *LZ1MC 15,892 109 0 29
VIRGINIA *NN7SS 2 1 1 0 *WO7U 6,120 73 34 2
K2KW 437,875 1183 58 55 Israel
Crete
K4XL 340,032 910 58 54 MICHIGAN NEBRASKA 4X1IM 20,169 79 0 27 *SV9MBH 22,240 130 0 32
W4NF 290,415 1031 57 38 W8MJ 226,634 800 57 37 NFØN 11,480 125 40 1 *4Z4KX 8,140 42 0 20
NN3W 252,320 889 58 37 K8MQP 94,240 643 54 8 *4Z1DZ 5,232 35 0 16
Croatia
KU1CW 251,368 895 58 46 KG8CW 86,320 346 53 30 NORTH DAKOTA 9A5Y 1,009,231 1649 29 80
N4RV 239,100 755 57 43 *N8EA 76,480 515 56 8 KEØA 3,915 59 25 2 Japan 9A5X 932,694 1571 30 76
NR4M 233,714 804 57 44 WA8MCD 43,904 325 47 9 JR4OZR 122,040 345 6 48
9A3JH 463,368 984 21 65
KG4W 170,716 595 57 41 *KE3K 36,993 281 53 4 SOUTH DAKOTA JR4CZM 53,172 244 12 30
9A2EU 262,034 671 15 59
WS6X 168,237 666 56 37 *KD8JDC 27,552 241 45 3 *KØKX 49,532 366 53 5 JI1AVY 48,692 223 13 24
*9A2X 154,856 592 1 51
K4SO 107,414 447 55 31 JA6MWW 47,360 189 7 30
9A5AET 150,282 436 8 58
NX3A 95,625 500 56 19 OHIO JA2IVK 42,210 195 12 30 *9A1KDE 133,350 518 0 50
W4PK 88,875 453 50 25 K1LT 428,238 1193 58 53 CANADA JF3LOP 39,109 201 11 26
N8TR 207,585 590 56 49 *9A1AA 132,594 538 0 49
N3JT 87,360 514 54 16 NEWFOUNDLAND JE1CKA 38,346 239 13 20
W3HKK 156,640 632 57 32 9A4W 95,175 403 2 45
WA4JUK 79,200 481 48 18 VO1HP 483,276 621 47 56 JR3KQJ 29,792 189 9 23
*K8BL 94,122 645 54 9 *JA6GCE 27,918 188 7 26 9A/F5SNJ 82,464 333 1 47
KØZR 64,638 379 43 20 *9A2NO 75,244 280 0 52
K5VIP 58,212 362 50 13 WB2RPW 77,760 361 53 27 NEW BRUNSWICK JF3IPR 24,472 197 10 18
W8EH 63,916 485 52 6 *9A/EI8KW 70,908 375 0 38
N3CW 58,080 408 52 8 *VE9ML 85,824 208 43 29 *JA1SVP 18,212 113 10 19
*K4YJ 55,080 372 50 10 *9A6KX 59,684 280 0 43
K1GG 46,644 232 46 23 JA1PTJ 16,800 69 10 20
KA8G 49,920 336 52 8 *9A3MA 56,447 245 1 46
N3MN 41,713 292 50 9 NOVA SCOTIA JG7PSJ 15,840 52 9 23
*K8ROX 49,724 332 53 9 9A6D 42,240 103 9 57
N4PD 38,304 267 50 7 VA1RST 286,380 538 45 41 JA4OPW 13,234 98 7 19
NO8C 37,766 350 42 4 *9A9J 13,888 90 0 31
N3MK 32,076 183 51 15 JO7KMB 13,125 107 7 18
*K8PK 23,349 240 41 2 *9A7R 640 14 0 10
W4PM 27,495 251 39 6 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND JE1NVD 12,800 167 5 15
*K8LY 21,988 205 42 4 JF7PHE 9,900 104 6 14
W4VIC 26,852 196 35 14 *W8KNO 21,115 222 40 1 VY2WW 244,104 506 43 41 Czech Republic
NN4RB 26,496 239 40 6 JH4CPC 9,890 52 6 17
WZ8P 20,574 156 46 8 OLØW 511,695 1186 21 62
KE4S 26,016 217 40 8 N9RC 13,344 89 37 11 QUEBEC JM1NKT 9,860 128 5 15
OL6D 451,984 1074 18 64
*K4FTO 25,929 249 37 6 KC8WH 11,234 119 39 2 VA2WA 842,985 1221 58 59 JHØGHZ 9,480 48 10 14 *OK6Y 417,920 1020 17 63
AB4SF 24,158 210 41 6 *W8AN 10,920 119 37 2 VA2AM 115,275 228 48 39 *JK1LSE 9,126 142 7 11 *OK2BFN 295,458 849 11 58
*WA4PGM 22,088 200 37 7 AF8C 7,448 74 36 2 VA2UR 58,912 211 39 17 JA3RAR 8,326 45 6 17
*OK2ZV 291,980 901 8 57
K8LF 21,350 187 44 6 *W8XY 1,422 35 18 0 *VE2HLS 23,698 152 33 1 JM4WUZ 8,172 115 4 14
*OK1FPS 268,217 890 6 55
*NJ4Q 14,520 152 36 4 AA5TA 264 15 3 3 *JH4CES 8,028 93 6 12
OK5ET 250,512 717 12 56
N3KN 11,696 154 33 1 ONTARIO JK1HIX 7,632 115 8 8
*OK1TN 240,520 676 10 60
W4JVN 6,138 66 28 5 WEST VIRGINIA VE3EJ 864,981 1379 60 57 JH1FSF 6,992 65 5 14
OK1ATP 238,032 602 12 64
*KX4KU 1,898 32 23 3 K8JQ 117,783 731 57 12 VE3VN 532,689 854 60 51 *JG1LFR 6,462 68 6 12
OL8R 201,344 782 1 51
*K4GM 256 16 8 0 WA8KAN 48,399 413 48 3 VE3RZ 486,517 932 60 41 *JA8RWU 5,488 102 6 8
OK1VD 182,352 631 0 58
*K3JT 30,976 309 40 4 VE3ZI 473,244 753 58 55 JA2HYD 5,056 64 3 13
OL3A 180,268 490 16 52
LOUISIANA *N4RA 17,775 155 37 8 VA3DF 358,384 641 58 46 *JH9DRL 3,976 37 6 8
*OK1AY 159,477 646 2 49
KA5M 13,248 112 42 6 *VE3NZ 180,029 559 55 12 JA4CZM 3,492 61 0 12
*OK2PYA 127,536 555 1 47
ILLINOIS *VA3WB 114,898 413 47 11 JF3DRI 3,360 28 5 10
OK1VK 120,950 407 7 52
MISSISSIPPI *KG9X 152,366 876 57 17 *VE3VY 100,224 358 45 13 JR4VEV 3,211 49 5 8
OK2SG 95,099 306 7 54
N5YT 36,195 256 46 11 K9CT 147,888 788 59 20 *VE3MV 58,506 302 41 1 *JG6JAV 3,124 86 0 11
*OK2QA 89,954 459 0 41
W2GS 16,650 153 39 6 K9NR 142,994 865 58 13 VE3JI 48,457 220 44 3 JA1ILA 3,055 30 5 8
OK8AW 89,770 389 4 43
AC9S 98,340 648 56 10 *VE3GFN 37,560 204 40 0 JL4DJM 2,786 25 4 10
*OK1DPU 75,680 366 0 43
NEW MEXICO WB8BZK 86,775 572 56 9 JH5MXB 2,730 28 7 6
OK6AA 70,089 211 9 52
K7IA 54,795 326 54 11 *K9MMS 85,340 533 58 10 MANITOBA JH6TNH 2,035 46 2 9
N9CO 78,306 543 54 8 OK1DTC 57,304 314 0 38
VE4YH 50,760 201 48 6 JR2AWS 2,008 81 2 6
KI9A 72,000 483 56 8 *OK2DM 49,856 283 0 38
OKLAHOMA JE1DXC 1,810 24 3 7
N9EP 65,076 495 53 5 *OK5OK 46,990 271 0 37
W5TM 104,895 733 58 5 ALBERTA JG7AMD 1,716 20 4 7
N7US 63,178 435 54 8 *OL6B 34,740 211 0 36
*N5UM 14,300 120 45 5 VE6WZ 258,750 692 58 17 JA9NFO 1,200 11 1 11
K9NO 62,696 373 53 15 *OK1BLU 3,120 45 0 20
VE6RST 73,927 262 51 8 *JJ1AEB 665 53 1 4
TEXAS ND9G 51,708 353 53 9 VE6TL 63,498 237 50 7 *JK2VOC 336 50 0 3
KBØV 46,002 278 54 12 Denmark
K5PI 194,208 939 57 27 VE6KC 19,890 111 36 3 *JQ1EPD 235 6 1 4 OZØB 316,500 800 20 55
N2BJ 45,315 351 52 5 *JH0MUC 183 26 0 3
N5RZ 123,735 712 54 19 *KYØQ 37,440 322 49 3 *VE6EX 5,660 62 19 1 OZ3SM 243,180 781 10 50
K5WA 106,096 564 55 21 *JE4KQH 87 5 1 2
*K9YY 35,828 291 47 6 OZ5ØQ 153,890 541 7 48
K5NA 103,356 423 58 29 BRTISH COLUMBIA *JF3DCH 74 17 0 2
KC9EE 24,582 206 46 5 *OZ7BQ 83,377 380 1 42
KG5VK 71,104 487 52 12 VE7ACN 216,580 605 55 15 *JA7ZP 54 6 0 3
KØPG 22,366 177 48 5 OZ2TF 16,298 112 0 29
K5NZ 55,428 381 52 10 VE7CA 19,744 132 29 3 JR1BAS 50 3 0 2
*K9KE 20,205 190 42 3 OZ8SW 8,346 42 1 38
K5KJ 47,040 332 51 9 KC9K 19,400 165 45 5 *VE7XT 18,051 112 27 6 *JH4RUM 44 22 0 1
*OZ1HX 6,370 35 0 35
WBØTEV 36,205 223 54 11 W9NZ 18,179 150 45 4 VE7CV 4,875 45 24 1 *JH6QIL 22 4 0 2
K5LY 34,888 262 47 9 *N9AKR 14,800 161 39 1 VE7BV 3,444 37 20 1 JN1RQV 10 1 0 1
Dodecanese
W5FMH 12,280 140 38 2 AI9T 14,700 118 45 5 SV5DKL 79,050 292 0 51
WØVX 11,836 113 39 5 *K9CW 14,276 135 38 5 Kazakhstan
K5PAR 10,166 87 37 9 N9IO 9,159 82 37 6 NORTH AMERICA UP5B 64,476 191 0 36
England
N5WNG 10,062 116 35 4 AB9M 4,060 66 27 1 Alaska G5W 784,686 1359 35 67
K5DHY 9,805 114 31 6 *K9STM 1,207 34 17 0 KL7SB 88,587 262 40 11 Kuwait
G3UJE 641,700 1277 30 62
*WA8ZBT 8,645 116 34 1 *WT2P 132 11 6 0 9K2HN 8,000 33 0 25
M3A 570,927 1085 31 62
*K5LJ 5,376 63 26 6 KD9MS 108 9 6 0 Dominican Republic G3XTT 482,416 1011 25 63
AF5J 333 13 7 2 *HI8PAP 3,454 25 8 14 Kyrgyzstan
G4FAL 390,240 726 32 58
KE5MMT 224 7 0 7 INDIANA *EX8MJ 21,600 92 0 27
G4IRN 373,346 844 21 61
*W5GN 36 6 3 0 KK9V 155,314 775 55 24 Mexico
WT9U 118,296 696 55 17 G3P 271,580 691 18 56
*XE2S 31,878 145 34 8 Mongolia
K9NW 110,682 725 55 11 G4PIQ 264,041 703 17 56
CALIFORNIA *XE1HG 5,184 43 19 5 *JT1CO 54,870 231 0 31
WB9CIF 77,162 290 55 27 GØBNR 256,221 557 22 61
W4EF 78,813 302 48 15 *G5Q 232,310 699 10 55
W6DR 50,715 304 51 12 KT9L 67,851 455 55 8 Puerto Rico Republic of Korea
K9LA 52,460 357 51 10 *M5W 224,812 725 7 55
N6IE 47,424 305 47 10 KP3W 22,308 99 25 14 *HL3AMO 2,996 86 2 5
N9DR 38,133 297 52 5 G3OLB 212,148 555 24 47
K9YC 42,539 287 51 8 GØMTN 186,340 502 18 52
N6KI 35,616 240 45 8 *KD9PLD 33,252 293 48 3 US Virgin Islands Saudi Arabia
WN9O 13,981 43 6 35 M4J 182,900 587 10 52
K6NV 14,595 177 33 2 NP2X 806,019 963 56 67 HZ7C 29,700 101 1 29
N3RC 13,182 141 35 4 G3SJJ 168,980 447 17 54
KP2B 21,432 90 35 12 *G3RLE 127,836 358 20 47
N5ZO 11,603 117 37 4 WISCONSIN *KP2DX 14,858 73 25 13
K6MI 8,774 81 34 7 WØAIH 235,596 1115 57 30 EUROPE G4PVM 124,338 463 3 50
KF6I 8,060 99 27 4 W9EWZ 157,035 706 56 31 M7V 105,780 345 9 51
Austria
*W6SIY 2,730 49 18 3 K9IMM 120,312 703 59 13 G3T 87,615 312 10 45
K6MM 2,140 39 17 3 N9CK 116,200 524 57 26
ASIA *OE8TED 432,783 1011 17 64
G6T 85,966 321 5 48
Asiatic Russia OE2S 392,946 936 17 62
*W6YOY 990 42 11 0 *KX9RT 99,792 651 57 9 OE5TXF 372,096 1122 10 54 G4CXT 84,568 393 1 43
R8TT 758,848 1156 4 67 G4AMT 80,562 226 19 39
*WQ6X 360 30 6 0 W9RN 84,258 593 55 7 R8OM 607,295 1026 0 65 OE1TKW 216,128 638 10 54
KB9OWD 60,573 424 56 5 *M5M 77,088 326 5 43
R8WF 487,329 858 0 61 OE3KAB 160,900 631 1 49
ARIZONA *WT9Q 57,929 479 53 0 G4DJX 61,776 157 19 47
RG9A 470,064 883 0 56 OE6MMD 134,130 516 1 50
N6WIN 181,350 727 56 19 KQ9J 43,500 311 53 7 *M5P 56,667 297 1 38
RAØAM 462,724 885 0 58 *OE4EIE 39,078 196 0 39
N7DD 171,290 717 54 16 *N9UA 40,812 318 53 4 UA9MA 397,110 722 0 61 *G3PJT 40,560 209 1 38
W7RH 144,059 647 55 16 K9TY 19,100 154 46 4 RT8U 330,876 620 0 63 GØRPM 39,741 205 0 39
*WE9R 18,336 163 44 4 Balearic Islands
W6XI 38,570 236 48 10 RØSR 309,691 640 0 59 *G6M 35,010 158 0 45
N6BT 35,896 250 48 8 *K9TF 16,195 169 40 1 EA6UP 16,173 119 0 27
RX9WN 234,150 499 0 50 *GØW 21,276 127 0 36
N9NA 35,216 190 51 11 *W9JA 12,122 134 37 1 *EA6AMM 15,365 83 1 34
RW9DX 228,904 486 0 52 *G8AJM 18,685 98 5 32
WA7AN 12,320 121 38 6 *K9CPO 6,757 103 29 0 UA9BA 195,085 382 0 55 GØGHK 11,016 61 0 36
KC7V 11,514 123 34 4 K9MU 4,983 68 33 0 Belarus
RZ9YI 132,200 377 0 40 EU4E 549,445 1322 11 68 *2EØOBO 3,186 36 0 18
K7GA 9,996 136 22 6 KN9P 4,031 52 26 3 *RC9A 118,902 310 0 42 *MØMDR 2,400 33 0 16
KN7Y 7,740 100 24 6 EW1I 280,488 875 9 53
RMØF 113,916 389 15 29 EU3A 260,470 701 4 66
KB7AZ 4,416 68 18 6 COLORADO *UI8C 105,612 294 0 39 Estonia
KA7ESE 3,850 71 21 4 KVØQ 161,238 842 57 20 EU8U 249,102 891 2 52 ES2MC 352,656 924 6 66
UA9AX 95,504 230 0 47 EW8R 245,853 810 2 57
K7TD 22,848 164 47 9 RW9JZ 92,720 258 0 40 ES3TI 258,120 819 3 57
IDAHO *KØUK 20,300 166 43 7 *EU8R 136,752 602 0 44 *ES3BH 8,056 85 0 19
*R9LM 76,500 237 0 36
W7MEM 23,430 165 45 10 WØGAS 11,502 87 52 2 RU9AC 56,640 192 0 32 EW4A 126,280 565 0 44 ES5NC 6,400 62 0 20
N7UVH 20,250 148 40 10 *UA9R 56,448 231 0 28 *EW7DK 112,450 440 0 50 *ES1BH 2,380 34 0 14
KA7T 12,144 97 37 7 IOWA *RA9MX 54,223 153 0 43 EU1A 86,184 306 1 53
*N7ESU 572 19 13 0 W7II 49,725 315 57 8 UAØACG 42,840 165 0 35 EU4T 74,777 309 0 47 European Russia
*KEØIAT 10,535 103 40 3 RDØA 37,062 171 0 29 *EU7SV 61,993 255 0 47 R5AJ 457,760 1108 5 75
MONTANA *AEØDX 40 4 5 0 *RCØL 21,168 248 3 13 EU3AC 60,720 251 1 47 R1DX 373,330 1036 6 68
K7QA 99,416 563 55 13 R8DX 14,040 56 0 26 *EW4GL 51,260 231 0 44 RV3A 371,625 1010 4 71
KØSN 53,295 405 53 4 KANSAS RKØUN 12,072 191 0 12 *EU2EU 49,476 259 1 37 R5WW 320,494 907 3 68
*KTØP 2,992 56 22 0 *KØAP 62,060 472 53 5 *RAØLQ 11,970 112 7 12 EU1ST 48,146 258 0 38 RM5F 293,898 906 5 61
WØUY 31,065 234 52 5 *RK9AY 10,122 55 0 21 EU3AA 46,154 186 1 46 UB3A 293,624 875 2 66
OREGON KØBJ 25,315 164 53 8 RWØLT 2,366 21 0 13 *EU6RO 31,279 200 0 31 RG2A 281,732 720 3 73
KA6BIM 174,624 680 54 14 K3PA 5,203 49 40 3 RØCAF 1,296 47 0 6 EW3EO 45 3 0 3 RW1A 269,424 751 15 57

