Chapter 4

Energy Analysis of Control

Volumes “Open Systems”
First law of Thermodynamics of Open systems

mi mi
hi hi
Vi Vi
mt
Zi Zi
(u+V2/2+gZ)t

me me
he he
Ve Ve
Time t Ze Ze
2
Energy Conservation principle

E in
 Q   mi  h  V 2
/2  gZ 
i

E out
 W   m e  h  V 2
/2  gZ e

mt  t  u  V / 2  gZ   mt  u  V / 2  gZ 
2 2

t  t t

 Q   W   me  h  V 2
/ 2  gZ 
e
  mi  h  V 2 / 2  gZ 
i

 m t  t  u  V 2
/2  gZ   mt  u  V 2
/2  gZ 
t  t t
3
Divide the previous equation by  t Then limit it for  t tends to zero

This is the general form of the first law of thermodynamics, Where

o
Q = (Q/time) Heat rate, Watt or (J/s)
W
o
= (W/time) Work rate “power”, Watt or (J/s)
me 
o
 e
A eV e ,exit mass flow rate (kg/sec)

mi
o
 i Ai V i ,inlet mass flow rate (kg/sec)
dE c . v d
 m  u  V 2
/2  gZ   ,rate of stored energy in c.v
dt dt 
4
 Steady State Steady Flow Processes (SSSF)
Many applications are based on SSSF like Boiler, Turbine,….etc.
there are basic assumptions for this process.

• No change with respect to time inside the control volume ( d E c v  0 ) .

• The inlet mass flow rate equals to the exit mass flow rate dot
( mi  m e )
o

• The rate of heat and work does not change with time

Q
o
W  m
o o
h V 2
/2  gZ   m o
h V 2
/2  gZ 
e i

 1 
Q
o
W o
m o
 ( h e  hi )  (V e
2
Vi 2
)  g (Ze  Zi )
2 
Specific Form
1
q  w  ( h e  hi )  (V e
2
Vi 2 )  g (Ze  Zi )
2 5
Example 5-1
Refrigerant-134a at 200 kPa, 40% quality, flows through a 1.1-cm inside
diameter, d, tube with a velocity of 50 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of
the refrigerant-134a.

At P = 200 kPa, x = 0.4 we determine the specific volume from

v  v f  xv fg
 0 .0 0 0 7 5 3 3  0 .4 ( 0 .0 9 9 9  0 .0 0 0 7 5 3 3)
3
m
 0 .0 4 0 4
kg
 

m 
V ave A

V ave  d
2

v v 4


50 m / s  ( 0 .0 1 1 m)
2

3
0 .0 4 0 4 m / kg 4

kg
 0 .1 1 7 6
s
Example 5-2
Air at 100 kPa, 50oC, flows through a pipe with a volume flow rate of
40 m3/min. Find the mass flow rate through the pipe, in kg/s.

Assume air to be an ideal gas, so

(5 0  2 7 3 ) K m kP a
3
RT kJ
v   0 .2 8 7
P kg  K 1 0 0 kP a kJ
3
m
 0 .9 2 7 0
kg

V
3
40m / min 1 min

m   3
v 0 .9 2 7 0 m / kg 60s
kg
 0 .7 1 9
s 7
Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
Below are some engineering devices that operate essentially as steady-
state, steady-flow control volumes.

8
Nozzles and Diffusers
  
V1 V2  V 1

  
V1 V2  V 1

For flow through nozzles, the heat transfer, work, and potential energy
are normally neglected, and nozzles have one entrance and one exit.

9
10
 
Solving for V 2
 2
V2  2 ( h1  h2 )  V 1
Example 5-4
Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300oC, enters an adiabatic nozzle with a low
velocity and leaves at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%. Find the exit
velocity, in m/s.