R4KO 267,410 834 0 65 *DM2M 331,331 903 19 58 DG5E 5,512 40 0 26 *LY2BKT 195,636 766 0 51 MM2N 405,440 927 21 59
RV1CC 264,557 897 2 59 DL5LYM 329,600 848 20 60 *DM3PKK 5,060 49 0 22 *LY3B 180,800 714 2 48 GM4Z 284,800 618 26 54
UA1OMS 260,898 814 2 64 DF9LJ 309,420 770 23 58 DK5MR 4,053 40 0 21 *LY2DX 136,578 530 1 50 *MM2T 73,300 287 2 48
*UG4I 241,192 843 0 59 DL8MKG 307,420 857 16 60 *DJ6TB 3,135 33 0 19 LY2CX 114,374 427 1 52 GM3YEH 53,492 244 1 42
R6AP 229,944 707 6 60 DL2SAX 304,912 790 19 57 *DJ5LA 1,610 21 0 14 *LYØNAS 76,506 377 0 41
RT3G 223,776 712 1 62 DM5GG 303,845 999 13 54 *DF1LX 1,078 33 0 11 *LY7Z 76,208 337 0 44 Serbia
R3FX 214,396 864 0 52 DK5DQ 296,074 808 17 57 *DL1PSK 297 6 0 9 *LY5XX 44,240 255 0 35 YT8A 581,343 1177 22 71
R5CA 208,278 742 3 55 DL6ZBN 283,021 804 14 59 *DM2XM 294 9 0 7 *LY3AB 10,764 96 0 23 YU5R 557,280 1206 23 63
RK4FM 206,100 695 1 59 DL2RMC 277,113 808 14 57 LY2BAW 1,344 18 1 13 YTØA 552,601 1144 21 68
*RO1M 172,737 722 1 50 DJ5AN 268,260 631 23 62 Greece *LY5YY 759 15 0 11 YU7KW 413,640 1090 14 58
R3ST 169,653 681 0 53 *DJ9DZ 264,960 830 14 55 J42L 616,584 1232 24 68 *YT4T 403,940 1022 15 61
RA3M 166,311 687 0 51 DL4CF 262,350 717 18 57 SV2JAO 348,648 895 9 64 Luxembourg *YT7KM 376,808 938 15 61
*RX6LG 151,674 623 1 50 DL9DRA 258,464 594 23 59 *SV2AEL 129,564 423 6 53 LX1ER 110,230 262 18 55 YT6T 186,360 595 7 53
DL1BUG 248,607 780 11 58 SV2BXA 84,280 331 0 49
R6DJM 147,850 634 0 50 DL4HRM 239,391 760 12 55 *YT3E 71,450 278 0 50
SV1ABB 30,342 150 0 39
*RW7F 146,880 570 0 54 DL1NEO 236,776 716 11 57 *SV8IIR 13,294 73 0 34 Netherlands *YU3TA 60,840 268 0 45
RA1QD 146,520 560 0 55 DL5WW 223,440 779 5 55 *SV8PMM 6,512 58 0 22 PA9M 539,856 1070 28 64 *YU1ED 49,812 238 0 42
RU4PU 143,754 479 1 56 DH7KU 222,075 597 17 58 *SV7BVM 4,280 42 0 20 PA4WM 388,108 860 23 60 *YT3H 21,173 138 0 31
RA3SI 138,681 507 0 57 DF7EE 220,410 530 21 58 PI4DX 353,640 767 23 61 *YU7D 5,400 54 0 20
*RA3RA 135,824 542 0 52 *DK1KC 215,180 821 8 50 Hungary PA3AAV 286,890 738 20 53
UA3R 135,746 619 0 46 DK2CX 211,926 680 15 51 *HGØR 514,712 1120 22 66 *PC3T 232,125 577 21 54 Sicily
R5DT 131,936 499 1 55 *DL4WA 211,428 738 10 53 HA8BE 405,765 1103 8 63 *PAØO 156,180 496 14 46 IT9ESW 85,280 243 10 55
RM9X 131,166 498 0 54 DF3VM 208,863 623 18 51 HA8BT 386,614 888 19 64 PA5WT 133,416 523 1 50 IT9BLB 23,760 102 0 44
*UA3RBR 127,981 586 0 47 *DL8TG 208,315 747 9 52 HA5JI 381,276 843 21 63 PA4M 127,057 516 2 47 *IT9RGY 6,840 55 0 24
*RQ6A 125,970 516 0 51 DM4X 199,386 645 12 54 HG1G 361,440 974 12 60 *PA2A 123,786 538 2 44 IT9LKX 405 9 0 9
RU6M 123,336 470 0 54 DK7A 190,464 646 13 51 *HA8WY 289,893 785 12 59 PI4COM 82,250 325 0 50
*R4YT 122,808 508 0 51 DJØIF 189,095 700 3 56 HA7I 230,376 763 2 56 PA4EL 72,540 188 15 50 Slovak Republic
RQ3M 119,150 513 0 50 DL6JZ 185,024 597 12 52 HA7RY 218,400 826 1 51 PA3EVY 61,074 215 10 44 OM4MW 1,038,960 1618 33 78
RA4PQ 116,070 452 0 53 DL5CF 176,484 555 10 56 HG5D 203,280 481 17 60 *PA7KY 45,903 239 0 39 OM3GI 780,300 1425 25 75
UA6LCN 115,180 456 0 52 *DD5M 175,740 664 10 48 HA3OU 149,310 548 2 52 *PI4ZUT 42,108 261 0 33 OMØM 762,036 1496 20 72
UA4CC 109,575 484 1 44 DF5EG 174,616 477 17 56 PA4OES 38,007 186 0 41 *OM3CQ 152,448 635 0 48
*DJ9MH 173,508 677 3 54 *HA5PT 148,096 570 2 50
UA3QGT 108,756 410 1 53 HA5OV 129,918 428 2 57 *PA1PE 35,080 178 0 40 *OM7JG 15,510 94 0 33
R4LC 107,808 481 0 48 DK8FD 172,881 660 4 53 PA5MW 34,404 145 0 47
DF6PB 168,665 593 8 53 HA5UX 107,916 469 1 45
*UA3AP 105,840 461 1 47 HA3YE 105,800 461 0 46 *PA3DTR 25,585 146 1 34 Slovenia
RL4A 105,279 364 0 57 DK8ZZ 168,448 557 9 55 *PC4H 14,730 100 0 30 S53F 754,176 1434 26 70
DK2LO 162,254 542 7 55 *HA6PJ 100,926 492 0 42
*R6CC 101,760 412 1 52 HA7SBQ 64,764 311 0 42 *PA7JWC 14,181 102 0 29 S53O 731,574 1378 25 72
*UA4LL 100,298 456 0 47 *DL2NBU 160,683 618 4 53 *PB7TT 13,650 108 0 26 S52AW 726,609 1448 23 70
*DL3YM 152,799 649 4 49 HA5MA 64,061 267 5 42
RT4P 95,688 357 0 54 HA8VV 57,850 144 15 50 *PC1PM 13,572 105 0 26 S51YI 569,448 1211 21 67
RT4M 94,410 451 0 45 DL4ME 144,424 584 4 52 *PA8KW 10,920 87 0 26 S57Q 505,284 1228 19 59
*DK4YJ 143,700 523 6 54 HA2OS 56,943 308 0 37
RJ3A 92,778 429 0 47 DJ9AO 143,046 594 2 52 *HA8IH 52,992 300 0 36 PA6AA 6,994 55 0 26 S53X 455,616 1022 25 59
RD4A 87,516 358 0 52 *DJ5MO 142,100 523 7 51 *HA6NN 16,276 130 0 26 *PA9HR 5,208 52 0 21 S5ØK 445,179 876 30 57
RU3DNN 79,672 366 0 46 *DF4XF 141,284 608 3 49 *HA1WD 744 13 0 12 *PE4A 2,592 33 0 16 S53R 443,374 1025 16 66
R7CD 79,521 434 0 39 *DK8NT 140,448 653 0 48 *PA1T 1,276 25 0 11 *S57DX 393,075 1021 15 60
UI3A 75,870 360 0 45 DK7ZT 137,953 390 17 50 Iceland S53V 351,652 891 19 57
R3QF 74,150 314 0 50 DL6ON 136,136 538 9 47 TF1AM 25,020 139 1 35 Norway S51ZJ 301,768 875 14 53
R7RF 73,372 283 0 52 DM5DX 135,072 500 6 50 LCØX 540,855 1180 20 65 S57L 265,102 584 16 67
RN5M 70,918 220 1 58 DL1NKS 134,844 585 7 44 Ireland LC7X 318,849 884 10 59 S59AA 222,040 779 5 51
*RT5P 65,080 369 0 40 DL5YM 133,965 693 0 45 EI9ØIRTS 424,238 835 31 55 LA3MHA 243,880 702 9 58 S51KD 161,226 609 1 52
*RL2Y 64,296 367 0 38 DF7TV 131,488 514 4 52 *EI6JK 79,632 269 8 48 LA1TV 200,915 713 2 53 S54O 120,834 498 0 49
*RA1OHX 57,480 316 0 40 DHØGHU 130,936 572 2 50 LB6KC 58,716 276 0 42 *S57S 47,952 268 0 37
RY7A 53,958 210 0 51 *DR7T 130,302 526 3 51 Isle of Man LA7XK 27,252 144 0 36 *S56A 45,715 234 0 41
*RT4W 50,439 261 0 43 DF4PD 126,891 356 12 57 MD2C 165,155 451 14 53 *LC9T 17,490 102 0 33 *S55KA 30,645 132 0 45
UA3AIF 49,532 159 1 60 DK4RR 122,910 523 3 48 LA3TK 13,770 77 2 32 *S57KM 18,508 140 0 28
R1CAA 49,374 273 0 39 DJ8EW 121,329 528 0 51 Italy *LA3ZA 12,672 79 0 32 S52W 14,224 100 0 28
RT3N 47,016 278 0 36 DF8XC 118,788 419 4 53 IQ2CJ 819,192 1411 28 79 *LA6XI 5,825 48 0 25
*RA3RLJ 46,398 267 0 38 *DL3IAS 118,433 546 2 47 IKØYUT 541,346 1031 26 68 LA2US 170 8 0 5 Spain
*RV2DNV 42,698 252 0 37 *DL1WA 117,300 500 2 48 EA7X 530,298 886 35 67
DF8V 112,659 506 2 49 I2WIJ 304,381 755 15 62
*R6KA 39,160 213 0 40 4U9A 237,348 829 3 54 Poland EA1DAV 433,620 847 30 60
RC2A 38,367 143 0 49 DF8AA 107,664 483 1 47 SN7Q 706,242 1360 27 66 *EA3CX 383,945 831 22 63
*DL9YAJ 107,274 393 6 51 *IK7YTT 228,060 709 6 57
RK3D 36,192 246 0 32 IK2ANI 179,488 475 16 55 SN2M 608,400 1231 25 65 *EA2AZ 258,653 691 17 54
R6HV 34,440 220 0 35 DC3CC 103,140 408 5 49 SP3HLM 460,614 1155 16 61 EA5DF 183,755 528 15 50
*DM6EE 102,601 496 2 45 IK1PMR 175,798 604 8 50
*UA6EED 31,680 158 0 40 *IZ4BOY 173,042 559 8 54 SP4Z 453,068 1147 10 67 *EA7Q 150,430 398 15 55
*RN3P 31,350 197 0 33 DL2RTJ 89,050 406 0 50 SP9JZU 378,563 870 13 70 EA5YU 103,200 406 1 49
*DM7W 88,543 393 3 46 *IK4DCX 162,396 627 0 52
UA6AH 31,160 135 0 41 I2IFT 157,604 499 6 56 SP3LPG 376,275 970 13 62 EF1A 94,276 363 6 46
DL9UP 87,975 377 2 49 *SQ3R 343,536 982 13 55
*UA4CNJ 24,998 198 0 29 DL1DTL 87,456 393 1 47 IV3VFR 99,654 386 1 50 EA4GOY 93,474 339 5 49
RM4W 24,726 137 0 39 *DK5WO 85,023 421 1 46 *IV3FPX 91,838 396 0 47 SP3GTS 341,874 851 13 65 EA5KA 86,832 238 7 60
R2IN 23,450 139 0 35 *DJ4MX 84,507 365 1 50 *IZ3KKE 91,321 391 2 45 *SN1T 337,814 998 6 61 EA2W 69,454 137 26 56
*R4DI 23,199 101 0 37 *DL1TS 83,237 407 1 46 IZ3KVB 89,900 355 0 50 *SO7M 292,950 944 4 58 *EF3O 22,202 135 0 34
RC7A 19,437 129 0 31 DK2BJ 82,438 393 1 46 *I4IKW 80,236 304 4 48 SN3A 281,600 663 14 66 EA7TG 21,470 110 8 30
RZ2A 16,120 75 0 40 DJ6TF 80,850 368 1 48 IK3SWB 75,615 184 19 52 SP6AEG 255,780 806 6 57 *EC7KW 17,518 95 0 38
*UA4WAU 15,875 145 0 25 DL1KWK 79,135 359 1 48 IZ8GCB 73,900 297 0 50 *SP2EWQ 240,471 747 6 57 EA4FW 3,454 25 0 22
*RA3FD 13,140 52 0 45 *DM3M 77,300 348 1 49 I1NVU 65,572 250 1 51 SP3CYY 229,560 769 9 51 *EA7A 1,995 29 0 15
*RM1O 12,438 168 0 18 *DL1DWR 77,040 384 0 45 IK4VET 62,928 337 2 36 *SP7CF 210,654 779 4 50
*RX3MM 12,298 101 0 26 DL8DXL 76,700 295 3 49 I3FIY 56,760 295 0 40 *SP9YGD 209,403 802 3 50 Sweden
RA1ZZ 11,596 97 0 26 *DJ4WT 75,440 376 3 43 IZ8DVD 56,472 213 2 50 *SN5J 204,256 805 0 52 SEØX 348,201 1067 6 57
*RA4CL 10,680 128 0 20 DF2RG 72,468 358 1 43 IZ4ZZB 53,909 219 2 45 SP4G 193,968 713 3 51 SM4HCM 280,800 739 6 66
*R7NA 10,430 57 0 35 DP7A 71,424 220 14 50 IK7JTF 53,320 144 0 62 SN5X 168,909 540 1 60 SE3P 189,750 750 0 50
*RU4SW 8,325 70 0 25 *DP3P 70,547 328 3 44 *SP5EWX 156,831 511 8 53 SM2M 173,320 593 1 55
*IZ2MGN 49,520 246 3 37 *SD6F 139,995 619 1 44
*R4WT 7,120 102 0 16 DL5RDO 70,479 400 0 41 *IØ/S58Y 36,036 173 0 42 HF1K 152,100 617 3 47
*UA3X 2,028 26 0 13 DL1STG 70,329 293 3 48 *SP5ELA 147,368 587 0 52 SM5EPO 133,084 536 1 48
IC8POF 35,600 126 0 50 SM7PEV 120,555 502 0 47
*UA9XL 1,582 53 0 7 *DJ6OI 65,780 240 5 50 *SP9DLY 143,325 606 2 47
DK1TW 64,008 343 0 42 IW3FVZ 27,324 176 0 33 *SDØN 96,012 460 1 41
*RA6L 1,232 27 0 11 *IW2FUT 25,830 159 0 35 SN1W 143,312 541 5 48
*RN4SM 935 17 0 11 *DL1QQ 61,828 356 0 41 *SQ9IDE 137,100 559 0 50 *SM5IMO 95,120 475 0 40
*DK2RO 61,201 266 1 48 IK5TBK 21,800 81 1 49 *SF5O 75,670 319 1 46
*R7KQ 16 8 0 1 IK2LFF 21,690 91 0 45 SP9LAS 130,536 463 1 55
DL5ST 58,564 300 1 43 SP3J 129,578 355 7 60 SM5FUG 50,135 276 0 37
DL1VDL 56,902 273 1 45 IZ2DLV 19,266 103 0 38 *SK6QA 48,680 243 0 40
European Turkey *IK2TDM 17,214 93 0 38 *SP2R 122,016 520 0 48
DH1NBE 55,088 269 5 39 *SF5X 27,846 168 0 34
*TA1SOR 1 6 0 9 *IUØITX 15,686 109 0 31 *SP9FMP 114,192 439 2 50 SM6BZV 26,565 153 0 33
*DJ3WE 55,076 239 1 48 SP9RCL 102,168 363 1 53
*DL3MXX 54,642 299 0 42 IK3VUU 13,140 38 15 21 *SM6IQD 25,364 151 1 33
Finland IK2SAU 11,822 47 1 45 *SN5N 95,460 458 0 43 SE5E 23,397 143 0 33
OG5O 217,406 815 2 51 *DL5ARM 53,628 295 1 40
DL7QU 53,084 224 1 45 I7CSB 9,006 41 0 38 SP3HRN 90,624 388 1 47 *SF1Z 17,710 98 1 34
OH3FM 191,933 765 0 49 *DL2LRT 51,702 278 0 42 *IV3CYT 8,721 67 0 27 *SP8K 89,913 352 2 49 SM5ENX 2,800 27 0 20
OG6N 170,814 689 0 49 *DF1LON 50,076 293 0 39 IK2XYI 5,564 40 3 23 SP7IWA 84,164 311 0 53 SMØN 2,740 26 1 19
OH6RE 166,050 655 0 50 DL1SWT 49,032 188 11 43 *IK8YFU 4,940 52 0 20 *SP8GNF 83,545 343 2 47
OG4T 145,550 570 1 49 DL7LAM 48,392 211 3 43 *IU1LCU 4,180 50 0 19 *SQ9V 83,050 323 4 46 Switzerland
OG7A 104,980 345 3 55 *DJ8QP 47,334 253 0 42 *IU3MIK 135 6 0 5 *SP5TAT 68,714 294 1 46 HB9NE 554,606 1246 21 62
OH3OJ 90,090 421 2 40 DL3IAE 46,970 172 4 51 *SP6IHE 58,788 249 1 45 HB9DHG 371,210 1019 17 53
OH3EX 77,760 344 0 45 DL5NDX 46,945 255 0 41 *SN5M 53,761 298 0 37 HB9TOC 228,032 690 8 56
OH1EB 65,100 245 1 49 DL2NFC 45,012 220 0 44 Latvia *SP2DKI 43,965 202 1 44
YL2SM 778,128 1337 25 79 HB9DQL 218,766 757 5 52
OH2KW 54,723 294 0 37 *DM4MN 44,849 224 1 42 SP5TT 37,620 162 0 45 HB9TSW 127,351 516 2 47
OH2BO 48,895 162 4 51 *DL5DF 44,640 196 2 46 YL7X 715,350 1398 24 71 *SN2W 33,169 167 1 40
YL2SW 485,604 1100 11 73 HB9IJC 108,316 404 6 46
OH3AD 44,781 269 0 33 *DP4X 42,927 237 0 41 *SN4D 30,102 219 0 29 HB9CVQ 79,482 399 0 39
OG7F 41,301 209 0 39 *DL1HSI 41,287 231 0 41 YL2VW 478,740 1163 11 68 *SP3QDM 29,260 126 0 44
YL9T 417,706 1095 6 67 HB9AWS 76,930 308 0 49
OH5BQ 32,551 146 0 43 *DJ2MX 40,348 218 1 43 SP3JDZ 21,942 87 0 46 *HB9CZF 26,019 100 1 48
OH3RF 31,350 160 0 38 *DK1FY 39,236 276 0 34 *YL1ZF 320,914 1091 1 57 SP8SN 21,352 128 0 34
YL7A 301,372 1003 2 57 HB9DVZ 13,770 92 0 30
OH2KI 11,715 62 2 31 *DH1TST 39,032 215 1 40 *SP3EMA 18,685 106 0 37
OH7KC 10,668 75 0 28 DL8DYL 34,891 213 0 37 YL2BJ 271,164 879 9 50 *SP3SLU 16,116 100 0 34 Ukraine
OH3JR 8,680 39 0 40 *DF7CB 34,788 199 0 39 *YL3GAZ 204,215 725 2 53 *SP2WGB 10,353 76 0 29 UT6UD 676,298 1273 18 80
*OH1RX 240 14 0 6 *DK9OV 34,572 185 0 43 YL2AO 174,876 573 1 58 *SP3BBS 9,884 73 0 28 UWØK 550,910 1166 23 66
*DJ5CW 33,600 228 0 35 YL2KO 148,975 483 1 58 *SP5NZF 5,040 51 0 21 UYØZG 475,972 1013 19 70
France DK3UA 32,016 120 0 46 *SP7TEX 4,480 45 0 20 UW5ZO 419,095 1025 14 65
F6EZV 196,098 655 6 52 *DL1MHJ 31,896 206 0 36 Kaliningrad *SP6CC 2,562 20 1 20 UX1UA 322,544 824 11 65
F6FYA 138,180 435 7 53 *DF8AE 31,120 178 0 40 UC2K 18,720 110 0 32 *SP3MEP 2,432 37 0 16 UY5VA 314,860 870 6 64
F5NBX 78,866 329 1 46 *DK7R 29,225 190 0 35 RN2FA 3,240 48 0 12 UT5EL 273,430 717 15 59
F8CRS 13,923 68 1 38 DL2CC 28,266 147 1 41 Portugal UW1M 259,704 692 6 66
*DL3RAR 26,320 143 0 40 Latvia CR6K 377,825 780 27 58
F6GOX 7,050 36 7 23 *DA3A 25,789 134 0 41 UY5ZZ 232,785 740 5 58
*F/NØMX 4,500 60 0 15 YL3FT 661,480 1301 18 74 CT1EKD 13,668 78 1 33 *UX1UX 225,981 720 9 54
*DL5APW 25,536 145 0 38 YL7X 563,720 1232 19 66
*F5DRD 1,920 32 0 12 *DL1AKP 25,445 158 0 35 CT1GFK 11,748 47 0 44 UX1VT 218,130 796 1 54
*F3WT 1,350 17 1 14 YL2VW 434,204 1129 10 63 *UR7MZ 188,700 619 1 59
*DG1HXJ 24,552 155 0 36
DA2X 24,453 169 0 33 YL9T 284,262 928 4 55 Romania UR8RF 185,450 752 0 50
*DJ1MM 23,788 135 0 38 *YL1ZF 270,570 901 2 56 YR8D 585,353 1202 22 67 *UR6EA 182,655 667 2 53
Germany
DK6WL 710,636 1405 27 74 *DL6MRS 22,000 107 0 40 YL2TD 198,632 687 3 53 YQ6A 463,590 1025 18 67 UR7LY 172,088 612 1 55
DL7ON 661,518 1348 23 76 *DL4VK 21,549 145 0 33 *YL3GAZ 193,482 697 1 53 *YO4RDW 162,192 656 0 48 *UR8GZ 168,070 699 1 48
DQ4Q 583,458 1253 27 67 DF9VJ 21,386 139 0 34 YL2KO 147,287 536 0 53 *YO5AVN 143,712 590 0 48 *UZ1WW 145,800 549 1 53
DR1D 580,191 1295 25 64 DJ2TG 20,256 143 1 31 YL2EA 80,454 346 0 46 *YO8DOH 129,720 553 0 46 *UR1YAA 134,702 590 0 47
DR5X 554,559 1225 27 62 DC2VE 19,950 123 0 38 *YL2PP 42,394 173 0 47 YO2NAA 101,760 421 0 48 *UR5QU 123,310 444 2 53
DL6MHW 509,745 1233 22 63 *DL4AOJ 17,845 82 0 43 *YO8WW 100,064 301 8 51 UX6IR 122,550 488 0 50
DJ5MW 488,136 1104 26 60 *DL6RBH 16,298 127 0 29 Lithuania YO2GL 55,568 237 6 40 US7IM 111,180 423 0 51
DK2OY 483,234 1152 23 63 *DL4FDI 15,624 113 0 31 LY4A 723,591 1321 24 75 *YO2CEQ 45,864 214 0 42 *UR5WIF 107,916 410 2 49
DK9IP 467,544 1140 22 62 *DK9TN 12,586 106 0 31 *LY5E 533,882 1298 13 66 *YO7SR 41,200 199 0 40 UX3IW 106,704 435 0 48
DL7URH 428,976 1082 21 60 *DK5WN 12,308 73 0 34 LY7M 528,968 1105 17 71 YO9BPX 26,976 101 0 48 *UT2HC 99,726 283 6 60
DK3WW 420,881 985 22 67 *DL2TOS 11,680 71 0 32 LY5R 334,848 1001 3 61 *YO7BGA 26,826 154 0 34 *US7IY 98,880 408 0 48
DM2X 379,092 946 21 63 *DF2AJ 7,936 50 0 31 LY2K 304,353 938 7 56 *YO2OXD 12,300 48 0 41 *UT8IO 98,318 473 0 41
*DAØBCC 366,336 1108 12 60 *DL7NX 6,693 66 0 23 *LY2TS 269,689 896 3 56 UT8RN 80,808 404 0 42
DL8UAT 354,692 979 17 59 *DL9DBZ 6,666 69 0 22 LY2SA 241,707 666 10 59 Scotland UT3N 80,220 388 1 41
DC6O 332,280 982 15 57 *DL3AMI 5,568 53 0 24 *LY5AX 207,927 804 1 50 GM3X 479,408 1071 21 62 US6IKT 69,476 310 0 44