Control Volume: The nozzle

Property Relation: Steam tables
Process: Assume adiabatic, steady-flow

Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass:
For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes

 m in
  m out

1
m m
2  m
 11
Conservation of energy:
According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control
surface, but no work or heat transfer crosses the control surface.
Neglecting the potential energies, we have

Neglecting the inlet kinetic energy, the exit velocity is


V2  2 ( h1  h2 )
Now, we need to find the enthalpies from the steam tables.
S u p er h eated S atu r ated M i x . 
 kJ 
T1  3 0 0 C   3 0 6 7 .1  0 .2 M P a
o
h1 P2  h2
kg
P1  0 .4 M P a 
 x2  0 .9 0 


At 0.2 MPa hf = 504.7 kJ/kg and hfg = 2201.6 kJ/kg. 12

 h 2 = h f + x 2 h fg

kJ
= 5 0 4 .7 + ( 0 .9 0 )( 2 2 0 1 .6 ) = 2 4 8 6 .1
kg
 2
kJ 1 0 0 0 m / s
2

V2  2 (3 0 6 7 .1  2 4 8 6 .1)
kg kJ / kg

m
 1 0 7 8 .0
s

Turbines

If we neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies as fluid

flows through an adiabatic turbine having one entrance and one exit,
the conservation of mass and the steady-state, steady-flow first law
becomes 13
14
 Example 5-5
High pressure air at 1300 K flows into an aircraft gas turbine and
undergoes a steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process to the
turbine exit at 660 K. Calculate the work done per unit mass of air
flowing through the turbine
15
Control Volume: The turbine.
Property Relation: Assume air is an ideal gas.
Process: Steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process

Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass:

 min
  m o u t
1
m  m 2  m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the
control surface. Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting
the process is adiabatic, we have
16
 0  1 h1  Wo u t  m
m  2 h2
Wo u t  m
 ( h1  h 2 )
The work done by the air per unit mass flow is
Wou t
w ou t   h1  h 2

m
Notice that the work done by a fluid flowing through a turbine is equal
to the enthalpy decrease of the fluid.

at T = 300 K, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K

w ou t  h1  h 2  C p ( T1  T2 )
kJ
 1.0 0 5 (1 3 0 0  660) K
kg  K
kJ
 6 4 3. 2
kg
17
Compressors and fans

Compressors and fans are essentially the same devices. However,

compressors operate over larger pressure ratios than fans. If we
neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies as fluid flows
through an adiabatic compressor having one entrance and one exit,
the steady-state, steady-flow first law or the conservation of energy
equation becomes
18
Example 5-6

Nitrogen gas is compressed in a steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic

process from 0.1 MPa, 25oC. During the compression process the
temperature becomes 125oC. If the mass flow rate is 0.2 kg/s,
determine the work done on the nitrogen, in kW.

19
Control Volume: The compressor (see the compressor sketched above)
Property Relation: Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas and use ideal gas
relations
Process: Adiabatic, steady-flow
Conservation Principles:

 
Conservation of mass:
m i n  m ou t
1
m  m 2  m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the
control surface. Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting
the process is adiabatic, we have for one entrance and one exit

0m
 1 ( h1  0  0 )  ( Wi n )  m 2 ( h 2  0  0 )
Wi n  m
 ( h 2  h1 ) 20
The work done on the nitrogen is related to the enthalpy rise of the
nitrogen as it flows through the compressor. The work done on the
nitrogen per unit mass flow is
Wi n
win   h 2  h1

m
Assuming constant specific heats at 300 K from Table A-2(a), we write
the work as
win  C p ( T2  T1 )
kJ
 1.0 3 9 (1 2 5  2 5) K
kg  K
kJ
 1 0 3. 9
kg

21
Throttling devices

Consider fluid flowing through a one-entrance, one-exit porous plug.

The fluid experiences a pressure drop as it flows through the plug. No
net work is done by the fluid. Assume the process is adiabatic and
that the kinetic and potential energies are neglected; then the
conservation of mass and energy equations become

22
23
This process is called a throttling process. What happens when an
ideal gas is throttled?