*UT4XU 50,266 246 0 41 RK9CYA 93,480 251 0 41 Serbia NS2N 2,300 47 23 0 N5AF 270 12 10 0
UT3UV 41,148 239 0 36 RØMM 7,216 128 3 8 YT5A 638,756 1277 21 71 KQ2N 1,995 45 18 1 *W5ITZ 132 7 5 1
*UT3WX 39,474 241 0 34 YU7GMN 123,657 511 3 44 *NW2K 1,066 38 13 0 *KC5MVZ 72 6 6 0
UW3HM 35,342 176 0 41 China KC2NVG 696 29 12 0 *WB5K 32 4 4 0
*UT5AX 21,630 122 0 35 BY1RX 9,270 211 0 9 Slovak Republic *KC2QPP 516 20 12 0 N5BIP 1 2 0 0
UT5C 21,063 59 0 59 BY1OK 7,992 133 0 12 OM2Y 824,466 1476 25 77 *AD2MM 352 16 11 0
UT7QF 17,480 69 0 46 OM4Q 319,560 1047 4 56 CALIFORNIA
US3LR 13,718 65 0 38 Israel DELAWARE NJ6P 43,968 269 50 14
*UY5QZ 12,231 98 0 27 4X2M 1,078,056 1328 19 65 Slovenia *KS3D 26,362 212 39 10 KG6AO 7,104 77 34 3
*UR3QCW 12,090 100 0 26 S5ØC 1,189,704 1766 34 80 WB6HYH 5,184 90 26 1
*UR5RP 7,200 41 1 31 Japan S53M 651,225 1265 27 68 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AI6LY 3,146 63 20 2
*UT5WAA 2,550 36 0 15 JA3YBK 325,896 607 15 59 S52C 392,544 1053 17 55 *W3DQ 32 4 4 0 N6RO 3,025 50 23 2
*UT5UGQ 1,001 18 0 11 JF1AMX 82,004 260 16 36 *AC5XK 12 3 2 0 KE6QR 2,926 64 17 2
UT5UT 750 10 1 9 JG6YLY 4,270 37 0 14 Spain W6AFA 2,268 57 17 1
ED1R 188,088 524 17 51 MARYLAND W6RKC 1,425 30 18 1
Wales K3ZO 101,689 549 49 24 N5ZO 1,330 26 16 3
MW5B 1,038,294 1585 36 75 EUROPE Sweden *N3TE 7,488 87 27 5 N6TQ 450 22 8 1
*GWØARK 5,336 47 0 23 Aland Islands SC7DX 618,426 1351 23 63 *KQ3W 4,887 80 26 1 *W7XZ 396 19 8 1
OHØZ 297,680 937 2 59 AA3S 3,525 60 24 1 *NN6P 357 21 7 0
Switzerland *N1EK 3,260 71 19 1 *N6LL 216 18 6 0
OCEANIA Balearic Islands HB7X 877,932 1590 28 71 *NC3Y 2,772 60 21 0 *KA9A 2 1 1 0
*N3ADF 930 34 15 0
Indonesia EA6FO 772,100 1331 31 69 N3XL 180 15 6 0
*YC2VOC 270 12 0 5 Ukraine ARIZONA
*YC1COZ 72 4 0 3 Belarus UR7D 999,240 1651 31 79 PENNSYLVANIA N7RK 20,130 154 49 6
*YC1KFQ 10 5 0 1 EW5A 1,246,616 1844 30 83 UZ2M 830,313 1489 20 79 W3BGN 89,110 500 45 22 KB7AZ 216 12 9 0
*YC1WOZ 8 4 0 1 UXØLL 312,448 965 4 60 W3TS 63,305 499 48 7 KJ7YYI 4 2 1 0
*YC1JAL 6 3 0 1 Belgium UW6M 90,280 462 0 40 *K3SWZ 7,347 99 27 4
YCØSAS 4 2 0 1 OT6M 805,494 1398 30 72 UW7W 86,940 390 0 45 *K3FAZ 6,206 98 28 1 IDAHO
*WS3C 3,344 64 21 1 *KK7A 12 3 2 0
New Zealand Bosnia-Herzegovina OCEANIA *KN3A 1,122 30 17 0
ZM4T 70,952 151 20 29 E7DX 1,095,248 1705 31 81 Hawaii *NV3C 1,120 37 14 0 OREGON
E7CW 578,760 1288 20 64 KH6LC 165,660 303 42 13 *KA3KSP 994 31 14 0 K7RAT 16,356 142 41 6
*KC3GBS 528 18 11 0
SOUTH AMERICA Bulgaria Indonesia WASHINGTON
Argentina LZ5R 841,401 1502 23 76 7B1B 208 14 0 4 ALABAMA KD7UO 11,628 119 35 3
LU3WC 902 11 1 10 LZ9W 824,670 1429 24 78 7E1T 18 9 0 1 W4ZZK 12,909 154 36 3 *N7QOZ 1,560 40 14 1
LU5OM 740 11 2 8 7AØD 10 5 0 1 N7PHY 161 10 7 0
Croatia FLORIDA *N7IAD 80 5 4 1
Aruba 9AØBB 968,205 1655 28 77 *WA3LXD 9,500 103 32 6
P4ØAA 1,206,768 981 56 68 9A3JB 956,016 1569 31 77 SOUTH AMERICA *NE8P 5,600 77 28 4 MICHIGAN
9A2W 212,517 829 1 50 Argentina WX4US 5,472 60 31 5 N8OL 39,167 339 47 6
Bonaire LU8DPM 148,980 203 44 34 *K4RFK 3,596 42 23 6 *W8GP 26,036 255 43 3
PJ4DX 24,600 61 24 17 Czech Republic *K3SV 140 10 7 0 NA8V 20,600 162 45 5
OK7K 1,206,360 1754 32 88 Curacao N8GEO 15,708 159 41 3
Brazil OK5Z 934,416 1689 27 76 PJ2T 1,458,816 1150 57 71 GEORGIA *K7DR 6,510 84 34 1
PY2NA 4,161 30 7 12 OL4A 868,632 1548 30 72 KU8E 32,880 309 43 5 K8TLC 4,658 54 32 2
PV2K 1,056 18 2 9 OL1R 684,768 1298 28 68 Ecuador *AA4LR 9,398 116 33 4 *NF8M 3,456 55 27 0
*PY2KC 164 12 0 4 OL1A 598,436 1282 24 65 HC2GRC 560 8 4 4 *WC4Y 5,945 95 28 1 *K8MJZ 1,738 38 22 0
PY5AMF 48 5 0 3 OK1KDO 452,760 1163 11 66 *WA4ZKO 3,600 47 26 4 *AB8XU 1,007 22 18 1
*PY2GTA 6 3 0 1 OL1C 419,496 1052 19 58 CHECK LOGS *KD4YDD 3,306 47 25 4 *K8RO 708 25 12 0
*PY3TR 2 1 0 1 OK1KQH 370,444 987 16 58 8SØDX, AC2OC, AC4PQ, CT1ILT, K4EMF 507 15 12 1 *KB8QAS 324 15 12 0
*PY3LX 1 0 0 2 OL7T 367,132 1077 10 58 DD2CW, DJ1SL, DJ2IA, DJ4MF, DK3WE, *KE4QCM 2 1 1 0
OK6T 316,544 992 8 56 DLØGRH, DL2FQ, DL4JLM, DL5CW, OHIO
Chile OK1KOK 40,034 235 0 37 DL6KVA, DL6RAI, DL7VEE, DL7YS, KENTUCKY ND8DX 166,592 922 56 20
*XQ3WD 50 5 0 2 DL8FMA, DM1BM, DM5JBN, EA4OR, KC4WQ 23,312 208 41 6 KW8N 60,264 484 45 9
Denmark EA7IZ, ES2DJ, EU1KY, EW8AX, EW8Y, *KE8BKP 43,806 390 43 6
OZ5W 466,564 1162 19 57 HA1DAE, HB9AMO, IIØWRTC, II2WRTC, NORTH CAROLINA *KC9LA 35,144 335 41 5
MULTI-OP England
II3WRTC, II4WRTC, II5WRTC, II6WRTC,
II8WRTC, II9WRTC, IK2XDE, JA5FNX,
N4XD
NG4C
81,770 394
75,225 572
48 26
47 12
*W8TB
*K8CAM
14,518
10,404
188
128
32
34
2
2
NORTH AMERICA G4AQG 474,852 1027 26 58 JH1WOY, JN1RVS, K3WWT, K9AU, LA1U, *KO2Q 14,898 166 34 5 *N8HP 8,085 98 33 2
UNITED STATES LA5LJA LA7AFA, LZ2JE, LZ3FN, N3IQ, *KK4RV 6,766 89 32 2 *KD8ZEI 7,812 120 28 0
MAINE Estonia N4PL, N8OO, OK1AYU, OK1FMX, W4GHV 1,207 31 16 1 *N8OH 6,882 99 31 0
K1LZ 1,026,066 1519 59 70 ES9C 633,072 1308 16 72 OK4MM, OK5T, OL6M, OM5CD, PAØVLY, *KI4RBI 870 26 15 0 KE8NBC 5,780 76 32 2
ES7A 123,615 537 0 45 R3AT, R5QQ, R9AB, RL3DX, RM2A, *KT4EM 504 21 12 0 *KI8N 5,160 77 29 1
MASSACHUSETTS RV3LO, RX3DTN, RZ1OA, S52WW, SC3A *AB8OU 4,648 74 27 1
N1RR 122,724 463 48 36 European Russia SMØQ, SM5Q, SP2GJI, SP5LXR, SOUTH CAROLINA *K8RR 4,617 78 26 1
W1FM 47,040 384 42 7 UA7K 1,009,368 1666 24 84 SP8HKT, SP9XCN, SQ9NFC, SV1ELF, *KR4NO 4,316 74 24 2 *KD8TNF 3,864 63 28 0
RL3A 916,125 1584 20 85 SV2BXZ, SV2ESW SV3RF, TA7I, TF3SG, *K8SVT 1,870 38 21 1
NEW JERSEY RT4F 849,500 1529 14 86 UB3DDA, UC4Y, UN7JX, UN9LW, UR3EZ, TENNESSEE *W4ZIP 1,312 38 16 0
N2AA 739,660 1417 58 66 UA4M 740,283 1544 7 80 UR5WA, US5VX, US5WE, UT2IV, UT2QQ, AF4T 18,225 176 41 4 *WO3X 1,140 30 19 0
RT4G 667,350 1384 5 85 UT7LW, UX3ZW, UZ2I, VA3IK, W3SA, *WB8WUA 180 9 10 0
YO2DFA, YO6DDF, YR9F WB4YDY 17,908 178 40 4
DELAWARE RO2E 390,623 1099 8 65 *KJ4BIX 10,320 93 38 5 *KC8IB 72 6 6 0
K9RS 420,860 1126 58 52 RC3W 376,899 1013 4 69 *AC4G 10,280 111 36 4
RT2A
R3AP
150,976 557
146,598 576
1
2
55
51
2022 SSB RESULTS W4NZ 4,060 57 25 4
K8JQ
WEST VIRGINIA
14,023 172 36 1
MARYLAND *KEØL 3,302 56 23 3
K3AJ 391,164 1023 58 53 RD1A 133,050 550 0 50 SINGLE OPERATOR NK4I 3,036 63 23 0 N4RA 13,020 127 37 5
N3DPB 133,040 619 57 23 RC3FL 119,184 516 1 47 NORTH AMERICA *N9TF 1,026 27 18 0 KE8KMX 4,420 82 25 1
UA6YW 113,373 460 2 49 *NY4JB 954 25 18 0 *KE8SNO 8 2 2 0
PENNSYLVANIA RY5WAA 84,840 457 0 40 UNITED STATES *W4WWV 520 20 13 0
K3LR 653,520 1503 59 61 RY3WAA 82,040 445 0 40 CONNECTICUT *AI4DB 32 4 4 0 ILLINOIS
W3GH 131,752 549 50 36 RA5G 78,384 344 0 48 W2TT 13,405 162 31 4 *WO9I 20,925 207 42 3
NE3F 85,884 475 48 20 UF1F 4,959 52 0 19 ND1X 6,328 84 22 6 VIRGINIA *N9LYE 9,324 117 37 0
K3PH 15,036 134 37 5 *KC1SA 360 15 10 0 K3ZM 250,454 839 56 41 N9RU 6,324 84 31 3
Finland *KB4OLM 50,055 479 43 4 *K9ZO 6,107 97 31 0
FLORIDA OH5Z 528,220 1320 9 68 MAINE *WF7I 20,514 232 36 3 *N9DJ 4,440 68 30 0
KØDI 456,320 1221 59 56 OG9W 280,680 917 1 59 *N1DFD 6,026 113 23 0 K4CGY 13,674 138 36 7 *WB9HFK 3,584 50 31 1
AD4ES 83,628 509 50 19 N1FR 966 30 14 0 WA9TTC 8,398 106 30 4 *KD9NYE 2,889 49 27 0
Germany *K4FJW 8,015 101 33 2 *KB9FPY 2,754 48 27 0
KENTUCKY DP7D 591,387 1291 25 68 MASSACHUSETTS *KV4ZY 7,620 111 27 3 *N9TO 1,134 30 18 0
N4SS 323,532 1116 58 41 DLØLA 585,887 1363 22 67 N1DPM 73,254 531 47 11 *KG4WOJ 7,440 101 28 3 *AG9A 1,054 25 17 0
DP4E 561,590 1325 25 64 K1OFO 17,430 166 35 7 *N4DJ 7,192 107 29 2 KA9CAR 840 25 15 0
SOUTH CAROLINA DP6A 543,488 1279 26 62 K5ZD 10,920 120 29 6 *K4MVM 6,524 109 28 0 *NV9X 4 2 1 0
AA4V 232,965 906 58 35 DR4W 474,180 1180 23 61 KB1OIQ 7,781 109 29 2 N4CF 5,597 86 28 1 *N9OQC 2 1 1 0
DP9A 460,356 1246 18 60 *W1IZZ 7,524 72 32 6 KC4RCR 4,928 75 25 3
VIRGINIA DFØRW 442,308 1109 24 58 W1AST 4,179 82 21 0 *K4GDA 4,602 77 23 3 INDIANA
KC4D 202,188 971 59 28 DM3W 393,876 954 23 61 *N1DM 2,295 60 17 0 *KB4CG 4,439 83 23 0 *WD8DSB 29,050 264 47 3
N4HB 95,550 551 49 21 DJ7YP 343,212 974 15 59 W1FJ 2,250 49 18 0 W3IP 4,200 53 25 5 K9WWT 17,979 211 39 0
W4TG 74,588 548 49 9 DL7A 275,536 884 11 57 *KB1VXY 1,092 36 14 0 *W9TCV 3,633 79 21 0 *KB9OZI 10,027 115 35 2
DAØT 191,380 555 20 50 *AI1G 780 24 13 0 N8AID 3,224 46 21 5 *NY1V 9,165 104 36 3
CALIFORNIA DR2R 13,079 100 0 29 *N1ADX 32 4 4 0 KW4LQ 2,996 32 23 5 AA9DU 8,094 93 36 2
WD6T 192,993 791 54 15 *K4FTO 2,925 60 25 0 *W9IZ 6,000 88 30 0
N6DZ 183,960 692 56 16 NEW HAMPSHIRE *KO4DQZ 2,737 48 21 2 *KB9VMW 3,752 58 28 0
Greece AF1T 77,286 470 49 17
NX6T 160,815 726 56 15 SV1RK 131,254 442 2 56 K4YCR 2,640 54 21 1 *KØTQ 2,940 48 27 1
W1FKF 27,825 190 38 15 *KA4RRU 2,544 50 24 0 *N9TNT 1,869 40 21 0
ARIZONA *W1LJD 17,424 191 30 6 *K4HQK 2,432 58 19 0 *WB9NOO 795 25 15 0
Hungary
NA7TB 283,440 1135 57 23 HG8DX 938,896 1647 25 76 *N1QEQ 2,120 47 20 0
K6VHF 20,160 175 42 6 RHODE ISLAND *WB4KFO 1,872 49 18 0 WISCONSIN
HG7T 691,840 1374 24 70 *WA1LAD 4,956 103 21 0 *K9WD 21,240 211 41 4
HG5A 625,590 1328 19 71 *K7LU 1,496 41 17 0
MICHIGAN *KG4EUI 1,332 34 18 0 *N9GH 17,232 159 43 5
HA3DX 449,194 1103 17 62 N9JR 5,984 83 32 0
W8RT 168,912 697 58 34 VERMONT *NQ4K 1,188 27 17 1
K8LX 115,600 540 56 24 *N1UR 61,161 435 43 14 KI5FJ 630 17 14 1 *KX9RT 5,828 85 31 0
Italy K1EP 56,754 444 44 10 *WB9BWP 4,064 56 32 0
IZ2KXC 615,734 1165 28 70 NN9C 3,973 61 29 0
COLORADO *KB1ODO 1,806 40 21 0 ARKANSAS
KØRF 238,866 1123 58 24 *AA1SU 8 2 2 0 K5PO 6,270 72 38 0 *KD9KEQ 1,026 27 18 0
Kaliningrad KB9OWD 27 3 3 0
UA2FW 1,318,484 1997 29 84 *WB5BHS 450 15 15 0
NEW JERSEY *NK5K 348 13 12 0
CANADA KU2M 33,950 267 39 11 COLORADO
QUEBEC Liechtenstein W2OIB 16,687 169 35 6 NCØB 13,892 132 42 4
HBØ/DL3DXX 1,039,682 1833 29 74 NEW MEXICO KØKE 13,019 124 45 2
VE2OJ 403,920 898 58 32 KC2G 8,649 116 27 4 AB5SJ 9,916 131 37 0
N2CJ 3,358 58 22 1 *W4IFI 3,600 54 27 3
ONTARIO Lithuania
VE3FU 536,283 1056 58 41 LY2XW 291,395 855 12 53 OKLAHOMA IOWA
NEW YORK *W5TMC 9,471 100 36 5
VE3FAS 107,648 343 49 15 LY2ZO 291,099 993 9 48 WF2W 144,450 787 55 20 *KØSRL 4,455 60 32 1
LY2J 242,475 904 1 52 *WA2JQK 23,966 220 38 8 K5LAD 8,588 107 36 2 AEØS 645 20 15 0
WA2MCR 23,046 194 36 10
NORTH AMERICA Netherlands W2CCC 10,044 107 30 6 TEXAS KANSAS
Belize PE6Q 779,298 1472 31 66 *WA3AFS 9,331 124 26 5 AK5DX 35,695 252 49 10 NØEG 27,200 247 46 4
V31MA 131,352 306 49 29 PI4CC 574,090 1261 26 59 W2XL 8,216 134 25 1 AA5AM 13,950 118 44 6
WS9M 6,516 71 33 3 KV5V 5,510 58 33 5 MINNESOTA
Poland *KI2D 5,390 112 21 1 AA5RN 4,536 78 26 2 KØSIX 42,804 317 53 5
ASIA SP8R 971,028 1595 30 78 *N2MTG 5,050 88 22 3 *NN5T 1,863 36 21 2 KØTT 40,014 306 53 4
Asiatic Russia SN2B 628,574 1403 21 65 *K2CS 3,014 61 21 1 K5PAR 1,430 31 22 0 KØAWU 13,056 127 46 2
RK9A 549,692 949 0 62 SP8PAI 376,425 963 15 60 *N2MC 2,900 62 20 0 WA5DSS 630 21 15 0 *KØEA 6,912 90 36 0
RD8D 236,946 498 0 51 SN1LH 174,522 692 1 50 *N2JJ 2,318 52 19 0 *W5PKK 308 14 11 0 *NØHDR 3,024 50 27 0

*N9CD 918 24 17 0 EUROPE DL6HBQ 8,043 103 0 21 *EA5AER 2,992 41 0 16 Germany
K9WN 602 20 14 0 Austria *DHØKW 7,852 85 0 26 *EA4JR 2,964 35 0 19 DK8R 24,684 195 1 33
OE1HHB 31,232 196 0 32 *DL8UV 6,251 85 0 19 EA5JK 1,610 29 0 14 DK2LO 13,286 140 0 26
MISSOURI OE1TKW 30,564 166 1 35 *DL6RBH 4,959 65 0 19 *EA2ESU 770 19 0 10
*NØPB 58,680 427 53 7 *OE19AAW 13,629 131 0 21 DL1DJH 4,332 57 0 19 *EB3A 54 6 0 3 Hungary
*AI6O 16,224 160 45 3 *OE6HWF 4,845 51 0 19 *DJ9SN 3,914 52 0 19 HA1TI 11,293 102 0 23
ABØDK 144 9 8 0 *OE6TNO 2,520 36 0 14 *DL1FPG 3,780 45 0 20 Sweden HG7J 1,056 21 0 11
*OE1SSW 2,080 32 0 13 *DO1SSB 3,760 59 0 16 SB6A 48,320 243 1 39
NEBRASKA *DL2RZG 3,672 48 0 18 *SB5X 2,847 45 0 13 Italy
NØGN 32,010 266 50 5 Belarus *DJ4WM 3,165 53 0 15 *SE6K 75 5 0 3 IK4RQJ 10,854 80 0 27
WDØBGZ 25,584 247 47 1 EU3A 25,164 136 1 35 *DK7AC 2,625 44 0 15 IKØXBX 10,649 94 0 23
*KBØARZ 4,526 67 31 0 *EU2F 520 10 0 10 *DL8ZAJ 2,534 44 0 14 Switzerland
*NAØW 6 3 1 0 *EU6RO 162 6 0 6 *DL3DRN 2,520 57 0 12 HB9NE 174,306 508 17 49 Lithuania
*DG1HP 2,288 37 0 16 *HB9GFA 518 16 0 7 LY4T 10,563 106 0 21
Belgium *DL4FCJ 2,052 26 0 19 *HB9IIH 275 11 0 5
CANADA *ON8YB 17,050 110 0 31 *DM8ANE 1,963 35 0 13 Netherlands
NEW BRUNSWICK *DO1OMP 1,460 40 0 10 Wales PA2TMS 4,662 45 0 21
*VE9RLW 2,040 29 15 0 Bosnia-Herzegovina *DK4YU 1,243 25 0 11 *GW4W 250 10 0 5
VE9HF 1,500 23 15 0 E74E 35,350 200 1 34 *DK3YD 1,224 35 0 9 Norway
*E78T 6,069 58 0 21 *DB2ZJ 1,023 23 0 11 LB7ZG 1,001 20 0 11
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND *DO6IT 869 20 0 11 OCEANIA
*E74SL 5,240 53 0 20 Indonesia
VY2ZM 524,232 763 54 54 *E75RKP 518 16 0 7 DJ8QA 469 17 0 7 Poland
*VY2OM 1,710 24 15 0 DL7LX 468 11 0 9 YB3BGM 264 36 0 3 SNØE 4,095 60 0 15
*DO7EP 200 16 0 4 YB9KA 141 26 0 3 SP9RQH 3,408 48 0 16
Bulgaria *YC1PZ 140 31 0 2
QUEBEC LZ3ND 20,320 124 0 32 *DK7MCX 148 11 0 4
VA2LGQ 9,077 66 26 3 *DO2KGB 34 4 0 2 *YB1LUE 72 14 0 2 Portugal
*LZ2JE 18,330 121 2 28 *YC2VOC 68 34 0 1
*VA2KD 3,638 47 17 0 *LZ7X 1,632 21 0 16 *DL1AWD 14 2 0 2 CT7AGE 1,988 26 1 13
*VE2OWL 414 11 9 0 *DLØMBG 5 1 0 1 *YE3DFB 68 34 0 1
*VE2GT 20 2 2 0 *DK7SM 2 1 0 1 *YF4ICC 64 32 0 1 Romania
Croatia *YB1JCD 58 29 0 1
9A/F5SNJ 9,175 71 1 24 YO8WW 13,857 88 0 31
ONTARIO Greece *YC2KME 58 29 0 1 YO5OHC 4,199 49 0 17
*9A9I 9,042 82 1 21 YC9HIU 48 24 0 1
*VE3MGY 168,948 612 48 9 *9A4W 3,390 47 0 15 SV6JHA 28,594 166 0 34
VA3AR 132,664 496 48 8 *SV1GRD 7,944 66 0 24 *YC1LHX 46 23 0 1 Serbia
*9A2EY 2,716 40 0 14 *YB3BLJ 44 22 0 1
VE3CKO 67,100 244 43 12 *9A3SM 2,192 28 0 16 YT1BD 3,980 41 0 20
VE3UZ 38,532 209 36 3 Hungary *YB2MM 42 21 0 1
*9A/UFØB 300 10 0 6 *YB2TDP 42 21 0 1
*VA3AC 33,048 198 34 2 *HA8AR 6,327 68 0 19
*VE3WG 30,414 171 34 3 YCØRXA 40 20 0 1
VE3BR 27,936 163 34 2 OK4U
Czech Republic
91,977 442 1 42 Ireland *YB3AA
*YB1ELP
36
34
18
17
0
0
1
1
ASSISTED
VE3KP 15,488 102 31 1 *OK1LRD 82,603 398 2 41 *EI4KU 59,360 213 14 39
*YB1HR 34 17 0 1 NO
ORT
TH AMERICA
*VA3RSA 6,050 58 22 0 OK1OA 44,382 235 1 38 *EI3ENB 5,764 52 1 21
*VA3EON 5,145 52 21 0 EI5KG 1,781 28 0 13 YB9GDP 34 21 0 1 UNIT
TED STA
ATES
*OK2BRQ 29,592 171 1 35 *YC1GWG 34 17 0 1 CONNECTICUT
*VE3NQM 4,060 43 20 0 *OK6AB 21,006 166 0 27 *W1ARY 1,014 36 13 0
*VA3IPG 3,933 45 19 0 Italy *YC1KFQ 32 16 0 1
*OK2TS 16,740 119 0 30 YC9IC 32 16 0 1
*VA3EC 3,744 44 18 0 OK1DOL 12,933 100 0 27 I5JVA 418,035 708 32 61
*IU3OCN 12,350 101 0 26 *YB1PC 30 15 0 1 MAINE
VE3LRL 3,400 40 17 0 *OK1LO 11,208 100 0 24 K1JB 36,450 288 39 11
*VA3KRJ 2,464 40 14 0 *IW2LHE 10,975 88 0 25 *YB1BML 26 13 0 1
*OK1AGE 11,088 101 0 24 *YE3CGG 26 13 0 1 KE8HBV 1,921 52 17 0
*VA3IJK 1,736 26 14 0 *OK1BJ 6,878 79 0 19 IZ1LAY 10,833 99 0 23
IZ2BVC 9,834 93 0 22 YB3ATK 22 11 0 1
*OK5N 1,209 21 0 13 *YB1NIN 20 10 0 1 MASSACHUSETTS
SASKATCHEWAN *IZ8DFO 9,200 75 0 25
*IKØBAL 3,360 46 0 15 YC3TEN 20 10 0 1 AK1MD 19,680 191 34 7
*VE5SF 3,325 38 19 0 Denmark *W1DYJ 1,092 39 13 0
VE5WI 3,060 40 17 1 *IK3BVD 1,716 30 0 13 YC9GAF 12 6 0 1
OZ4MD 92,512 371 3 46 *YB1ICC 10 5 0 1
OZ1T 13,725 110 0 25 *IK2IKW 472 13 0 8
*IZ2CSX 245 7 0 7 YC9GYU 10 5 0 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE
ALBERTA *OZ4NA 12,974 100 1 25 K1AR 58,596 400 44 13
VE6DDD 18,768 90 41 5 YC9KLA 10 5 0 1
OZ1FHU 1,680 28 0 12 K1RX 12,852 148 30 6
*VA6RCN 468 11 9 0 Latvia
*YL9T 6,371 55 1 22 NF1O 2,620 61 18 2
England SOUTH AMERICA NE1F 1,768 49 16 1
BRITISH COLUMBIA *MØPLX/M 28,564 152 2 35 YL2EA 1,100 20 0 11
*VA7EU 2,669 35 17 0 *YL2PP 450 10 0 9 Argentina
*G2X 25,509 155 1 32 LU8DPM 4,000 21 12 8 RHODE ISLAND
VA7MAY 1 -6 8 0 *GØMTN 1,287 24 0 11
Lithuania W2DAN 99,562 577 48 19
*GØJOS 1,155 21 0 11 Brazil
*MØHHG 850 17 0 10 *LY2MM 18,350 150 0 25
NORTH AMERICA *LY7X 15,548 123 0 26 *PP5GTA 38 8 0 2 NEW JERSEY
N2HMM 66,670 455 44 15
Alaska European Russia *LY9A 10,327 93 0 23
WL7N 4,515 61 13 2 *LYØNAS 9,139 101 0 19 N2FI 60,711 419 45 14
*RK3E
*UA3BL
16,327 121
11,100 96
0
0
29
25 LY2OU 26 5 0 2 QRP KE2D 57,540 379 45 15
KA2K 46,700 399 41 9
Cuba *RC5Z 9,240 78 0 24 NORTH AMERICA W2MKM 26,015 250 36 7
*CL6AW 175 7 5 0 *R7NP 7,752 73 0 24 Netherlands
*PA1VD 3,420 38 0 18 UNITED STATES AB2E 13,024 145 32 5
*UA1CUR 4,410 53 0 18 CONNECTICUT W2CG 12,587 117 32 9
Mexico *RU4CK 4,194 53 0 18 *PA1SJP 75 5 0 3
XE2S 2,890 34 16 1 W1IG 2,812 62 19 0 *WO2T 12,469 139 32 5
*RL2Y 3,114 44 0 18 WR2G 10,904 160 27 2
*6D5C 2,250 32 10 5 R3RAE 2,816 37 0 16 Norway
LA9TY 7,250 57 1 24 RHODE ISLAND K3TS 4,472 80 26 0
*R4WDX 2,752 38 0 16 WV1H 1,888 47 15 1 W2NO 4,347 63 22 5
Puerto Rico *R2RZ 2,115 37 0 15 *LC9T 5,145 49 0 21
KP4AA 26,015 113 32 11 *N2RJ 928 20 13 3
*RA4W 1,452 25 0 12 NEW JERSEY *KD2EPM 561 24 11 0
RM4HZ 1,404 23 0 13 Poland
U.S. Virgin Islands SP5C 135,309 514 8 45 KC2WUF 210 15 7 0
*R4RB 1,090 25 0 10 K2YG 189 12 7 0 NEW YORK
NP2J 149,325 376 47 28 *RT2H 870 19 0 10 SQ2PHG 97,740 446 3 42
W2GDJ 32,780 224 40 15
*UA4FDK 720 17 0 9 *SN9B 73,710 338 3 42
*SQ8MFM 73,100 354 1 42 NEW YORK N2NI 22,796 236 36 5
R2DMD 416 10 0 8 WW2G 15,873 178 32 5 *AA2EQ 21,060 198 38 7
AFRICA *UA1AOS 250 13 0 5 *SP6LUV 63,664 288 3 43
*N2BEG 19,614 204 38 4
Canary Islands *R2EL 22 4 0 2 *SP8OV 29,152 190 0 32
ED8W 126,840 182 28 42 *HF9F 26,622 194 0 29 PENNSYLVANIA WA2CP 17,088 231 29 3
*RA3V 10 1 0 2 K3HW 600 25 12 0 AA2MU 12,284 153 35 2
*EB8AYA 3,180 22 0 15 *R4WT 2 1 0 1 SP6A 24,864 164 0 32
*SQ2MTK 21,897 172 0 27 W2KA 11,818 132 34 4
Rodriguez Island *SQ9PUW 20,277 161 0 27 KENTUCKY N2NKX 11,080 107 32 8
W7AUM 64 5 4 0 Finland *SP9DTE 19,401 143 0 29 N4SS 18,291 216 37 2 WB2NFL 10,620 117 30 6
*W3AZT 40 5 4 0 *OG2T 15,344 110 1 27 *SP6VWX 18,814 175 0 23 KE1IH 9,240 132 26 4
OH1VR 12,660 87 1 29 *SP2V 17,118 133 0 27 NORTH CAROLINA N2SQW 6,780 101 29 1
Senegal OH5NS 1,044 18 0 12 SP9TPZ 14,588 110 0 28 WB4MSG 29,655 289 38 7 KD2NE 5,148 84 22 4
*KC1NCN 1,204 34 14 0 *SP9RHN 13,398 98 0 29 AI2N 4,806 77 24 3
France *SO3O 11,375 100 0 25 VIRGINIA N2RC 3,792 63 20 4
*F4HZZ 8,154 61 1 26 *SP5UFK 9,702 95 0 22 K2EKM 8 2 2 0 W2JV 3,240 45 18 6
ASIA *SN4D 9,288 83 0 24 *K3MTT 1,246 40 14 0
Asiatic Russia Germany *SQ5CZN 7,875 75 0 21 OHIO
R8WF 7,848 47 0 18 DK5NJ 63,588 394 1 41 SP3IOE 7,455 71 0 21 W8WTS 798 21 13 1 DELAWARE
RZ9WU 2,964 27 0 13 DK3BK 62,640 345 1 44 SP9IVD 3,856 53 0 16 K8ZT 559 20 13 0 AA1K 38,735 239 47 14
RKØUN 495 36 0 3 *DL6MI 47,027 299 1 40 NW3Y 31,550 231 38 12
*RCØL 465 34 0 3 *DLØNG 43,524 296 3 36 Romania IOWA AA3R 17,892 213 30 6
UA9UUD 282 6 0 6 *DG9MA 34,776 253 1 35 *YO6HSU 9,168 75 0 24 WØGJ 198 11 9 0
RAØLMO 210 17 0 3 DR1E 30,381 194 2 37 *YO8RZJ 6,644 60 0 22 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DM4KA 30,155 208 3 34 *YO4BXX 572 11 0 11 MISSOURI *4U1WB 2,774 67 19 0
Asiatic Turkey *DL8DSL 28,044 174 5 33 WØMB 308 14 11 0
TA2FE 950 9 0 10 *DJ1WF 25,848 186 1 35 Scotland MARYLAND
DB8WK 25,725 193 1 34 K3ZU 101,470 494 50 23
*TA4RC 30 2 0 2 MM1E 28,749 151 2 35
DL4ZA 24,710 184 0 35 CANADA W3ICM 49,776 434 43 8
China *DL2NBU 23,460 213 0 30 Serbia ONTARIO K1RH 46,671 433 41 6
*BH1HUK 141 13 0 3 *DO1SJF 22,678 167 2 32 *YU1P 19,604 135 0 29 VA3RKM 110 5 5 0 K3RA 30,264 206 36 16
*DL1ABR 21,793 191 0 31 *NS3T 28,204 284 37 7
*BI1MCZ 138 14 0 3 *YT2SMS 4,144 52 0 16
BG3ODZ 90 9 0 3 *DK1KC 20,590 189 0 29 ALBERTA N3QE 18,544 204 34 4
BG5BAA 84 8 0 3 *DKØBM 20,580 197 0 28 Sicily VVE6EX 45 3 3 0 N3DUE 9,405 122 29 4
*BI4VIP 42 4 0 3 *DL1AOB 20,070 170 1 29 *IT9VCE 13,446 100 0 27 KG4USN 9,176 100 32 5
DL4PT 19,584 147 0 32 ASIA *AG4Q 5,249 73 26 3
Georgia *DL1CC 18,240 140 0 32 Slovak Republic Japan W3OU 4,030 64 25 1
4L2M 55,685 156 0 37 DL1EKO 18,060 156 0 30 OM2XW 73,040 331 2 42 JH7UJU 44 8 0 2 N3FJP 3,366 69 21 1
4L5EE 4,080 28 0 15 *DK1IJ 15,975 188 1 24 OM7RU 67,855 328 0 41 JE3AKU 42 9 0 2 WX3B 2,620 58 19 1
4L7ZS 2,338 18 0 14 DLØEIT 15,600 133 0 30 *OM7JG 8,085 77 0 21
*DF2TH 14,761 134 1 28 PENNSYLVANIA
DA3T 14,200 143 0 25
*OM5CM 3,009 35 0 17 EUROPE K3CT 150,080 704 53 27
Japan *OM7PY 1,918 28 0 14 Balearic Islands K3WW 55,188 420 44 10
*JE1SPY 760 60 2 3 *DG5MLA 14,088 154 0 24 *OM7AT 300 10 0 6
*DL1MHJ 13,432 156 0 23 EA6SX 8,758 58 1 28 NF3R 42,385 384 41 8
JH9URT 225 30 0 3 *N3AAA 37,975 336 42 7
JA3IBU 204 14 1 3 *DL1SDX 13,286 130 0 26 Slovenia
Bosnia-Herzogovina K3WJV 31,284 307 39 5
JF2FIU 141 16 0 3 DJ7OQ 12,572 108 0 28 S52T 42,385 252 0 35 W3FIZ 30,785 273 39 8
JH9DRL 104 20 0 2 *DFØBV 11,675 117 0 25 *S5ØK 12,225 101 0 25 E77Y 46,404 258 0 36
K3RL 29,512 198 44 12
*JA7BEW 99 9 0 3 *DL2TOS 10,650 108 0 25 *S56C 3,402 54 0 14 E7ØE 3,420 35 0 20 NO3U 28,638 289 39 4
JH4CPC 68 5 0 4 DL7AT 10,244 97 0 26 S53X 1,988 32 0 14 K3NM 24,334 227 40 6
JH8FIH 68 11 0 2 *DK7FU 10,108 76 0 28 *S57WW 1,932 30 0 14 Czech Republic W2GD 23,154 172 40 11
JM4WUZ 52 10 0 2 *DM6EE 9,660 117 0 23 *S58MU 896 28 0 7 OLØA 3,328 44 0 16 W3FV 22,008 221 38 4
JE2PCY 40 7 0 2 *DLØTY 9,528 104 0 24 K3OO 20,874 203 35 7
JR3UIC 30 3 0 2 DK2CB 9,152 106 0 22 Spain European Russia WY3A 10,360 122 30 5
JH6TNH 27 2 0 3 *DL5ALW 8,792 65 1 27 *EF3O 48,898 211 6 40 R7RBE 280 8 0 7 N3RJ 9,920 141 29 2
JG7AMD 22 4 0 2 *DH4RJ 8,646 102 0 22 EB1A 40,890 171 8 39 RW3AI 36 3 0 3 NY3B 9,900 124 30 3
JN7TAN 8 4 0 1 DK5AV 8,580 105 0 22 EA3AER 33,306 173 3 36 K3PP 7,755 101 31 2
*JH4RUM 2 1 0 1 *DL7BF 8,579 92 0 23 EA5AQB 13,380 94 1 29 Finland AG3I 3,634 73 23 0
JH1HDT 1 0 1 1 *DM2AWM 8,349 93 0 23 EA2DR 5,324 47 4 18 OH3KQ 686 22 0 7 KA3D 3,264 56 23 1