When throttling an ideal gas, the temperature does not change. We

will see later in Chapter 11 that the throttling process is an important
process in the refrigeration cycle.

A throttling device may be used to determine the enthalpy of saturated

steam. The steam is throttled from the pressure in the pipe to ambient
pressure in the calorimeter. The pressure drop is sufficient to
superheat the steam in the calorimeter. Thus, the temperature and
pressure in the calorimeter will specify the enthalpy of the steam in the
pipe. 24
Example 5-7
One way to determine the quality of saturated steam is to throttle the
steam to a low enough pressure that it exists as a superheated vapor.
Saturated steam at 0.4 MPa is throttled to 0.1 MPa, 100oC. Determine
the quality of the steam at 0.4 MPa.
Throttling orifice

1 2

Control
Surface
Control Volume: The throttle
Property Relation: The steam tables
Process: Steady-state, steady-flow, no work, no heat transfer, neglect
kinetic and potential energies, one entrance, one exit

Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass:
 min
  m out

1
m m
2  m
 25
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control

surface. Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the
process is adiabatic with no work, we have for one entrance and one
exit
0  m 1 ( h1  0  0 )  0  m 2 ( h 2  0  0 )
m 1 h1  m 2 h 2
h1  h 2
T2  1 0 0 C 
o
kJ
 h 2  2 6 7 5 .8
P2  0 .1 M P a  kg
Therefore,
kJ
h1  h 2  2 6 7 5 .8
kg

  h f  x1 h fg  @ P 0 .4 M P a 26
1
 h1 hf
x1 
h fg

2 6 7 5 .8  6 0 4 .6 6

2 1 3 3 .4
 0 .9 7 1
Mixing chambers
The mixing of two fluids occurs frequently in engineering applications.
The section where the mixing process takes place is called a mixing
chamber. The ordinary shower is an example of a mixing chamber.

27
Example 5-8
Steam at 0.2 MPa, 300oC, enters a mixing chamber and is mixed with
cold water at 20oC, 0.2 MPa, to produce 20 kg/s of saturated liquid
water at 0.2 MPa. What are the required steam and cold water flow
rates?
Steam 1
Saturated water 3
Mixing
chamber

Cold water 2
Control
surface
Control Volume: The mixing chamber
Property Relation: Steam tables
Process: Assume steady-flow, adiabatic mixing, with no work
Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
 m in
 m
 out
1
m m
2  m
3
28
2  m
m 3  m
1
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control

surface. Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the
process is adiabatic with no work, we have for two entrances and one
exit m 1 h1  m 2 h 2  m 3 h 3
 1 h1
m  ( m 3  m 1 ) h 2  m 3 h 3
m  1 ( h1  h 2 )  m 3 ( h 3  h 2 )
( h3  h2 )
1
m m
3
( h1  h2 )
Now, we use the steam tables to find the enthalpies:
T1  300o C  kJ
 h1  3 0 7 2 .1 29
P1  0 .2 M P a  kg
T2  20o C  kJ
 h2  h f @ 20  8 3 .9 1
 0 .2 M P a 
o
C
P2 kg

( h3  h2 )
1  m
m 3
( h1  h2 )
kg ( 5 0 4 .7  8 3 .9 1) kJ / kg
 20
s ( 3 0 7 2 .1  8 3 .9 1) kJ / kg
kg
 2 .8 2
s

2
m m
3  m
1
kg
 ( 2 0  2 .8 2 )
s
kg
 1 7 .1 8 30
s
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are normally well-insulated devices that allow energy
exchange between hot and cold fluids without mixing the fluids. The
pumps, fans, and blowers causing the fluids to flow across the control
surface are normally located outside the control surface.