N3RM 2,975 49 22 3 ADØAB 2,856 51 27 1 *GØDTX 15,360 91 5 27 Lithuania FLORIDA
*WJ3U 616 28 11 0 *KSØAA 96 8 6 0 G4CXT 11,674 90 0 26 LY7M 68,310 292 3 43 N2CEI 220,970 816 58 37
G4PVM 2,086 30 1 13 LY5W 65,164 295 2 42
ALABAMA MINNESOTA *LY5AX 36,597 226 1 32 GEORGIA
K4WI 34,626 251 47 11 KØRJW 8,931 104 39 0 Estonia LY5R 16,328 127 0 26 AD4XT 22,560 215 42 5
K4AB 7,740 80 30 6 ES3TI 43,446 220 1 38
MISSOURI Luxembourg MISSISSIPPI
FLORIDA NØIRM 18,538 188 44 2 LX1ER 74,842 319 5 41 NA5NN 76,300 429 50 20
*NØBDS 4,408 70 29 0 European Russia *LX7I 37,444 200 1 36
*W4/KP4KE 59,995 353 45 20 W5SGL 42,050 315 46 12
*AI6O 648 27 12 0 R2EA 42,681 217 3 38
WX4G 52,059 277 42 25 RZ3B 40,500 182 5 40
KM4HI 22,600 188 42 8 Netherlands NEW MEXICO
SOUTH DAKOTA RK3BX 10,419 100 0 23 PA4CC 14,210 97 0 29
WO4O 3,300 25 12 13 K5LRW 440 22 10 0
*KØKX 9,560 100 37 3 RK4FD 10,237 71 1 28 PA3AAV 14,123 98 1 28
RT3G 5,500 54 1 21 *PA3DTR 8,840 66 0 26
GEORGIA CALIFORNIA
UA1OMS 2,432 25 0 19 *PE1EWR 2,775 37 0 15
NO9E 110,325 601 54 21 *R4DI 1,560 26 0 13 NX6T 29,925 215 47 10
K4BBH 9,768 113 34 3 CANADA R5AF 770 17 0 10
K6YA 2,020 43 18 2
NE4EI 4,710 68 25 5 NEWFOUNDLAND Norway
VO1HP 6,136 42 18 8 RL4A 552 13 0 8 *LA3BPA 13,500 107 0 25
*K4VTE 2,950 50 23 2 ARIZONA
KT4LS 24 4 3 0 LA5YJ 5,640 50 0 24 N7T 108,697 603 56 17
NEW BRUNSWICK European Turkey *LB4ZI 250 10 0 5
KENTUCKY *VE9ML 5,874 57 17 5 TA1ED 42,003 207 1 38 INDIANA
K4ISV 117,789 567 53 26 *TA1CM 34,484 182 0 37 Poland KD9V 34,291 282 47 6
ND4Y 50,976 362 46 13 NOVA SCOTIA *HF7A 62,000 324 1 39
AA4WW 3,692 68 26 0 VA1MC 3,281 41 16 1 Finland *SP5EWX 43,095 230 1 38
OH1Z 73,462 323 1 45 SP3HRN 15,120 113 0 28 NO
ORT
TH AMERICA
NORTH CAROLINA PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND OG5O 3,510 48 0 15 SP5GMM 6,912 51 0 27 Bahamas
WJ2D 20,531 168 40 9 VY2WW 42,432 176 31 17 *SP2WGB 6,118 71 0 19 C6ANM 125,054 393 45 17
AI4RF 20,430 196 41 4 *SQ9ZAX 3,458 42 0 19 C6AGU 113,890 309 47 23
QUEBEC France SO5E 3,186 39 0 18
*N4NTO 9,415 113 28 7 F6EZV 29,700 181 1 32
N4TL 8,892 104 32 4 VA2WA 168,140 487 49 21 Costa Rica
VA2AM 20,504 91 33 11 F5RAB 4,029 48 0 17 Romania TI1T 12,936 72 20 13
*KE4YOG 1,620 39 16 2 *F8CRS 405 9 0 9
VE2FXL 5,814 65 17 2 YO9AYN 14,094 103 0 27
SOUTH CAROLINA YO2OXD 6,188 33 2 32
ONTARIO Germany *YR2X 5,136 43 0 24 ASIIA
W4GE 37,515 235 47 14 DK6WL 162,981 614 10 53
*K4YYL 10,868 121 34 4 *VE3PJ 64,630 291 40 6 Asiatic Russia
*VE3VY 31,136 203 30 2 DL4VK 149,562 565 15 48 Serbia
*N3HEE 5,088 65 28 4 RØMM 80 11 0 2
*VE3EJ 20,794 114 31 6 DK2OY 93,126 472 5 46 YT8A 113,169 438 4 47
*KM4RK 3,150 58 22 3 DL8MKG 78,897 374 7 44
VE3SS 18,282 115 30 3 YU5R 27,968 172 0 32 China
VE3JZT 9,425 68 29 0 DK1NO 62,402 373 0 41 YU7BW 24,516 130 3 33 BD4RCC 2,800 52 4 6
TENNESSEE DK9IP 57,510 314 3 42 YU7KW 6,831 59 0 23
W4KW 63,974 488 46 12 *VE3BFU 2,715 38 15 0 BY4DX 8 2 0 2
DK7R 51,080 335 1 39
K3IE 12,056 118 39 5 DL7URH 48,457 246 5 42 Sicily
AA4DD 9,492 90 36 6 ALBERTA Cyprus
VE6JY 35,840 133 46 10 DL5RMH 48,128 244 5 42 IT9ESW 13,566 57 14 20 C4I 260,028 427 15 47
KT4O 2,622 51 22 1 DAØBCC 45,551 282 3 38 *IW9GUR 1,456 22 0 14
BRITISH COLUMBIA DP7R 45,355 226 6 41 Japan
VIRGINIA DJ5AN 45,232 268 3 41 Slovak Republic
VE7DX 2,758 42 12 2 JA3YBK 1,760 58 5 3
W4NF 100,590 553 47 23 DL5LYM 42,520 278 1 39 *OM6MW 6,336 81 0 16
*VA7IR 2,453 50 10 1 JJ2YKZ 30 6 0 2
NN3W 96,255 536 46 23 DL9UP 40,549 249 1 40
K2KW 58,630 347 45 20 *DO4OD 40,356 283 1 37 Slovenia
NX3A 51,765 422 41 10 NORTH AMERICA DH8BQA 36,855 280 0 35 S53O 233,306 628 15 56
N4RV 44,576 333 46 10 DL8RDL 35,568 230 1 38
EUR
ROPE
E
Belize S56B 180,096 548 13 51 Belarus
W4JVN 26,576 250 34 10 *V3A 18,122 88 34 7 DL5KVV 33,282 195 1 42 S56X 137,700 512 4 50
K4XL 15,120 149 32 8 EW5A 264,732 615 19 59
DL1NKS 27,676 200 2 35 *S54ZZ 135,795 498 5 50
N3MN 9,633 102 33 6 Dominican Republic *DP3P 27,300 175 2 37 *S57DX 102,856 391 10 42
K5VIP 8,772 110 29 5 Bosnia-Herzegovina
*HI8PAP 60 3 0 3 DK4RR 24,990 178 1 34 S53F 45,756 224 4 37 E7CW 252,750 629 20 55
*KM4IAJ 6,210 93 30 0 DL1NEO 24,354 179 2 31 S54O 24,853 177 0 29
N4PD 5,040 68 27 3 Greenland DL2RMC 22,104 150 2 34 *S55X 15,309 116 0 27
NN4RB 3,528 62 22 2 Croatia
OX3LX 140 4 1 3 DK8MM 20,956 174 0 31 *S55KA 12,816 110 0 24 9A5Y 247,800 653 17 53
WA4JUK 3,402 68 19 2 *DK3WE 20,856 158 0 33 *S57KM 5,344 71 0 16
W4VIC 3,336 58 20 4 9A2W 34,544 207 1 33
US Virgin Islands *DA2R 20,640 166 0 32
*N3UA 2,323 46 23 0 *KP2DX 888 14 5 7 DL7ON 20,335 137 1 34 Spain Czech Republic
*DL2ALY 20,265 138 0 35 ED3C 109,140 341 18 42 OK7K 479,560 896 29 66
LOUISIANA DJ5IW 20,162 139 1 33 EA1SA 99,132 250 24 42
WW5L 338 13 13 0 OL1R 218,964 587 18 53
ASIA *DF4XF 18,630 157 1 29 ED4W 5,940 67 1 19
Asiatic Russia *DJ9DZ 17,655 142 1 32 EA1HV 3,060 37 0 18 Germany
TEXAS R8TT 24,416 93 1 27 *DJ9MH 16,830 148 1 29
KE5MMT 12,006 120 39 7 DR4W 126,995 572 6 49
RMØL 19,412 140 7 16 DL1BUG 13,695 102 0 33 Sweden DP6A 112,560 452 10 50
K5NA 11,960 95 38 8 *UA9BA 12,282 56 0 23 DL5NDX 13,608 129 0 27 *SEØX 69,564 314 2 42 DL0WX 90,850 468 6 44
K3NT 11,521 123 35 6 *RUØLM 1,550 63 0 5 DAØT 13,516 109 1 30 SM3U 51,492 247 1 41 DK4WW 90,116 429 6 46
N5RZ 11,044 104 39 5 *DL6RAI 13,468 132 0 26 SM2M 44,572 199 1 43 DM5B 79,550 393 6 44
K5NZ 2,900 47 27 2 Asiatic Turkey DL5ST 13,203 124 1 26 SM5EPO 24,174 141 1 33 DK2A 18,009 176 1 26
KG5VK 224 14 8 0 TA3LHH 22,230 86 0 26 DJ5MW 13,176 126 0 27 *SM6MVE 6,520 67 0 20 DN2ALY 7,150 65 0 26
DL2OE 12,660 104 0 30 *SM6IQD 2,262 36 0 13
CALIFORNIA China DF2RG 11,961 107 1 26 Hungary
KN6MYI 9,828 114 32 4 *BG3ILY 102 11 0 3 DHØGHU 11,745 94 1 28 Switzerland HG8DX 365,232 775 25 59
N6KI 4,818 64 30 3 BA3RA 90 9 0 3 DJ2TG 11,475 120 0 25 HB9CXZ 147,280 515 11 45 HA3DX 137,200 480 10 46
NI6W 4,557 54 26 5 *BG3PEO 51 4 0 3 *DO4DXA 11,362 117 0 26 HB9DQL 36,300 224 1 32
*W6MOB 858 30 13 0 *BY4SZ 30 3 0 2 DM7XX 10,600 103 0 25 HB9CVQ 25,280 159 0 32 Italy
*WQ6X 2 1 1 0 BG6GQE 28 4 0 2 *DL1RTL 10,450 106 1 24 HB9FBL 10,272 87 0 24 IQ5PJ 86,736 372 1 47
DL1ATZ 10,374 101 0 26
ARIZONA Israel DL1SWT 10,128 112 0 24 Wales Kaliningrad
NG7E 9,828 110 35 4 4X1IM 4,883 28 0 19 *DK5TA 9,913 115 0 23 *GWØARK 630 14 0 9 UA2FW 60,576 239 5 43
WØRIC 4,234 63 24 5 DJ5CT 9,675 111 0 25
N9NA 1,444 35 17 2 Japan DK1AX 8,855 101 0 23 Liechtenstein
*JA8RWU 196 40 0 2 DL2A 8,717 101 0 23 OCEANIA HBØDX 228,840 740 8 52
WASHINGTON JF3LOP 196 13 1 3 DK5KK 8,602 107 0 22 Australia
KB7PKC 2,016 33 23 1 JA4CZM 75 8 0 3 DGØLFG 8,476 71 1 25 VK3Y 8 4 0 1 Lithuania
N7GCO 1,958 37 22 0 JF2MBF 63 6 0 3 *DM5Z 6,878 97 0 19 LY2ZO 77,322 371 1 41
K7EKD 1,360 32 15 1 JF7PHE 28 4 0 2 DG2NMH 6,720 65 0 24 Indonesia LY4R 2,580 38 0 15
DK2CX 5,760 50 0 24 *YC1COZ 54 31 0 1
MICHIGAN Saudi Arabia *DK9OV 5,760 82 0 18 *YC1LJT 50 25 0 1 Poland
W8MJ 27,693 228 44 7 *HZ7C 1,050 11 0 10 *DL5DF 5,610 59 0 22 *YC1YU 44 22 0 1 SP8R 238,915 630 19 52
*DM4M 5,120 64 0 20 *YC9FZ 42 21 0 1 SN1LH 52,640 319 0 35
OHIO *DJ4WT 4,617 69 0 19 *YC9CT 28 14 0 1 SP8PAI 36,426 189 1 38
WZ8P 23,077 215 44 3 EUROPE *DJ3WE 3,689 56 0 17 *YBØNSI 24 12 0 1 SN9AT 16,688 125 0 28
*K4YJ 13,440 135 37 5 DK7A 3,438 52 0 18 *YCØSAS 6 3 0 1
Belarus DL9DRA 3,104 48 0 16
*KC8YDS 12,765 156 36 1 EU4E 64,395 276 5 40 Romania
NX8T 3,456 66 24 0 *DJ4MX 2,430 38 0 15 YR8D 149,380 527 5 50
*EW4GL 6,384 61 0 21
W8GNM 864 17 7 5 *DJ2MX 1,703 31 0 13 SOUTH AMERICA
DF8AA 1,131 18 0 13 Bonaire Serbia
Belgium DG5E 650 12 0 10
ILLINOIS *ON8PH 6,710 61 0 22 PJ4DX 16,008 56 19 10 YU7ADY 75,432 359 0 42
K9MMS 39,250 342 44 6 *DH1TST 275 14 0 5
KØPG 22,128 208 46 2 *DO7CX 228 10 0 6 Brazil Switzerland
Bosnia-Herzogovina DA2X 57 4 0 3
N2BJ 21,482 214 43 3 E7ØT 75,164 327 0 46 PP5JR 10,556 43 16 13 HB9PUE 87,354 381 4 42
WB8BZK 9,555 103 35 4 *DF1LX 4 2 0 1 *PU2USK 72 8 0 3 HB9NFB 86,715 437 1 40
K9NO 4,669 70 29 0 Bulgaria *PY2KC 30 6 0 2
W9NZ 3,915 60 28 1 LZ5R 162,006 436 18 49 Greece *PU2NBI 8 4 0 1
*K9PG 2,886 47 24 2 *LZ2ZG 2,352 30 0 16 SV2DCD 49,812 236 1 41 *PY2EBD 8 4 0 1 OCEANIA
LZ5DB 680 17 0 8 *SV2AEL 39,627 215 1 36 Indonesia
INDIANA SV1ABB 6,600 54 0 24 7A3A 222 37 0 3
*KD9PLD 29,798 270 42 5 *SV4NYZ 2,286 25 0 18 7AØD 184 38 0 2
K9NW 18,262 167 41 5 SX9X
Crete
42,476 200 0 41 *SV3GKX 1,860 25 0 15 MULTI-OP 7I2S 18 9 0 1
*KB9RDS 17,464 218 37 0 Croatia *SV8PMM 1,638 23 0 14 NORTH AMERICA 7A2A 1 29 0 5
*W9TC 15,662 163 36 5 *9A/IZ3NVR 44,040 218 2 38 *SV3GKU 1,196 19 0 13 UNITED STATES
K9LA 6,048 84 29 3 9A5MX 20,685 117 1 34 MAINE
*K9EI 2,232 45 23 1 9A2EU 15,689 109 0 29 Hungary K1LZ 280,194 786 55 47 SOU
UTH AMERICA
WN9O 270 7 0 6 *9A1KDE 13,446 99 0 27 HGØR 211,773 532 19 54 Bonaire
HA8BE 132,888 463 7 49 NEW JERSEY PJ4G 318,072 370 48 39
WISCONSIN Czech Republic *HG5A 65,562 261 8 41 N2CW 133,749 671 52 25
K9TY 33,264 268 50 4 OK6RP 208,906 608 15 52 *HA8V 11,016 95 0 24
*WE9R 10,920 112 40 2 *OK6Y 90,066 354 6 45 *HA8EV 5,168 65 0 17 NEW YORK Che
eck Log
gs
N9NE 9,632 97 38 5 *OK6AA 89,350 363 4 46 N2QV 137,376 526 47 34 AC2OC, BG4WOM, BY5HB, DL1AMQ,
OL1T 49,815 251 1 40 Iceland DL2DXA, DL6CX, DL6MRM, DL6UAA,
COLORADO *OK2BFN 43,179 243 1 36 TF3T 54,560 178 12 43 DELAWARE DM2M, DM7C, DO4ZH, E77EA, EU1A,
*AKØBC 50 5 5 0 *OK1DPU 29,856 195 2 30 K9RS 84,594 491 50 19 F6AGM, HA1DAE, HA8LSS, K3WWT,
Ireland LA5LJA, LY4L, LZ1JZ, PE5TS, R3AAA,
IOWA Denmark *EI6IQB 1,568 24 0 14 MARYLAND S52WW, S59T, SN7D, SP9LAS, SV2JAO,
*AEØDX 4,060 61 28 1 OZ2PBS 16,302 126 0 26 WG3J 143,480 642 54 31 SV3DCX, SV9DJO, UB5MBA, YB1BX,
W7II 3,920 47 31 4 *OZ1KVM 7,392 71 0 21 Italy KB3VQC 84,932 501 52 16 YO2MAX.
*KEØITC 110 7 4 1 IZØCKJ 17,892 134 0 28 K3CCR 50,740 343 43 16
England *IK8YFU 1,526 23 0 14
KANSAS GØBNR 91,795 319 13 42 IV3WMS 1,488 26 0 12 PENNSYLVANIA
NRØP 12,558 126 43 3 *G3Q 30,528 168 3 33 *IU1IPB 897 15 0 13 NE3F 78,385 516 43 18

ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
AUGUST 2022
Advertiser Page Phone Website

100 Watts & A Wire......................................55 .............................www.100WATTSANDAWIRE.COM
Advanced Specialties Inc..........................45 201-VHF-2067......www.advancedspecialties.net
AirBoss, Olah Technologies LLC .................95 336-457-7783 ......www.olahtechnologies.com
Alinco............................................................51 209-900-1296 ......www.alinco.com
Amateur Radio Roundtable ......................84 901-570-2188 ......www.W5KUB.com
Arlan Communications...............................27 805-504-3944 ......www.arlancommunications.com
Bioenno Power ............................................27 888-336-7864 ......www.bioennopower.com
Buckmaster International LLC ....................95 540-894-0907 ......www.HamCall.net
Buddipole Antennas ...................................33 503-591-8001 ......www.buddipole.com
CE-Multiphase.com....................................95 ............................www.Jancarolpublishing.com
CQ Mechandise ....................25,35,47,Cov III 516-681-2922 ......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
Communications Concepts, Inc................27 937-426-8600.......www.communication-concepts.com
Electric Radio Magazine ............................27 720-924-0171 ......www.ermag.com
HamTestOnline ............................................45 888-857-6164 ......www.hamtestonline.com
Icom America Inc................................Cov IV .............................www.icomamerica.com
Impulse Electronics......................................55 866-747-5277 ......www.impulseelectronics.com
International DX Association......................95 .............................www.indexa.org
Monitor Sensors............................................81 .............................www.monitorsensors.com/ham/swronly
Ni4L Antennas ............................................55 828-738-6445 .....www.ni4l.com
PreciseRF ......................................................17 503-915-2490 ......www.preciserf.com
PreppComm...............................................81 ............................www.PreppComm.com
QCWA ..........................................................94 352-425-1097 ......www.qcwa.org
RF Parts .........................................................39 800-921-4834 ......www.rfparts.com
RT Systems .................................................7,49 800-921-4834 ......www.rtsystemsinc.com
Radio Amateur Club of JHS 22 ..................45 516-674-4072 ......www.wb2jkj.org
REACT Int’l ....................................................83 301-316-2900 ......www.REACTintl.org
Shortwave Propagation Book....................65 516-681-2922 ......http://store.cq-amateur-radio.com
SteppIR ...................................................Cov II 425-453-1910 ......www.steppir.com
W2IHY Technologies....................................81 845-889-4253 ......www.w2ihy.com
W5SWL............................................................71 .............................www.W5SWL.com
W7DXX Remote.............................................75 .............................www.w7dxx.com
West Mountain Radio...................................61 262-522-6503 ......www.westmountainradio.com/CQ322
YLRL ...............................................................52 .............................www.ylrl.org
Let CQ help you get the most for your advertising dollar!
Contact Dottie K, CQ’s Advertising Director
at 516-681-2922 x 106 or via email at ads@cq-amateur-radio.com
hamshop
Advertising Rates: Non-commercial ads are 20 cents per word including abbreviations and addresses. Commercial and organization ads are $1.00 per word. Boldface
words are $1.50 each (specify which words). Minimum charge $2.00. No ad will be printed unless accompanied by full remittance. All ads must be typewritten
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Closing Date: The 10th day in the third month preceding date of publication (example: Jan. 10th for the March issue). Because the advertisers and equipment con-
tained in Ham Shop have not been investigated, the Publisher of CQ cannot vouch for the merchandise listed therein. The publisher reserves the right to reject any
advertisement. Direct all correspondence and ad copy to: CQ Ham Shop, P.O. Box 1206, Sayville, NY, 11782 (e-mail: <hamshop@cq-amateur-radio.com>).
RF Connectors & Gadgets QSLing SUPPLIES. e-mail: <plumdx@msn.com>. RF Connectors & Gaddge
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Parts — Products — More Parts — Products — Moree
www.W5SWL.com CASH FOR COLLINS, HALLICRAFTERS SX-88, & DRAKE www.W5SWL.com
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FLASH CARDS for all FCC Exams, Amateur and Commercial. 418-9269, e-mail: <radioleo73@gmail.com>. NEED ROPE? All kinds, types, including: antenna rope,
VIS Study Guides <www.visradio.com> 800-655-HAMS and hauling, gin. FREE, free consultation, Go to <http://www.
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Easy to use logging program. 369-1738.
WWW.CABLEHELP.COM 160M antennas for small spaces. Free download . . . www.wa0h.com
(662) 332-8454. FUTURE TIMES: Dreams and visions of Disasters. Great
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For Sale: HF RADIO ICOM IC-78 TRANSCEIVER. New,
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chuck_kaptain@wycliffe.org envelopes. Order directly from our website. James E. Mackey, KH6RC, <www.leil anibedandbreakfast.com>.
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WANNA START A RAG-CHEW WITH THE GENERAL PUB- HAM TRAVELERS Discount travel, tours, cruises, more.
LIC ABOUT THE VALUE OF AMATEUR RADIO? Introduce TOWER ACCESSORIES Gin Pole Kits – stand off brackets – www.GreatExpectationTravel.com
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yarn shop alive. SIDEWALK SALE ACROSS AMERICA,
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HOMEBREW! “Recollections of a Radio Receiver” a 565 page
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PROMOTIONAL VIDEO: 15-minute DVD describes amateur
CD-ROM). Details <www.w6hht.com>
FOR S ALE Rare Collins KW-1, serial number 96. Only radio’s fun and public service. Details: <www.neoham.org>.
150 made and it still works! $16,000 firm. Pictures upon DXPEDITION DVD VIDEOS: For full description and how to
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telephone 805-878-1691.
WANTED: OLD QSL CARD COLLECTIONS. Collector seeks
ARMS – Amateur Radio Missionary Net. Christian Fellowship US & DX cards. W2VRK, 5 Mohawk Trail, Branchburg, NJ
Wanted: Original set of knobs for my Heathkit HW-8. Net, Everyone Welcome. 14.3075 Daily except Sunday
Paul, WBØMPG, 538 North Walnut, Wichita, KS 67203. 08876; e-mail: <tpllrs@comcast.net>.
1500–1700Z, –1 Hr DST. Website: www.qsl.net/arms
(316) 351-7717.
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E-
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GET THE F.C.C. “COMMERCIAL” RADIOTELEPHONE HONDURAS DX VACATION: K3, Alpha 86, SteppIR, Meals, HF Mobile or Fixed V irtual X Antenna a Pattentt: For Sale or
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4268. HY POWER ANTENNA COMPANY <http://www. freewebs. broad frequency range for mant antenna arrays/beams/verti-
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trated manual details a revolutionary procedure for assembling FOR SALE: Samlex Power Supply Model SEC 1223, 13.8V @
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CallSign Stuff www.hamQRU.com KTØMMY Wanna ham in the CAYMAN ISLANDS?” Go to <www. ANTENNA & TOWER HARDWARE: Aluminum plates: Boom
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TWO NEW NOVELS involving ham radio: Full Circle, and