31
 Example 5-9
Air is heated in a heat exchanger by hot water. The water enters the
heat exchanger at 45oC and experiences a 20oC drop in temperature.
As the air passes through the heat exchanger, its temperature is
increased by 25oC. Determine the ratio of mass flow rate of the air to
mass flow rate of the water.
1
Air inlet

1 Control
Water inlet surface

2
Water exit
2
Air exit

Control Volume: The heat exchanger

Property Relation: Air: ideal gas relations
Water: steam tables or incompressible liquid results
Process: Assume adiabatic, steady-flow 32
Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass: 0(steady)
 in
m  m ou t  m sy stem ( kg / s)

For two entrances, two exits, the conservation of mass becomes

 in
m  m o u t
 air ,1
m  m w , 1  m a i r , 2  m w , 2
For two fluid streams that exchange energy but do not mix, it is better
to conserve the mass for the fluid streams separately.
 air ,1
m m
 air , 2  m
 air
 w ,1
m m
w,2  m
w
Conservation of energy:
According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control
surface, but no work or heat transfer crosses the control surface.
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies, we have for steady-flow
33
 0(steady)
E i n
 E ou t  E sy stem ( kW )
 
  
R ate of n et en ergy tran sfer R ate ch an ge i n i n tern al , k i n eti c,
b y h eat, w ork , an d m ass p oten ti al , etc., en ergi es

E i n  E ou t
 a i r , 1ha i r , 1
m  m w , 1 h w , 1  m a i r , 2 h a i r , 2  m w , 2 h w , 2
 a i r ( ha i r , 1
m  h a i r , 2 )  m w ( h w , 2  h w , 1 )
 air
m ( hw , 2  hw ,1 )

w
m ( ha i r , 1  ha i r , 2 )
We assume that the air has constant specific heats at 300 K, Table
A-2(a) (we don't know the actual temperatures, just the temperature
difference). Because we know the initial and final temperatures for the
water, we can use either the incompressible fluid result or the steam
tables for its properties.

Using the incompressible fluid approach for the water, Table A-3,
Cp, w = 4.18 kJ/kgK. 34
  air
m C (T w , 2  Tw ,1 )

p, w

w
m C p , air
(T a i r , 1  Tair , 2 )
kJ
4 .1 8  2 0 K 
kg w K

kJ
1 .0 0 5  2 5 K 
kg a i r K
kg a i r / s
 3 .3 3
kg w / s

A second solution to this problem is obtained by determining the heat

transfer rate from the hot water and noting that this is the heat transfer
rate to the air. Considering each fluid separately for steady-flow, one
entrance, and one exit, and neglecting the kinetic and potential
energies, the first law, or conservation of energy, equations become
E i n  E ou t

air : m  h  Q  m
air ,1
h air ,1 in , air air , 2 air , 2

w a ter :  w ,1hw ,1
m  Q ou t , w  m w , 2 h w , 2
35
Q in , air
 Q ou t , w
Pipe and duct flow
The flow of fluids through pipes and ducts is often a steady-state,
steady-flow process. We normally neglect the kinetic and potential
energies; however, depending on the flow situation, the work and heat
transfer may or may not be zero.
Example 5-10
In a simple steam power plant, steam leaves a boiler at 3 MPa, 600oC,
and enters a turbine at 2 MPa, 500oC. Determine the in-line heat
transfer from the steam per kilogram mass flowing in the pipe
between the boiler and the turbine. 
Q ou t
Steam to
turbine
1 2
Steam
from Control
boiler surface

Control Volume: Pipe section in which the heat loss occurs.