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Heard It. Worked It. Logged It.
i7851
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SDR Transceiver
7KH6'5\RXKDYHDVNHGIRU New technology changing
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FRQWHVWHUVDURXQGWKHZRUOG VHF/UHF weak signal op- system in an entry level rig.
erator in mind.
For the love of ham radio.
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sales@icomamerica.com
*Frequency coverage may vary. Refer to owner’s manual for exact specifications.©2022 Icom America Inc.
The Icom logo is a registered trademark of Icom Inc. All other trademark remain the
SURSHUW\RIWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHRZQHUV$OOVSHFLÀFDWLRQVDUHVXEMHFWWRFKDQJHZLWKRXWQRWLFHRUREOLJDWLRQ

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Contest Logging Programs Compared, p.

COMMUNICATIONS & TECHNOLOGY

For more information about our

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 1

16 COVER: RESULTS OF THE

Brian Campbell, VE3MGY, operating

4• CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 5

How Old is Young?

6• CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 7

YOTA Camp 2022 —

8 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

the presentation we had an eyeball sprint to simulate a con-

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 9

It Wasn’t All Radio

10 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 11

A Boy and His Radio: A 21st Century

Bombing and Destruction

The Journey Begins

12 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 13

Some Final Words

Tony, KQ2I; John, W2GD; Fred, K3ZO; Wayne, N7NG;

14 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

Another Boy, Another Radio

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 15

Year CWsohp CWsolp CWqrp CWsoass CWmulti CWcheck

Year SSBsohp SSBsolp SSBqrp SSBsoass SSBmulti SSBcheck

16 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

It Pays to Pay Attention

Optical isolated driver

Check Preciserf.com for all

13690 Wisteria Dr. NE Aurora, OR 97002

PLAQUE WINNERS AND DONORS

U.S.A U.S.A. Assisted — Zone 3 ZONE 16

18 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

Quite a feat by Jeff “Mr. 160”, VY2ZM,

U.S.A. Assisted — Z one 4

World Low Power

U.S.A. Low Power

Assisted Europe Low Power

Canada Low Power

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 19

2022 CQWW 160M CONTEST TOP SCORES

20 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

Jeff, VY2ZM, who finished first in the world, summed up the

Interesting and strange conditions in this one. For the first

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 21

SCORE #ENTRIES CLUB SCORE #ENTRIES CLUB

22 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

Conditions were very poor from Europe

Yuri, EB5A, operating EF5Y, also

www.cq-amateur-radio.com August 2022 • CQ • 23

Call Points #QSOs W/VE mult Countries Obeying the Rules

24 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

2022 CQ World Wide DX Contest

26 • CQ • August 2022 Visit Our Web Site

T E MRJS$FYHHMTSPIGSQ Secure online ordering at