Property Relation: Steam tables
Process: Steady-flow
36
Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass: 0(steady)
 in
m  m ou t  m sy stem ( kg / s )
For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes
 in
m  m ou t
 1  m 2  m
m
Conservation of energy:
According to the sketched control volume, heat transfer and mass cross the
control surface, but no work crosses the control surface. Neglecting the
kinetic and potential energies, we have for steady-flow

E i n  E ou t  0(steady)
 E sy stem ( kW )
  
R ate o f n et en er g y tr an sfer R ate ch an g e i n i n ter n al , k i n eti c,
b y h eat, w o r k , an d m ass p o ten ti al , etc., en er g i es

We determine the heat transfer rate per unit mass of flowing steam as
 1h 1
m  m 2 h 2  Q o u t
Q o u t  m ( h 1  h 2 )
Q o u t
q out   h1  h 2 37

m
We use the steam tables to determine the enthalpies at the two states as

T1  600o C  kJ
 h1  3 6 8 2 .8
P1  3 M P a  kg

T 2  500 C 
o
kJ
 h 2  3468.3
P2  2 M P a  kg

q out  h1  h 2
kJ
 ( 3 6 8 2 .8  3 4 6 8 .3)
kg
kJ
 2 1 4 .5
kg

Example 5-11
Air at 100oC, 0.15 MPa, 40 m/s, flows through a converging duct with a
mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. The air leaves the duct at 0.1 MPa, 113.6
m/s. The exit-to-inlet duct area ratio is 0.5. Find the required rate of
heat transfer to the air when no work is done by the air.
38
 Q i n
Air exit
2
1
Air inlet
Control
surface

Control Volume: The converging duct

Property Relation: Assume air is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations
Process: Steady-flow
Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass:
0(steady)

 in
m  m ou t  m sy stem ( kg / s)

For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes

 in
m  m o u t
 1  m 2  m
m 39
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, heat transfer and mass cross the control
surface, but no work crosses the control surface. Here keep the kinetic energy and
still neglect the potential energies, we have for steady-state, steady-flow process
0(steady)
E i n
 E ou t  E sy stem ( kW )
  
R ate of n et en erg y tran sfer R ate ch an g e i n i n tern al , k i n eti c,
b y h eat, w ork , an d m ass p oten ti al , etc., en erg i es

 
In the first law equation, the following are known: P1, T1 (and h1), V, V, 2 , m
 A2/A1.
and
1

The unknowns are , and hQ2 i(or

n T2). We use the first law and the conservation of
mass equation to solve for the two unknowns.

40
 1
m m
2 ( kg / s )

1  1 
V 1 A1  V 2 A2
v1 v2
 P1  P2
V 1 A1  V 2 A2
R T1 R T2

Solving for T2

h2 - h1 = Cp(T2 - T1)

41
Looks like we made the wrong assumption for the direction of the heat
transfer. The heat is really leaving the flow duct. (What type of device is this
anyway?) Q o u t   Q i n  2 .8 7 kW

Liquid pumps

The work required when pumping an incompressible liquid in an

adiabatic steady-state, steady-flow process is given by

The enthalpy difference can be written as

h2  h1  ( u 2  u 1 )  ( Pv)2  ( P v)1 42
 For incompressible liquids we assume that the density and specific volume are
constant. The pumping process for an incompressible liquid is essentially isothermal,
and the internal energy change is approximately zero (we will see this more clearly
after introducing the second law). Thus, the enthalpy difference reduces to the
difference in the pressure-specific volume products. Since v2 = v1 = v the work input to
the pump becomes

W is the
net work done by the control volume, and it is noted that work is input to the
pump; so W  Wi n , p u mp

If we neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies, the pump work
becomes
 ( Wi n , p u mp )  m v ( P2  P1 ) ( kW )

Wi n , p u mp
 m v ( P2  P1 )
We use this result to calculate the work supplied to boiler feedwater pumps
in steam power plants.
If we apply the above energy balance to a pipe section that has
no pump ( W  0 ), we obtain. 43
 2 2
 V  V1 
W  m  v ( P2  P1 )  2  g ( z 2  z1 )  ( kW )
 2 
2 2
 V 2  V1 
0 m  v ( P2  P1 )   g ( z 2  z1 ) 
 2 
1
v 

2 2
P2 V2 P1 V1
  z2    z1
 2g  2g

This last equation is the famous Bernoulli’s equation for frictionless,

incompressible fluid flow through a pipe.

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